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The Bhuj Earthquake of 26Th January 2001

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The Bhuj Earthquake of 26Th January 2001 THE KASHMIR, PAKISTAN EARTHQUAKE OF 8 OCTOBER 2005 A FIELD REPORT BY EEFIT Kashmir Pakistan Earthquake of 8 October 2005 A FIELD REPORT BY EEFIT Dr Navin Peiris Dr Tiziana Rossetto Dr Paul Burton Mr Suqlain Mahmood Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team Institution of Structural Engineers 11 Upper Belgrave St London SW1X 8BH United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)207 235 4535 Fax: +44 (0)207 235 4294 www.eefit.org.uk ©EEFIT 2008 July 2008 ISBN 978 1 906335 11 3 EEFIT gratefully acknowledges the support of its corporate members: Arup Group Ltd BGS Buro Happold Ltd CREA Consultants Gifford Consulting Engineers Ltd Halcrow Group Ltd Risk Management Solutions Sir Robert McAlpine Sellafield Ltd. EEFIT gratefully acknowledges Prof Robin Spence (University of Cambridge), Mr Antonios Pomonis (Risk Management Solutions) and Mr Alan Stewart (Jacobs Engineering) for reviewing the report. Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 The Kashmir Earthquake ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 The EEFIT Mission’s Team Members .................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Damage in Neighbouring Countries ........................................................................................................ 6 1.4 The Social and Economic Significance of the Kashmir Earthquake .................................................... 6 1.5 Community Vulnerability and Resilience ............................................................................................... 7 1.6 Structure of the Report ............................................................................................................................ 9 1.7 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................... 9 1.8 Copyright Note .......................................................................................................................................... 9 1.9 References.................................................................................................................................................. 9 2 Seismology and Seismic Hazard ................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Regional Tectonics Structures ............................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Seismicity ................................................................................................................................................. 12 2.3 The Kashmir Earthquake ...................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.1 Fault Location ................................................................................................................................. 13 2.3.2 Strong Ground Motion .................................................................................................................... 15 2.4 Seismic Hazard Analysis and Zoning in the Region and in Pakistan ................................................. 19 2.5 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................................. 25 2.6 References................................................................................................................................................ 25 3 Buildings ....................................................................................................................................................... 27 3.1 Building Typologies ................................................................................................................................ 27 3.1.1 Unreinforced Stone Masonry Buildings ......................................................................................... 27 3.1.2 Unreinforced Concrete Block Masonry Buildings .......................................................................... 27 3.1.3 Unreinforced Brick Masonry Buildings .......................................................................................... 32 3.1.4 Reinforced Concrete Framed Buildings .......................................................................................... 32 3.2 Building Damage Scale ........................................................................................................................... 32 3.3 Building Damage Surveys in the Earthquake Affected Region .......................................................... 33 3.3.1 Balakot ............................................................................................................................................ 33 3.3.2 Muzaffarabad .................................................................................................................................. 39 3.3.3 Abbottabad ...................................................................................................................................... 53 3.3.4 Islamabad ........................................................................................................................................ 57 3.4 Performance of Buildings ....................................................................................................................... 58 3.4.1 Residential Buildings ...................................................................................................................... 58 3.4.2 Commercial Buildings .................................................................................................................... 59 3.4.3 Government Buildings .................................................................................................................... 59 3.4.4 Educational Institutions .................................................................................................................. 59 3.5 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................................. 59 3.6 References................................................................................................................................................ 59 4 Landslides and Geotechnical Aspects ........................................................................................................... 61 4.1 Introduction to Landslides and Slope Failures .................................................................................... 61 4.2 The Larger Landslides and the Regional Ground Displacement Field .............................................. 64 1 4.2.1 Landslide at Chela Bandi, Muzafarrabad ........................................................................................ 64 4.2.2 Landslide at Hattian, Pir Punjal Mountains .................................................................................... 69 4.2.3 Perspective on Great Landslide Potential ....................................................................................... 70 4.3 The Intermediate and Smaller Landslides............................................................................................ 71 4.3.1 Steep Terrain and General Aerial Observation .................................................................................... 74 4.3.2.1 Undercut and Slipped Buildings ............................................................................................ 78 4.3.2.2 Embankments and Retaining Walls ....................................................................................... 80 4.3.2.3 Roads and Road Networks: Retaining Walls, Buttresses, Rockfalls and Other Landslides ... 81 4.3.3 Incipient and Disrupted Slides ........................................................................................................ 88 4.4 Other Impacts and Slope Failures ......................................................................................................... 90 4.4.1 Minor Lifelines: Waterpipes ........................................................................................................... 90 4.4.2 Agricultural Terraces and Livelihood ............................................................................................. 91 4.5 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................................. 93 4.6 References................................................................................................................................................ 93 5 Lifelines ........................................................................................................................................................ 95 5.1 Roads and Bridges .................................................................................................................................. 95 5.1.1 Roads .............................................................................................................................................. 95 5.1.2 Bridges ............................................................................................................................................ 95 5.2 Water Supply,
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