Antigua Australia Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Belize Canada (Except

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Antigua Australia Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Belize Canada (Except ENGLISH PROFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS BY COUNTRIES Proof of English Proficiency IS NOT REQUIRED of applicants from the following countries: Antigua Belize Grenada Irish Northern Ireland Tobago Australia Canada (Except the Republic Scotland Wales Bahamas province of Quebec) Jamaica St. Kitts Zimbabwe Barbados Cayman Islands Nevis St. Vincent Bermuda Great Britain New Zealand Trinidad Proof of English Proficiency IS REQUIRED of applicants from the following countries: Afghanistan Costa Rica Iraq Morocco Slovenia Albania Cote d'Ivoire Israel Mozambique Solomon Islands Algeria Croatia Italy Myanmar, {Burma} Somalia Andorra Cuba Ivory Coast Namibia South Africa Angola Curacao Japan Nauru South Sudan Argentina Cyprus Jordan Nepal Spain Armenia Czech Republic Kazakhstan Netherlands Sri Lanka Aruba Denmark Kenya Nicaragua Sudan Austria Djibouti Kiribati Niger Suriname Azerbaijan Dominica Korea, North Nigeria Swaziland Bahamas Dominican Republic Korea, South Norway Sweden Bahrain East Timor Kosovo Oman Switzerland Bangladesh Ecuador Kuwait Pakistan Syria Belarus Egypt Kyrgyzstan Palau Tonga Belgium El Salvador Laos Panama Taiwan Benin Equatorial Guinea Latvia Papua New Guinea Tajikistan Bhutan Eritrea Lebanon Paraguay Tanzania Bolivia Estonia Lesotho Peru Thailand Bosnia & Ethiopia Liberia Philippines Togo Herzegovina Fiji Libya Poland Tonga Botswana Finland Liechtenstein Portugal Tunisia Brazil France Lithuania Puerto Rico Turkey Brunei Gabon Luxembourg Qatar Turkmenistan Bulgaria Gambia Macedonia Romania Tuvalu Burkina Faso Georgia Madagascar Russia Uganda Burma Germany Malawi Rwanda Ukraine Burundi Ghana Malaysia St Lucia United Arab Cambodia Greece Maldives Saint Vincent & the Emirates Cameroon Guatemala Mali Grenadines Uruguay Canada, Quebec Guinea Malta Samoa Uzbekistan Cape Verde Guinea-Bissau Marshall Islands San Marino Vanuatu C African Rep. Guyana Mauritania Sao Tome & Principe Vatican City Congo Haiti Mauritius Saudi Arabia Venezuela Chad Honduras Mexico Senegal Vietnam Chile Hungary Micronesia Serbia Western Sahara China Iceland Moldova Seychelles Yemen Colombia India Monaco Sierra Leone Yugoslavia Comoros Indonesia Mongolia Singapore Zambia Congo Iran Montenegro Slovakia BJ/J1 Scholars Revised 12/15/2014 .
Recommended publications
  • CHRISTIAN GERLACH Sustainable Violence: Mass Resettlement, Strategic Villages, and Militias in Anti-Guerrilla Warfare
    CHRISTIAN GERLACH Sustainable Violence: Mass Resettlement, Strategic Villages, and Militias in Anti-Guerrilla Warfare in RICHARD BESSEL AND CLAUDIA B. HAAKE (eds.), Removing Peoples. Forced Removal in the Modern World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009) pp. 360–393 ISBN: 978 0 199 56195 7 The following PDF is published under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND licence. Anyone may freely read, download, distribute, and make the work available to the public in printed or electronic form provided that appropriate credit is given. However, no commercial use is allowed and the work may not be altered or transformed, or serve as the basis for a derivative work. The publication rights for this volume have formally reverted from Oxford University Press to the German Historical Institute London. All reasonable effort has been made to contact any further copyright holders in this volume. Any objections to this material being published online under open access should be addressed to the German Historical Institute London. DOI: 15 Sustainable Violence: Mass Resettlement, Strategic Villages, and Militias in Anti-Guerrilla Warfare CHRISTIAN GERLACH Introduction The story told in this essay begins around 1950, about at the end of what some call the 'racial century'. 1 In scholarly discussion anti-partisan warfare has been relatively neglected, although it accounted for a large proportion of the victims of mass violence in the twentieth century.2 Many of these victims resulted from resettlement, removal, and expulsion. Yet the events covered here have hardly played a part in debates about enforced popu- lation movements during the past decade or two, given that mass transfers of populations have increasingly been declared 'ethnic' in the course of what amounts to an ethnization of history due to post-1989 bourgeois triumphalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean
    Integrated Country Strategy Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean FOR PUBLIC RELEASE FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Table of Contents 1. Chief of Mission Priorities ................................................................................................................ 2 2. Mission Strategic Framework .......................................................................................................... 3 3. Mission Goals and Objectives .......................................................................................................... 5 4. Management Objectives ................................................................................................................ 11 FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Approved: August 15, 2018 1 FOR PUBLIC RELEASE 1. Chief of Mission Priorities Our Mission is accredited bilaterally to seven Eastern Caribbean (EC) island nations (Antigua and Barbuda; Barbados; Dominica; Grenada; St. Kitts and Nevis; St. Lucia; and St. Vincent and the Grenadines) and to the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). All are English- speaking parliamentary democracies with stable political systems. All of the countries are also Small Island Developing States. The U.S. has close ties with these governments. They presently suffer from inherently weak economies, dependent on tourism, serious challenges from transnational crime, and a constant threat from natural disasters. For these reasons, our engagement focuses on these strategic challenges: Safety, Security, and Accountability for American Citizens and Interests Energy
    [Show full text]
  • Caribbean Regional
    WORKING DOCUMENT SERIES CARIBBEAN REGIONAL GENERAL WORKING DOCUMENT 83 A SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE ON INCOME DISTRIDUTION AND THE FULFILLMENT OF BASIC HUMAN NEEDS IN THE CARIBBEAN REGION* *Antigua, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Is., Cayman Is., Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts-Nevis- (Anguilla), St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Turks & Caicos Is. Clarence Zuvekas , Jr . Sector Analysis Internalization Group Office of International Cooperation and Development U.S. Department of Agriculture September 1978 i 3 Rural Development Division Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean Agency for International Development BESTAVAILABLE COPY WORKING DOCUMENT SERIES: CARIBBEAN REGION GENERAL WORKING DOCUMENT i\3 A SURVEY OF THE LITERATLTRE ON INCOME DISTRI13UTION AM> THE FULFILLMENT OF BASIC HUMAN NEEDS IN THE CARIBBEAN REGION* *Antigua, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Is. , Cayman Is., Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts-Nevis- (Anguilla), St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Turks & Caicos Is. Clarence Zuvekas , Jr . Sector Analysis Internalization Group Office of International Cooperation and Development U.S. Department of Agriculture September 1978 i I This document does not bear the approval (nor imply such) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the United States Agency i for lnternationai Development, or any of j tneir offices. In view of its nacure as I G workiag paper, it should not be quoted I w!~hoci?erm;ssion of the originating O.:; -CZ. ,I; Any coinments wo"id be appreci- : L:2~, 6.;~can De addressed to the author , 6c: I 4112 ndditors Buiiding I I 14x1 & Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20250 BEST AVA MBLE COPY PREFACE Most of the data discussed in this survey were reviewed in an earlier document (Zuvekas 1978b) which presented a "profile" of small farmers in the Caribbean Region *I but was not intended to provide much interpretation or analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Mozambique Zambia South Africa Zimbabwe Tanzania
    UNITED NATIONS MOZAMBIQUE Geospatial 30°E 35°E 40°E L a k UNITED REPUBLIC OF 10°S e 10°S Chinsali M a l a w TANZANIA Palma i Mocimboa da Praia R ovuma Mueda ^! Lua Mecula pu la ZAMBIA L a Quissanga k e NIASSA N Metangula y CABO DELGADO a Chiconono DEM. REP. OF s a Ancuabe Pemba THE CONGO Lichinga Montepuez Marrupa Chipata MALAWI Maúa Lilongwe Namuno Namapa a ^! gw n Mandimba Memba a io u Vila úr L L Mecubúri Nacala Kabwe Gamito Cuamba Vila Ribáué MecontaMonapo Mossuril Fingoè FurancungoCoutinho ^! Nampula 15°S Vila ^! 15°S Lago de NAMPULA TETE Junqueiro ^! Lusaka ZumboCahora Bassa Murrupula Mogincual K Nametil o afu ezi Namarrói Erego e b Mágoè Tete GiléL am i Z Moatize Milange g Angoche Lugela o Z n l a h m a bez e i ZAMBEZIA Vila n azoe Changara da Moma n M a Lake Chemba Morrumbala Maganja Bindura Guro h Kariba Pebane C Namacurra e Chinhoyi Harare Vila Quelimane u ^! Fontes iq Marondera Mopeia Marromeu b am Inhaminga Velha oz P M úngu Chinde Be ni n è SOFALA t of ManicaChimoio o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o gh ZIMBABWE o Bi Mutare Sussundenga Dondo Gweru Masvingo Beira I NDI A N Bulawayo Chibabava 20°S 20°S Espungabera Nova OCE A N Mambone Gwanda MANICA e Sav Inhassôro Vilanculos Chicualacuala Mabote Mapai INHAMBANE Lim Massinga p o p GAZA o Morrumbene Homoíne Massingir Panda ^! National capital SOUTH Inhambane Administrative capital Polokwane Guijá Inharrime Town, village o Chibuto Major airport Magude MaciaManjacazeQuissico International boundary AFRICA Administrative boundary MAPUTO Xai-Xai 25°S Nelspruit Main road 25°S Moamba Manhiça Railway Pretoria MatolaMaputo ^! ^! 0 100 200km Mbabane^!Namaacha Boane 0 50 100mi !\ Bela Johannesburg Lobamba Vista ESWATINI Map No.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenya Election History 1963-2013
    KENYA ELECTION HISTORY 1963-2013 1963 Kenya Election History 1963 1963: THE PRE-INDEPENDENCE ELECTIONS These were the last elections in pre-independent Kenya and the key players were two political parties, KANU and KADU. KADU drew its support from smaller, less urbanized communities hence advocated majimboism (regionalism) as a means of protecting them. KANU had been forced to accept KADU’s proposal to incorporate a majimbo system of government after being pressured by the British government. Though KANU agreed to majimbo, it vowed to undo it after gaining political power. The majimbo constitution that was introduced in 1962 provided for a two-chamber national legislature consisting of an upper (Senate) and lower (House of Representative). The Campaign KADU allied with the African People’s Party (APP) in the campaign. KANU and APP agreed not to field candidates in seats where the other stood a better chance. The Voting Elections were marked by high voter turnout and were held in three phases. They were widely boycotted in the North Eastern Province. Violence was reported in various parts of the country; four were killed in Isiolo, teargas used in Nyanza and Nakuru, clashes between supporters in Machakos, Mombasa, Nairobi and Kitale. In the House of Representative KANU won 66 seats out of 112 and gained working majority from 4 independents and 3 from NPUA, KADU took 47 seats and APP won 8. In the Senate KANU won 19 out 38 seats while KADU won 16 seats, APP won 2 and NPUA only 1. REFERENCE: NATIONAL ELECTIONS DATA BOOK By Institute for Education in Democracy (published in 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • BARBADOS Latin America & Caribbean
    Country Profile BARBADOS Abc Region: Latin America & Caribbean 2020 EPI Country Rank (out of 180) GDP [PPP 2011$ billions] 4.7 77 GDP per capita [$] 16,464 2020 EPI Score [0=worst, 100=best] Population [millions] 0.3 45.6 Urbanization [%] 31.19 Country Scorecard Issue Categories Rank [/180] Environmental Health 38 60.7 Air Quality 32 66.0 Sanitation & Drinking Water 78 51.9 Heavy Metals 39 70.4 Waste Management 50 67.2 Ecosystem Vitality 145 35.6 Biodiversity & Habitat 177 12.6 Ecosystem Services 75 37.1 Fisheries 28 18.4 Climate Change 58 59.1 Pollution Emissions 102 53.3 Agriculture 170 11.9 Water Resources 104 1.1 Regional Average World Average epi.yale.edu Page 1 of 3 Country Profile BARBADOS Abc Region: Latin America & Caribbean 10-Year Regional Regional Rank EPI Score Change Rank Average Environmental Performance Index 77 45.6 +0.9 18 45.6 Environmental Health 38 60.7 +0.9 3 46.8 Air Quality 32 66 +1.3 2 46.9 Household solid fuels 28 96.5 +5.3 1 48.0 PM 2.5 exposure 90 40.7 -1.6 21 44.3 Ozone exposure 1 100 –- 1 65.7 Sanitation & Drinking Water 78 51.9 –- 9 47.0 Unsafe sanitation 71 58.3 +1.3 8 52.0 Unsafe drinking water 76 47.6 -0.8 9 43.6 Heavy Metals / Lead exposure 39 70.4 +3.6 4 50.8 Waste Management / Controlled solid waste 50 67.2 –- 7 42.2 Ecosystem Vitality 145 35.6 +1.0 30 44.7 Biodiversity & Habitat 177 12.6 +1.2 32 58.4 Terrestrial biomes (nat'l) 174 2.8 –- 32 73.3 Terrestrial biomes (global) 174 2.8 –- 32 71.4 Marine protected areas 113 0.1 –- 28 31.7 Protected Areas Representativeness Index 34 50.4 +10.9 20 52.4 Species
    [Show full text]
  • The Sovereignty of the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories in the Brexit Era
    Island Studies Journal, 15(1), 2020, 151-168 The sovereignty of the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories in the Brexit era Maria Mut Bosque School of Law, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain MINECO DER 2017-86138, Ministry of Economic Affairs & Digital Transformation, Spain Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London, UK [email protected] (corresponding author) Abstract: This paper focuses on an analysis of the sovereignty of two territorial entities that have unique relations with the United Kingdom: the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories (BOTs). Each of these entities includes very different territories, with different legal statuses and varying forms of self-administration and constitutional linkages with the UK. However, they also share similarities and challenges that enable an analysis of these territories as a complete set. The incomplete sovereignty of the Crown Dependencies and BOTs has entailed that all these territories (except Gibraltar) have not been allowed to participate in the 2016 Brexit referendum or in the withdrawal negotiations with the EU. Moreover, it is reasonable to assume that Brexit is not an exceptional situation. In the future there will be more and more relevant international issues for these territories which will remain outside of their direct control, but will have a direct impact on them. Thus, if no adjustments are made to their statuses, these territories will have to keep trusting that the UK will be able to represent their interests at the same level as its own interests. Keywords: Brexit, British Overseas Territories (BOTs), constitutional status, Crown Dependencies, sovereignty https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.114 • Received June 2019, accepted March 2020 © 2020—Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • REVISION O F the AFRICAN Caeclllan GENUS
    REVISION OFTHE AFRICAN CAEClLlAN GENUS SCHISTOMETOPUM PARKER (AMPH IBIA: CYMNOPHIONA: CAECILI IDAE) BY RONALD A. NU AND MICHAEL E. PFRENDER MISCELLANEC JS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, NO. 18Fb; ' Ann Arbor, September 2 7, 1 998 ISSN 076-8405 MIS(:ELIANEOUS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, LJNTVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 187 The publicatioils of the M~~sclunof Zoology, The [Jniversity of Michigan, consist PI-irnarilyof two series-the Occasion:~lPapers allti the Miscellaneous Publicatio~ls.Both series were founded by Dc Bryant Walker, Mr. Rradshaw H. Swales, anti Dr. W.W. Newcornb. Occasionally the Museuni publishes contributiorls outside of these series; begirlnirlg in 1990 these are titled Special Publicatio~lsa~ld arc numbered. All submitted ~n;inl~scriptsreceive external review. The Misccllarieous Publications, which include ~l~ollographicstltdies, papers on field and ~II- seuln techniques, and other contributions 11ot within the scope of the Occasio~lalPapers, are pl~b- lishcd separately. It is not intended that they be grouped into volumes. Each 11r11nberhas a title page and, when necessary, a table of co1itelits. Tllc Occasional Papel-s, publication of which was begun in 1913, servc as a medium Sol- original studies based prirlcipally upon the collections in the Museurn. They are issurtl separately. MThen a sufficient number of pages has hcen printed to niakc a volume, a title pagc, table of contenb, and an index are supplied to libraries and individuals on the mailing list for the series. A cornplete list of publications on Birds, Fishes, Insects, Mammals, Moll~~sks,Rcpdles and Amphib- ians, and other topics is available. Address inquiries to the Directt)r, Muse~unof Zoolohy, The lir~ivcr- sity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigarl 48109-1079.
    [Show full text]
  • Sierra Leone and Conflict Diamonds: Establshing a Legal Diamond Trade and Ending Rebel Control Over the Country's Diamond Resources
    SIERRA LEONE AND CONFLICT DIAMONDS: ESTABLSHING A LEGAL DIAMOND TRADE AND ENDING REBEL CONTROL OVER THE COUNTRY'S DIAMOND RESOURCES "Controlof resourceshas greaterweight than uniform administrativecontrol over one's entire comer of the world, especially in places such as Sierra Leone where valuable resources are concentratedand portable.' I. INTRODUCTION Sierra Leone2 is in the midst of a civil war that began in 1991, when the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) invaded the country from neighboring Liberia.3 RUF rebels immediately sought control over one of the country's richest resources--diamonds.4 Since gaining control over the most productive diamond fields, the rebels have at their fingertips an endless supply of wealth with which to fund their insurgencies against the Government of Sierra Leone.' The RUF rebels illicitly trade diamonds for arms in open smuggling operations. 6 Diamonds sold by the RUF, in order to fund the rebel group's military action in opposition to Sierra Leone's legitimate and internationally recognized government, are called "conflict diamonds."7 1. WIulIAM RENO, WARLORD POLITICS AND AFRICAN STATES 140 (1998). 2. Sierra Leone is located on the west coast of Africa north of Liberia and south of Guinea. The country has 4,900,000 residents, almost all of whom belong to one of 13 native African tribes. Country: Sierra Leone, Sept. 3,2000, availableat LEXIS, Kaleidoscope File. One of the primary economic activities in Sierra Leone is mining of its large diamond deposits that are a major source of hard currency. Countries that predominantly import goods from Sierra Leone include Belgium, the United States, and India.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons Learned from Power-Sharing in Africa
    8/2008 Lessons Learned from Power-Sharing in Africa Håvard Strand, Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) Scott Gates, Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) Several power-sharing agreements have been reached in Africa over the last decades. This project has compared the experiences of various forms of power-sharing in five countries, Bu- rundi, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. The cases differ significantly both with regard to the implementation of power-sharing and the rationale for adopting such institutions. Our conclusions is that power-sharing institutions have proven themselves useful in some countries and less so in others. The most positive experiences have been in the peace processes of Sierra Leone and Liberia, where power-sharing played a vital role in securing peace. There are less clear support for power-sharing institutions with regard to good governance. Introduction tions. Inclusive institutions work towards inte- This project describes power-sharing efforts in grating as many voices as possible into the deci- five conflict-prone and ill-governed African sion-making body, whereas exclusive institutions countries: Burundi, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, and create autonomous political spheres. Sierra Leone. While these five countries are The rationale for inclusive institutions as- unique in many important ways, some overar- sumes that exclusion is a key to violent conflict, ching conclusions can nevertheless be drawn and is therefore very focused on not excluding from these studies. Our studies support the any relevant group. The inclusive answer is to conclusion that power-sharing can be a useful provide some guarantees to all parties, so that remedy under certain conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • UK Overseas Territories
    INFORMATION PAPER United Kingdom Overseas Territories - Toponymic Information United Kingdom Overseas Territories (UKOTs), also known as British Overseas Territories (BOTs), have constitutional and historical links with the United Kingdom, but do not form part of the United Kingdom itself. The Queen is the Head of State of all the UKOTs, and she is represented by a Governor or Commissioner (apart from the UK Sovereign Base Areas that are administered by MOD). Each Territory has its own Constitution, its own Government and its own local laws. The 14 territories are: Anguilla; Bermuda; British Antarctic Territory (BAT); British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT); British Virgin Islands; Cayman Islands; Falkland Islands; Gibraltar; Montserrat; Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands; Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Turks and Caicos Islands; UK Sovereign Base Areas. PCGN recommend the term ‘British Overseas Territory Capital’ for the administrative centres of UKOTs. Production of mapping over the UKOTs does not take place systematically in the UK. Maps produced by the relevant territory, preferably by official bodies such as the local government or tourism authority, should be used for current geographical names. National government websites could also be used as an additional reference. Additionally, FCDO and MOD briefing maps may be used as a source for names in UKOTs. See the FCDO White Paper for more information about the UKOTs. ANGUILLA The territory, situated in the Caribbean, consists of the main island of Anguilla plus some smaller, mostly uninhabited islands. It is separated from the island of Saint Martin (split between Saint-Martin (France) and Sint Maarten (Netherlands)), 17km to the south, by the Anguilla Channel.
    [Show full text]
  • ISO Country Codes
    COUNTRY SHORT NAME DESCRIPTION CODE AD Andorra Principality of Andorra AE United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates AF Afghanistan The Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan AG Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda (includes Redonda Island) AI Anguilla Anguilla AL Albania Republic of Albania AM Armenia Republic of Armenia Netherlands Antilles (includes Bonaire, Curacao, AN Netherlands Antilles Saba, St. Eustatius, and Southern St. Martin) AO Angola Republic of Angola (includes Cabinda) AQ Antarctica Territory south of 60 degrees south latitude AR Argentina Argentine Republic America Samoa (principal island Tutuila and AS American Samoa includes Swain's Island) AT Austria Republic of Austria Australia (includes Lord Howe Island, Macquarie Islands, Ashmore Islands and Cartier Island, and Coral Sea Islands are Australian external AU Australia territories) AW Aruba Aruba AX Aland Islands Aland Islands AZ Azerbaijan Republic of Azerbaijan BA Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina BB Barbados Barbados BD Bangladesh People's Republic of Bangladesh BE Belgium Kingdom of Belgium BF Burkina Faso Burkina Faso BG Bulgaria Republic of Bulgaria BH Bahrain Kingdom of Bahrain BI Burundi Republic of Burundi BJ Benin Republic of Benin BL Saint Barthelemy Saint Barthelemy BM Bermuda Bermuda BN Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam BO Bolivia Republic of Bolivia Federative Republic of Brazil (includes Fernando de Noronha Island, Martim Vaz Islands, and BR Brazil Trindade Island) BS Bahamas Commonwealth of the Bahamas BT Bhutan Kingdom of Bhutan
    [Show full text]