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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles El UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles El espacio público y el derecho a la ciudad en el Santiago de Alberto Fuguet A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy in Hispanic Languages and Literatures by Paula Antonieta Thomas 2021 © Copyright by Paula Antonieta Thomas 2021 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION El espacio público y el derecho a la ciudad en el Santiago de Alberto Fuguet by Paula Antonieta Thomas Doctor of Philosophy in Hispanic Languages and Literatures University of California, Los Angeles, 2021 Professor Verónica Cortínez, Chair This dissertation compares the portrayal of the city of Santiago de Chile in the novels Mala onda (1991) and Sudor (2016) of Alberto Fuguet (1964-), analyzing the evolution of Santiago from a boring and hostile city to a stimulating and welcoming metropolis. From an urban and economic perspective, it examines how the representation of the reorganized spatiality and segregated urban layout embodies the sociopolitical and economic dynamics of Santiago, particularly since a series of macroeconomic reforms became the direct reason why the city was reconfigured at such drastic level. Through a comparative study of both novels, I argue that the representation of loss and recovery of public space highlights the impact of the market economy in the urban development. The portrayal of Santiago in Mala onda is of a city whose physical form changed abruptly after neoliberalism was consolidated as the new orthodoxy at the end of the 20th century, pointing to the economic model as responsible for the privatization and loss of ii public space. The representation of Santiago in Sudor displays the recovery of public space, a dynamic that while worth celebrating, illustrates how Santiago has not been able to escape neoliberalism’s logic, since the improvement is in response to urban competitiveness in the 21st century. My thesis is that Santiago’s portrayal shows how the amendment to the general urban plan of the city and large territorial extension has changed under an economic system that favors the accumulation of globalized capital over the well-being of local communities. Furthermore, I read Alberto Fuguet’s novels through the theoretical lenses of the “right to the city” by tracing the urban evolution represented in his work, which delineates a new Santiago that integrates the inhabitants’ rights through urban criteria and a democratic response to the challenges of urban life. This dissertation asserts strategies and transformative social and political processes within urban society, whose problems are exercised in the public spaces of the city. iii The dissertation of Paula Antonieta Thomas is approved. Adriana J. Bergero Maarten van Delden Roberto Ignacio Díaz Verónica Cortínez, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2021 iv For Frank and Theodore, the best of friends v TABLE OF CONTENTS Introducción 1 1. El espacio público y el derecho a la ciudad 26 2. Santiago bajo el sistema capitalista 46 2.1. La ciudad neoliberal: Mala onda (1991) 46 2.2. La ciudad global: Sudor (2016) 76 3. Espacio, cuerpo y movimiento 99 3.1. Flâneur 99 3.2. Matías Vicuña y la fiebre privatizadora 113 3.3. Alfredo Garzón y la recuperación de lo público 128 4. El Cerro San Cristóbal hace ciudad 143 4.1. Patrimonio geográfico y cultural 144 4.2. La Virgen y el Santuario de la Inmaculada Concepción 160 4.3. Humanizar la ciudad 184 Conclusión 199 Bibliografía 214 Filmografía 236 vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Professor Verónica Cortínez, whose contributions have proved monumental in the successful completion of this dissertation. I extend my gratitude to Professors Adriana Bergero and Marteen van Delden from UCLA and Professor Roberto Ignacio Díaz from USC for their insightful suggestions. Many thanks to Gloria Tovar for patiently answering all of my many questions. I would like to especially recognize my author, Alberto Fuguet, whose work I have devoured blissfully, and who has always been accessible and gracious. I extend my love to the good friends I have made along this academic journey, whose incomparable intellect, integrity and discipline inspires me to be better, and whose humanity, kindness and generosity is a source of joy. For their unwavering support and encouragement throughout: thank you Maricela Becerra, Juliana Espinal, Ryan Hill, Miguel E. Morales, Ezekiel Trautenberg, Tania Varela and Berenice Ventura. Finalmente, quisiera agradecer profundamente a mis amigos, familia, padres y esposo por el apoyo constante y el amor incondicional. vii VITA EDUCATION 2019 Graduate Certificate in Urban Humanities Initiative Department of Architecture and Urban Design University of California, Los Angeles 2018 Ph.D. Candidate, Hispanic Languages and Literatures Department of Spanish and Portuguese 2015 M.A. Hispanic Literature Department of Spanish and Portuguese Brigham Young University 2013 B.A., double major, Latin American Studies and Spanish Departments of International Studies and Spanish and Portuguese PUBLICATIONS “Santiago puede ser una gran ciudad: La ciudad de la Transición en ‘Santiago’ de Alberto Fuguet.” Spanish and Portuguese Review 5 (2019): 93-104. “El Santiago neoliberal en la narrativa de Alberto Fuguet.” Mester 48 (2019): 133-42. “Revolución angelina en The Miraculous Day of Amalia Gómez.” El Cid 29 (2018): 102-16. “Rebobinando desde la cultura pop hasta el urbanismo: una entrevista con Alberto Fuguet.” Mester 44 (2016): 125-42. GRANTS AND FELLOWSHIPS Summer 2019 Tinker Field Research Grant, Latin American Institute, UCLA 2018-2019 Urban Humanities Initiative Grant, UCLA 2017-2018 Shirley Arora Mentorship Fellowship, UCLA Summer 2017 Graduate Summer Research Mentorship, UCLA Summer 2016 Graduate Summer Research Mentorship, UCLA Summer 2015 Foreign Language Area Studies Fellowship, US Department of Education 2014-2015 Foreign Language Area Studies Fellowship, US Department of Education viii Introducción La obra escrita de Alberto Fuguet (1964-) revela una inclinación por representar la ciudad de Santiago y los cambios que esta ha vivido en un marco de treinta y tres años (1980-2013).1 Desde la metrópolis finisecular hasta comienzos del siglo XXI, las imágenes urbanas muestran una época determinada y capturan su metamorfosis tanto en apariencia como en significado. A pesar de la fuerte presencia que la ciudad tiene en su narrativa, esta ha recibido poco interés académico.2 Esta tesis es el primer estudio crítico que examina la representación de Santiago en la narrativa de Fuguet, analizando cómo su perfil evoluciona desde un lugar aburrido y hostil a un espacio estimulante y acogedor. Argumento que a través del bosquejo que el autor hace de Santiago se despliega la pérdida y recuperación del espacio público, especialmente porque Fuguet visita los mismos espacios dentro de la ciudad, particularidad que se hace evidente en mi análisis comparativo de las novelas Mala onda (1991) y Sudor (2016). Me parece que esta decisión no es gratuita, ya que seleccionar espacios y señalarlos de manera recurrente a través de su obra los convierte en elementos que resaltan la dinámica de pérdida y recuperación de espacios públicos en el Santiago a fines del siglo XX y comienzos del XXI, respectivamente. 1 Santiago se refiere a la Provincia de Santiago, territorio dividido en 32 comunas que reúne el 78% de la población metropolitana. https://www.gobiernosantiago.cl/datos-geograficos/ Chile se divide en 15 regiones, una de las cuales es la Región Metropolitana de Santiago (RMS), con la densidad poblacional más alta del país. La RMS está dividida en 6 provincias: Provincia de Santiago, Provincia de Cordillera, Provincia de Talagante, Provincia de Maipo, Provincia de Gobernación de Chacabuco, Gobernación de Melipilla; con un total de 52 comunas. La Provincia de Santiago con las comunas de Puente Alto, San Bernardo y Padre Hurtado forman el Área Metropolitana de Santiago (AMS) o el Gran Santiago. https://chile.gob.cl/chile/sobre-chile/asi- es-chile/organizacion-territorial 2 Santiago es una de las ciudades latinoamericanas menos estudiadas, tanto en las ciencias sociales como en las humanidades, con un número de investigaciones reducido en contraste con Buenos Aires, Ciudad de México, Bogotá, Río de Janeiro y São Paulo. 1 Fuguet describe en su narrativa el proceso evolutivo de Santiago en un periodo que muestra inequívocamente como el cambio urbano bosquejado en sus páginas ocurre bajo una lógica mercantil. Sus primeras obras capturan la pérdida de los espacios públicos, acto que ocurre paralelamente al moldeamiento que la ciudad vive bajo el sistema neoliberal implementado en Chile a mediados de la década del setenta durante el régimen militar, lo cual redujo drásticamente el papel del Estado y aumentó el poder del sector privado. En sus obras posteriores, Fuguet retrata un Santiago que es amable con sus habitantes al recuperar los espacios públicos. Mi lectura se enfoca en esta positiva evolución y celebra el avance de la ciudad al recupearar sus espacialidades públicas; no obstante, recalco que esta mejoría evidencia al mismo tiempo como Santiago no ha sido capaz de escapar del sistema económico que lo remodeló a finales del siglo XX, puesto que el positivo proceso evolutivo de Santiago es parte de la lógica capitalista en el siglo XXI mediante la competitividad urbana. Como indica Cristián Cisternas, “la literatura urbana es un canto poético a la ciudad, el cual va unido, indisolublemente, a su denuncia y condena” (45). Propongo en esta tesis que las obras de Fuguet mantienen un diálogo continuo con Santiago al desplegar el proceso evolutivo y, de forma paralela, ostentar un proyecto nuevo por el derecho a la ciudad. Si bien el retrato de la ciudad es desde una ciudad distópica a una un tanto utópica, mi lectura bajo un marco teórico urbano-económico muestra como esta dinámica, el retrato de la pérdida y posterior recuperación de espacios públicos, ocurre bajo una lógica y control mercantil. Mi análisis rastrea la metamorfosis urbana de un Santiago amable y equitativo, posible a través de habitantes involucrados en las dinámicas de su ciudad.
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