The Distribution and Significance of the Parametrium
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A New Anatomic and Staging-Oriented Classification Of
cancers Perspective A New Anatomic and Staging-Oriented Classification of Radical Hysterectomy Mustafa Zelal Muallem Department of Gynecology with Center for Oncological Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Virchow Campus Clinic, Charité Medical University, 13353 Berlin, Germany; [email protected]; Tel.: +49-30-450-664373; Fax: +49-30-450-564900 Simple Summary: The main deficits of the available classifications of radical hysterectomy are the facts that they are based only on the lateral extension of resection, do not depend on the precise anatomy of parametrium and paracolpium and do not correlate with the tumour stage, size or infiltration in the vagina. This new suggested classification depends on the 3-dimentional concept of parametrium and paracolpium and the comprehensive description of the anatomy of parametrium, paracolpium and the pelvic autonomic nerve system. Each type in this classification tailored to the tumour stage according to FIGO- classification from 2018, taking into account the tumour size, localization and infiltration in the vaginal vault, which may make it the most suitable tool for planning and tailoring the surgery of radical hysterectomy. Abstract: The current understanding of radical hysterectomy more is centered on the uterus and little is being discussed about the resection of the vaginal cuff and the paracolpium as an essential part of this procedure. This is because that the current classifications of radical hysterectomy are based only on the lateral extent of resection. This way is easier to be understood but does not reflect Citation: Muallem, M.Z. -
Factors Associated with Parametrial Involvement
Original Article Obstet Gynecol Sci 2018;61(1):88-94 https://doi.org/10.5468/ogs.2018.61.1.88 pISSN 2287-8572 · eISSN 2287-8580 Factors associated with parametrial involvement in patients with stage IB1 cervical cancer: who is suitable for less radical surgery? Seung-Ho Lee1, Kyoung-Joo Cho1, Mi-Hyang Ko1, Hyun-Yee Cho2, Kwang-Beom Lee1, Soyi Lim1 1Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2Pathology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea Objective To detect the possible clinicopathologic factors associated with parametrial involvement in patients with stage IB1 cervical cancer and to identify a cohort of patients who may benefit from less radical surgery. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 120 patients who underwent radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy as treatment for stage IB1 cervical cancer. Results Overall, 18 (15.0%) patients had parametrial tumor involvement. Tumor size larger than 2 cm, invasion depth greater than 1 cm, presence of lymphovascular space involvement (LVSI), corpus involvement, and positive lymph nodes were statistically associated with parametrial involvement. Multivariate analysis for other factors showed invasion depth >1 cm (P=0.029), and corpus involvement (P=0.022) were significantly associated with parametrial involvement. A subgroup with tumor size smaller than 2 cm showed no parametrial involvement, regardless of invasion depth or presence of LVSI. Conclusion Tumor size smaller than 2 cm showed no parametrial involvement, regardless of invasion depth or presence of LVSI. Invasion depth >1 cm and corpus involvement were significantly associated with parametrial involvement in multivariate analysis. These finding may suggest that tumor size may a strong predictor of parametrial involvement in International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IB1 cervical cancer, which can be used to select a subgroup population for less radical surgery. -
The Reproductive System
27 The Reproductive System PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The reproductive system is designed to perpetuate the species • The male produces gametes called sperm cells • The female produces gametes called ova • The joining of a sperm cell and an ovum is fertilization • Fertilization results in the formation of a zygote © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System • Overview of the Male Reproductive System • Testis • Epididymis • Ductus deferens • Ejaculatory duct • Spongy urethra (penile urethra) • Seminal gland • Prostate gland • Bulbo-urethral gland © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.1 The Male Reproductive System, Part I Pubic symphysis Ureter Urinary bladder Prostatic urethra Seminal gland Membranous urethra Rectum Corpus cavernosum Prostate gland Corpus spongiosum Spongy urethra Ejaculatory duct Ductus deferens Penis Bulbo-urethral gland Epididymis Anus Testis External urethral orifice Scrotum Sigmoid colon (cut) Rectum Internal urethral orifice Rectus abdominis Prostatic urethra Urinary bladder Prostate gland Pubic symphysis Bristle within ejaculatory duct Membranous urethra Penis Spongy urethra Spongy urethra within corpus spongiosum Bulbospongiosus muscle Corpus cavernosum Ductus deferens Epididymis Scrotum Testis © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System • The Testes • Testes hang inside a pouch called the scrotum, which is on the outside of the body -
Normal Imaging Findings of the Uterus 3
Normal Image Findings of the Uterus 37 Normal Imaging Findings of the Uterus 3 Claudia Klüner and Bernd Hamm CONTENTS the strong muscle coat forming the mass of the organ. The myometrium is mostly comprised of spindle- 3.1 Embryonic Development and shaped smooth muscle cells and additionally con- Normal Anatomy of the Uterus 37 tains reserve connective tissue cells, which give rise 3.2 Imaging Findings: Uterine Corpus 40 to additional myometrial cells in pregnancy through 3.3 Imaging Findings: Uterine Cervix 44 hyperplasia. The uterine cavity is only a thin cleft and References 47 is lined by endometrium (Fig. 3.2). Functionally, the endometrium consists of basal and functional layers. The isthmus of uterus (lower uterine segment), 3.1 together with the internal os, forms the junction be- Embryonic Development and tween the corpus and cervix. In nonpregnant wom- Normal Anatomy of the Uterus en the isthmus is only about 5 mm high and is less muscular than the corpus. Unlike the uterine cervix, During embryonal life, fusion of the two Müllerian the isthmus becomes overproportionally large in the ducts gives rise to the uterine corpus, isthmus, cervix, course of pregnancy and serves as a kind of reserve and the upper third of the vagina. The Müllerian ducts for fetal development in addition to the uterine cor- are of mesodermal origin and arise in the 4th week pus. The endometrium of the isthmus consists of a of gestation. They course on both sides lateral to the single layer of columnar epithelium and only under- ducts of the mesonephros (Wolffi an ducts). -
Clinical Pelvic Anatomy
SECTION ONE • Fundamentals 1 Clinical pelvic anatomy Introduction 1 Anatomical points for obstetric analgesia 3 Obstetric anatomy 1 Gynaecological anatomy 5 The pelvic organs during pregnancy 1 Anatomy of the lower urinary tract 13 the necks of the femora tends to compress the pelvis Introduction from the sides, reducing the transverse diameters of this part of the pelvis (Fig. 1.1). At an intermediate level, opposite A thorough understanding of pelvic anatomy is essential for the third segment of the sacrum, the canal retains a circular clinical practice. Not only does it facilitate an understanding cross-section. With this picture in mind, the ‘average’ of the process of labour, it also allows an appreciation of diameters of the pelvis at brim, cavity, and outlet levels can the mechanisms of sexual function and reproduction, and be readily understood (Table 1.1). establishes a background to the understanding of gynae- The distortions from a circular cross-section, however, cological pathology. Congenital abnormalities are discussed are very modest. If, in circumstances of malnutrition or in Chapter 3. metabolic bone disease, the consolidation of bone is impaired, more gross distortion of the pelvic shape is liable to occur, and labour is likely to involve mechanical difficulty. Obstetric anatomy This is termed cephalopelvic disproportion. The changing cross-sectional shape of the true pelvis at different levels The bony pelvis – transverse oval at the brim and anteroposterior oval at the outlet – usually determines a fundamental feature of The girdle of bones formed by the sacrum and the two labour, i.e. that the ovoid fetal head enters the brim with its innominate bones has several important functions (Fig. -
Abdominal Total Hysterectomy: the Modified Aldridge's Procedure With
Published online: 2018-11-19 THIEME S22 Precision Surgery in Obstetrics and Gynecology Abdominal Total Hysterectomy: The Modified Aldridge’s Procedure with Noda’sMethod Yoh Watanabe, MD, PhD1 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku Medical and Address for correspondence Yoh Watanabe, MD, PhD, Department of Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1, Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8536, Japan Surg J 2019;5(suppl S1):S22–S26. (e-mail: [email protected]). Abstract Although laparoscopic surgery or robotic surgery has recently been the main proce- dure adopted for managing benign uterine tumors, abdominal total hysterectomy must still be learned as a basic surgical skill for obstetricians and gynecologists. Total hysterectomy is divided into two types: the extrafascial and intrafascial approaches. Intrafascial hysterectomy, represented by the Aldridge’s method, is a useful and safe procedure for treatment when the patient has no cervical malignancy, including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Furthermore, the intrafascial approach is safely performedeveninpatientswithfirm adhesion in the Douglas’s pouch and/or around the uterine cervix due to endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory diseases, or a history of intrapelvic surgery. The intrafascial approach can also effectively prevent descent of Keywords the vaginal stump after hysterectomy via the partial preservation of the uterine ► abdominal retinaculum. Although the Aldridge’s method was originally reported to start via an hysterectomy intrafascial approach at the position of the internal cervical os using scissors, Dr. ► intrafascial method Kiichiro Noda created a modified version of the procedure that increases its ease and ► Aldridge’s procedure safety by changing the position and management of the parametrial tissue including ► gynecologic surgery the uterine artery. -
Differential Diagnosis of Endometriosis by Ultrasound
diagnostics Review Differential Diagnosis of Endometriosis by Ultrasound: A Rising Challenge Marco Scioscia 1 , Bruna A. Virgilio 1, Antonio Simone Laganà 2,* , Tommaso Bernardini 1, Nicola Fattizzi 1, Manuela Neri 3,4 and Stefano Guerriero 3,4 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Policlinico Hospital, 35031 Abano Terme, PD, Italy; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (B.A.V.); [email protected] (T.B.); [email protected] (N.F.) 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Filippo Del Ponte” Hospital, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy 3 Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, CA, Italy; [email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (S.G.) 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Policlinico Universitario Duilio Casula, 09045 Monserrato, CA, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 October 2020; Accepted: 15 October 2020; Published: 20 October 2020 Abstract: Ultrasound is an effective tool to detect and characterize endometriosis lesions. Variances in endometriosis lesions’ appearance and distorted anatomy secondary to adhesions and fibrosis present as major difficulties during the complete sonographic evaluation of pelvic endometriosis. Currently, differential diagnosis of endometriosis to distinguish it from other diseases represents the hardest challenge and affects subsequent treatment. Several gynecological and non-gynecological conditions can mimic deep-infiltrating endometriosis. For example, abdominopelvic endometriosis may present as atypical lesions by ultrasound. Here, we present an overview of benign and malignant diseases that may resemble endometriosis of the internal genitalia, bowels, bladder, ureter, peritoneum, retroperitoneum, as well as less common locations. An accurate diagnosis of endometriosis has significant clinical impact and is important for appropriate treatment. -
MRI Anatomy of Parametrial Extension to Better Identify Local Pathways of Disease Spread in Cervical Cancer
Diagn Interv Radiol 2016; 22:319–325 ABDOMINAL IMAGING © Turkish Society of Radiology 2016 PICTORIAL ESSAY MRI anatomy of parametrial extension to better identify local pathways of disease spread in cervical cancer Anna Lia Valentini ABSTRACT Benedetta Gui This paper highlights an updated anatomy of parametrial extension with emphasis on magnetic Maura Miccò resonance imaging (MRI) assessment of disease spread in the parametrium in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. Pelvic landmarks were identified to assess the anterior and posterior ex- Michela Giuliani tensions of the parametria, besides the lateral extension, as defined in a previous anatomical study. Elena Rodolfino A series of schematic drawings and MRI images are shown to document the anatomical delineation of disease on MRI, which is crucial not only for correct image-based three-dimensional radiotherapy Valeria Ninivaggi but also for the surgical oncologist, since neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by radical sur- Marta Iacobucci gery is emerging in Europe as a valid alternative to standard chemoradiation. Marzia Marino Maria Antonietta Gambacorta Antonia Carla Testa here are two main treatment options in patients with cervical cancer: radical sur- Gian Franco Zannoni gery, including trachelectomy or radical hysterectomy, which is usually performed T in early stage disease as suggested by the International Federation of Gynecology Lorenzo Bonomo and Obstetrics (FIGO stages IA, IB1, and IIA), or primary radiotherapy with concurrent ad- ministration of platinum-based chemotherapy (CRT) for patients with bulky FIGO stage IB2/ IIA2 tumors (> 4 cm) or locally advanced disease (FIGO stage IIB or greater). Some authors suggested the use of CRT followed by surgery for bulky tumors or locally advanced disease (1). -
Anatomy and Histology of Apical Support: a Literature Review Concerning Cardinal and Uterosacral Ligaments
Int Urogynecol J DOI 10.1007/s00192-012-1819-7 REVIEW ARTICLE Anatomy and histology of apical support: a literature review concerning cardinal and uterosacral ligaments Rajeev Ramanah & Mitchell B. Berger & Bernard M. Parratte & John O. L. DeLancey Received: 10 February 2012 /Accepted: 24 April 2012 # The International Urogynecological Association 2012 Abstract The objective of this work was to collect and Autonomous nerve fibers are a major constituent of the deep summarize relevant literature on the anatomy, histology, USL. CL is defined as a perivascular sheath with a proximal and imaging of apical support of the upper vagina and the insertion around the origin of the internal iliac artery and a uterus provided by the cardinal (CL) and uterosacral (USL) distal insertion on the cervix and/or vagina. It is divided into ligaments. A literature search in English, French, and Ger- a cranial (vascular) and a caudal (neural) portions. Histolog- man languages was carried out with the keywords apical ically, it contains mainly vessels, with no distinct band of support, cardinal ligament, transverse cervical ligament, connective tissue. Both the deep USL and the caudal CL are Mackenrodt ligament, parametrium, paracervix, retinaculum closely related to the inferior hypogastric plexus. USL and uteri, web, uterosacral ligament, and sacrouterine ligament CL are visceral ligaments, with mesentery-like structures in the PubMed database. Other relevant journal and text- containing vessels, nerves, connective tissue, and adipose book articles were sought by retrieving references cited in tissue. previous PubMed articles. Fifty references were examined in peer-reviewed journals and textbooks. The USL extends Keywords Apical supports .