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The Ensi's Compedium Sample file The Ensi's Compedium Sample file ΠΡοβ΢κΧΣΩΡΠβ γζ ΧνορσρπΨΤΩΫϋϐ θζϑϓϒηκμξρέΣΣΡβηιλ ΩΥΣιμηδγεΡΠ΢ ΧνορσρπΨΤΩΫϋϐ ΩήαΰίέΫΩνΥ΢ειμοςώννι΢γγ ΩΥΣιμηδγεΡΠ΢ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ΩήαΰίέΫΩνΥ΢ειμοςώννι΢γγ κΧΣΩΡΠβ γζ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ θζϑϓϒηκμξρέΣΣΡβηιλ ψϊθΤΠΡοβ΢βσοβγϑϒϓβΠΥΧΨΩΫέ ΧνορσρπΨΤΩΫϋϐ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ΩΥΣιμηδγεΡΠ΢ ψϊθΤΠΡοβ΢κΧΣΩΡΠβ γζ ΩήαΰίέΫΩνΥ΢ειμοςώννι΢γγ θζϑϓϒηκμξρέΣΣΡβηιλ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ΧνορσρπΨΤΩΫϋϐ ψϊΠΡκΧΣΩΡΠβ γζ ΩΥΣιμηδγεΡΠ΢ θζϑϓϒηκμξρέΣΣΡβηιλ ΩήαΰίέΫΩνΥ΢ειμοςώννι΢γγ ΧνορσρπΨΤΩΫϋϐ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ΩΥΣιμηδγεΡΠ΢ κΧΣΩΡΠβ γζ ΩήαΰίέΫΩνΥ΢ειμοςώννι΢γγ θζϑϓϒηκμξρέΣΣΡβηιλ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ΧνορσρπΨΤΩΫϋϐ ψϊθΤΠΡοβ΢βσοβγϑϒϓβΠΥΧΨΩΫέ ΩΥΣιμηδγεΡΠ΢ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ΩήαΰίέΫΩνΥ΢ειμοςώννι΢γγ ψϊθΤΠΡοβ΢βσοβγϑϒϓβΠΥΧΨΩΫέ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ςΠΡοβ΢κΧΣΩΡΠβ γζ ψϊθΤ σαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ θζϑϓϒηκμξρέΣΣΡβηιλ ψϊΠΡκΧΣΩΡΠβ γζ ΧνορσρπΨΤΩΫϋϐ θζϑϓϒηκμξρέΣΣΡβηιλ ΩΥΣιμηδγεΡΠ΢ ΧνορσρπΨΤΩΫϋϐ ΩήαΰίέΫΩνΥ΢ειμοςώννι΢γγ ΩΥΣιμηδγεΡΠ΢ γζ θζϑϓϒηκμξρέΣΣΡβηιλ ΩήαΰίέΫΩνΥ΢ειμοςώννι΢γγ ΧνορσρπΨΤΩΫϋϐ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ΩΥΣιμηδγεΡΠ΢ ψϊθΤΠΡοβ΢βσοβγϑϒϓβΠΥΧΨΩΫέ ΩήαΰίέΫΩνΥ΢ειμοςώννι΢γγ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ψϊθΤΠΡοβ΢βσοβγϑϒϓβΠΥΧΨΩΫέ ψϊθΤΠΡοβ΢βσοβγϑϒϓβΠΥΧΨΩΫέ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ψϊθΤ ΠΡοβ΢κΧΣΩΡΠβ γζ ψϊθΤΠΡοβ΢κΧΣΩΡΠβ γζ θζϑϓϒηκμξρέΣΣΡβηιλ θζϑϓϒηκμξρέΣΣΡβηιλ ΧνορσρπΨΤΩΫϋϐ ΧνορσρπΨΤΩΫϋϐ ΩΥΣιμηδγεΡΠ΢ ΩΥΣιμηδγεΡΠ΢ ΩήαΰίέΫΩνΥ΢ειμοςώννι΢γγ ψϊθΤΠΡοβ΢βσοβγϑϒϓβΠΥΧΨΩΫέ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ψϊθΤΠΡοβ΢βσοβγϑϒϓβΠΥΧΨΩΫέ ψϊθΤΠΡοβ΢βσοβγϑϒϓβΠΥΧΨΩΫέ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ψϊθΤΠΡοβ΢κΧΣΩΡΠβ γζ ΩήαΰίέΫΩνΥ΢ειμοςώννι΢γγ θζϑϓϒηκμξρέΣΣΡβηιλ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ΧνορσρπΨΤΩΫϋϐ κΧΣΩΡΠβ γζ ΩΥΣιμηδγεΡΠ΢ θζϑϓϒηκμξρέΣΣΡβηιλ ΩήαΰίέΫΩνΥ΢ειμοςώννι΢γγ ΧνορσρπΨΤΩΫϋϐ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ΩΥΣιμηδγεΡΠ΢ κΧΣΩΡΠβ γζ ΩήαΰίέΫΩνΥ΢ειμοςώννι΢γγ θζϑϓϒηκμξρέΣΣΡβηιλ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ΧνορσρπΨΤΩΫϋϐ ψϊΠΡκΧΣΩΡΠβ γζ ΩΥΣιμηδγεΡΠ΢ θζϑϓϒηκμξρέΣΣΡβηιλ ΩήαΰίέΫΩνΥ΢ειμοςώννι΢γγ ΧνορσρπΨΤΩΫϋϐ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ΩΥΣιμηδγεΡΠ΢ ψϊΠΡκΧΣΩΡΠβ γζ ΩήαΰίέΫΩνΥ΢ειμοςώννι΢γγ θζϑϓϒηκμξρέΣΣΡβηιλ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ΧνορσρπΨΤΩΫϋϐ ψϊθΤΠΡοβ΢βσοβγϑϒϓβΠΥΧΨΩΫέ ΩΥΣιμηδγεΡΠ΢ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ΩήαΰίέΫΩνΥ΢ειμοςώννι΢γγ ψϊθΤΠΡοβ΢βσοβγϑϒϓβΠΥΧΨΩΫέ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ψϊθΤΠΡοβ΢βσοβγϑϒϓβΠΥΧΨΩΫέ ψϊθΤ ΩΫέήίΰαβγδδεδβΧΨΨ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ Sample file ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ψϊθΤΠΡοβ΢βσοβγϑϒϓβΠΥΧΨΩΫέ ψϊθΤΠΡοβ΢βσοβγϑϒϓβΠΥΧΨΩΫέ ΡΥΤΠβ γθηοπρ ςσαΰϑωϊγϕϔϐ ψϊθΤΠΡοβ΢κΧΣΩΡΠβ γζ θζϑϓϒηκμξρέΣΣΡβηιλ Contents [Introduction] About This Product [1] Class Arctypes [1] Cleric Domains [1] Chaos Domain [1] Cosmos Domain [2] Justice Domain [2] Plague Domain The Eternal Realms [4] Sorcerous Origins [4] Cosmic Bloodiline [4] Divine Bloodline [8] Clasess [8] Blessed [11] Tarzan [15] Deities [16] Monsters [16] Alû [17] Anzû [18] Aqrabuamelu [19] Asag [20] Bashmu [21] Gallu [22] Golems [22] Sand Golem [23] Mud Golem [24] Kusarikku [25] Şüräle [26] Ugallu [27] Uridimmu [29] Races [30] Demigod [31] Aqrabuamelu [32] Kusarikku [33] Uridimmu [34] Subraces [34] Dragonborn [35] Spells [36] Special Thanks Sample file About This Product his is only the beggining. The Ensi's Compendium is the second part of The Explorer's Compendium Project, an exposition to many Ancient cultures. Aztec (Done Already), Mesapotamian (this one) Eygyptian, Norse, and Greek (maybe); this has only just Tbegun. This is only the Begining... Sample file Class Archtypes Hombrew subclasess for official clasess. Cleric Domains Domains Divine Strike Cleric Domain Typical Alignment You can channel the elements of destruction into your Chaos Chaotic attacks. Starting at 8th level, once on each of your turns when Cosmos Any you hit a creature with a weapon attack, you can cause the attack to deal an extra 1d8 psychic damage to the target. Justice Chaotic Good When you reach 14th level, this extra damage increases to Plague Chaotic 2d8. Chaos Domain Being of Chaos Atarting at 17th level, as an action, you become a being of Spellcasting pure chaos. Cleric For 1 hour, you gain the following benefits: Level Spells 1st wrath (see spells section), protection from evil Wings sprout from your back and grant you a flying speed and good of 60 feet. You emanate an aura of rage and menace in a 30-foot 3th mirror image, shatter radius. The first time any unfreindly creature enters the 5th fear, magic circle range or starts its turn there during a battle, the creature must succeeded on a Wisdom saving throw or become 7th confusion , magic circle frightened by you for 1 minute or until it takes any 9th animate objects , power word kill damage. Attack rolls against the frightened creature have advantage. Manipulate Chaos Once you use this feature, you can't use it again until you Starting when you choose this domain at 1st level, you can finish a long rest. manipulate the forces of chance and chaos to gain advantage on one attack roll, ability check, or saving throw once. After using this feature, the next time you cast a cleric spell of 1st Cosmos Domain level or higher, you can roll on the Wild Magic Surge table. If The stars, the sun, the sky, the darkness of the night. The you do so, you then regain use of this feature. You also regain moon, and planets from afar, there is musch that we do not use of this feature when you finish a long rest. know. The cosmos domain is a harness on the unkown of the Channel Divinity: Conjure Chaos universe around us. The Mesapotamians have studied the Starting at 2nd level, you can use your Channel Divinity to skies for years, and asocciating them with their deities, such sow chaos into the magic of other creatures. As an action, as Utu, god of the sun, and Nanna-Sin, godess of the moon. choose one creature within 60 feet of you. The next time that creature casts a spell of 1st level or higher within the next Spellcasting minute, they roll on the Wild Magic Surge table. Cleric Level Spells 1st Manipulate Gravity, Faerie Fire Channel Divinity: Bend Fate 3th Void, Moonbeam Starting at 6th level, you can use your Channel Divinity 5th Freedom of Movement, Sending feature to twist fate. When another creature that you can see makes an attack roll, ability check, or saving throw, as a 7th Destructive Wave , Freedom of movement reaction, you can roll a d4 and apply the number rolled as a 9th Far Step , Telekenisis bonus or penalty (your choice) to the creature's roll. You can use this feature after the target creature rolls but before any effects of the roll occur. Blessing From The Cosmos Starting at level one, you become immune to (a) fire and radiant damage, or (b) necrotic and cold damage (your Samplechoice). Aditionally, you ga in a hofilevering speed equal to your walking speed plus five. Class Archtypes | Cleric Domains | Chaos Domain 1.
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  • A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN

    A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN

    TEXTS FROM THE BABYLONIAN COLLECTION Volume 3 William W. Hallo, Editor TEXTS FROM THE BABYLONIAN COLLECTION Volume 3 ARECONSTRUCTION OF THE ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN GOD-LISTS, AN: dA NU-UM AND AN: ANU SA AMÉLI by Richard L. Litke LOC 98-061533 Copyright © 1998 by the Yale Babylonian Collection. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U. S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Printed in the United States of America Distributed by CDL Press, P.O.B. 34454 Bethesda, MD 20827, U.S.A. YALE BABYLONIAN COLLECTION New Haven The publication of thiS volume haS been made possible by a grant from Elizabeth DebevoiSe Healy in honor of her grandfather, Albert T. Clay. FOREWORD The publication of the present work has a long and complicated history. When FerriS J Stephens retired from the curatorship of the Babylonian Collection in 1962, and I arrived to take his place, one of the first problems confronting me was a large backlog of unfinished and half-finished manuscripts. These included dissertations written under the direction of Stephens or of Albrecht Goetze, and monographs and collections of copies prepared by former students and other collaborators. I therefore decided to bring the authorS in question back to New Haven to finish their manuscripts where possible, or to enlist other collaborators for the same purpose where it was not. To this end, applications were successfully made to the National Endowment for the Humanities for summer grants—five in all during the period 1968-77—which eventually resulted in, or contributed materially to, the publication of a dozen monographs (BIN 3, YNER 4-7, and YOS 11-14 and 17-18, as well as B.
  • Hitit Inanç Sistemi Içerisinde Yazilikaya Tanri Tasvirlerinin Değerlendirilmesi

    Hitit Inanç Sistemi Içerisinde Yazilikaya Tanri Tasvirlerinin Değerlendirilmesi

    TC ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (ESKİÇAĞ TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI HİTİT İNANÇ SİSTEMİ İÇERİSİNDE YAZILIKAYA TANRI TASVİRLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Aslı KAHRAMAN ÇİNAR Ankara- 2012 TC ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (ESKİÇAĞ TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI HİTİT İNANÇ SİSTEMİ İÇERİSİNDE YAZILIKAYA TANRI TASVİRLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Aslı KAHRAMAN ÇİNAR Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Turgut YİĞİT Ankara- 2012 (Tez Beyan Belgesi) TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE Bu belge ile, bu tezdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu beyan ederim. Bu kural ve ilkelerin gereği olarak, çalışmada bana ait olmayan tüm veri, düşünce ve sonuçları andığımı ve kaynağını gösterdiğimi ayrıca beyan ederim. (……/…../2012) Tezi Hazırlayan Öğrencinin Adı ve Soyadı Aslı KAHRAMAN ÇİNAR İmzası ……………………………………… TC ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (ESKİÇAĞ TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI HİTİT İNANÇ SİSTEMİ İÇERİSİNDE YAZILIKAYA TANRI TASVİRLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı: PROF. DR. TURGUT YİĞİT Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı İmzası PROF. DR. Turgut YİĞİT …………………………….. PROF. DR. Aygül SÜEL. …………………………….. YRD. DOÇ. DR. Sedat ERKUT …………………………….. Tez Sınavı Tarihi………………………….. ÖNSÖZ İnsanın yeryüzündeki varlığı ile vücut bulan din anlayışı, farklı form ve kurallarla her toplumda kabul görmüştür. Toplumlar bulundukları coğrafi şartlar, doğa koşulları, kültürel etkilerle sahip oldukları dinle şekillenmiş ve onu şekillendirmişlerdir. Anadolu toprakları tarihin her döneminde hoşgörü sembolü olmuş, bu topraklara sahip olan medeniyetler bu hoşgörü kimliğinden vazgeçmeyerek birbirlerinden miras aldıkları anlayışı yaşatmışlardır. Dinler ve kültürler çeşnisi olan Anadolu toprakları M.Ö ikinci binde Anadolu’nun orta yerinde kurulan ve buradan çevreye doğru genişleyen Hitit medeniyetine de ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Özüne sinmiş olan dinlere saygı ve hoşgörü anlayışını Hititlerde de yaşatmıştır.
  • Summoning the Sacred in Sumerian Incantations

    Summoning the Sacred in Sumerian Incantations

    SUMMONING THE SACRED IN SUMERIAN INCANTATIONS Graham Cunningham The process of successfully summoning the sacred can be viewed as consisting of two complementary parts which together produce an elision between opposites, the profane and the sacred. One of these interdependent parts is separation from the temporal or profane domain, the other is integration with the divine or sacred domain. The textual evidence from Mesopotamia, and the material evidence of temples and iconography, amply demonstrate the richness of the Mesopotamian ritual techniques for achieving such an elision. This paper concentrates on one part of that evidence, the Sumerian incantations traditionally classified as magical which constitute one of the most widely attested Mesopotamian textual genres and whose function is primarily therapeutic1, examining both the techniques they use to summon the sacred and the world-view on which they are based. Before studying these techniques, a brief discussion of terminology may be in order2. The concepts of the sacred and the profane are particularly indebted to the work at the beginning of this century of the sociologists Durkheim and Mauss who regarded them as two opposed categories into which all things, real and ideal, are classified3. In their view the sacred comprises both religion, a collective system of beliefs and practices, and magic, privately performed ritual and non-collective beliefs. The two categories have subsequently been adopted by historians of religion such as Eliade4, but they have placed less emphasis on the sociological distinction between religion and magic. Instead they have tended to revert to a much-disputed set of distinctions developed in the preceding century by Frazer and other anthropologists, namely that magic is more coercive and instrumental than religion5.

  • Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia

    AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia JEREMY BLACK AND ANTHONY GREEN Illustrations by Tessa Rickards Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia An Illustrated Dictionary Jeremy Black and Anthony Green Illustrations by Tessa Rickards THE BRITISH MUSEUM PRESS Jeremy Black The late Dr Black, formerly Director of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq, was a Fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford, and University Lecturer in Akkadian. He was the author of several studies on Sumerian and Babylonian literature and ancient philology, and headed the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature project (http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk ) Anthony Green Dr Green has formerly held the positions of Fellow of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq, J. Paul Getty Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the History of Art at the University of Pennsylvania, G.A. Wainwright Research Fellow in Near Eastern Archaeology at Oxford University, and Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellow at the Free University of Berlin. He is currently Shinji Shumeikai Senior Academic Research Fellow in Near Eastern Art and Archaeology at the Free University of Berlin. He has conducted extensive archaeological fieldwork in Syria and Iraq and writes on ancient Mesopotamian art and archaeology. Tessa Rickards Tessa Rickards is a freelance archaeological illustrator specialising in ancient Mesopotamia. She has worked as an illus- trator on numerous international excavations in the Middle East. She is an MA graduate of the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. Front cover: Green jasper seal depicting a conflict between two heroes, a bull-man, a bull and a lion. Dated 225o BC, origin unknown.
  • Beltane Weekend – in the Belly of the Dragon

    Beltane Weekend – in the Belly of the Dragon

    Spheres Of Light In the Belly of the Dragon Beltane Weekend — Nov 8th-10th 2019 SOL Beltane Weekend 2019 ~ In the Belly of the Dragon ~ 1 Beltane Weekend Schedule 8 -10 November 2019 Friday Page 5:00pm – Arrival 7:00pm – Greet & Meet/ Dinner 8:00pm - Intro to Weekend 8:30pm – Opening Ritual – Calling in the Dragons ………………………………………………………………………… 3 Relax around the campfire (no fire due to dry, windy weather & fire danger) Saturday 8:00 – MeditaJon Ritual 8:30 – Breakfast 9:30 – Discussion on Sumerian deity assigned to each person for the weekend …………………………. 18 10:30 – Entering the Realm of Ereshkigal …………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 11:00 – Workshop – Working with Dragon Fire ……………………………………………………………………………. 7 12:00 – Workshop – In the Belly of the Dragon – TransmuJng our LimitaJons …………………………….. 9 1:00 – Lunch 2:00 – Workshop – Dragon Power – Weather Magick ………………………………………………………………… 11 3:00 – CraY – Dragon Lightness & Darkness Mask Making & Dragon Wand Making …………………… 12 6:30 – Dinner 8:30 – Ritual - Tiamat Rite of Self CreaJon ………………………………………………………………………………. 13 Relax around the campfire (no fire due to dry, windy weather & fire danger) Sunday 8:00am – MeditaJon Ritual 8:30 - Breakfast 10:00 – Workshop – Alchemical Rebirth in the Waters of Tiamat ……………………………………………….. 14 11:30 – CraY – Making a Sigil of Tiamat for CreaJvity/FerJlity …………………………………………………… 16 1:00 - Lunch 2:00 – Ritual – Ascending the Realm of Ereshkigal – Taking back your Power …………………………….. 17 3:00 – Good byes Notes on Sumerian Deies ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18 SOL Beltane Weekend 2019 ~ In the Belly of the Dragon ~ 2 Opening Ritual — Calling in the Dragons Quarter calls and invoca9ons were composed on the night - no wri=en script. Instead of using the pentagram when calling the quarters a special sigil was used and was traced in unison By all par9cipants as each quarter call was made.
  • Demons and Monsters in the Mesopotamian Textual and Artistic Tradition

    Demons and Monsters in the Mesopotamian Textual and Artistic Tradition

    They are Seven: Demons and Monsters in the Mesopotamian Textual and Artistic Tradition by Gina V. Konstantopoulos A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Near Eastern Studies) in the University of Michigan 2015 Doctoral Committee: Professor Piotr A. Michalowski, Chair Professor Gary M. Beckman Associate Professor Ian S. Moyer Associate Professor Ellen Muehlberger Professor Daniel Schwemer, Julius Maximilians Universität Würzburg © Gina V. Konstantopoulos 2015 Acknowledgements I owe debts of gratitude (as well as the existence of this dissertation as anything resembling a complete – perhaps even coherent – form) to many different people. First and foremost, my thanks go to my dissertation committee. I am deeply grateful to have worked with Piotr Michalowski as my advisor from the beginning of my time at Michigan, and to have had the great privilege of so much time studying under his Sumerological wing. I am thankful to Gary Beckman for years of careful instruction and equally dedicated care to this dissertation. Ian Moyer agreed to join on as my cognate member and committed his careful attention to the project. Ellen Muehlberger tirelessly read drafts, fielded questions, and was endlessly patient with letting me know when I had gone too far afield or otherwise off-book. Daniel Schwemer kindly agreed to sign onto the committee while I was studying with him at Würzburg, and applied his meticulous attention to it. I was able to spend the 2012-2013 academic year at the University of Würzburg thanks to a fellowship from the Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst, and I could not have been more fortunate to spend my first full year of research and writing in such a supportive department.