ETD Template

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

ETD Template THE SEDUCTIVE FALLACY: WOMEN AND FASCISM IN BRITISH DOMESTIC FICTION by Judy Suh B.A., University of Notre Dame, 1994 M.A., University of Pittsburgh, 1996 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2004 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Judy Suh It was defended on March 31, 2004 and approved by Eric O. Clarke Marcia Landy Barbara Green Paul A. Bové Dissertation Director ii THE SEDUCTIVE FALLACY: WOMEN AND FASCISM IN BRITISH DOMESTIC FICTION Judy Suh, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2004 “The Seductive Fallacy” provides a literary focus for feminist critiques of fascist gender and sexuality. It explores two fascist and three anti-fascist novels—Wyndham Lewis’ The Revenge for Love (1937), Olive Hawks’ What Hope for Green Street? (1945), Virginia Woolf’s The Years (1937), Phyllis Bottome’s The Mortal Storm (1938) and The Lifeline (1946)—that illuminate British domestic fiction’s rhetorical range in the prolonged crisis of liberal hegemony after World War I. Across political purposes and a range of readerships and styles, they illuminate the genre’s efficacy to theorize modern women’s social, political, and cultural agency. In particular, the dissertation’s critical readings of these novels explore fascism’s emergence within liberal democracies. Juxtaposing Lewis and Hawks with literature from the archives of the British Union of Fascists (BUF), the first two chapters stress fascism’s production and consumption of political fantasies prevalent throughout the British novel’s humanist tradition, especially notions of women’s agency inscribed in the traditions of nineteenth- and twentieth-century domestic literature. The last two chapters highlight and evaluate Bottome’s and Woolf’s divergent critical representations of fascist domesticity. The dissertation concludes that Woolf’s anti-humanist feminist domestic fiction better enables readers to perceive the irreducible modernity of fascism. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................ v Introduction........................................................................................................................1-22 1. Chapter One “Articial, Unreal, Yet Penetrating”: Wyndham Lewis’ Domestic Fascism.....................23-65 2. Chapter Two The Biopolitics of Fascist Satire: Olive Hawks’ What Hope for Green Street? ...........66-107 3. Chapter Three Phyllis Bottome: Liberal Anti-Fascism .........................................................................108-51 4. Chapter Four Virginia Woolf’s Joyful Failure: The Years and Inter-war Politics.............................152-208 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………… 209-222 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My dissertation could not have been completed without the following generous sources of financial support at the University of Pittsburgh: the Andrew Mellon Fellowship, the Provost’s Development Fund, and the International Studies Fund. In addition, the Boston Consortium, the British Library, the University of Sheffield, UK, the University of Bradford, UK, and Professor Martin Durham at the University of Wolverhampton, UK provided archival materials and much appreciated direction. I would also like to thank the members of the dissertation committee, Professors Paul A. Bové, Eric Clarke, Marcia Landy, and Barbara Green, for their precious time and advice. The work is dedicated to those who helped sharpen its claims intellectually and personally, especially Matthew Lamberti, Petra Dierkes-Thrun, Richard Purcell, Anastup Basu, and my parents, Jae Hong and Chung Ok Suh. v INTRODUCTION My title refers to a “seductive fallacy” that understands fascism as a primitive and foreign (German or Italian) cultural phenomenon in absolute opposition to British liberal democracy. Cold War geopolitics demanded the perception of radical differences between (benevolent) British racism and empire from continental European forms, and emphasized fascism’s historical tendency to congeal into totalitarianism. Although well-intended, this fallacy is seductive, dangerously engendering intellectual and political complacency. It obscures the presence and persistence of fascist values that permeated politics and culture to facilitate race, gender, and sexual discrimination in Britain. Cultural critics, as Erin Carlston has noted, have written eloquently about the “numerous manifestations of fascist influence on European political, cultural, and intellectual life between the wars,” and on the various forms of theater, film, and literature that were important in establishing the consent necessary for the evolution of fascist parties into totalitarian dictatorships (10).1 In making explicit the connections between official fascist doctrine and various literary and artistic movements, they have produced important questions about the “aesthetic” and cultural nature of twentieth-century politics in general. The overt aestheticization of political forums and processes was fascism’s real “innovation.” Walter Benjamin argued in “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical 1 See Robert Soucy, Fascism in France: The Case of Maurice Barrès (Berkeley: U of California P, 1972); Robert Soucy, Fascist Intellectual: Drieu La Rochelle (Berkeley: U of California P, 1979); David Carroll, French Literary Fascism (Princeton: Princeton UP, 1995); Alice Yaeger Kaplan, Reproductions of Banality: Fascism, Literature, and French Intellectual Life (Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1986); Walter Adamson, Avant-Garde Florence: From Modernism to Fascism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1993); Walter Adamson, “The Culture of Italian Fascism and the Fascist Crisis of Modernity: The Case of Il Sevaggio,” Journal of Contemporary History 30 (1995): 555 – 75; George L. Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (New York: The Universal Library, Grosset & Dunlap, 1964); Jeffrey T. Schnapp, “Border Crossings: Italian/German Peregrinations of the Theater of Totality,” Critical Inquiry 21 (Autumn 1994): 80 - 123; Marcia Landy, Fascism in Film: The Italian Commercial Cinema, 1931-1943 (Princeton: Princeton UP, 1986); and Mary Ann Frese Witt, “Fascist Discourse and Pirandellian Theater,” South Atlantic Quarterly 91. 2 (Spring 1992): 303 – 31. 1 Reproduction” that fascism renders politics aesthetic, substituting the masses’ demand for rights with a fulfillment of their desire for expression (241). Alice Kaplan echoes his observation, explaining that “fascism can be characterized formally as an entry of aesthetic criteria into the political and economic realms” (26). Although keenly emphasizing the aesthetic nature of inter-war politics, studies of British (or expatriate American) writers have tended to focus on the relationships between writers’ political activities (e.g., W.B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Wyndham Lewis) and fascist regimes outside England. In related projects, writers such as W.H. Auden, Christopher Isherwood, Stephen Spender, and C. Day Lewis, have appeared as the heroic (but also problematic) intellectuals fighting against Franco during the Spanish Civil War.2 This focus, in eliding fascism’s presence in Britain, tempts us to regard it primarily as a foreign influence.3 Some historical and social aspects, however, make it much more difficult to posit the “otherness” of fascism in Britain. Not only the dispossessed, but leading establishment aristocrats comprised a considerable portion of the BUF constituency.4 In his journal, The Week, Claude Cockburn revealed a group of wealthy powerful Britons who sympathized with Hitler 2 Auden wrote in the Foreword to The Orators, “My name on the title-page seems a pseudonym for someone else, someone talented but near the border of sanity, who might well, in a year or two, become a Nazi.” In 1934, Christopher Isherwood praised the new Youth Movements in Germany as “brave and worthy citizens” in “The Youth Movement in the New Germany,” Action, Dec. 10, 1931. On these writers, see Valentine Cunningham, British Writers of the Thirties (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1988). 3 John Weiss claims that “The lower middle class was too well off and too liberal to supply Mosley with significant votes—no fascist ever sat in Parliament” (81). Colin Cross also explains, “Classically, Fascism grows form a discontented lower middle class. But in the mid-1930s the bulk of the British lower middle classes was in a heyday of prosperity” (130). 4 Most influential were the newspaper baron Lord Rothermere, the socialite Lady Diana Guinness, née Mitford (later Mosley’s wife), Lucy Houston (Lady Byron), and Oswald Mosley himself. For a fuller discussion of aristocratic influence on the BUF, see Robert Skidelsky, Oswald Mosley. 2 (the “Cliveden Set”).5 Oswald Mosley’s retrospective accounts of the British Union’s appeal during the inter-war period also refer to a prevalent middle-class fear of déclassment.6 Moreover, historical research shows that some proto-fascist neo-Romantic youth movements in Germany took their cue from the structure of English public schools—institutions crucial for reproducing an upper middle-class dominated British social order. The program of the Wandervögel, for instance, was developed by Hermann Lietz, a pedagogue who transplanted the English public school emphasis on militarism and physical fitness in a German setting. Lietz substituted Germanic ideology in lieu of English claims to imperial
Recommended publications
  • RESISTANCE MADE in HOLLYWOOD: American Movies on Nazi Germany, 1939-1945
    1 RESISTANCE MADE IN HOLLYWOOD: American Movies on Nazi Germany, 1939-1945 Mercer Brady Senior Honors Thesis in History University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of History Advisor: Prof. Karen Hagemann Co-Reader: Prof. Fitz Brundage Date: March 16, 2020 2 Acknowledgements I want to thank Dr. Karen Hagemann. I had not worked with Dr. Hagemann before this process; she took a chance on me by becoming my advisor. I thought that I would be unable to pursue an honors thesis. By being my advisor, she made this experience possible. Her interest and dedication to my work exceeded my expectations. My thesis greatly benefited from her input. Thank you, Dr. Hagemann, for your generosity with your time and genuine interest in this thesis and its success. Thank you to Dr. Fitz Brundage for his helpful comments and willingness to be my second reader. I would also like to thank Dr. Michelle King for her valuable suggestions and support throughout this process. I am very grateful for Dr. Hagemann and Dr. King. Thank you both for keeping me motivated and believing in my work. Thank you to my roommates, Julia Wunder, Waverly Leonard, and Jamie Antinori, for being so supportive. They understood when I could not be social and continued to be there for me. They saw more of the actual writing of this thesis than anyone else. Thank you for being great listeners and wonderful friends. Thank you also to my parents, Joe and Krista Brady, for their unwavering encouragement and trust in my judgment. I would also like to thank my sister, Mahlon Brady, for being willing to hear about subjects that are out of her sphere of interest.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Anti-Fascist Novels Written by Women in the 1930S
    Narratives of collaboration and resistance: Three anti-fascist novels written by women in the 1930s RONALD PAUL University of Gothenburg Abstract Throughout the 1930s, the impact of fascism on the role of women in society and in the family was the focus of several anti-fascist novels written by women. In this article I concentrate on three of the most significant and successful of these works in order to explore the way they dramatize the relationship between collaboration with and resistance to fascism. I show how they not only viewed the reactionary transformation of the state by fascist regimes as a historic defeat for women. They also sought to depict the effect this catastrophe had on their personal lives and how they coped with its social and political challenges. I have therefore selected the following novels – Storm Jameson’s In the Second Year (1936), Murray Constantine’s (Katharine Burdekin) Swastika Night (1937) and Phyllis Bottome’s The Mortal Storm (1938), since they address the fundamentally regressive nature of fascism in different ways as well as individual struggles against it. Moreover, they remain outstanding examples of anti-fascist fiction that still resonate with us today when the world is once more faced with the rise of rightwing, populist and neofascist parties. Key words: Storm Jameson, Murray Constantine, Phyllis Bottome, 1930s, Anti-fascist novels In one of her last great polemics, Three Guineas, published in 1938, Virginia Woolf argued for a united front between the women’s movement and the anti-fascist struggle. Woolf showed that there is a natural and necessary correspondence between the continued fight for female emancipation and international resistance to the rise of fascism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Siberia of the Mind: Egoism in the Writings of Wyndham Lewis ______
    The Siberia of the Mind: Egoism in the Writings of Wyndham Lewis ________ David Ashford A room in a great northern city; a typical student squat, pipes half- smoked, bed never-made, books piled on chair and table. Two are in Finnish. The third, ‘stalely open’ ( B1 76), Arghol takes up to shut. It is the Einige und Sein Eigenkeit [sic ]. ‘One of the seven arrows’ in this ‘martyr mind’ ( B1 77) – only this book, by renegade Hegelian Max Stirner, is named by Wyndham Lewis, and rejected. ‘Poof! he flung it out of the window’ ( B1 77). The gesture is timely. According to Paul Edwards, in his account of the artist, ‘Stirner probably had little lasting influence upon Lewis’. 1 Unlike other sources Edwards cites as being central to an understanding of this radical ‘play’ entitled Enemy of the Stars (first published in the Vorticist journal BLAST in 1914), Stirner is not referred to again, does not survive the particularly rough handling he receives in this play. His book is condemned by Arghol as a ‘parasite’, together with all the other books in the room, ‘“Poodles of the mind, Chows and King Charles”’, and is therefore torn up with the rest – left in ‘a pile by the door ready to sweep out’ ( B1 77). But in addition to marking Lewis’s break with Stirner, the incident curiously anticipates the general movement away from the philosophy of Egoism that would take place during the War. Having enjoyed a period of intense interest in the English-speaking world following the publication of Byington’s translation in 1912, The Ego and His Own was to vanish just as suddenly into obscurity again, as writers such as James Joyce, Lewis, and Dora Marsden began to confront problems posed by new materialist theories of the mind (originating in Schopenhauer, developed over the course of the nineteenth century by William James and Henri Bergson, and finding their culmination in the Behaviourist theory of the twentieth century).
    [Show full text]
  • Lewis's Representations of the Body
    The Politics and Philosophy of Wyndham Lewis's Representations of the Body Trevor Lovelock Brent Department of English and Comparative Literature, Goldsmiths College, University of London Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, October 2005 ACADEMIC REGISTR *: -ýOOM26 N ER ?T' 0F LO1"P SE GOLDSMITHS -{VJ1! 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 -: 8701908642 Abstract The Politics and Philosophy of Wyndham Lewis's Representations of the Body examines the significance of representations of the body in the written work, both theoretical and fictional, of Wyndham Lewis. The central question of the thesis is: how does the body function as a ground for identity in Lewis's work? This question is addressed by looking at five thematic areas of Lewis's work, each of which forms the basis of a chapter: reality, mind-body dualism, gender, race, and the crowd- The work of Slavoj Zizek is used to argue that Lewis's theoretical work is characterised by an antipathy towards `the passion for the Real' and a desire to maintain a belief-sustained sense of `reality'. As a result, the body has an ambivalent status: it is both an emblem of the `reality' of the personality and a threat to it, representing its unavoidable `thingness', its `Real', as it were. This ambivalence is best expressed in Lewis's fiction, where the weaknesses and inconsistencies of his theories are dramatised and exposed. Lewis's ambivalence towards the body results in a split between his theory and his rhetoric, a split that is particularly noticeable in his work on gender and race, in which initially racist and sexist language is undercut by his theoretical discomfort with the biological grounds of such rhetoric.
    [Show full text]
  • Ucla Festival of Preservation
    Saving Film & Television for Future Generations UCLA FESTIVAL OF PRESERVATION UCLA Film & Television Archive’s signature biennial film festival screens Friday, February 15 - Sunday February 17, 2019 at the Billy Wilder Theater at the Hammer Museum in Westwood FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Los Angeles, CA (February 8, 2019)—The UCLA Film & Television Archive presents its biennial celebration of films preserved and restored by the world-renowned preservation department during its first-ever three-day UCLA Festival of Preservation, February 15-17, 2019. Each day the Festival will offer an eclectic survey of the Archive's latest restoration work, headlined by director Frank Borzage's WWII classic The Mortal Storm (1940) with James Stewart and Margaret Sullavan. The Festival will showcase rarely seen silent films, classic Hollywood, golden- age TV treasures, Laurel and Hardy, film noir thrillers, animation and much more. As in years past, the Festival will be a “deep dive into the seldom-explored sea that is American film history, alternating between extreme rarities seen nowhere else and new prints of beloved movie classics,” wrote Los Angeles Times film critic Kenneth Turan. “Previously [since 1988] spread out over an entire month, this year we decided to schedule the Festival of Preservation as a long weekend event,” says Jan-Christopher Horak, Ph.D., director of the UCLA Film & Television Archive. “We believe this will provide more of a festival environment and allow our film-loving audience to see a cornucopia of films over the long weekend. We begin the Festival Friday morning with a delightful 1930s Fox musical comedy, My Lips Betray (dir.
    [Show full text]
  • British Fascism from a Transnational Perspective, 1923 to 1939
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive Breaking Boundaries: British Fascism from a Transnational Perspective, 1923 to 1939 MAY, Rob Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/26108/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version MAY, Rob (2019). Breaking Boundaries: British Fascism from a Transnational Perspective, 1923 to 1939. Doctoral, Sheffield Hallam University. Copyright and re-use policy See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk Breaking Boundaries: British Fascism from a Transnational Perspective, 1923 to 1939 Robert May A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Sheffield Hallam University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2019 I hereby declare that: 1. I have been enrolled for another award of the University, or other academic or professional organisation, whilst undertaking my research degree. I was an enrolled student for the following award: Postgraduate Certificate in Arts and Humanities Research University of Hull 2. None of the material contained in the thesis has been used in any other submission for an academic award. 3. I am aware of and understand the University's policy on plagiarism and certify that this thesis is my own work. The use of all published or other sources of material consulted have been properly and fully acknowledged. 4. The work undertaken towards the thesis has been conducted in accordance with the SHU Principles of Integrity in Research and the SHU Research Ethics Policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-1990 Holocaust Cinema in Israel, Germany, and Hollywood
    National Identity in Crisis: Post-1990 Holocaust Cinema in Israel, Germany, and Hollywood Gary Jenkins Thesis for the qualification of Doctor of Philosophy School of Modern Languages, Newcastle University January 2017 ii Abstract Taking a comparative approach, my PhD thesis investigates the relationship between recent cinematic representations of the Holocaust in Israel, Germany, and Hollywood, and formations of national identity. Focusing on the ways in which specific political and cultural factors shape dominant discourses surrounding the Nazis’ attempt to destroy the European Jewry, I argue that the Holocaust is central to a crisis in national identity in all three countries. Whereas Holocaust films have traditionally reinforced the socio-political ideals informing the context of their production, however, the analysis of my central corpus demonstrates that this cinema can also be seen to challenge dominant discourses expressing the values that maintain established notions of national identity. Central to this challenge is the positioning of the nation as either a victim or perpetrator with regards to the Holocaust. The presentation of opposing narratives in my central corpus of films suggests a heterogeneity that undermines the tendency in dominant discourses to present victim and perpetrator positions as mutually exclusive. The trajectory from one position to its opposite is itself informed by generational shifts. As a consequence, I also discuss the perspectives offered by members of the second and third generations whose focus on particular aspects of the Holocaust challenge the discourses established by the previous one. By way of conclusion, I focus on the transnational aspect of Holocaust film. In highlighting a number of commonalities across the three cinemas discussed in my thesis, I argue that in addition to expressing themes that relate to the issue of national identity, these films also suggest the construction of ‘identity communities’ that exist beyond state borders.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Reviewed Work(S): Wyndham Lewis by Jeffrey Meyers and Roy Campbell Review By: Rowland Smith Source: Research in African Literatures, Vol
    Review Reviewed Work(s): Wyndham Lewis by Jeffrey Meyers and Roy Campbell Review by: Rowland Smith Source: Research in African Literatures, Vol. 18, No. 1, Special Issue on Literature and Society (Spring, 1987), pp. 118-122 Published by: Indiana University Press Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4618174 Accessed: 06-05-2020 17:38 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Indiana University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Research in African Literatures This content downloaded from 132.174.251.254 on Wed, 06 May 2020 17:38:51 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 118 Book Reviews "ad hominem grilling" (133) from the formidable Mrs. Q. D. Leavis (considered by many her husband's equal as well as his partner in their journal Scrutiny and indeed in the whole of his critical enterprise), it was F. R. Leavis himself who came to Jacobson's defense. But this was only to restrain his wife's ferocity; his intervention was in the realm of manners rather than of substance. Jacobson is understandably grateful for such personal amiability, but the inci- dent as reported in this essay-especially his unwillingness to realize the force of the Leavisian attack on him-spotlights a certain weakness in his art.
    [Show full text]
  • A Chronology of Wyndham Lewis
    A Chronology of Wyndham Lewis 1882 Percy Wyndham Lewis born, Amherst Nova Scotia 1888-93 Isle of Wight 1897-8 Rugby School 1898-1901 Slade School of Art (expelled) 1902 Visits Madrid with Spencer Gore, copying Goya in the Prado 1904-6 Living in Montparnasse, Paris. Meets Ida Vendel (‘Bertha’ in Tarr) 1906 Munich (February – July). 1906-7 Paris 1907 Ends relationship with Ida 1908 – 11 Writes first draught of Tarr, a satirical depiction of Bohemian life in Paris 1908 London 1909 First published writing, ‘The “Pole”’, English Review 1911 Member of Camden Town Group. ‘Cubist’ self-portrait drawings 1912 Decorates ‘Cave of the Golden Calf’ nightclub Exhibits ‘cubist’ paintings and illustrations to Timon of Athens at ‘Second Post-Impressionist Exhibition’ 1913 Joins Fry’s Omega Workshops; walks out of Omega in October with Frederick Etchells, Edward Wadsworth and Cuthbert Hamilton after quarrel with Fry. Portfolio, Timon of Athens published. Begins close artistic association with Ezra Pound 1914 Director, ‘Rebel Art Centre’, Great Ormond Street (March – July) Dissociates self from Futurism and disrupts lecture by Marinetti at Doré Gallery (June) Vorticism launched in Blast (July; edited by Lewis) Introduced to T. S. Eliot by Pound 1915 Venereal infection; Blast no. 2 (June); completes Tarr 1916-18 War service in Artillery, including Third Battle of Ypres and as Official War Artist for Canada and Great Britain 1918-21 With Iris Barry, with whom he has two children 1918 Tarr published. It is praised in reviews by Pound, Eliot and Rebecca West Meets future wife, Gladys Hoskins 1919 Paints A Battery Shelled.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparing Hitler and Stalin: Certain Cultural Considerations
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 6-2014 Comparing Hitler and Stalin: Certain Cultural Considerations Phillip W. Weiss Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/303 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Comparing Hitler and Stalin: Certain Cultural Considerations by Phillip W. Weiss A master’s thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, The City University of New York 2014 ii Copyright © 2014 Phillip W. Weiss All Rights Reserved iii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Master of Arts. (typed name) David M. Gordon __________________________________________________ (required signature) __________________________ __________________________________________________ Date Thesis Advisor (typed name) Matthew K. Gold __________________________________________________ (required signature) __________________________ __________________________________________________ Date Executive Officer THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iv Acknowledgment I want to thank Professor David M. Gordon for agreeing to become my thesis advisor. His guidance and support were major factors in enabling me to achieve the goal of producing an interesting and informative scholarly work. As my mentor and project facilitator, he provided the feedback that kept me on the right track so as to ensure the successful completion of this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Wyndham Lewis's
    Wyndham Lewis’s ‘Very Bad Thing’: Jazz, Inter-War Culture, and The Apes of God [published in Modernist Cultures , 8.1 (Spring, 2013): 61-81] Nathan Waddell The relationships between jazz and modernist writing have in recent years increasingly come to interest musico-literary scholars. Much of this interest has centred on the links between modernism, jazz, and the cultures of the Harlem Renaissance, whose music and art, in Patti Capel Swartz’s words, extend ‘far beyond its geographic boundaries as well as beyond the relational boundaries of time’. 1 As evidence of this trans-national and trans- temporal influence, especially as it applies to Anglo-American cultural economies, such varied writers as T. S. Eliot, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Virginia Woolf, and Philip Larkin, among many others, have all been considered in relation to jazz and New York in the 1920s and 1930s. 2 Studies of this sort have contributed to the growing centrality of African- American traditions within the field of modernist studies, on the one hand, and provided us with an increasingly nuanced picture of the impact of jazz upon modernism in the literary arts (both as creative stimulus and as despised phenomenon) on the other. However, these alternative interpretations of the jazz ‘influence’ need to be understood as rather more than a simple dichotomy. In Fitzgerald, for instance, we find not only a writer attuned to the prevalence of jazz in twentieth-century modernity, but also a figure whose jazz allusions ‘anxiously suggest that beneath the surface of [what he saw as] the music’s frivolous gaiety lurks the presence of violence and chaos, which threatens to erupt at any moment.’ 3 Nonetheless, Fitzgerald’s complex representations of jazz music – the fact, in other words, that he wrote about jazz culture so extensively in his fiction and 1 Patti Capel Swartz, ‘Masks and Masquerade: The Iconography of the Harlem Renaissance’, Midwest Quarterly , 35.1 (Autumn 1993): pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Rachel Murray Source: Moveabletype, Vol
    Article: ‘Unexpected Fruit’: The Ingredients of Tarr Author[s]: Rachel Murray Source: MoveableType, Vol. 8, ‘Dissidence’ (2016) DOI: 10.14324/111.1755-4527.068 MoveableType is a Graduate, Peer-Reviewed Journal based in the Department of English at UCL. © 2016 Rachel Murray. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY) 4.0https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. ‘Unexpected fruit’: The ingredients of Tarr By Rachel Murray ‘condition of continued enjoyment is to resist assimilation’, before concluding: ‘A man is the opposite of his appetite’ (1996, 26)1. Throughout Lewis’s body of work characters often experience revulsion or a lack of appetite before meals, and are often nauseous or sick after eating. Only the most perverse of Lewis’s characters, Otto Kreisler in Tarr (1918) or Julius Ratner in The Apes of God (1930), appear to relish their food, and the sheer aggression of these eating habits is closely associated with other, more monstrous appetites. Lewis’s prose is rough, at times impenetrably dense, and often unappetising in content – full of violence and cruelty, a callous indifference to suffering, and in the 1930s a troubling predilection for fascist ideology. How can we stomach the ideas of an individual who, in 1931, published a forceful defence of Hitler, describing him as a ‘Man of Peace’? I suggest that we can develop a clearer understanding of this much- maligned modernist by engaging with, rather than attempting to either suppress or sublimate, these distasteful qualities.
    [Show full text]