Issue 1 2019 The Arup Journal Contents

4 --Macao Bridge, 35 Brent Delta Platform Lift, Greater China North Sea, UK Designing the world’s longest sea crossing The world’s heaviest offshore lift Naeem Hussain, Steve Kite, Samuel Kwan, was completed in just ten seconds David Pegg, James Sze, Peter Thompson, – after years of planning Fergal Whyte, Philip Wong, Ngai Yeung David Gration

14 BLOX, , Denmark 40 Rawang Bypass, Kanching Turning a once-derelict section Forest Reserve, of Copenhagen’s waterfront into A transport solution that respects a vibrant cultural hub the environment Michael Bradbury, Chris Carroll Wan Anuar bin Wan Endut

20 Jaguar Land Rover 44 Leeds Flood Alleviation Engine Manufacturing Scheme, UK Centre, Wolverhampton, UK The first flood defence project in the Reinterpreting the traditional factory UK to use movable weirs gives Leeds 100- form to create a sustainable facility year storm flood protection Mark Bartlett, James Finestone, Michael Nichols, David Wilkes Philip Hives, Sean Macintosh, Timothy Snelson, David Storer

28 Seattle Space Needle, USA 50 Amorepacific Headquarters, A renovation of the iconic landmark respects Seoul, South Korea its history and readies for a long future Traditional Korean design provides the Peter Alspach, Clayton Binkley, inspiration for a modern office building David Okada, Kristen Strobel, Francesca Coppa, Eva Hinkers, Cress Wakefield Julian Olley, Alexander Rotsch, Nigel Tonks, Frank Walter

Seattle Space Needle, USA: Nic Lehoux

2 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 3 HZMB | HONG KONG, ZHUHAI, MACAO, GREATER CHINA Strengthening connections

The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (HZMB) is the world’s longest sea crossing. It promotes connectivity in a fast-growing region, significantly cutting journey times in the Greater Bay Area

Authors Naeem Hussain, Steve Kite, Samuel Kwan, David Pegg, James Sze, Peter Thompson, Fergal Whyte, Philip Wong, Ngai Yeung

On 23 October 2018, Chinese President Along the way, the firm had to be mindful of Xi Jinping opened the world’s longest sea the scheme’s impact on the surrounding crossing, the 55km Hong Kong-Zhuhai- environment and wildlife, the effect of Macao Bridge. Until then, travelling extreme weather conditions on the between Hong Kong and Macao/Zhuhai programme and design, and the logistical involved either a one-hour ferry ride challenges of coordinating and completing (sometimes through bad weather such a large and ambitious scheme – the conditions) or a four-hour detour over the HZMB took nine years to construct. Humen Bridge, a crossing to the north of the Pearl River Delta. With the opening of Developing a Greater Bay Area the HZMB, it is now possible to make the The HZMB is part of a broader effort by journey by car in a mere 40 minutes. the Chinese government to improve connections between 11 cities on the Arup performed a range of roles on the Pearl River Delta: Hong Kong, Macao, project, including creating and developing Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Foshan, the concept and preliminary design for the main bridge and tunnel, and proposing environmentally friendly reclamation solutions for artificial island . Arup also worked on roads, tunnels, viaducts and other associated infrastructure. 1: The 55km HZMB took nine years to construct

1.

4 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 5 HZMB | HONG KONG, ZHUHAI, MACAO, GREATER CHINA

2: It was necessary to construct a 6.7km tunnel to 4: Xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx 4: The HZMB project has significantly cut travel allow unobstructed navigation channels (Lingding xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx times in the Greater Bay Area and Tonggu channels) 5: Xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx 5: The Jiuzhou Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge 3: An S-curved alignment was used adjacent to xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx with central sail-like towers and a central single Hong Kong’s Airport Island to avoid constraints 6: Xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx cable plane relating to the airport runway and the Government xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx Flying Service Headquarters

number of piers that needed to be built, the Kong side of the crossing, and investigation spans were designed to be 85m for the and reference design for the 12km link road. composite deck in the shallow water to the west side of the crossing and 110m for the The section of the main bridge and tunnel in steel deck in deeper water in the middle and mainland Chinese territory was developed by on the eastern sides. At the crossing between the HZMB Authority, a body jointly Hong Kong International Airport and Lantau organised by the three regional governments. 4. Island, the span between piers is typically The remaining sections of the link roads and 4. set at 75m, and up to 180m for crossing BCFs were the respective responsibility of navigation channels and the headland the three governments. between Sha Lo Wan and San Shek Wan. 2. A project of such significance had to be Arup designed a seismic protection system This meant fewer piers overall, and Main bridge and tunnel aesthetically pleasing from all vantage that satisfies the local codes of the three therefore less disruption during construction. Arup started working on the main bridge and points, as well as structurally sound in the areas the bridge runs through. The frictional Precast concrete shell construction was tunnel in 2009 at the invitation of CCCC face of frequent typhoons that occur in the pendulum bearing absorbs the seismic adopted for the pile caps to reduce the Consultants, then known as the region. The design and construction needed energy in every bearing connection, thus amount of temporary works construction Highway Planning and Design Institute to take environmental considerations into isolating the seismic action from the required, and therefore lessen the impact on (HPDI). This process began with concept and account, in particular the impact on the foundation. The bridge decks are supported the environment. preliminary design work. The overall route Chinese white dolphins that inhabit the by single column piers with wide heads, and runs from the Hong Kong BCF, travels along waters along this route. the bases are buried deep in the seabed. The main logistical challenge of this part of the northern part of , enters Single, rather than double, piers ensure that the project was that all construction needed Hong Kong waters and then crosses five The bridge’s alignment was designed the dolphins’ habitat and the flow of water to take place in the sea. This meant that the water navigation channels – Tonggu, to ensure the least possible obstruction under the bridge experience minimal construction materials had to be delivered to Lingding, Qingzhou, Jianghai and Jiuzhou to the water flow, avoiding various site disruption. In mainland China, spans the site by marine vessels, and made Port. A tunnel of 6.7km runs between the first constraints, while also enhancing the between piers are typically 50m, but to help working with in-situ concrete difficult. two, where the distance over the two views for bridge users. To achieve the preserve water quality by minimising the The solution was to precast as many of the channels was too wide for a long-span bridge. latter, horizontal curves were added. Three cable-stayed bridges cross over the last To further improve the overall aesthetic three channels. The total bridge length of the HZMB, Arup proposed that all (including the three cable-stayed bridges and the bridges over the navigation channels the shallow and deep water viaducts) is be supported by cables, and that central 22.9km. The crossing then reaches the towers of different shapes be placed artificial island where the Zhuhai and Macao between each span, each with a nautical BCFs are located. theme. The main span of the 268m Jiuzhou Bridge has two symmetrical 3. In total, the crossing is 55km long – 29.6km central towers shaped like sails; the for the main bridge and tunnel, a 13.4km link Jianghai Bridge, comprising two 258m Zhongshan, Dongguan, Huizhou, Jiangmen Zhuhai, Macao and Hong Kong. In Zhuhai, road in Zhuhai territory and a 12km link road main spans, has three towers that and Zhaoqing. The intention is to create an which is part of China’s Guangdong in Hong Kong territory. Arup collaborated resemble dolphins; and the 458m economic and business hub, the ‘Greater Province, Arup carried out the preliminary with the HPDI on the design of the elements main span Qingzhou Bridge has towers Bay Area’, and to better connect Hong design for the main crossing, which consists on the Chinese mainland side and worked shaped like the letter H, which feature Kong and Macao to the Chinese mainland. of a bridge and a tunnel. In Macao, the firm alone on the design for the elements on the cross-bracing like a Chinese knot. was responsible for the overall planning and Hong Kong side. The main bridge is a dual The first of these is the most visually Three elements the preliminary and detailed design for the three-lane carriageway with hard shoulders exposed, as it can be seen from the The HZMB project comprised three key BCF infrastructure and the link road. In (total width 33.1m), designed for a maximum restaurant-filled Zhuhai promenade. elements: the main bridge and tunnel; the Hong Kong, Arup’s role included planning, speed of 100km/h. The tunnel under the It therefore has the most striking design boundary crossing facilities (BCFs); and the investigation and detailed design of the Tonggu and Lingding navigation channels is of all the bridges. The depth of the bridge link roads connecting the three regions. 130ha of land reclamation to create an made up of 33 tunnel elements, each deck was kept constant throughout, Works spanned three geographical areas, artificial island for the BCF on the Hong measuring 180m x 38m x 11m. to offer visual harmony. 5.

6 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 7 HZMB | HONG KONG, ZHUHAI, MACAO, GREATER CHINA

6: Arup developed a non-dredged method of Formation level +5.5mPD reclamation and seawall construction for the SWL Hong Kong BCF artificial island 2v:2.5h Fill Existing seabed 7: The Hong Kong BCF is located on an artificial Rock fill island to the north-east of Airport Island 8: The composite section of seawall was 1v:3h 1v:3h Marine Sand fill constructed using a series of 32m diameter Dredged level deposits cofferdams without the need for dredging

Alluvium ˜105m Band drains

Formation level +5.5mPD for the Hong Kong Link Road. This is a

Fill Public fill dual three-lane highway connecting the Rock fill HZMB with the Hong Kong BCF. It comprises a 9.4km bridge section, a 1km Marine deposits tunnel section through Scenic Hill and a 1.6km at-grade section on reclaimed land at the east coast of Airport Island. The Alluvium alignment is curved, as the bridge had to diameter ˜40m avoid various site constraints, in particular the airport facilities, operational 7. 6. requirements and developments. Moreover, the airport is developing a third runway to the northern side of the island, so infringing Island before reaching the BCF, with and the headland between Sha Lo Wan elements required as possible, including the in Hong Kong. Typically, land reclamation formed by 200 straight steel sheets, were on this space was not an option. Placing construction beginning on this phase of the and San Shek Wan. This area of headland pile cap shells, piers and deck segments. projects such as this involve fully dredging driven through the soft marine sediment layer the Hong Kong Link Road on Lantau Island project in 2012. is a designated site of archaeological A floating concrete batching plant was used the mud from the seabed and then laying down to the underlying alluvial layer to form was also out of the question, as this is an interest, so to avoid negative environmental to supply the in-situ concrete needed to down fill materials. Hong Kong’s waters are cofferdams. These cofferdams were linked by area of forests and natural beauty and is of The bridge section is made up of more impacts on this zone, no bridge pier or construct the foundation piles. full of sediment, which traps a lot of water, two steel arcs made of similar steel sheet pile great ecological value. Arup designed the than 5,700 precast bridge deck segments, additional construction works were and so is not easy to squeeze dry for segments. These were backfilled to form a road to run along the narrow marine channel arranged in 115 spans. The viaduct features proposed in this area. A special lifting Hong Kong BCF consolidation. This full dredging method is robust structure without the need for south of Airport Island and north of Lantau long spans crossing two navigation channels frame was used for installation of the On the Hong Kong side, Arup’s design relatively quick, but it would have required dredging. Although cellular structures on a deck segments for this span. included using a reclaimed area of 150ha to a large amount of filler materials to replace similar scale have been used elsewhere, few form an artificial island – 130ha to the dredged mud. Moreover, when sediment have been used with the kind of deep, soft On the western side, where it faces accommodate the Hong Kong BCF and is dredged, it then has to be disposed of in soils encountered on this project. open water, the viaduct spans are 20ha for landfall of a connection road sea-based mud pits, a challenge complicated typically 75m. The western navigation known as - Link by the fact that much of this sediment can be This innovative design meant that the soft channel has three 150m spans to allow (TMCLKL). Arup initially began working contaminated. There was no space in Hong marine sediment on the seabed could be left two separate one-way navigation on this element of the project in 2006 by Kong for a new mud pit, so Arup developed untouched. The reduction in construction channels for shipping below the bridge identifying the best possible site for the a method for constructing the seawall for the work meant there was less impact on water deck. At the southern side, the viaducts BCF. This area had to include clearance and land reclamation without dredging. quality and less disruption to the marine run inside the channel between transport facilities. Ultimately, it was habitat, because of reduction of marine traffic Airport Island and Lantau with spans decided that the BCF should be placed to the Building on the firm’s experience in ground volume during construction (which was cut in excess of 100m to minimise the north-east of Hong Kong’s Airport Island treatment methods and seawall building by half) and the reduction in suspended number of piers and reduce hydrodynamic (an artificial island linked to Lantau), at a techniques, Arup developed two types of particles in the sea by 70%. The non-dredged impact to the water channel. The span point convenient for travellers arriving into non-dredged seawall: a composite steel cell process significantly reduced adverse impacts length is extended to 180m for crossing or departing from Hong Kong by air. This and rubble mound seawall, and a simple on the environment. the navigation channel and the headland. choice of location also avoided the need to rubble mound seawall. For both types, the These long spans were a particular reclaim land near the major sea channel to design solution required treatment using The completed reclamation was tested by challenge. The team considered various the north of the airport. stone columns – 53,000 in total, each 1m in two severe typhoons that hit the area before options for the design. A cable-stayed diameter – inserted into the soil to create a the BCF became operational. Both the bridge was not viable because of the A particularly innovative element of the drainage path for water in the soft sediment seawall and land reclamation remained height restrictions imposed by the airport, project was the development of an to dissipate. These were compacted-gravel intact under these conditions. and a composite steel and concrete deck environmentally friendly non-dredged piles, installed using a vibratory method of was rejected for cost, maintenance and method of reclamation and seawall construction. Hong Kong Link Road aesthetic reasons. Precast concrete construction to create the artificial island for Arup conducted the feasibility study, segments were ultimately used – this was the Hong Kong BCF and the TMCLKL. On the composite section of the seawall, 85 preliminary and reference design, contract the longest span of this type of bridge in This was the first time this method was used circular cells, each 32m in diameter and procurement and construction supervision Hong Kong at completion. 8.

8 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 9 HZMB | HONG KONG, ZHUHAI, MACAO, GREATER CHINA

11: At Scenic Hill, whole tunnel box jacking was used where the tunnel went under railway tracks, as there were stringent settlement requirements in this area 12: The southern section of the TMCLKL travels over 2km of water between Lantau Island and the Hong Kong BCF

9. 11. 12.

9: The Hong Kong Link Of the 725 piles used for this section of the When carrying out the box jacking, tunnel form to connect to the existing Lung The northern section is 5km in length and Road was a complex project, 65 are on land (with a diameter of the team came up against extremely Mun Road in Tuen Mun and the future Tuen includes a sub-sea twin-bore tunnel between part of the project, due 2.8m) and the remaining 660 are at sea, and hard bedrock that had to be excavated Mun Western Bypass. the BCF and landfall at Tuen Mun. Typically to the geography of have diameters of 2.3m, 2.5m or 2.8m. The manually, as blasting was not an option 14m in diameter and reaching depths of up the area and various design constraints piles range from 7m to 107m in length. for the section underneath the railway. Arup was one of the designers for the to 60m below ground level, each tunnel An additional smaller tunnel was contractor of the southern section of the accommodates two lanes of traffic. They 10: To avoid any Part of the link road is tunnelled, minimising excavated inside the main tunnel, using TMCLKL, which comprises about 9km of were originally designed to connect with construction footprint in an area of the visual impact for local residents. It runs round-the-clock construction, to increase elevated viaducts. The southern section traditional cut-and-cover launch and archaeological interest through Scenic Hill, under both the Airport the rock excavation faces and accelerate between Lantau Island and the BCF artificial reception shafts at either end within the at Sha Lo Wan Express railway and the Airport Road. the overall rock excavation. This was island travels over 2km of water. The section newly formed reclamations. However, to Headland, a special Different construction methods were used done at the same time as the box jacking that travels over land passes over existing speed up construction, the contractor’s segment lifting frame for different sections of the tunnel. Drill and on the other side, so the work could railway lines at skewed angles, requiring design team modified the tunnel design at was used to install the blast was utilised at Scenic Hill where the progress as efficiently as possible. spans of up to 100m. The viaduct structures the northern landfall by shifting the launch bridge deck segments rock was particularly hard; mining were designed as prestressed concrete shaft 400m further north. This replaced the techniques were used underneath Airport TMCLKL girders, which were constructed using the deepest section of cut-and-cover structure by Road where the flow of traffic to the airport A new road was also required to precast segmental method. The southern extending the bored tunnel, significantly needed to be maintained during tunnelling; accommodate the anticipated rise in traffic connection viaduct was designed with a reducing the amount of excavation and whole tunnel box jacking – a controlled between Lantau Island and the North-West seagull theme: the supporting piers over the lateral support works required at this shallow underground excavation process New Territories, a region of new towns and water are shaped like the maritime birds, location. The exit tunnel, which included an that causes minimal disruption – was used development in Hong Kong, which will also with the span lengths gradually increasing additional climbing lane, was formed using under the railway where there were railway serve as an alternative route to the airport. from the Lantau shore towards the Hong the world’s largest tunnel boring machine tracks with stringent settlement requirements The proposal was for this link road to start Kong BCF to imitate seagulls flying over (TBM), which is 17.6m in diameter. To to be adhered to; and an open cut-and-cover at the North Lantau Highway at Tai Ho, the sea. The longest span is 200m where create a large enough shaft to launch the method was used in the new reclamation before running through the Hong Kong the viaduct spans the TBM (which required clear headroom of area where there were fewer constraints. BCF. The road then travels northwards in navigation channel. 20m), Arup designed a bespoke caterpillar 10.

10 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 11 HZMB | HONG KONG, ZHUHAI, MACAO, GREATER CHINA

13: Arup developed the caterpillar diaphragm wall to combine these BCFs into a single board – created a working environment that With Hong Kong a well-known financial cofferdam, creating sufficient unobstructed space artificial island of approximately 220ha. supported shared thinking, knowledge centre, Macao a major tourist destination, to launch the world’s largest TBM In 2009, Arup won the detailed design exchange and critical review, leading to a and abundant development opportunities in 14: The 70ha Macao BCF is located on an consultancy to design the BCF’s design that was best tailored to the client the Pearl River Delta and the Greater Bay artificial island infrastructure after developing the functional and the region’s needs. Area, the whole area is experiencing layout of the 70ha Macao BCF. Arup considerable growth. The HZMB will was responsible for designing the facility’s Increased connectivity encourage the connection of people and viaducts, underpasses, roadworks, utility The HZMB provides the shortest link developments in this area. Being an tunnel, drainage and sewerage, and between Hong Kong, Macao and the impressive structure in its own right, the functional buildings. Arup also undertook western Pearl River Delta region. The bridge is also a tourist attraction, providing the detailed design for the link road connection between Hong Kong, Macao magnificent views. It is hoped that this diaphragm wall cofferdam – the first of its connecting the BCF to the new artificial and Zhuhai has been greatly improved, ambitious project will be the catalyst kind used in Hong Kong. This cofferdam island, referred to as Reclamation A, significantly cutting the time it takes for for further growth and integration in the comprised a series of circular interconnected which is located at the east of people and cargo to travel across the bay. area for years to come. cells that formed an unobstructed strut-free Macao Peninsula. excavation area by making use of hoop stresses within the diaphragm walls to Management maintain lateral stability. A project of this scale presented major Authors de Infra-estruturas, Macao SAR Government; challenges when it came to management Naeem Hussain was the bridge design leader Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Authority; The twin-bored tunnels are connected by and logistics. Arup appointed a core for the HZMB main bridge. He is Arup’s global Limited; Dragages- cross-passages at 100m intervals that serve management team to focus on issues bridge design leader and an Arup Fellow. He is Bouygues Joint Venture as a means of escape and allow access such as risk management, design a Director in the Hong Kong office. between the tunnels during an emergency. coordination, cost control, planning Arup team The original design had the mechanical and reviews, handling vast amounts of Steve Kite is Arup’s East Asia region highways Faux Abad, Andrew Armstrong, Sean Arnold, electrical (M&E) equipment required for documents, interfaces and resources, business leader. He is an Associate Director in Che-Hung Au, Lukasz Bies, Eric Chan, George tunnel operation located in every alternate and conducting quality assurance. the Hong Kong office. Chan, Ivan Chan, Ken Chan, Simon Chan, Li-Ling Chen, Fergus Cheng, Justin Cheung, cross-passage. This would have resulted in Samuel Kwan was the Project Manager for the Kayla Cheung, James Chim, Franki Chiu, Issac two different cross-passage sizes, one with It was crucial to have a project and design TMCLKL southern viaduct section and the Choi, Timo Chow, Harry Clements, James a larger diameter to facilitate the equipment review before every milestone, to make sure deputy Project Manager for the Hong Kong Link Collins, Derrick Dai, Mark Darlow, Ian Davis, 13. rooms and the escape passage. To simplify everything was on the right track. A review Road. He is an Associate Director in the Hong Mark de Melo, Alex de Oliveira, Mo Ezzat, Corey construction, Arup modified the design to panel was set up and the budgets were Kong office. Fan, Alfred Fong, Mike Ford, Henry Fung, relocate the M&E equipment. By making assessed and refined to achieve the most Matthieu Galland, Nilda Galvez, Stephen Hope, use of the void space created by the circular cost-effective solutions. Arup’s highly David Pegg was the Project Director for the Min Huang, Miro Huang, Erica Hui, Naeem tunnel form, the equipment was placed collaborative approach – bringing a broad TMCLKL southern viaduct section and is a Hussain, David Ingram, Chris Jackson, Piers within a service gallery in the carriageway range of disciplines and stakeholders on Director in the Hong Kong office. James, Sze James, Jesper Jensen, Duncan inside the main tunnel with M&E islands Johnston, Gerald Kam, Micheál Killeen, Steve Kite, Samuel Kwan, Irene Lai, Isis Lai, Jack every 200m. This allowed all the cross- James Sze led the infrastructure team on the detailed design for the man-made island for the Lam, Kaitlin Langdon, Michael Lau, Conor passage sizes to be the same smaller size, Hong Kong BCF. He is a Director in the Hong Lavery, Sam Law, Kitty Lee, Koon-Yu Leung, facilitating easier operation and Arup technical services: Kong office. Terence Leung, Brian Li, Yingyan Li, Jeffrey Lo, maintenance by providing a separate service Hong Kong Kin-Wang Lo, Ken Lu, Danny Lui, Lin-Fat Mak, corridor for maintenance purposes only. Hong Kong BCF Reclamation: Feasibility Peter Thompson was the Project Manager for Laura Merry, Chryso Metta, Amanda Mo, Polly Study, Overall Planning, Environmental the twin-bore tunnel section of the TMCLKL. He Mok, Alex Morris, Fokker Ng, Sandra Ng, A mini-TBM was used to construct Impact Assessment, Preliminary and Detailed is a Director in the Hong Kong office. Declan O’Shea, Josh Palmer, David Pegg, Sue the cross-passages, rather than mined Design, Construction Contract Procurement Poo, Jacek Przysiezny, Victoria Richardson, construction with ground freezing and Supervision Fergal Whyte was the Project Director for the Emily Roberts, Rob Ryan, Denis Shapley, Victor (traditionally used for sub-sea tunnels). Hong Kong BCF: Feasibility Study, Overall HZMB main bridge and the Hong Kong BCF, Shea, Dora Shum, Michelle Shun, Gopal Planning, Environmental Impact Assessment, Srinivasan, Raymond Sy Guan, James Sze, This method reduced construction risk, and the Project Manager for the Hong Kong Preliminary Design Link Road. He is a Director in the Hong Kong Sherry Tang, Peter Thompson, Tom Tong, improved efficiency and significantly cut Hong Kong Link Road: Feasibility Study, office and a member of the Arup Group Board. Eric Tsang, Iris Tse, Alessandra Villa, Mark construction time. This was the first project Overall Planning, Environmental Impact Wallace, William Wei, Fergal Whyte, Heather in Hong Kong to use a mini-TBM for Assessment, Preliminary and Reference Philip Wong was the Project Director for the Wilson, Christopher Wong, Desmond Wong, cross-passage construction. Design, Design & Build Contract Macao Link Road and the Project Manager Josephine Wong, Philip Wong, Tim Wong, Procurement and Supervision for the Macao BCF. He is a Director in the Alastair Woodland, Christian Wrede, Ngai Macao BCF and link road TMCLKL: Feasibility Study, Detailed Design Macao office. Yeung, Damon Yung, Cesar Zamora, Heng In 2006, Arup was appointed by the Macao Zang, Ying Zhou. government to undertake a feasibility study Zhuhai Ngai Yeung worked on the HZMB main Image credits for the Macao BCF and the associated link HZMB Main Bridge Preliminary Design bridge and is an Associate Director in the Hong Kong office. 1-3, 5, 12: Marcel Lam Photography roads to the city. The original scheme had Macao 4, 6-9, 11: Arup proposed two separate BCFs for Macao Macao BCF infrastructure: Overall Planning, Project credits 10: Dragages-China Harbour-VSL JV and Zhuhai, on two artificial islands. Arup Preliminary and Detailed Design Clients , Hong Kong SAR 13: Dragages-Bouygues JV rationalised this complex plan, following Macao Link Road: Detailed Design Government; Gabinete para o Desenvolvimento 14: CHEC the decision by the Chinese government 14.

12 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 13 BLOX | COPENHAGEN, DENMARK

1: BLOX is part of a new waterfront development Building BLOX in Copenhagen’s harbour area 2: The development provides outdoor spaces for use by the public 3: The initial solution for the unconventional grid BLOX has helped reconnect a section of Copenhagen’s waterfront with the city by redeveloping structure required 48 trusses 4: Arup rationalised the layout, developing a scheme a decades-old derelict site and turning it into a lively urban creative hub and public space that had an interconnecting framework of 18 trusses

Authors Michael Bradbury and Chris Carroll

Located in a prime section of Copenhagen’s cantilevers, long spans, unaligned grids and Arup provided structural, building services and harbour area, BLOX is a six-storey mixed- double height volumes. The building was façade engineering; sustainability consultancy use building that is part of an exciting officially opened by the Queen of Denmark services; ICT and AV; vertical transport; waterfront regeneration in the city. The in May 2018. security; and daylighting, from inception to 2 27,000m venue is the new home for the detailed design. The firm produced design 2. Danish Architecture Center (DAC) and Working in close collaboration with the solutions for and provided input on topics BLOXHUB, a new creative workspace Office for Metropolitan Architecture including energy efficiency, carbon neutrality, initiative for companies, research (OMA), Arup’s engineering expertise helped materials and embodied carbon. Arup also Its location, locked in by the harbour and within the building. The staggered pattern number of one- and two-storey deep trusses institutions and organisations involved shape a complex regeneration project that sought to address socioeconomic issues. canal, with a busy arterial road bisecting the that forms the building’s terraced landscape with depths varying from 2.4m to 8.4m. These in sustainable urban development. overcame the constraints that challenged the site, presented considerable challenges for shape, the road through the building and the create large column-free spaces within the viability of the site for development. BLOX Site development development. Most recently, the site included deep basement car park all put considerable building and also bridge over the road. The building features an auditorium, spans over and under the busy Christians Philanthropic association Realdania invested a 350-space street-level car park and a small constraints on where columns could be exhibition spaces, cafés and offices, as well as Brygge ring road, with the site perimeter in BLOX to help regenerate this section of the children’s playground. located and how loads could be transferred The structural frame comprises steel beams 22 apartments across the top floors, and framed on two sides by the city’s harbour waterfront and strengthen the connection down to the foundations. and columns with precast concrete floor recreational indoor and outdoor areas. These wall and the Frederiksholms canal. Located between the inner city and the harbour. Structural frame planks. The structural floor plate depth is differing spaces are arranged as a series of close to a series of historic buildings, the Originally, the site was home to the royal Arup worked closely with OMA to With a conventional grid structure not feasible typically 400mm, with the beams located stacked cubes that form a terraced landscape, ground works in particular had to be dealt brewery, Kongens Bryghus. The buildings rationalise the structural layout so that it because of the overlapping volumes and within the depth of the planks to reduce the requiring a structural scheme with significant with sensitively. were demolished after a fire in the 1960s. would support the series of stacked volumes column-free spaces required, Arup developed overall floor volume. The planks in the offices a scheme comprising an interconnected were grouted together without the need for a system of transfer structures. By using a structural screed topping. number of interventions such as downstand beams, trusses and hangers, an initial 48 truss Due to the complex interface between the solution was developed. With a working trusses, Arup’s structural team devised a scheme in place, the challenge was to reduce construction sequence in collaboration with the number of trusses to ensure construction the main contractor, Züblin. To determine the viability and improve efficiency. stresses that would build up in the steel frame during its assembly, Arup created a digital Through further detailed design and model of the construction sequence. rationalisation, the grid was re-aligned and the trusses optimised, with Arup’s final scheme an With the transfer structures and complicated interconnecting framework of 18 steel trusses load paths, it was crucial that deflections were that typically span 30m. They include a controlled as stresses became locked in while

1. 3. 4.

14 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 15 BLOX | COPENHAGEN, DENMARK

5, 6 & 7: Aerial photos showing the construction of BLOX. The road crosses the site supported on a section of the building’s ground floor slab 8: Careful construction sequencing was required, as only very limited closures of the Christians Brygge road were allowed

elements were constructed. These stresses and displacements were taken into account when developing the construction sequence and temporary propping arrangements, with a 5. 6. number of trusses fabricated with pre-cambers to take into account deflections. 10. Arup adopted 3D design from the start. This was crucial in dealing with the complexity of the layout and building services. The design team was commissioned during construction to produce an integrated BIM model that 9. was issued to the client and their facilities management team for use after handover.

Bridging over and under the road 9: BIM model of the exhibition hall showing the One of the key elements to developing the site layout of the trusses was to design a scheme that could span over 10: The exhibition hall being set up for an event and under the ring road, allowing pedestrians 11: The precast concrete floor in the hall has a access to the harbour without having to cross reinforced concrete structural topping. This assists with a road that is used by more than 25,000 acoustics as well as the floor’s dynamic performance vehicles a day. 11.

7. Traffic on Christians Brygge crosses the site supported on a section of the building’s sheet pile wall was installed to allow the the required air handling systems. Car engines Ambitious sustainability targets were ground floor slab. To ensure this traffic does basement excavation and construction of the are switched off as vehicles are delivered and set to address all aspects of the design, not cause noise or vibration issues within the permanent piled basement walls. returned to the stacked parking bays via the construction and operation of the building. building, 575mm deep precast pre-stressed horizontal and vertical stacker system, This included reducing energy demand by concrete bridge beams with a 75mm concrete Using secant pile construction, the basement keeping exhaust fumes to a minimum. 50% compared with local regulations. topping span onto isolating bearings on the wall comprises interlocking bored concrete BLOX achieves the Low Energy Class supporting walls and a spine beam. Careful 880mm diameter piles at 1.1m centres, Exhibition floor rating, with primary energy usage of under sequencing was required during construction, providing both the permanent and temporary The main exhibition floor’s structural depth is 40 kWh/m²/year. This meets the LE2015 as only very limited road closures were support for the basement excavation. 2m, with the floor at this level spanning almost energy target under Danish regulations. allowed by the local authority. Prior to the Following basement construction the berm 24m over the road. This span is achieved with trusses that span above the road being erected was removed. Further out into the harbour a a 1.6m deep plate girder, supported on steel The desire to create an energy-efficient during overnight road closures, a crash deck rubble reef was put in place to protect the columns. A reinforced concrete structural building significantly influenced Arup’s was built over the road to protect vehicles. harbour wall and building from collision with topping to the precast concrete floor increases building services design. The building marine traffic. the structural mass for acoustic attenuation, is served by Copenhagen’s district The basement is 16m below ground at its although it is also beneficial for the floor’s heating system, and the city’s district deepest and required excavation adjacent to Automated car parking dynamic performance. cooling system was extended towards the harbour, canal walls and a number of In the basement there is a fully automated the site. The system is based on seawater historic buildings founded on timber piles. 350-space public car park. It was a local An assessment was made of footfall-induced cooling and the use of residual heat from A detailed basement construction sequence authority requirement to retain parking on the vibrations that could occur from the exhibition electricity generation. and de-watering process were implemented to site and minimise the number of vehicles floor to ensure vibration transfer did not ensure construction did not adversely affect entering the city centre just north of BLOX. adversely affect the other areas of the building. In addition to meeting the LE2015 these buildings. The three-storey underground parking facility Arup’s footfall analysis showed the typical energy target, other key sustainability can handle up to 180 cars an hour. accelerations were within acceptable limits. strategies include: The eastern and southern site boundaries were • solar photovoltaic panels at roof level, which originally retained by timber and stone block Using an automated car stacker system has Sustainability produce 145,000 kWh/year; quay walls with ground anchors. As part of significantly lessened the space requirements Sustainability was a key driver for the project. • use of lower emission heating, cooling and the construction sequence, a berm was placed within the basement compared with a more Arup’s Sustainable Project Appraisal Routine ventilation systems; in the water in front of the existing harbour traditional car park. This reduced the volume (SPeAR) was used to track the sustainability • a full materials assessment, screening all wall to act as a temporary prop while the of excavation required, simplified basement elements and help make important decisions main materials for embodied carbon, life ground anchors were removed. A temporary construction around the road and minimised during the design process. cycle and recyclability; 8.

16 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 17 BLOX | COPENHAGEN, DENMARK

12: BLOX is made • appropriate intake and exhaust locations 15: Arup used its Sustainable Project Appraisal up of a series of and separations to ensure effective Routine (SPeAR) to track sustainability throughout stacked volumes ventilation (a particular challenge the project 13: 3D rendering of given the proximity to the road); 16: BLOX has helped to transform a previously vibration analysis • a high performance building envelope; neglected section of Copenhagen’s waterfront for events in the • low water consumption; and 17: ‘ and the Philosophy of Total exhibition hall • improved local amenities and activation Design’ exhibition 14: BIM model of public spaces. of the building services BLOX is close to public transport, adding to Ove Arup exhibition its sustainability credentials. The mixed-use development promotes social integration, as From October 2018 to February 2019, the the publicly accessible pedestrian route Danish Architecture Center hosted an running through the building creates a new exhibition on Ove Arup that celebrated the link between the city and the harbour. pioneering work and ongoing legacy of the Anglo-Danish engineer and designer. The mechanical services required careful design to manage the variety of uses for 15. 16. The exhibition, ‘Ove Arup and the the different spaces within the building. Philosophy of Total Design’, was first The layout is predominantly office space shown at the Victoria and Albert (V&A) around the building’s perimeter, with the insulated façade. The performance of Transformation Museum, , in 2016 and provided large DAC exhibition space, auditorium the façade required careful consideration BLOX has transformed this section of an overview of Ove Arup’s vision of ‘Total and conference facilities located at the in order to achieve the correct level of Copenhagen’s waterfront into an inviting Design’. The exhibition revealed Arup’s centre of the building. The ground floor light transmission into the building to space for people to visit. In addition to collaborative approach to problem-solving includes a gym, restaurant and some retail meet required lighting levels under providing the new pedestrian link between in the built environment by harnessing spaces. Along with the basement car park, Danish regulations, while also maintaining the city and the harbour, a new urban the creativity and technical prowess 12. each of these areas have different drivers the appropriate U-value (thermal) and playground offers a safe space for play of engineers, architects, urban and requirements from a comfort and G-value (solar gain). Eight façade during the day, turning into a stage or planners, designers, consultants and occupancy level. configurations were assessed across amphitheatre seating in the evening. technical specialists. criteria including energy, daylight, cost, The building draws in visitors and is a Plant and building services maintenance and aesthetics to determine landmark publicly orientated mixed-use The exhibition featured archival materials The mixed-use nature of the building, and the the preferred option. building in the Danish capital. from iconic projects such as the Sydney constraints of the road, meant that locating Opera House and the in plant and developing the building services Paris. Also displayed were digital exhibits distribution strategies were critical to overall featuring simulations and augmented reality that captured some of the most space planning and developing an efficient Authors Duncan, Russell Fraser, Lesley Gale, Kieran Giblin, innovative infrastructure projects Arup has floor plate. Plant areas were located in Michael Bradbury was the Project Manager and Andrew Grant, Duncan Gray, Ning He, John various parts of the building. The basement lead building services engineer. He is an Heath, Stuart Hitchcock, Ed Hoare, Christina contributed to in recent times. They has the main connections to the district Associate Director in the London office. Hsieh, Dan Ingall, Craig Irvine, Ben Jones, Ben included a specially commissioned heating and cooling, along with ventilation Kaggwa, Adri Kerciku, Vivien Kwan, Amy Leitch, immersive installation about the Øresund plant that serves the basement and the Chris Carroll was the Project Director. He is a Ben Lewis, Roland Li, Alexandra Lindesay- Bridge and a recreated Arup SoundLab® 13. restaurant areas. Additional plant is located Director in the London office. Bethune, Di Liu, Ian Lockwood, Georgina presenting a range of acoustic studies, under the auditorium, with smaller plant areas Lockwood, Paul Lynch, Mani Manivannan, Adam including of the BLOX building and serving the offices and apartments. Project credits Martin, Nina McCallion, Ben Moss, Sheyda Okke, Copenhagen city. Client Realdania Julian Olley, Jean Parker, Dean Payne, David Penn, Stuart Pennington, Clare Perkins, Dan With quite a deep plan for the building, Architect OMA Local architect CF Muller Pook, Tony Pullen, Rob Quail, Nihal Rajapakse, chilled ceilings were used in the majority Traffic, environmental issues, fire, risk Vincenzo Reale, Tony Ricchetti, Amelia Rushford, of areas for cooling, with fresh air provided analyses and local engineer of record COWI Anokhee Shah, Amy Shen, Jamie Shewan, Tania through the floor (along with distribution Contractor Züblin Smith, Julian Sutherland, Mark Thomas, Mutlu for power and data). Chilled beams were Structural, building services and façade Ucuncu, Nick Unsworth, Manja Van De Worp, used around the perimeter to provide engineering, and sustainability consultancy John Verniers, James Whelan, Robin Wilkinson, additional cooling at the façade. services, ICT and AV, vertical transport, Giovanni Zemella. security, daylighting Arup: The main exhibition space uses Yasmin Alam, Francis Archer, Marcus Arvidsson, Image credits displacement vents to distribute air, with Bibi Banjo, Jonathan Ben-Ami, Daniel Bergsagel, 1, 10, 16: Rasmus Hjortshøj sidewall displacement vents used in the Michael Bingham, Kimberley Blackburn, Philip 2: Søren Svendsen Bogan, Michael Bradbury, Alexis Brown, Emma 3, 4, 8, 9, 13-15: Arup auditorium. The restaurant and apartments Brunton-Reed, Giorgio Buffoni, Chris Burgess, 5-7: BLOX/Dragør Luftfoto have their own dedicated systems. Tony Campbell, Stuart Carey, Chris Carroll, Andrea 11, 12: Delfino Sisto Legnani and Marco Charlson, Mark Chen, Anna Coppel, Dominic Cappelletti/OMA Detailed thermal analysis was key to Coyle, James Dare, Rica Dela Cruz, Andrew 17: Camilla Hylleberg achieving a naturally ventilated and highly 17. 14.

18 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 19 JAGUAR LAND ROVER ENGINE MANUFACTURING CENTRE | WOLVERHAMPTON, UK

Drawing on decades of experience in the The focus on a low-carbon strategy meant a Driving sustainability design of industrial buildings, Arup wide range of sustainable features were reinterpreted the traditional factory form incorporated within the facility. These to create a functional, flexible and include the largest roof-mounted Total design used to create a showcase for sustainability in a flexible highly automated sustainable facility for Jaguar Land photovoltaic (PV) array in the UK; Rover. Arup’s architecture and transpired solar collector cladding; solar manufacturing facility engineering teams provided innovative panels for heating domestic hot water; low-energy design solutions for the engine natural ventilation; displacement ventilation Authors Mark Bartlett, James Finestone, Philip Hives, Sean Macintosh, Timothy Snelson, David Storer manufacturing centre, a facility that has to provide cooling; lighting control with achieved a BREEAM ‘Excellent’ daylight dimming; variable speed drives sustainability rating. to minimise pump and fan power consumption; heat recovery on air handling By providing an appealing, environmentally units (AHUs); grey water recycling; and controlled working environment, Arup created storm water attenuation. a facility centred around worker wellbeing. Arup designed the building so there are visual The first phase of the facility was handed connections between the different areas, over just 24 months after the design team breaking down the barriers between factory appointment. The next two phases followed floor and administration areas and making as in a continuous sequence from 2013 to much use as possible of natural light. The 2017. Arup provided architecture, transport traditional factory north-light windows at roof planning, environmental engineering, level are complemented by 2m high windows landscaping and access advice for the first at ground level. These bring daylight deep two phases, together with civil, structural, into the production areas and provide views of geotechnical, fire and building services the external landscaped areas. engineering for all three phases.

1: The facility has a BREEAM ‘Excellent’ sustainability rating 2: The building is centred around worker wellbeing, with barriers between the factory floor and admin areas broken down as much as possible 1. 2.

20 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 21 JAGUAR LAND ROVER ENGINE MANUFACTURING CENTRE | WOLVERHAMPTON, UK

Layout 3: The traditional Arup developed the overall facility layout factory north-lights in conjunction with Jaguar Land Rover by work in conjunction mapping out the engine manufacturing with large ground- process including equipment, people, level windows to materials, waste and transport movements. provide abundant natural light The first two phases of the project incorporated three linked, rectangular 4: The staff support buildings. Efficiency in configuration buildings are bright, naturally ventilated coupled with future building flexibility two-storey buildings underpinned the layout of the large factory halls (machine and assembly halls) and 5: The building grid layout is arranged to the connecting smaller two-storey staff allow future changes support buildings. in assembly line configuration The architectural form of the facility – with the saw-tooth roof profile commonly used on warehouses and factories around Wolverhampton – helped with the engineering solution. The north-lights allow 4. diffused natural light into the building but limit heat gain. The south-facing elements of the roof, set at a 30° angle, are used to support the large PV array. The underside of the roof provides the primary route for distribution of services at high level, minimising the requirement for service runs in the floor slab and maximising production flexibility in the factory for future changes.

Site works and foundations Following an enabling works package that included soil/cement ground stabilisation, Arup was able to design straightforward foundations with pad footings and ground- bearing concrete slabs. Steel-fibre-reinforced concrete slabs, ranging between 250mm and 350mm thick, are used in the factory halls and were designed to provide flexibility for equipment layout. In the staff support buildings, which have lower levels of loading, mesh-reinforced concrete slabs, ranging between 150mm and 175mm thick, are used. The site incorporates an extensive sustainable drainage system, featuring porous paving, swales and storm water attenuation ponds that control discharge to 5. the surface water system.

Factory frame The factory halls are based on a single- services the roof can support. The bracing optimised all the truss members. The wind storey braced frame, supporting multi-span is kept at the perimeter, which allows for the analysis carried out on the roof took into mono-pitched roofs, with trusses designed subdivision of bays and means the assembly account the roof’s specific geometry and for multi-bay continuity. The north-lights lines can be reconfigured if required in peak wind direction for the site, allowing are formed using steelwork trusses that future. Arup developed a loading manual for uplift loads on the roof to be reduced by up span 30m. In the machine hall, the grid is Jaguar Land Rover that sets out the design to 70% for the majority of the surface 30m by 15m, with a 30m by 30m grid load locations and magnitudes. area. These design processes resulted in in the assembly halls. This arrangement significant savings, minimising the facilitates the production areas currently In designing the roof trusses, Arup took steelwork roof tonnage. At 28kg/m2, the required by the client, giving clear spans the structural analysis output and, using roof weight is light for a 30m-span roof without compromising the quantity of automated member utilisation checks, that supports the quantity of services 3.

22 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 23 JAGUAR LAND ROVER ENGINE MANUFACTURING CENTRE | WOLVERHAMPTON, UK

energy consumption and providing located 3m above floor level. To reduce amount of work required to be carried out significant carbon savings. airborne contamination within the machine at height. and assembly halls, the supply air is filtered This Colourcoat Renew SC cladding system, through class F9 filters – the level below a Energy monitoring developed by Tata Steel and the University cleanroom environment. Arup developed an energy management of Swansea’s Innovation Centre, heats 5m3/s system in conjunction with Jaguar Land of supply air, producing carbon savings of A gas-fired heating system, rather than Rover to allow the client to monitor building 1 tonne per 5m of solar collector. The a more traditional water-based system, energy consumption and energy used in each Machine Hall (30m x 15m Grid) Assembly Hall (30m x 30m Grid) system has also been used on the third phase was used to serve the production halls. process of engine production. The system Building Access – Main Halls Building Access – Main Halls of the project. A water-based system would have had design included the communication the potential for significant heat and infrastructure for the process equipment to Dynamometers pumping losses due to the length of the support Industry 4.0 implementation, as well As part of the engine testing regime, a pipe runs required for a facility of this size. as the metering and monitoring mechanisms sample of engines produced at the factory The gas heating system overcame this for all the building utilities. Arup’s Building are tested using dynamometers. Arup issue, particularly as the gas distribution Performance and Systems team were worked with Jaguar Land Rover to design system was already required to serve commissioned after handover to carry out the system that takes the energy generated process equipment. monitoring of the energy performance in the during testing and feeds it back into the operational building and collate feedback building’s energy distribution system. Where possible, high-level services were from users. This work identified supplied using modular technology. Arup’s opportunities to reduce further electricity Heating and cooling detailed design allowed for modules to be and gas consumption. The machine hall is heated from an all-air manufactured off-site to facilitate a quick system with the heating diffusers located 3m and safe installation on-site. This method Digital design above the factory floor. Six AHUs supply allowed for factory inspections prior to The structural steel frame design was highly 85m3/s of air to the space. This volume of delivery on-site, and also reduced the automated. Optimisation of design input to Clear Way Finding & Access Strategy Daylighting & Roof Design air is required to maintain a 20°C Building Access – Offices & Staff Support Facilities Natural Light & Dynamic Roof Form temperature in the machine hall, and also to provide make-up air to supplement the 6. extract system that removes the oil mist created during the engine manufacturing process. Fresh air, with 0.25 air changes per required for this highly automated Renewable energy hour, is also fed into the machine hall for manufacturing facility. Total design As part of an initial energy study, Arup staff comfort levels. During the winter identified the potential for significant carbon months, the manufacturing equipment in the Staff support areas Arup applied its total design philosophy savings by using a roof-mounted PV array machine hall provides heat to the space, The connecting staff support buildings are to deliver technically creative and and solar thermal installation on the façade. with gas-fired AHUs providing top-up heat bright, naturally ventilated two-storey sustainable solutions at speed. as required. In the summer, vents in the spaces. Arup designed the bulk of the heavy Innovation, collaboration and worker More than 21,000 PV panels were installed north-light windows can be opened to expel plant – servicing the factory halls – to be wellbeing is at the heart of the success on the south-facing areas of the roof. These hot air, helping to reduce extract energy. located at the first floor and on the roof. This of this facility, which has won provide over 5.3MW of power – equivalent gives easy access to plant for maintenance numerous awards. to 30% of the facility’s energy requirements The assembly halls are heated and cooled and avoids the need to put heavy plant on – and reduce the factory’s carbon footprint using a displacement ventilation system, the long-span roof trusses. The structure 2018 by at least 2,400 tonnes per year. Further with five AHUs supplying 71m3/s of air. To supporting consists of precast Structural Steel Design Awards: power is supplied via a ground-mounted PV maximise the facility’s future flexibility and hollowcore concrete slabs. The exposed Winner, Project of The Year array, added as part of the most recent phase adaptability in relocating process plant and thermal mass of the concrete slab soffit World Architecture Awards: of works. Solar thermal panels also provide layouts, the displacement terminals are helps with moderating temperatures in the Shortlisted, Production Energy and heating for domestic hot water. office areas, further reducing energy costs. Recycling Category Solar cladding Arup’s architectural design of the staff 2017 The factory features a transpired solar support areas provides a working CIBSE Building Performance Awards: collector cladding system, which is used to environment that brings people together by Winner, Project of the Year preheat the supply air to the staff changing providing visual transparency and social Royal Institute of British Architects facility. Used on the south-facing façade of spaces. These areas have natural light and Awards: Winner, West Midlands the staff support building, the outer steel ventilation, with glazing providing Sustainable Award and Regional Award layer of the system is a dark perforated transparency between the office areas and profiled steel sheet. It is separated from the factory floors. Automated dimming controls 2014 inner insulated layer by an air cavity. Solar 6: Arup, in conjunction with the client, developed for the lighting system reduce the need for Royal Institution of Chartered energy warms the perforated steel skin and an overall facility layout that focused on efficiency artificial light, creating further energy Surveyors National Awards: the air in the cavity, and a fan at high level and future building flexibility savings, with LED lights specified in the Regeneration Project of the Year draws the warm air out. This preheated air 7: The assembly hall has a 30m x 30m most recent development phase. feeds the AHUs in these areas, reducing structural grid 7.

24 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 25 JAGUAR LAND ROVER ENGINE MANUFACTURING CENTRE | WOLVERHAMPTON, UK

8: Arup’s design of the staff support areas provides a working environment that brings people together by providing visual transparency and social spaces 9: Drawing on decades of experience in the design of industrial buildings, Arup reinterpreted the traditional factory form to deliver a functional, flexible and sustainable facility

9.

Authors Architecture, transport planning, environmental, Liebana, Mark Lusher, Sean Macintosh, Colin Mark Bartlett was the lead electrical engineer and landscaping, and access advice (Phase 1 and Magner, Alice Malaiperuman, Rajiv Malik, Natalia the Project Manager for the third phase of the 2); civil, structural, geotechnical, security, Mambrilla, Mei-Yee Man Oram, Ann Marie Aguilar, development. He is an Associate Director in Arup’s sustainability, fire and building services Barbara Marino, Tony Martin, Curtis Martyn, Paul Midlands Campus in the UK. engineering (for all three phases) Arup: Matthews, Alex May, Andrew McAleer, Rachael Muhammad Abdullah, Jorge Albert, Mehdi McAteer, Chris McCarthy, Gary McCarthy, Laura James Finestone was the Project Director for the Alhaddad, Steve Allen, Simon Anson, Dimitri Mino, Jessica Monk, Philip Monypenny, Mostafa first phase of the development. He is Arup’s Argyros, Nohman Awan, Yiannis Baltagiannis, Andy Moradalizadeh, Adina Nimas, Julia Novitchenko, Europe region leader for architecture and is based Barnes, Daniel Barnes, Greg Barnes, Mark Bartlett, Carlos Nunes Baptista, James O’Hanlon, Johnny in the Milan office. Gill Blackburn, Mark Bowen, Richard Boyd, Tom Ojeil, Nick Olson, Petra O’Sullivan, Constance Brooks, Gemma Broughton, Alexis Brown, Alex Pang, Yesol Park, Yona Park, Andy Payne, Tom Philip Hives was the lead mechanical engineer and Bunn, Kevin P Burke, Josh Chapman, Sean Pearce, Anett Pengelly, Oliver Pengelly, Ryan Perry, Project Manager for the second phase of the Chapman, Wayne Charles, Sam Collett, Carl Chris Powell, Jan Pratt, Sean Preece, Georgie 8. development. He is an Associate Director in Arup’s Collins, Jose Pedro Conceicao Dos Santos, Tiago Price, Danny Quartermaine, Mario Querol, Jon Midlands Campus in the UK. Contins Teixeira, John Corbett, Tian Coulsting, Rhodes James, Colin Roberts, Paul Robinson, Arron Croft, Dominic Cropper, Sebastian Alberto Rossi, Luca Rossi, Dave Runaghan, Anand Sean Macintosh is a Senior Architect in the Cumpatescu, Hal Currey, Hazel Dalton, James Sagoo, Tanvir Saini, Neil Scott, Andrew Sherratt, the analysis models was driven from carried out BIM management services data tagging of equipment and services London office. Davies, Sean Davies, Steven Davies, Matthew Michael Shuster, Lee Smith, Tim Snelson, Joaquin Davis, Jo Dicken, Natalia Duffy, John Edgar, Ed Soria Diaz, Chris Stanford, Michael Stevens, spreadsheets, to minimise the risk of manual on behalf of the main contractor, for use post-occupancy. This ensured Timothy Snelson was the lead structural engineer Elbourne, Karim Elgendy, Steve Fancourt, David Calvin Stewart, Susanne Stolper, David Storer, input errors. Subsequent results from the . The subcontractors’ work the client’s facilities management team and Project Manager for the first phase of the Farmer, Ben Fenech, James Finestone, Kate Craig Stott, Eric Sturel, Mike Summers, Steven analysis were post-processed through was coordinated throughout the delivery could utilise all the design information development. He is an Associate Director in the Fletcher, Bob Flynn, Helen Foti, Sally Friswell, Swan, Martin Tarnowski, Thomas Taverner, Scott spreadsheets for utilisation checks. Designing of the project, and also with the fit-out embedded within the model. London office. Carolyn Gallehawke, Amparo Galvan Nieto, Thirtle, Xing Tong, Bernard Travers, Sara Turnbull, in this digital environment allowed changes requirements of the highly specialised Andrew Gardiner, Stephen George, Marten Ryan Turner, Tijl Uijtenhaak, Dora Vagiou, Michael to be incorporated into the design as the client robotics used for engine manufacturing As the manufacturing process changed David Storer was the Project Director for the second Gessen, Andrew Gibbon, Daniel Goodreid, Jack Wadsworth, Julie-Anne Walker, Killian Walsh, John updated their manufacturing requirements (which were designed by PowerTrain during the design phase, the digital and third phases of the development. He is a Director Goulding, Aidan Griffin, Paul Grosvenor, Craig Walton, James Watts, Marcos Watts, Chris Webb, during the design process. The structural for Jaguar Land Rover). The design design elements were used to take in those based in Arup’s Midlands Campus in the UK. Harkness, Mike Haydon, Christopher Hayward, Luke Webster, Mel West, David Wheatley, Joe model was produced directly from the model was integrated with the process changes to minimise the potential of any Andy Heath, Cameron Heggie, George Hemsley, Wheelwright, Deborah White, Sam Williams, John analysis model and exported to Tekla and equipment model. This allowed delay. For example, when another 30m bay Project credits John Higginson, Philip Hives, Thomas Howes, Woodman, Darren Wright, Mat Wright, Evangelos Client Jaguar Land Rover Ltd Callum Hulme, Alan Jefcoat, Ian Jenkins, Joao Zacharis, Akhtar Zaman, Dima Zogheib. software for production of the fabrication coordination of process machinery and was added to the building, the automated Project manager Stace Jesus, Ben Johnson, Matt Jones, Elida drawings, thereby saving the steelwork services, along with the building services work flow enabled the design checks to be Quantity surveyor (AECOM – formerly Davis Karaivanova, Abdullah Khan, Michael Kinney, Image credits fabricator significant modelling time. and structural frame. The fully integrated carried out quickly. The models were Langdon) Maciej Krezolek-Shrewsbury, Martin 1, 7: Jaguar Land Rover model was issued as part of the completed updated to reuse already manufactured steel, Main contractor Interserve Construction Ltd Kuzmanov, Jason Kwong, Samantha L Godden, 2, 3, 8, 9: Simon Kennedy The complete building was modelled project’s operation and maintenance and the new bay was inserted as the (Phase 1 and 2); Vinci (Phase 3) Oliver Lawrie, David Lee, Matt Lewis, Alvar 4, 5, 6: Arup in BIM. At construction stage, Arup manual and included specification and penultimate bay.

26 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 27 SEATTLE SPACE NEEDLE | SEATTLE, USA

A dramatic refresh of Seattle’s Space Needle The use of cutting-edge techniques in the renovation of Seattle’s most iconic structure has readied it for the next 50 years of its life, and means that the original concept for the Space Needle has finally been achieved

Authors Peter Alspach, Clayton Binkley, David Okada, Kristen Strobel, Cress Wakefield

A landmark on the Seattle skyline, the The general contractor, Hoffman team. Arup provided on-call support to the 2. Space Needle was built for the 1962 World’s Construction, worked around the clock on a contractor that at times included three-shift Fair and stands 605ft (184m) above the city. tight schedule that avoided the peak tourist support for the 24-hour construction period. It is the globally recognised symbol of Seattle season. The Atmos stayed open to the public and attracts more than 1.3 million visitors throughout. This 11-month period required 520ft level per year. The Space Needle Corporation constant communication and collaboration The work at the 520ft level included installing engaged architectural firm Olson Kundig to between the owner, contractor and design new stairs, an accessible lift and increased help them create a new vision that would interior glazing, as well as the replacement of preserve the building’s historic exterior while the exterior safety barriers at the external deck revolutionising the guest experience and with glass vertical barriers featuring integrated clarifying the original conceptual design Space Needle glass ‘Skyriser’ benches. One of the primary vision. Arup collaborated closely with the goals of this work was to restore the 3. architects on the renovation, designing a renovation facts transparency envisioned in the conceptual seismic retrofit, accessibility upgrade and sketches for the original design, while making modernisation of building services. The firm 605 Height of the Space Needle, in feet all public areas step-free and fully accessible provided structural, mechanical, electrical for the first time. and plumbing engineering, as well as 1,300,000 Visitors to the Space Needle building physics and fire consulting. each year The quest for transparency extended beyond 1. Existing Truss the exterior skin – Olson Kundig wanted an The Space Needle structure consists of three 176 US tons of glass used in the open plan with as few obstructions as possible main components – the Pavilion Level at its renovation between guests’ first steps from the elevator base, the Skyline Level at 100ft, and the 605ft and the expansive skyline view. This inside- 2. Build Retrofits iconic ‘Atmos’ 500ft above the Seattle 196 Percent increase in the out transparency was a major driver for the amount of glass installed streetscape. Within the Atmos, the guest 520ft building services modifications throughout the at the Space Needle experience is focused on two main areas: the 500ft Atmos. One of the most impactful 520ft level that includes the exterior components was a tightly coordinated reroute 3. Demolish Existing observation deck and the 500ft level featuring 360 Degrees of of the kitchen exhaust ducts from their vertical ‘The Loupe’ – the world’s first and only uninterrupted views path through the observation level space to a rotating glass floor. Connecting the two are of the Puget Sound region more hidden vertical course near the core. the ‘Oculus Stairs’, two open half-moon shaped staircases made of wood, steel and 50 Experts from around At the exterior, the knee-high wall and wire 4. Completed Truss glass that terminate in a glass-floored oculus. the world to advise caging at the edge of the observation deck 4. on the renovation were replaced with new glazed barriers and 1: The iconic Space Needle was built for From the tower’s Atmos, visitors can now integrated bench seating. The modifications the 1962 World’s Fair. At 605ft, it is a enjoy expansive and unobstructed 360° views 500 Workers involved required retrofit work at each of the 48 highlight of the Seattle skyline of Seattle’s skyline, as well as look straight in the renovation existing radial trusses that support the 2: 3D section of the ‘Atmos’, showing new down through the new rotating glass floor. To observation deck. The top chord of 15 of the Oculus Stairs and increased glazing achieve these views, 176 US tons (160 tonnes) 100,000,000 Dollars existing trusses was removed and lowered to 3: Some 176 US tons of glass was 100ft of structural glass was installed, increasing the spent on the first allow for the new staircases and lift pit. Arup installed during the renovation glazed area by nearly 200%. The new design phase of the designed the retrofits to be installed without 4: Sequence showing modifications made expands the publicly accessible area by 9%, renovation the need for shoring. This allowed the to 15 of the 48 radial trusses supporting all within the existing building space. contractor to modify the trusses, while the observation deck 1.

28 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 29 SEATTLE SPACE NEEDLE | SEATTLE, USA

5. 6. 7. 10. 11.

5: Repairs were made to parts of the existing maintaining public access to the observation allowed the damaged tubes to be cut away and Arup created a detailed finite element model they be cleanly detailed and as small as no longer an option, as the cavity below structure that were found to have corrosion damage deck throughout construction. new sections welded in place without any of the canoe beams to determine their lateral possible, to minimise any visual obstruction. the rotating floor was now visible. 6 & 7: The knee-high walls were replaced with additional shoring. The modification also torsional buckling capacity and ability to glazing to optimise views When standing on the observation deck, the included architectural detailing to improve resist the increased weight of the rotating floor Providing thermal comfort across the range The air distribution approach was refined to 8: Arup carried out detailed flexural buckling guests’ view to ground level is through the drainage and prevent future water intrusion. with reduced out-of-plane bracing. Several of possible operating conditions was the incorporate separate linear supply diffusers analysis of the canoe beams signature ring of louvers, also known as the retrofits were installed to strengthen the focus of Arup’s mechanical design in this for heating at the perimeter windows, cooling 9: Construction sequence for installation of the halo, that gives the Atmos its distinctive flying 500ft level existing canoe beams, with welds added to the space and required careful consideration supply diffusers toward the interior and a Oculus Stair opening saucer shape. During construction, significant The 500ft level was redeveloped into a flexible bottom flange to allow the structure to support due to the increase in the glazed surface return airflow path at the centre of the corrosion, water infiltration and freeze/thaw space that can serve as either an observation clamps for rope-access maintenance loading. area at this level. The original heating, structure. All air distribution elements damage was discovered in the rectangular deck or dining area. The original (opaque) ventilation and air conditioning system are coordinated with the sculpted ceiling tube sections of the halo structure that make rotating floor at this level was replaced with The The existing strap bracing diaphragm below the provided heating at window sills from fan contour. Arup’s building physics team used up the last panel of the radial trusses Loupe – a new glazed floor and soffit that rotating floor was replaced with stainless steel coil units located in the cavity below the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis supporting the observation level. With the allows views through the structure to the ground tension rods. As these rods are visible below the rotating floor and cooling via large round to optimise the design and ensure a building opened up and these zones accessible 500ft below. The new design also includes taller glass floor, it was architecturally important that ceiling diffusers. Underfloor services were comfortable guest experience. via scaffolding, Arup was able to conduct a windows and updated architectural finishes. full survey of all trusses. The team designed a Steel plate shear walls have replaced the retrofit scheme including a temporary support existing concrete wall to improve seismic structure that relied on adjacent trusses and performance and allow penetrations that 10: The glazed area was increased by 200%, 8. increase circulation and improve access. providing visitors with magnificent unobstructed views The structure of the building at this level 11: CFD analysis of air distribution at the consists of a 66ft diameter box-section ring 500ft level beam that rests on top of the main tower legs. 12: 3D model showing the complex Inboard of the ring beam, six radial box beams interaction of building services in the Atmos connect the ring beam and legs to the central core of the tower. Outboard of the ring beam, 48 tapered radial built-up beams, dubbed 1.1. Existing Existing1. Existing Framing 1.Framing Existing1. Framing Existing Framing Framing 2.2. Demo Demo2. DemoSlab Slab2. Demo Slab2. Demo Slab Slab 3.3. Shore Shore3. BeamsShore Beams3. Shore Beams 3. Shore Beams Beams 4.4. Install Install4. BeamsInstall Beams4. Install Beams and 4.and Install Beams and Beams ‘canoe and and beams’ for their shape, cantilever out andand Demo Demoand Demoand Demoand Demo CoreCore Connections ConnectionsCore ConnectionsCore CoreConnections Connectionsto support the rotating floor.

The original building design used the area under the rotating floor to house building services and relied on a combination of flat-strap bracing and metal deck to brace the canoe beams against buckling. As the new rotating floor was to be completely transparent, all services needed to be moved out of this 5.5. Demo Demo5. DemoBeams Beams5. Demo Beams5. Demo Beams Beams 6.6. Install Install6. BeamsInstall Beams6. Install Beams6. Install Beams Beams7.7. Pour Pour7. Back BackPour7. Slab SlabBackPour7. SlabPourBack BackSlab Slab 8.8. New New8. Framing FramingNew8. FramingNew8. NewFraming Framingarea and the existing structure renovated to accommodate the view. 9. SEQUENCINGSEQUENCINGSEQUENCINGSEQUENCINGSEQUENCING 12.

30 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 31

1 SEATTLE SPACE NEEDLE | SEATTLE, USA

13, 14 & 15: The Oculus Stairs connect the 520ft and 500ft levels. They encircle a central opening that culminates in the glass floor oculus

to move without significantly damaging the floor framing above and below.

Services upgrade A comprehensive building services upgrade was required due to the age of the building as well as the extent of interventions across all the levels in the Atmos. The main service level is between the 520ft and 500ft levels, with plant located between the radial trusses supported off 14. 15. the storey-deep ring girder.

In a more conventional building of this The creation of the rotating glass floor means rectangular tube stringer beam, all of which is The connection of the stair to the surrounding size, a single air handling unit (AHU) there is a fully glazed cavity between this floor hidden behind an architectural wood slat wall. primary structure was carefully considered would serve the floors above and below. and the lower glazing that wraps under the Each stair tread is fabricated out of folded under both normal and seismic loads. Under Due to space constraints, eight smaller building structure. Dust build-up and cleanliness 0.75in (20mm) thick plate that cantilevers out normal conditions, the stair columns are AHUs are located between the radial trusses of this cavity was a major concern and led Arup from the stringer beam, creating the appearance connected to the floors above and below, to serve this function. This space outboard to incorporate a dust control fan system that that the stair floats within the oculus opening. providing the necessary stiffness to control of the ring girder also accommodates circulates and cleans the cavity air. The design vibration and deflection of the treads. Under ducts, variable-air-volume boxes, piping, of the system used CFD to determine the airflow The opening itself was created by cutting out seismic loading, the stair itself can resist the electrical distribution equipment and rates and design of the nozzle providing dust one-sixth of the existing floor framing at each applied loads; however, the floor framing that lighting power supplies. control, as well as to help understand thermal level. Because this framing stabilised a it connects to cannot resist the resulting forces comfort due to the glass floor. storey-deep ring girder between the service from the stair frame while the two floors are Arup carried out detailed coordination to and observation levels, the sequencing of this linked together but trying to move separately. incorporate all this equipment in the truss Oculus Stairs work was important in order to maintain The challenge was to make a structure that space while improving maintenance access. The Oculus Stairs are a set of two new curved stability throughout. The framing for the was stiff during normal conditions to control New access doors at the service level upgrade feature staircases that connect the main public opening was designed such that new primary the footfall response, but flexible under a the previous floor hatches (which had meant 520ft and 500ft levels, along with the edge beams could be installed adjacent to the seismic load. To achieve this, Arup designed that access was previously only available from intermediate service level. The stair encircles existing girders prior to the existing members the top connection of the stair column to the level above). With the redesign, a clear a central opening of 6ft x 12ft (1.8m x 3.6m) being cut away. The new beam connections to incorporate a shear pin that is calibrated to walking path was established, eliminating the through each floor that culminates in the glass the central core rely on the remaining portion break away during a large seismic event. The need to step over truss chords at each bay; floor oculus that allows visitors a view to of the existing girders in order that all the stair remains stable, albeit more flexible, AHU access doors were located between truss ground level 500ft below. The Oculus also work points remain unchanged. without this top connection intact, and is free chords, greatly improving accessibility. gives visitors views of the structure, and the elevator and counterweight operations.

These stairs are highly trafficked, as most 16 & 17: Stair top connection visitors arrive on the 520ft level and walk down detail – shown under normal and the staircase to exit via the elevator lobby on the seismic loading 500ft level. With the staircase such an important circulation path, Arup paid particular attention to its dynamic response across a range of loading conditions. The finished stair looks light but feels solid underfoot.

The structural frame of the stair is made up of steel tube columns with a plated, curved 13. 16. 17.

32 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 33 SEATTLE SPACE NEEDLE | SEATTLE, USA

plant, varying kitchen exhaust volumes based on real-time cooking needs and implementing 100% free cooling with outside air at all levels.

Century Project The redevelopment was dubbed the ‘Century Project’ and was just that – a comprehensive renovation that looks back to the structure’s historic vision and first half century of operations to set the stage for the next 50 years and beyond. Final phases of the project will include updating the elevators, repainting and a roll out of a new dining experience at the 500ft level on The Loupe.

Authors Peter Alspach was the Project Director. He is a Principal in the Seattle office.

Clayton Binkley is a structural engineer in the Seattle office.

David Okada is a mechanical engineer in the Seattle office. 18. Kristen Strobel is a structural engineer in the Seattle office. 18: One of the aims of the increased glazing at the In addition to increased maintainability, the observation level was to achieve the transparency services upgrades brought the Atmos up to Cress Wakefield was the Project Manager. envisioned in the original design current code requirements across all She is an electrical engineer in the 19: The glazed floor in The Loupe disciplines. This was no small feat from an Seattle office. energy perspective, with the redevelopment having a glazing increase of almost 200%. Project credits Client Space Needle Corporation There was no special energy code concession Architect Olson Kundig: Design for the iconic status or unusual nature of the Principal Alan Maskin and Project building. To show compliance, the renovation Architect Blair Payson was compared not just to the existing condition General contractor Hoffman Construction but requirements for new construction, Development manager Seneca Group including the prescriptive 30% window-wall Glazing consultant Front ratio and fully insulated floors. Structural, mechanical, electrical and plumbing engineer Arup: A performance-based compliance path was Peter Alspach, Emaan Ammar, Mia Areaya, Clayton Binkley, Hans-Erik Blomgren, Ingrid selected, trading off energy-efficiency Chaires, Judy Coleman-Graves, Molly Curtz, measures for the shortcomings of the Cormac Deavy, Abdullah Drake El, Georges historical envelope and expanded glazing. El Chammas, Tom Firth, Jon Franzese, Alexej Arup performed detailed analysis of thermal Goehring, Andrew Haines, Brent Johnson, bridging in the building structure, de-rating Brian Markham, Brian McLaughlin, Kirk the building envelope for all the locations Nosho, David Okada, Hilary Pherribo, Nick where steel elements penetrated the building Sherrow-Groves, Kristen Strobel, Cress insulation, including the service level trusses, Wakefield, Declan Walsh, William Watson, girders and beams below the 500ft level, and Lucas Whitesell, Sarah Wolfe, Sarah within the roof. Generally, as much insulation Wondrasek, Gavin Xue. as possible was added to the opaque areas of Image credits the building, and points of thermal bridging 1, 13, 18, 19: Nic Lehoux were addressed where possible to improve 2: Olson Kundig the envelope performance despite the increase 3: Space Needle LLC in glazing. 4, 5, 8-12, 14, 16, 17: Arup 6, 7: Space Needle LLC and Olson Kundig Energy-efficiency measures included installing 15: Space Needle LLC and Rod Mar efficient domestic hot water and space heating 19.

34 BRENT DELTA PLATFORM LIFT | NORTH SEA, UK

1.

A heavyweight lift This was the first major decommissioning project in the North Sea using Allseas’ single lift technology to remove the entire topside of a large offshore platform It took just ten seconds to lift the topside of Shell’s Brent in one piece. The topside housed the accommodation block for staff, a Delta oil and gas platform clear from its concrete base, yet helipad, processing facilities, power generation, compression, flare and the this was the culmination of years of planning, design and drilling and operational areas, along with structural works to the platform, and a record-breaking event associated equipment. Its safe removal enabled dismantling onshore, significantly Author David Gration reducing offshore risk exposures. The size of the task was reflected in the use of the world’s largest construction 1: Allseas’ Pioneering Spirit carried out the world’s vessel, Allseas’ Pioneering Spirit, heaviest offshore lift when it removed the Brent undertaking what was at the time the world’s Delta platform topside heaviest offshore lift.

1/2019 | The Arup Journal 35 BRENT DELTA PLATFORM LIFT | NORTH SEA, UK

2: Underdeck and GBS legs of Brent Delta strengthening works required post-cut, prior 6: Section through the concrete ring 3 & 4: 3D non-linear finite element model of to the removal of the topside of the platform Loading Plate transition piece, strengthening and concrete shaft from its supporting structure. 650x650x65 beam showing the 80 connection details of 5: Shear restraint inspection at the manufacturer 800 Steel Ring Beam 160mm deep L800x500x70x40 the steel ring beam Topside removal design development existing Transition (S460) Arup began the project with a workshop, Piece 40 760 7: Shell’s Brent Delta platform in

which resulted in over 30 design proposals. 70 Using a qualitative assessment, these the Brent field prior to topside removal Arup supported the decommissioning of were then rationalised down to the five Grout 500 250 the platform by designing the strengthening most viable solutions. Following scoping 430 required to enable cutting the three calculations and after agreeing relevant supporting concrete legs to allow the selection criteria with the client, Arup used 100 separation of the topside from its supporting a trade-off matrix to select the preferred 300 M20 Grade 8.8 base. Arup determined that strengthening option for detailed design. works were required at the cut locations and designed the shear restraint system that Using a variety of skills, including first Existing Concrete provided this necessary strengthening. principles structural design, non-linear Ring Beam analysis, laser scanning and wave simulation, This design made it possible for the platform Arup designed a system that was both to be de-manned several months before the structurally effective and reduced installation topside removal. Arup also designed the complexity. The scheme involved cutting concrete caps for the legs – which were the legs just below the topside to facilitate put in place after the topside was removed its removal. Non-linear analysis was used 2. – and worked on the strengthening of the to simulate the post-cut situation, with a 3D infrastructure in the receiving harbour to non-linear finite element model developed for ensure it could accommodate the massive the concrete legs, associated steel transitions 6. topside structure for dismantling. sections and proposed remedial works to facilitate the lift. justifiable frictional capacity of the cutline. disengage during the lifting process without Brent oil and gas field platforms To resolve this issue, Arup designed a shear manual intervention. The Brent oil and gas field,186km north- This cutting work had to take place ahead of restraint system that allowed the topside to east of the Shetland Islands, is one of the the removal of the topside due to the limited safely remain in place after the cut. Arup designed the restraint to carry the circa largest fields in the North Sea. The field has weather window available for the topside 20MN shear force per leg across the cutline four platforms – Alpha, Bravo, Charlie and lift and the availability of the Pioneering Shear restraint system from the topside transition piece into the Delta – situated in 140m deep water. The Spirit, the only lifting vessel that could There were several complex design concrete leg and down into the GBS. A steel topside of the Delta platform was made up accommodate such a significant load. Arup’s requirements for the shear restraints. ring beam (circa 40 tonnes of steel per leg) of a plate girder deck structure connected analysis found that the shear forces that The system had to be installed in a simple was connected to the concrete ring beam at via 5.5m deep steel transition sections to a needed to be transferred across the cutline manner offshore, the topside needed to be the top of the leg just below the 160mm- concrete ring beam at the top of each of the between the legs and the topside exceeded the kept in place after cutting, and it had to deep flange of the 5.5m tall steel transition three concrete legs. These legs were in turn piece (TP). Made up of eight steel fabricated connected to a concrete gravity base structure angle sections that follow the internal 3. 4. (GBS) on the seabed. The Brent Delta topside shape of the concrete ring, the steel beams had a footprint of 72m by 47m, with a 44m formed a continuous compression ring. Twin height to the helipad and an overall weight loading plates were shop welded to the ring of approximately 24,200 tonnes. beam in each of the eight corners.

Decommissioning To create the required load bearing Traditionally, platforms have been connection between the TP and the dismantled offshore on a module by compression ring, a corner plate was module basis, but with Brent Delta, Shell positioned between the loading plates. took the decision to remove the topside These elements were machined in the shop in one single operation. This allowed the but put in position offshore. A trial assembly de-construction work to take place onshore was built in the shop to check the accuracy in a more controlled environment, where of the manufactured elements. detailed inspection and dismantling could be undertaken efficiently, and reduced In the installed condition under shear load, personnel exposure due to the significantly the TP flange contacted the corner plates, smaller workforce required. which in turn contacted the loading plates. In this way the load was transferred Arup was commissioned by the offshore from the TP flange into the steel ring contractor Allseas to develop, from concept beam. This load was transferred around through to detailed stage, the design for the the steel ring beam in compression and then 5. 7.

36 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 37 BRENT DELTA PLATFORM LIFT | NORTH SEA, UK

8: Topside being lifted clear of the concrete legs 9 & 10: Plan showing the shear restraint system 11: Concrete legs following topside removal but prior to cap installation 12: Concrete leg caps being lowered into place on top of the legs 13: The Pioneering Spirit moves clear of the concrete legs following its successful lift of the platform topside

the shear restraints, Arup provided technical support to both Allseas and Shell.

The shear restraints were designed to withstand all-season waves. This allowed the legs to be cut and the platform de-manned well 11. 12. in advance of the topside lift, which reduced the offshore risk exposure for the workforce. 1m thick. The cutting sequence was Over a 12-hour period the vessel was Onshore harbour works Cutting the legs determined based on a review of the positioned under the topside, with each lifting Arup was involved in supporting Shell to After Shell decommissioned the pipework expected weather window during the cutting beam aligned to touch the designated lifting ensure the harbour infrastructure was capable and equipment within the legs and installed operation. Holes were drilled at specified points. Hydraulics enabled positive contact to of receiving the topside, performing an 8. the steel shear restraint system, the shaft centres through the concrete ring beam. be kept with the topside, all the while taking independent technical review of the detailed cutting could proceed well in advance of A diamond wire was then threaded through into account the movement of the vessel. The design of the receiving quay and the critical the topside lift. Cut UK had conducted all two adjacent holes before the cutting ballast was removed from the vessel before structural interfaces with the Iron Lady barge. into the concrete ring beam and the legs Rather than tailoring the components to the onshore cutting trials in preparation for process began. the operation, which meant that virtually all Arup reviewed site investigations around the below. The shear restraint provided no the individual internal leg dimensions executing the diamond wire cutting offshore of the topside weight could be taken before quayside, attended the quay upgrade works vertical fixity between the TP and the for each leg, the dimensions were laser on the Delta platform. Lift the short lift – which lasted just ten seconds – and witnessed piling. concrete ring beam, so no disengagement scanned internally, with the steel ring beam The lift was carried out by Allseas’ took the topside clear of the legs. of the shear restraint was required before the fabricated slightly smaller than the internal The cut was made just below the TP flange Pioneering Spirit in April 2017. Specifically Next steps topside was lifted. This minimised health diameter. This simplified installation works plate, cutting through the grout and the designed for the single lift installation and The topside platform was transported 388 The design developed by Arup reduced work and safety risks by avoiding the need for offshore by allowing common components post-tensioned bolts that connected the plate removal of oil and gas platforms, the twin- nautical miles to within five miles of the offshore, minimised cost and health and any manual intervention during the lifting to be used and enabled them to be assembled to the concrete ring beam, but above the hulled vessel is 382m long by 124m wide shore and the decommissioning yard. As safety exposure, and facilitated the heaviest process, a critical part of the brief. This to tighter tolerances. Once installed, the gap post-tensioned tendons anchored within the and can accommodate lifts of up to 48,000 the water depth at the Able UK Seaton Port offshore lift to date. The Brent Delta platform design solution allowed the topside to be between the ring beam and the concrete leg concrete ring beam at the top of the legs. tonnes. A 122m long and 59m wide slot in in Teesside was insufficient to accommodate is one of an estimated 600 installations to lifted with no personnel on the platform was filled with cementitious grout, which the bow of the vessel was used to position the Pioneering Spirit, the topside was be decommissioned in the North Sea over – and some months after the platform had accommodated any surface irregularities. Diamond wire cutting was deployed inside around the platform, with the lift using eight transferred via the 200m by 57m wide the next 30 to 40 years. The lessons learned been de-manned. During the fabrication and installation of the 14m wide legs, which are approximately sets of horizontal lifting beams. cargo barge Iron Lady. The platform is from Brent Delta will be invaluable for future currently being dismantled and recycled projects that involve concrete GBSs. with the aim of re-using over 97% of the material in the platform. Author Concrete leg caps David Gration was the Project Director. He is Following the topside lift, with the legs a Director in Arup’s Advanced Digital sitting close to 20m above the sea, concrete Engineering team based in the London office. leg caps designed by Arup, each weighing approximately 300 tonnes, were placed on Project credits top of the legs. Owner Shell UK Main contractor Allseas Each cap has three installation guides. Arup: Ian Ashcroft, Giacomo Caleffi, These helped to position the caps when Jac Cross, Andy Gardner, Kazuma Goto, David Gration. lowered from a crane on a moving vessel. As well as closing off the top of the leg, Image credits one of the covers provides a foundation for 1, 8, 11-13: Allseas the navigation aid used to alert passing ships 2, 5, 7: Shell UK Ltd of the presence of the concrete legs and 3, 4, 6, 9, 10: Arup GBS below. 9. 10. 13.

38 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 39 RAWANG BYPASS | KANCHING FOREST RESERVE, MALAYSIA

Malaysia has undergone rapid economic Rawang) into a new with growth in recent decades, with a rising 2m-wide paved shoulders. The second Preserving Malaysia’s natural heritage population and increased vehicle element was the construction of a ownership placing escalating pressure completely new section of road – a bypass on its road infrastructure. to divert the traffic north around Rawang An elegant solution to traffic congestion ensured minimal environmental impact on town centre. The final section of the project Rawang, a former mining town founded in was building a trumpet interchange and a world-renowned heritage site the 19th century that has become a base for upgrading the 2km federal road on the north commuters to Kuala Lumpur, was side of Rawang leading to , a Author Wan Anuar bin Wan Endut particularly affected by road congestion. popular tourist spot. Located 23km north of the capital on Federal Route 1 – the oldest national highway in The project was tendered as a design and build Malaysia – its position on this major contract and was awarded in 2003 to a thoroughfare made it a traffic bottleneck. partnership between Arup and local company The journey to Kuala Lumpur could take Panzana Enterprise Sdn Bhd. Arup provided over two hours at rush hour. Vehicles using full engineering services, and was the full-time the road travelled through the centre of site supervision consultant for the project. Rawang, a route lined with shops, roadside parking and eight traffic signal junctions. Kanching Forest Reserve The team started on the detailed design in Alleviating this problem was identified as 2004. Sections 1 and 3 were relatively a priority as far back as 1997 by the straightforward and progressed smoothly, government’s highways planning division. but Section 2 was far more challenging. This The Asian financial crisis around this time part of the project entailed building a bypass meant the project was put on hold, before the around Rawang that, under the government’s plan to construct the 19km Rawang Bypass original plan, cut through Kanching Forest was revived in the early 2000s. Reserve. This hilly forest is an area of outstanding natural beauty and ecological Bypass route value. Referred to locally as Taman Warisan The project was divided into three sections. (‘heritage forest’), it is a rich reserve of The first comprised upgrading the existing waterfalls, flora and fauna, and attracts federal road, transforming the single lane eco-tourists from around the globe. It teems carriageway (starting at with wildlife, including rare and protected Interchange just outside Kuala Lumpur and plant species such as the Giam Kanching ending at the area just outside tree, of which only 400 are left in the world.

1: The Rawang Bypass travels through the Kanching Forest Reserve, with the road almost at treetop level for sections of the route 2: Map showing Federal Route 1, an important north- south thoroughfare in Malaysia 1. 2.

40 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 41 RAWANG BYPASS | KANCHING FOREST RESERVE, MALAYSIA

3: Part of the bridge travels over the existing federal 7: The Rawang Bypass reduces peak time trunk road. In order not to disrupt traffic, a cantilever journeys to Kuala Lumpur by 90 minutes method of construction was used at this point 4: Box girder construction was used for the bridge section above the federal trunk road 5: Typical bridge deck cross-section at pier location 6: To avoid extensive earthworks and minimise deforestation, the high-level bridge deck was constructed using a movable scaffolding system Foundation and pier construction Having determined a more sustainable route for the bridge, it was important that the Department and NGOs such as the World construction process also had a minimal Wildlife Fund (WWF). impact on the area by avoiding extensive earthworks and deforestation. For the Arup devised an elegant solution to the construction of the pier foundations, Arup problem: an elevated bridge structure over devised a method that avoided using heavy the outer fringes of the forest, moving the 3. machinery on site, reducing disturbance to 7. route initially suggested by the Public Works the forest’s ecosystem. With the mountainous Department down to the foothills of the terrain, it would have been difficult to In 2005, the state government designated the revisit the concept design and review the forest. This ensured that the bypass would However, the 51st to the 53rd spans required breathtaking views over the forest, the manoeuvre large machinery on site. This forest as an official heritage site, meaning no road alignment. For Arup, the challenge was be located at the edge of the heritage area, a different construction method. With the bridge has received resounding public would have required removing trees and major development that could affect the to redesign this vital bypass to minimise reducing the need for forest clearance. bridge at this point travelling over the approbation and the approval of levelling the ground, with this latter activity reserve’s ecology was allowed. deforestation, ensuring little impact on the existing federal trunk road near Templer Park organisations concerned with protecting having the potential to cause soil erosion. environment during the construction phase This amended route required the road at a skewed angle, an MSS could not be used wildlife and preserving the environment. Finding a solution and after handover. structure to be raised significantly above the Rather than using piled foundations, which due to the large 114m span between piers. In Arup’s strategy for the construction meant Although the road was an essential part ground to match the vertical alignment of require large drilling equipment, light addition, as an MSS is an underslung system, that deforestation and earthworks were of improving Malaysia’s transport Finalising the design took almost a year the other sections of the road. The final machinery was used to dig caisson foundations. steel frames hung below the bridge had the minimised. Passing high amid the treetops, infrastructure, the risk was that any and involved an intense process of engaging design included a 2.7km elevated structure The construction works could therefore be potential to interfere with the headroom of the elevated bridge respects the ecosystem construction work would require extensive with the Malaysian central government and supported by piers that are up to 58m tall. spread over a smaller area than would otherwise vehicles travelling on the road below. A more below, as well as easing congestion in the deforestation, resulting in an unacceptable other interested parties. Through meetings, This makes it the longest and highest bridge be necessary. This method required only a conventional balance cantilever method of adjacent town, cutting peak journey time impact on the natural environment. The presentations and public hearings, Arup in Malaysia, with vehicles on this section of narrow 50m corridor for the construction of the construction was used at this location, with through this area by 90 minutes. In Malaysian Public Works Department, which gathered input from public representatives, the road almost level with the treetops of the foundations and bridge piers. The foundations the remainder of the spans built using completing the project, Arup has designed a commissioned the project, requested Arup local authorities, the country’s Forestry surrounding forest. range between 1.7m and 6m in diameter, and traditional inverted-T post-tensioned beams. piece of infrastructure suitable for the needs were dug using jack hammers and hydraulic of Malaysia’s ambitious, fast-growing rock breakers. The piers were built using Arup’s design allowed the project to progress economy, without causing damage to the slipform construction, allowing each pier to be as quickly and efficiently as possible, ensured country’s ancient natural heritage. constructed quickly, safely and accurately. minimal disturbance to the forest’s ecological system and permitted access for animals to Movable scaffolding system travel below the bridge during construction With the need to avoid extensive earthworks and following completion of the works. and deforestation fundamental to the choice Author of construction method, a movable Collaboration Wan Anuar bin Wan Endut was the Project scaffolding system (MSS) was adopted to Teamwork was key to the project’s Director and is the Managing Director for construct the high-level bridge deck. The successful completion. A project office was Arup in Malaysia. MSS provided a quick, reliable and set up near the site, allowing Arup to work Project credits economical solution for construction of the under the same roof with the client, the Client Malaysian Public Works Department 4. elevated bridge. This was the first time this contractor and other team members. (Jabatan Kerja Raya). Thanks to Haji Abd. method was used in Malaysia. Rahman bin A. Aziz as Superintending Monthly meetings took place on site, where Officer’s Representative With an MMS, a hydraulically operated giant external stakeholders were also invited, Bridge engineering, infrastructure and steel gantry, formwork and platform slides including utilities companies, representatives geotechnical design, electrical from pier to pier, enabling the beams and of the local council, Forestry Department engineering and construction supervision concrete slabs to be constructed from the top officials and, when there were particular Arup: Wan Anuar bin Wan Endut, Wong Chee of the piers. Once each section is completed, issues to address, NGOs. This meant that all Thong, Ng Say Gim, Muhd Khairul Asyraf bin the formwork is released and pushed to the concerned parties were kept abreast of the Abd Rani, Mohd Nazri bin Mat Daud, Adlie bin Mohd Ali, Muhd Bazli bin Omar, next pier, meaning that workers, equipment project’s progress. Azeri bin Ahmad. and materials have minimal impact at ground level. In total, 50 sections of 40m span were Safeguarding Malaysia’s natural heritage Image credits constructed using this method. Two 600-tonne The Rawang Bypass opened to great All images: Arup gantries were used for the installation. acclaim in November 2017. For its 5. 6.

42 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 43 LEEDS FLOOD ALLEVIATION SCHEME | LEEDS, UK

Lowering Leeds city centre flood risk The first phase of the Leeds Flood With the rejection of this original scheme, Alleviation Scheme was completed at the there was a risk that the flood alleviation end of 2017. The works have significantly initiative would be removed completely from The Leeds Flood Alleviation Scheme is one of the largest flood defence reduced the risk of floods that have the the list of national infrastructure spending potential to cause devastating physical priorities. For Arup, whose Leeds office is projects in the UK and the first in the country to use movable weirs and economic damage to the heart of located on the River Aire, getting involved in the city. developing a new scheme was an Authors Michael Nichols and David Wilkes opportunity to propose a more sustainable Previously, 3,500 residences and 500 solution. The firm, working together with commercial city centre properties were at high Leeds City Council, developed an alternative risk, as were key access routes to the train proposal more in keeping with the city’s station area, data and telecommunications character and landscape. Arup focused on infrastructure, electricity sub-stations and reducing obstructions that were causing more than 300 acres of developable land. water levels to rise, meaning the length, visual impact and cost of the riverside In 2015, Storm Eva hit the city, with the defences could be significantly reduced. resulting flooding causing an estimated £37 million worth of damage. This By identifying which flood defence highlighted the importance of completing measures would provide the most immediate the flood alleviation measures as quickly benefits and developing the project in stages, as possible. The first phase of the scheme Arup believed it could make substantial provides protection to the city without improvements on a smaller budget, adding compromising the character of the more sophisticated measures when further waterfront, with careful interventions funding was secured – an attractive proposal maintaining the important connection during a time of economic recession. between the city and the River Aire. The design comprised three main elements: Scheme development the removal of the river’s two main In 2011, the UK government’s Department navigation weirs, replacing them with for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, moving mechanical weirs that allow the and the Treasury, rejected a proposal from a water level to be better controlled; installing different firm for a £190 million flood scheme 10km of linear defences in the form of walls due to the excessive cost. That scheme along 5km of the city centre waterfront, advocated the construction of 3m high walls embankments and landscape improvements; and embankments. While these would have and the removal of a 600m-long man-made provided flood protection, they would have island that separated the river and canal, also severed the physical connection between thus eliminating a bottleneck for water flow. the city and the waterfront. Such high walls would have had a negative effect on the café In November 2011, the Environment and bar culture along the river, and a pleasant Agency commissioned Arup to develop the waterfront walking and cycling route would scheme further and the project subsequently have been lost. secured funding. With Leeds due to connect

1: Completed Crown Point replacement weir – part of the Leeds Flood Alleviation Scheme, which provides 100-year storm flood protection 2: Arup developed a web-accessible BIM model for the scheme 1. 2.

44 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 45 LEEDS FLOOD ALLEVIATION SCHEME | LEEDS, UK

Working from this common data environment ensured that the project team, including the client, the design and build contractor and other stakeholders, had access at all times to the most up to date project information. This helped to manage workflows and speed up P4 the approval process. It enabled better coordination and collaboration, allowed the early mitigation of any critical issues before 4500 Scour site works commenced and reduced risk protection overall. The model also helped provide Eel pass greater certainty regarding the construction costs. Following completion of the works, all this information was made available to the client and their team who were responsible Fish Turbine Pass for maintaining the flood alleviation infrastructure after completion. 3.

P3

Min 36700 The design team of Arup, Leeds City with the High Speed 4002 (HS2) rail400 link, and environment, the project team could digitally Council and the Environment Agency with the city’s South Bank being one of navigate the complete scheme, including the was based in the same building. Following Europe’s largest city centre regeneration11800 flood defence walls, proposed weirs, and the contract appointment, the contractor B initiatives, the flood alleviation scheme was new andEel pass existing bridges. They could call up and their designer joined the project team identified by the UK government as an project data that was linked to the model, on site. This structure ensured there was 9. important strategicP2 project. such as drawings and photographs. good collaboration across the complete

11800 project team. Digital construction and collaboration The aim was to ensure that everyone involved Aire valley was home to industries such as Arup developed a web-accessible interactive in the project had a sound understanding of Replacing the weirs carpet and cloth making, and coal mining. Building Information Modelling (BIM) Min. 8200 the scheme’s fundamentals and access to all The existing masonry weirs on the river P1model for the scheme. Through this virtual the technical information whenever needed. dated from the Victorian era, when the River These fixed weirs made the river navigable through the city centre, forming an important trade and passenger route linking

Fish bywash Hull, the Humber ports and Liverpool with 22.600 Top of weir channel P4 22.320 Pier

Min 12400 several cities and market towns. The weirs Weir design to include curved abutment plate kept the river level high enough to allow 4500 7. Scour to match pier Eel/elver pass protection Steel gate large barges carrying industrial cargo to Existing weir to be Eel pass navigate the waterway. However, when the demolished Steel plate attached to pier Min. 6200 B Strap water level increased during flood 21000 14895 conditions, the weirs hindered the flow, 18.527 or lower Bladder Scour Fish Turbine Pass 18.40 or lower protection significantly increasing flood risk. 17.800 or lower Existing sluice structure and pier to be demolished P3 The previous scheme did not seek to change Scour protection(toMin 36700 be designed 400 400 1602 these weirs; however, Arup saw them as a

11800 crucial element of the flood management Seepage cut-off as Concrete base structure B needed strategy. The firm proposed replacing the Eel pass existing weirs at Knostrop and Crown Point P2 with movable mechanical weirs. These would 11800 maintain the river at a navigable level in 5.

Min. 8200 normal conditions, but could be lowered in P1 3: Storm Eva caused an estimated £37 million of advance of extreme weather conditions, flood damage in Leeds when it hit in 2015 thereby reducing the flood risk. The 4: The detailed plan for the new weir at Knostrop mechanical gates control the water level using Fish bywash 22.600 channel 22.320 Top of weir Pier Min 12400 shows the elements aimed at encouraging local bottom-hinged steel plates supported on Weir design to include curved abutment plate bladders, which can be inflated or deflated with to match pier wildlife, such as eel and fish passes Eel/elver pass Steel gate Existing weir to be 5: The water level is controlled using bottom- air to lift the gates up or down as required. demolished Steel plate attached to pier Min. 6200 B Strap

14895 21000 hinged steel plates supported on inflatable

18.527 or lower Bladder Scourbladders. These movable weirs can be lowered in 18.40 or lower protection advance17.800 or lowerof extreme weather, thereby reducing Existing sluice structure and 7 & 8: The mechanical weir at Knostrop, shown pier to be demolished flood risk Scour protection(to be designed raised and lowered during construction 1602 6: Arup used physical models of the weirs to test 9: Crown Point replacement weir

Seepage cut-off as Concrete base structure needed flow patterns under construction 4. 6. 8.

46 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 47 LEEDS FLOOD ALLEVIATION SCHEME | LEEDS, UK

10: In order to ensure the connection between the national flood defence schemes. The city and the River Aire was maintained, flood- movable weirs allow a significant reduction proof glazed units were installed along a stretch of in the height of the walls and embankments the riverbank most used by the public within the city compared with the previously 11: Natural flood alleviation methods were also proposed scheme. Together with terracing used, such as planting trees and landscaping, this maintains physical and 12: The Trans Pennine Trail was relocated so that visual connectivity with the waterfront. it now crosses the river on a 70m span bridge installed to connect the trail and the north bank of The scheme’s success has protected the city the Aire centre from flooding – providing a 100-year storm standard of protection up to 2069, taking into account climate change – and There are many high-quality public areas ensured that the development of Leeds along the River Aire, so a priority was to South Bank can progress with confidence. preserve these and the relationship between This project has the potential to create people and the water. As the movable weirs 35,000 jobs and 4,000 homes, and will reduce the flood water level in the city house the terminus of HS2. centre, this means that the walls could be much lower than the previously proposed Arup’s scheme has enhanced the area’s 3m height. Arup’s design ensured the natural habitat, encouraging local wildlife to majority of the walls were less than 1.2m flourish. The new weirs include fish and eel high and were clad in stone and brickwork passes that allow baby salmon to come to match their surroundings. In the areas down the river and for mature adult fish to 10. most used by the public and near residential 12. swim back up. It also provides a habitat for areas, flood-proof glazed units were mammals such as otters and beavers. For the In normal conditions, the gates are at a 45° temporary weir was installed upstream at installed to make sure that views of the river bottleneck. Its removal was another element rainfall and high river levels. The 275km2 first time in about 200 years, there is now a angle, which maintains the high river level Knostrop, which allowed construction work could be maintained. A testament to the in Arup’s strategy to prevent flooding by model – one of the biggest of its kind in small otter population living in Leeds city and allows for navigation. However, as the to be undertaken in a safer manner in project’s success was that a very active eliminating blockages rather than relying on Europe – brought together all the elements of centre. In addition, as part of the natural waters rise, the gates can be progressively shallower water, and ensured the flood risk residents’ committee with properties along excessively high flood protection walls. To local and highway drainage and both the flood management techniques used by Arup, lowered towards the riverbed over a to surrounding properties was not increased the river was satisfied by the result. facilitate the removal of the island, Arup current and historical water company records. over 700 trees have been planted. two-hour period, removing the barrier to during construction. designed the diversion of the Trans Pennine It created a detailed picture of Leeds and its flows and greatly improving water Eliminating another barrier Trail (used by walkers, cyclists and horse flooding hotspots. This means that measures By improving river accessibility and conveyance. This reduces high-flow water Linear defences in the city centre The final element of this phase of the flood riders across the Pennines). The trail was can be designed in the future to tackle spot securing the future of local leisure and levels by 2m at the weir locations and by The second element of the scheme was to alleviation scheme was the removal and relocated by creating a new 1km walkway surface water flooding in Leeds, which has a business establishments, Arup’s flood approximately 1m in the city centre. build flood defences on each river bank to relocation of a man-made island at on the left bank of the river that included high river flow and intense local rainfall alleviation scheme has also added to local protect a 5km section of the city centre, as Knostrop, which separated the river and the measures to encourage wildlife and plantlife (1,025mm per year over 152 days). employment in the city. It has created 150 Mechanical weirs are used in other countries the water level could still rise above the Calder and Hebble canal along a 600m and improved public wayfinding and direct jobs and will safeguard 22,000 more – in the US and Canada, for example – but original riverbank during a flood event. stretch. This eliminated a water flow interpretation of the environment. The cutting edge over the next ten years, supporting further typically to control the flow of water into The implementation of this £50 million growth and regeneration of the Leeds hydroelectric plants. Arup’s scheme in Leeds, The trail needed to cross the Aire, so a scheme puts Leeds at the cutting edge of regional economy. using weirs developed by Dryhoff, is the first locally manufactured bridge was installed time movable weirs have been used as part of at the weir location connecting the diverted a flood alleviation scheme in the UK. trail with the north bank of the river. Authors Dean, Paul Dickens, Mike Dobson, Stephanie Weighing approximately 150 tonnes and Dye, Mike Farrer, Nick Ferro, Paige Garside, Configuring the system’s layout and spanning approximately 70m, the bridge Michael Nichols was the Project Manager and is an Associate Director in the Leeds office. Libby Gibson, Arlene Goode, Llew Hancock, installation correctly was crucial. As part of was designed by Arup, Knight Architects David Hardy, Milly Hennayake, Dean Hogg, the design process, Arup used both digital and the BAM Nuttall/Mott MacDonald David Wilkes was the Project Director. He is an James Holloway, Sophie Hornsby, Jon and physical models of the weirs to test the joint venture. Associate Director in the Leeds office and is Horrocks, Lan Huang, Andera John, Michael various flow patterns ahead of construction. Arup’s Global Flood Resilience Leader. Jones, Christian Junge-Filipek, Jenny Lightfoot, Some 180,000 tonnes of material was Jou Lin Ng, Amy Martin, Mark Matthews, Will In addition, the 3D digital model helped excavated during the re-shaping and Project credits McBain, Michael Nichols, Alex Nicholson, plan the weir construction sequence. The re-grading of the river. This was reused Client Leeds City Council Daniel Patten, Matthew Peacock, Miguel Piedra model was also used to create a video that on a local development site and also for Contractor BAM Nuttall Lara, Novlet Pitter, Ruairi Revell, Felicia Civil, water, geotechnical, mechanical, Rhodes, Victoria Robinson, Marcus Shepherd, showed how the weirs worked, illustrating the diversion of the Trans Pennine Trail, Paul Simkins, Paul Smith, Hannah Smith, Alex the process to the wider public. resulting in a saving of £6 million. electrical, services in addition to hydraulic design, commercial Smith, Veronika Stoyanova, Martyn Tattersall, management, environmental impact Trevor Taylor, Lee Wallace, Jen Whelan, David Arup worked with the design and build Integrated urban drainage model assessment Arup: Daniel Aspden, Chris Baker, Wilkes, Sam Wright. contractor to design the system, which had In addition to minimising flood risk from the Luke Ballantyne, Niall Bourke, Adam to meet strict requirements for control of river, Arup created a digital model to identify Broadhead, Eric Buffin, Olly Carlton, Oliver Image credits flood risk and needed to maintain navigation the risk of residual surface water flooding Clarke, Paul Davies, Richard Deakin, Alan All images: Arup during construction. For example, a issues, looking at the combination of heavy 11.

48 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 49 AMOREPACIFIC HEADQUARTERS | SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA Beauty and innovation

A sustainable modern building that draws on traditional Korean design to provide a headquarters for one of Asia’s largest cosmetics companies

Authors Francesca Coppa, Eva Hinkers, Julian Olley, Alexander Rotsch, Nigel Tonks, Frank Walter

The façade system has been developed to improve occupants’ experience by enabling clear views to the outside and achieving high daylight quality while carefully controlling solar gain and 5th Floor Founded in 1945, Amorepacific is the largest energy efficiency. beauty and cosmetics company in South This façade is designed to achive three primary goals: Korea and one of the biggest in Asia. Towards the end of 2017, the company moved into its – Optimize the quality of daylight, views to outside, and the new headquarters in the centre of Seoul, on a connection to the outdoor environment using full height clear site that has been occupied by the cosmetics glazing and natural ventilation giant for over 60 years. The new building is – Provide external shading to reduce internal solar heat gains an elegant 110m tall cube centred around a –w Facilitate ease of glass cleaning and maintenance courtyard, part of which is glazed to provide natural light into the atrium below. With its Extensive thermal and daylighting analysis was undertaken opti- striking outer façade of vertical fins, the mise these three primary goals. building is a distinctive and innovative take Daylight on office accommodation. The introduction of a courtyard and the large facade openings generates a sculptural interaction between the form of the buil- Inspired by references to traditional Korean 11th Floor courtyard architecture and with energy ding and sunlight, allowing daylight to penetrate into the internal efficiency and wellbeing at the centre of its perimeter offices. The careful placement of the large windows design, the building is punctuated by three admits seasonal direct solar radiation into even the lower levels large openings on the 5th, 11th and 17th and the foyer glass roof. This results in dynamic daylight effects floors. These are landscaped with gardens throughout the courtyard volume, which improves the occupants’ and terraces, and open onto an inner central courtyard that features a reflecting pool. The seasonal experience and connection with outside. openings allow natural light and ventilation External shading for the control of heat gain (see below) in the to enter the heart of the building, and frame internal facades is preferred to the alternatives of using dark dramatic views across Seoul. 3. glass or partial height glass. This shading system allows the adoption of full height clear glazing which gives the optimal The architectural design was led by David Chipperfield Architects (DCA), with Arup quality of daylight and views to outside in the inner office peri- collaborating with DCA on the design of the 17th Floor meter. building, supported by a team of Korean The effectiveness of this particular configuration of vertical consultants on the project delivery. Arup’s external fins and horizontal walk ways also means that the occu- London and Berlin offices provided all technical pants will be less reliant on the internal glare control blinds. The engineering services, including structural engineering, building services, geotechnical, blinds will be operated less frequently, which means the occup- ants will benefit from unobstructed views for longer periods. “Image of the daylight model (plan of 17th floor)” 1: The Amorepacific headquarters, which combine traditional Korean architecture and technological innovation, are based in the centre of Seoul 2 & 3: There are three openings at different levels of the structure 4: Daylight analysis of the 17th floor 1. 2. 4. Technical issues 8

50 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 51 AMOREPACIFIC HEADQUARTERS | SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA

combining shading and ventilation with 7: A 70mm deep reflecting pool covers the atrium permanent access for cleaning and glazing in the courtyard maintenance. This is a bespoke composite 8: Solar gain is controlled primarily by vertical fins system in which every component has been that form a brise-soleil. The access walkways also designed from first principles. The system provide additional solar shading contributes to the look, feel and operation of the headquarters. Within the building, Arup and DCA designed many systems that were specifically developed for the project, and even patented the modular LED luminaire system used throughout the building.

The building incorporates renewable energy technologies, including solar panels and generous enough to accommodate large geothermal heat pumps that work together with floor-plates, a novel design was required to energy recovery devices to minimise energy avoid deep plan spaces that place occupants consumption. Rainwater harvesting, wastewater unacceptably far from windows, natural light treatment, low-flow water fittings, and extensive and ventilation. public amenity and landscaped terraced gardens further support the sustainable building concept. The key to unlocking this solution lay in This commitment to sustainability secured traditional Korean architecture, where living 7. 5. LEED Gold certification for the headquarters spaces were arranged around a courtyard. in May 2018. Placing a central courtyard within the building Daylight factor (%) created a quadrangular floor-plate, drawing 12.5 10 7.5 5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Inception daylight into an open, well-lit and naturally Amorepacific’s brief was clear in its aspiration to ventilated dual aspect working environment.

create a headquarters with presence and character 1 that evoked the brand values of the company, In a significant adaptation of the traditional which seek to celebrate Asian beauty by blending form, large horizontal openings were inserted

traditional wisdom, fine ingredients and into three façades. This was necessary to 2 technological innovation. The headquarters were provide a greater connection between the inner 3 to comprise 80,000m2 of office space, with courtyard and the outside of the building. These numerous amenities for staff and the public, openings bring light, ventilation, exterior views including a museum (located in the basement), and an enhanced sense of openness to the inner an archive, tea room, restaurants, retail spaces, courtyard. They also create space for product testing spaces and a 450-seat auditorium. landscaped elements in the upper reaches of the building. The introduction of nature at an DCA invited Arup to team up for the design high above the Seoul streetscape 1 Vertical fins (shading) competition in 2010, during which many of provides pleasant recreational spaces for staff 2 Horizontal grille (access and shading) the key massing, shape and design principles and visitors. Voted by staff as their favourite 3 Internal blinds (glare protection) Workspace area Corridor Ancillary were established. Collaboration was so close areas of the building, they contribute to a areas during this phase that the completed project greater sense of wellbeing, as well as enhancing bears a significant resemblance to the the biodiversity of the development. 8. competition entry, despite a further three years of continuous design refinement and As sunlight strikes the courtyard floor in all 6. value engineering leading up to the start of seasons, during design development a glazed impact of the prevailing wind direction, wind Façade construction in 2014. floor was introduced to admit daylight into the movements down the façade onto the The orientation of the building is such that spacious atrium below. A 70mm deep reflecting entrances and traffic noise. For example, the elevations stand at an angle towards the cardinal 5: The three openings in the building’s façade building physics, acoustics, vertical transport, The winning submission proposed a pool in the courtyard covers the atrium glazing, largest horizontal opening, which faces points. The 52° north-south orientation results in contain landscaped elements, providing natural fire, wind, lighting and façade design. sustainable and technologically advanced adding to the calming atmosphere and south-east towards Yongsan Park, was all sides of the building being exposed to direct spaces for staff high above the city building influenced by tradition. The design enhancing the aesthetics of the space. strategically placed in relation to the prevailing solar gains, with the south-east and south-west 6: The atrium’s glazed ceiling ensures the space Arup focused on incorporating passive allowed for abundant natural daylight and wind direction to reduce the effect of façades receiving more solar exposure than the receives natural daylight environmental design solutions such as natural ventilation – something not common in Motorised ventilation louvers at high and low downdrafts above the main entrance. The north-east and north-west façades. daylighting, shading, building massing, Seoul high-rise office buildings, which tend to level ventilate the perimeter spaces in spring mid-level opening is located on the Hangang- orientation and natural ventilation into the early rely on artificial lighting and air conditioning. and autumn. Underfloor mechanical ventilation daero highway. The opening’s elevation Responding to this challenge led the design team concepts. These design solutions significantly serves the central floor zone and provides shields the courtyard from traffic noise. The to customise an engineered response to reduce reduced energy demand within the building, and Layout mixed mode ventilation. uppermost opening is placed on the north-east energy consumption that also became a improved occupant comfort and wellbeing. To mediate between the adjacent Yongsan Park façade, where prevailing wind and down-wash signature feature of the building: vertical fins and surrounding high-rise developments, the Wind effects are less critical. In this orientation, the that form a brise-soleil, which is connected to DCA and Arup developed a fully integrated team developed a 22-storey (above ground), Arup optimised the locations of the large elevated opening also overlooks the city, the building by accessible walkways, wrapping façade and environmental moderating system, medium-rise building. While the site was horizontal façade openings, modelling for the giving views towards Namsan Mountain. all elevations. As well as adding to the building’s

52 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 53 AMOREPACIFIC HEADQUARTERS | SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA

reduce solar gains and, consequently, reduce the large façade openings, the down-wash 11: BIM model of the building services showing the the energy consumed by the building’s impact at entrances and, crucially, to be able cores positioned at the four corners of the building cooling systems. to refine the structural robustness of the 12: The building’s arrangement around a central space exposed parts of the fins. The fins have allows natural daylight to flood into the courtyard, which There was little codified guidance for pinstripe surface protrusions along their is landscaped with various natural elements designing such large elements. Typically, wind vertical axis that become visible only when loads are anticipated to be greatest at the near the building. While these make a strong corners and edges of a building, where wind visual contribution – purely rounded shapes speed accelerates. However, the configuration can be difficult to process visually – Arup of the brise-soleil affects these predictions: the introduced the 3mm linear protrusions to presence of the fins provides resistance to the encourage vortex shedding. Micro turbulence wind and the repeating pattern of fins could created by wind passing over the stripes provide sheltering effects near the corners. reduces deflection and vibration effects as well Surrounding buildings create additional as improving robustness. turbulence, which can result in significantly increased wind loads at the building’s corners. Arup integrated the structural and the shading performance needs in determining the fin In order to optimise the fins’ design, Arup patterns, recommending appropriate sizes and conducted a series of wind tunnel tests of the weights of fins for different locations around brise-soleil at different scales to determine the the building. For example, shallow fins were 9. response to wind effects. dominant in locations with lower wind pressure and deeper fins were prioritised at the The fins’ size meant they could not be corners of the building. distinctive appearance both during the day and modelled at normal wind tunnel testing scales at night, this system maximises transparency, of 1:400–1:300. Arup’s wind specialists Walkways controls daylight and provides views out across developed a customised approach to testing. A typical challenge for external shading, which Seoul. It also assists with managing the solar Preliminary small-scale, whole-building is exposed to the elements, can be the heat gain within the building. testing in South Korea was followed up by difficulty of maintenance and cleaning. For 11. 12. 1:70 scale fin tests in Europe’s largest Amorepacific’s headquarters, the layer of Arup performed daylighting and structural atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel in vertical fins is separated from the building’s testing to optimise the geometry and pattern of Milan, Italy. The design of the fin section was glazing by a series of grillages at each floor external moving parts, greatly simplifying its culture where work arrival and departure times ‘twin lift’ system, with hall-call control, over the fins. The system comprises approximately further refined to an aerofoil shape with level that serve the triple function of horizontal maintenance requirements. and lunch times are commonly punctual, often a conventional ‘double deck’ system is an 1,150 aluminium fins in four sizes – 450mm, tapering edges, with additional testing carried shading, fin support and access walkways. leading to lengthy waiting times. increase in capacity and reduction in waiting 350mm, 250mm and 200mm deep. Although out at this stage of the design. These allow the outside of the windows to be Vertical transport time, as well as a reduction in energy these have a uniform appearance, the fins are cleaned easily and give access to the fins and The latest advances in lift technology have been The central courtyard arrangement precludes consumption. This application is the largest grouped in patterns that vary around the This combination of tests enabled Arup to motorised ventilation louvers for inspection used in order to provide a high level of service the use of a central lift and staircore. Instead, of its kind in the region. building, tuned for orientation, based on predict the behaviour of wind at the edges of and maintenance. The external shading has no and reduce waiting times, thereby facilitating cores are positioned at the four corners of the sun-path solar exposure. For example, on the rapid mobility around the building while floor plates and comprise five passenger lift Courtyard, atrium and glazed floor north-east and north-west façades, direct solar minimising the lift core sizes. Waiting times are shafts, and one service and one firefighting lift. By locating the stair and lift cores in the exposure is minimal during summer months nine seconds in normal service and 15 seconds Each passenger lift shaft contains two lift cars corners of the building, it became possible to and during normal working hours. The fin at peak times. This is highly advantageous in a operating independently. The advantage of this create a large ground floor atrium below the pattern on these façades comprises mainly courtyard. The importance of this space for shallow fins to maximise natural lighting and Amorepacific goes beyond the functional brief, views. On the south-east and south-west Family A, Fin type 1 (40%), 2 (40%), 3 (20%) which was to provide secure access for staff façades controlling solar gain and glare is Family B, Fin type 1 (33%), 2 (33%), 3 (33%) and visitors. It is also the setting for the public more critical. Here, deeper fins provide a entrance hall used by people visiting the higher degree of solar shading to significantly Family C, Fin type 1 (20%), 2 (40%), 3 (40%) building’s amenity spaces. These include the Family D, Fin type 2 (33%), 3 (33%), 4 (33%) art museum, tea room, auditorium, childcare centre, product testing areas, retail spaces, restaurants and cafés. The atrium also creates a Size 1 Size 2 Size 3 Size 4 pedestrian link to the adjacent Yongsan Park.

Big series 200 of fins 250 The early design envisaged an artificially lit 350

facing 450 outwards space. Arup worked with the architect to bring 9: The fin pattern, with various fin sizes used, natural light into the expansive space. This gives the building its unique look, while also Small

series of 200 250 managing daylighting requirements and solar fins facing 350 450 heat gain into the courtyard 10: The fins around the façade are of various sizes 150 115 80 65 Distance in order to manage solar gain and glare (mm) 13: The award-winning headquarters provides depending on the façade orientation 450 450 450 views over Seoul and links with the nearby park 10. 13.

54 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 55 AMOREPACIFIC HEADQUARTERS | SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA

14: Arup and DCA various light atmospheres and a high level of created a luminaire future adaptability. system that uses a single luminaire Taking a conscious low material wastage, high body shape that can recyclability approach, DCA and Arup created a be adapted for modular, re-usable and adaptable luminaire various applications system that provides a huge variety of lighting 15: The courtyard performances. The system uses a single provides a natural link luminaire body shape with interchangeable between the inner building and the outer optical lenses for different applications environment throughout the building. This is an innovative and sustainable departure from the conventional approach to lighting flexibility, which relies on different luminaire products and manufacturers 14. for different settings. The emitting surface of the optical lenses is covered with microlenses of was achieved by creating a glazed ceiling for system that is also aesthetically pleasing. The different shape, producing wide, medium, oval the atrium, with a deep clear-span structure panels are located in areas where people or narrow light distributions. The unique optical supporting the courtyard floor and the congregate and have conversations. Corridor system combines reflection inside the lens with 16. 17. reflecting pool. The solution provides daylight ceilings are treated with sound-absorbing panels refraction at the underside of the lens, and offers to the ground floor and, looking up from comprising a 50mm mineral wool core covered 12 different light distribution performances in up below, provides a view of the sky, giving a with a 70% perforated metal sheet, recessed to 30 possible combinations. Available as systems. It won the 2018 Tall Building of the Arup’s total design approach, working 16: Reflected ceiling plan showing sound- connection with the outside. within the concrete coffers of the exposed recessed, surface-mounted, adjustable and Year at the Dezeen Awards. in close collaboration with DCA, local absorbing panel distribution in the atrium structural soffit. The outcome minimises high pendant versions, the system provides the consultants and the client, has resulted 17: DCA, with Arup, designed a variable acoustic A precise integration of structure and services noise levels and disturbance, and so facilitates optimal light for any desired lighting atmosphere The design team has created a building that in an innovative building incorporating system for the auditorium defines the character of the atrium. Lighting, comfortable conversation among small groups. and room use, and forms a decorative element embraces the climatic and cultural characteristics inventive façade, lighting, ventilation diffusers and sound absorption are integrated that compliments the architecture. of Seoul. The work spaces are naturally and lift systems. The result is a flexible with the structure so that the exposed concrete In the auditorium adjacent to the atrium, Arup ventilated and provide extensive levels of and healthy working environment for soffit requires no additional ceiling treatment. designed a variable acoustic system to allow Every component is replaceable and the lights daylight and good views across the city. staff and visitors. Despite its busy public nature and hard the venue to be used for amplified and can be modified for any changes in the building’s surfaces – with natural stone floors and unamplified scenarios (i.e. music and speech) use without compromising the appearance of the concrete columns, walls and ceilings – Arup’s by deploying two layers of acoustic curtains ceiling. Patented by the design team, the lighting acoustic designers created a controlled and diffusers on the auditorium side walls. system, manufactured by Italian company Authors vertical transport, acoustics, Joachim Guesgen, Charlotte Heesbeen, environment while maintaining its live nature. Viabizzuno, is commercially available. Francesca Coppa is a senior acoustic engineer building physics, security Arup Cameron Heggie, Carsten Hein, Karen Henderson, Felipe Herrera, Eva Hinkers, Daniel Lighting in the London office. Local team Hof, Duncan Hough, Anna Janda, Adam Acoustic panels are discretely integrated with Amorepacific currently operates 28 Museum Eva Hinkers was the Project Director. She is the Architect HAEAHN Architecture Jaworski, Lidia Johnson, Jimmy Jonsson, Lisa the raw finish of the space to create an effective brands under one roof, creating the need for Designed to international museum standards, Chair of Arup’s Europe Region Board and is Interior architect Kesson Kaluzni, Berthold Keck, Matthew King, Chris the Amorepacific Museum of Art focuses on based in the Düsseldorf office. Structure CSSE Kinnaird, Christiane Kleinke, Fabian Knauber, traditional and contemporary Korean art and Building services HIMEC; SUKWOO Mike Kong, Paul Lander, Diana Lassalle, Paula crafts. Careful integration of structure and Julian Olley led the design of the vertical Façade engineering Withus Longato, Maria Lynch, Vasilis Maroulas, André services has created a gallery space that is transportation. He is a Director in the Vertical transport KEC Martins, Jacek Marzec, Joana Mendo, Ross re-configurable to allow one main exhibition London office. LEED Cosentini Mills, Andreas Muenz, Duc Nguyen, Julian Olley, or a combination of smaller exhibitions. Fire engineering KF UBIS Ender Ozkan, Stefan Petersen, Warner Post, Alexander Rotsch is an Associate Director in the Lighting Huel Hugh Quail, Gregory Quinn, Lena Raizberg, Dirk Acoustics Chungbuk National University Regenspurger, Hagen Rock, Melanie Rosenthal, Arup advised on providing a dedicated art Berlin office and Arup’s Europe region lighting skill leader. Sustainable design EEC Alexander Rotsch, Nina Rutz, Ronny Schiemann, handling truck-lift at street level to transport Geotechnical consultant CG ENC Amanda Schilling, Henning Schlechtriem, vehicles to the basement level secure art Nigel Tonks is a Director and the leader of Barbara Schmelz, Jens Schmidt, Oliver handling area for the museum. This greatly Arup’s Buildings Group in London. Arup team Schwabe, Dave Seager, Amy Shen, Andrew simplified vehicle movements near the building Rachid Abu-Hassan, Andres Acosta, Mikal Sherratt, Patrick Simon, Jolyon Smith, James and freed up a greater site area for landscaping Frank Walter led the façade design. He is an Ahmed, Claudia Albornoz, Andrew Allsop, Andy Smith, Jamie Stern-Gottfried, Glen Swinney, and planting. Associate in the Berlin office. Bailey, Stefan Behring, Corinne Benedek, Ed Carolin Tietgen, Magdalena Tomaszewska, Nigel Blower, Trevor Bone, Phil Borowiec, Ian Tonks, Laurie Turnbull, Brian Twohig, Martin Award-winning Project credits Braithwaite, Wojciech Cepok, Christopher Unger, Nick Unsworth, Stephan Vogt, Frank Amorepacific’s headquarters are innovative, Client Amorepacific Corporation Clifford, Francesca Coppa, Marc Crompton, Walter, Colin Winant, Maciej Wlecial, Jan Wurm, John Dakin, Lizzie Davies, Jim Deegan, Luca Andrew Yeoh, Gertraud Zwiens. highly sustainable and distinctive. The Architect David Chipperfield Architects Berlin General contractor Hyundai Engineering & Dellatorre, Michal Dengusiak, Tarun Devlia, building has been awarded the KIRA Korean Construction Alexander Diaz, Lars Dobberstein, Aidan Doyle, Image credits Architecture premier prize and won the 2019 Structural, building services, Emily Dufner, Andrew Duncan, Pablo Efferenn, 1: Namsun Lee Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat geotechnical, façade, wind, Ulrike Elbers, Adam Foxwell, Matthias Frechen, 2, 8, 10, 13: David Chipperfield Architects Award of Excellence for the Best Tall fire engineering services, Paul Freund, Hannah Geissler, Alex 3, 4, 7, 9, 11, 16: Arup Building (100-199m), as well as the MEP lighting, sustainability, LEED, Goldsbrough, Nicolo Guariento, Rene Guenther, 5, 6, 12, 14, 15, 17: Noshe Engineering Award for the building services 15.

56 1/2019 | The Arup Journal 57 1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8

1. Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, Greater China: Marcel Lam Photography; 2. Leeds Flood Alleviation Scheme, UK: Arup; 3. Seattle Space Needle, USA: Olson Kundig; 4. Rawang Bypass, Kanching Forest Reserve, Malaysia: Arup; 5. BLOX, Copenhagen, Denmark: Rasmus Hjortshøj; 6. Amorepacific Headquarters, Seoul, South Korea: Noshe; 7. Brent Delta Platform Lift, North Sea, UK: Allseas; 8. Jaguar Land Rover Engine Manufacturing Centre, Wolverhampton, UK: Simon Kennedy. Front cover image: Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, Greater China: Marcel Lam Photography.

The Arup Journal Printed by Geoff Neal Group Vol.54 No.1 (1/2019) Produced on FSC paper Editor: Macdara Ferris and printed with vegetable- Designer: Wardour based inks. Email: [email protected]

Published by Arup 13 Fitzroy Street London W1T 4BQ, UK. Tel: +44 (0)20 7636 1531 All articles ©Arup 2019

www.arup.com