Espaço, Tempo E Poder

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Espaço, Tempo E Poder UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA Faculdade de Letras ESPAÇO, TEMPO E PODER NOS MITOS DO ḪATTI, DE UGARIT E DE HESÍODO Uma Morfologia Comparativa João Paulo Teixeira da Silva Galhano DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO EM HISTÓRIA ANTIGA Lisboa 2012 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA Faculdade de Letras ESPAÇO, TEMPO E PODER NOS MITOS DO ḪATTI, DE UGARIT E DE HESÍODO Uma Morfologia Comparativa João Paulo Teixeira da Silva Galhano DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO EM HISTÓRIA ANTIGA ORIENTADA PELO PROFESSOR DOUTOR NUNO SIMÕES RODRIGUES Lisboa 2012 Aos meus pais, que, antecipando-se a Hesíodo, me ensinaram os valores do Trabalho e da Justiça. Às minhas filhas, a quem espero ensinar o mesmo. SUMÁRIO RESUMO / ABSTRACT i PALAVRAS-CHAVE / KEYWORDS iii HONORIS GRATIA iv ABREVIATURAS vi I. INTRODUÇÃO 1 II. TEXTOS E CONTEXTOS 8 II.1. AS MATRIZES POLÍTICAS 8 II.1.1. OS DOMÍNIOS DO ḪATTI 8 II.1.2. O REINO DE UGARIT 15 II.1.3. A GRÉCIA, DA QUEDA DE MICENAS A HESÍODO 21 II.2. OS CORPORA MÍTICOS 27 II.2.1. EM TORNO DO CONCEITO DE MITO 27 II.2.2. OS MITOS DO ḪATTI 31 II.2.3. OS MITOS DE UGARIT 42 II.2.4. HESÍODO 54 III. MORFOLOGIA COMPARATIVA 64 III.1. O ESPAÇO MITOLÓGICO 64 III.1.1. A MONTANHA E O CÉU 64 III.1.2. O MUNDO INFERIOR 82 III.1.3. A ÁGUA, A TERRA E O TODO ESPACIAL 99 III.2. O TEMPO MITOLÓGICO 114 III.2.1. A ORIGEM 114 III.2.2. ESTRUTURAS DO PASSADO 126 III.2.3. DO PRESENTE ÀS VISÕES DO FUTURO 143 III.2.4. FINITO E INFINITO, LINEAR E CIRCULAR 150 III.3. A ORGANIZAÇÃO DOS PODERES DIVINOS 164 III.3.1. LUTA E SUCESSÃO 164 III.3.2. O REI DIVINO 191 III.3.3. OS GRUPOS DIVINOS 206 IV. A QUESTÃO DA INFLUÊNCIA 223 IV.1. PRESSUPOSTOS HISTÓRICO-GEOGRÁFICOS 223 IV.2. A SIMILITUDE EM SÍNTESE 235 IV.3. PERSPETIVANDO A INFLUÊNCIA OU O EPÍLOGO POSSÍVEL 250 BIBLIOGRAFIA 267 ÍNDICE ONOMÁSTICO 283 RESUMO Com este estudo, procurou-se saber até que ponto existem semelhanças (e divergências) entre as conceções de espaço, tempo e poder nas mitologias do Ḫatti, de Ugarit e de Hesíodo, investigando-se depois a questão da influência. No campo do espaço mitológico, foram encontradas semelhanças relativas: a) aos topoi da montanha e do céu; b) à ideia de mundo inferior, de espaços da água e da terra; c) e ao modo de referir a totalidade espacial. No domínio do tempo mitológico, foram encontrados paralelos relativos: a) à origem do mundo e dos deuses, não obstante a muito maior preocupação por este tema em Hesíodo; b) às formas narrativas e conceptuais de estruturar o passado; c) ao sentido ritualizado do presente; d) à visão determinista do futuro; e) e a certas ideias de finitude e infinitude. Observou-se ainda uma predominante conceção de tempo linear nos textos hesiódicos, sendo relevante o conceito de tempo circular, ou cíclico, no Ḫatti e em Ugarit. No estudo da organização dos poderes divinos, verificaram-se similitudes: a) nas narrativas de luta e sucessão divina; b) em várias características do rei divino, apesar do desinteresse anatólico antigo por este tema; c) e em determinados modos de constituição de grupos divinos, com um forte pendor familiar na composição ugaritiana destes agregados. As diversas semelhanças parecem derivar de influência recíproca entre as áreas hatita e ugaritiana, havendo bastantes fatores que apontam para fenómenos de transmissão cultural de morfologias mitopoéticas do Ḫatti e de Ugarit à Grécia de Hesíodo. i ABSTRACT This study aimed to know the extension of similarities (and differences) between the conceptions of space, time and power in the mythologies of Ḫatti, Ugarit, and Hesiod, and after that it was investigated the question of influence. In the field of the mythological space, similarities were found: a) in the topoi of the mountain and the sky; b) in the idea of the underworld and the water and land spaces; c) as well as in the way to denote space totality. In the area of mythological time, were also found parallels related with: a) the cosmos and gods origin, despite the much greater concern with this subject in Hesiod; b) the narrative and conceptual ways of structuring the past; c) the ritualized sense of the present; d) the deterministic view of the future; e) and with certain ideas of finitude and infinitude. It was also seen a predominant linear conception of time in the hesiodic texts, being very significant a notion of circular or cyclic time in Ḫatti and Ugarit. In the study of the organization of the divine powers, similarities were seen: a) in the narratives of struggle and divine succession; b) in several characteristics of the divine king, despite the ancient anatolian disinterest in this subject; c) and in some ways of constitution of divine groups, with a strong familiar emphasis in the ugaritian composition of these aggregates. The several similarities seem to arise from mutual influence between the hattite and ugaritian areas, and there are many factors that point to phenomena of cultural transmission of the mythopoetical morphologies of Ḫatti and Ugarit to the hesiodic Greece. ii PALAVRAS-CHAVE KEYWORDS Ugarit Ugarit Ḫatti Ḫatti Hesíodo Hesiod Mitologia Mythology Espaço Space Tempo Time Poder Power Influência Influence iii HONORIS GRATIA A natural procura humana do saber, aquela mesma que Aristóteles disse ser constitutiva do ser humano (logo no início da Metafísica ) é a razão principal da existência da presente dissertação. Porém, não foi a única; vários fatores contribuiram para que ela pudesse chegar à sua forma atual. E é este o espaço ideal para o lembrar. Um decisivo contributo para esta dissertação veio justamente do seu estimado orientador, Doutor Nuno Simões Rodrigues, quer na fase de ajustamento do projeto inicial, quer ao longo da sua elaboração e finalização. A sua experiência, saber e constante disponibilidade para avaliar o trabalho desenvolvido mostraram-se indispensáveis na primeira receção do texto escrito, sempre valorizado com as suas sugestões e contributos. Acresceram ainda os seus esforços no acesso à bibliografia especializada que, como se sabe, continua bastante lacunar nas bibliotecas portuguesas. Por tudo isto mais a sua bondade, aqui fica um sincero agradecimento. Como seria de esperar, o estudo das línguas antigas mostrou-se um fator capital para o acesso aos textos originais. Em boa medida, tal foi possibilitado pela generosidade dos Professores que as ensinaram e, por essa razão, aqui lhes deixo um franco agradecimento a todos eles. Em especial à minha querida Professora de Grego, Doutora Ana Alexandra Alves de Sousa, que durante longos e breves anos me ensinou uma das mais belas línguas, e ao Doutor José Augusto Ramos, não só pela sua disponibilidade para o ensino do Ugaritiano e do Hebraico, em privilegiado regime tutorial, mas também pelo entusiasmo partilhado no estudo das línguas antigas. O enquadramento institucional das atividades científicas também é de lembrar, pois deu um contributo muito importante para a investigação. Nesse sentido, deixo aqui um bem haja a todas e a todos os funcionários da Biblioteca da Faculdade de Letras. Em particular à D. Ana Paula Alexandre, pela sua simpatia e esforço na disponibilização de bibliografia em trânsito da biblioteca do Instituto Oriental para a Biblioteca da Faculdade de Letras. E também um bem haja às funcionárias da Secretaria da Faculdade de Letras, pela sua diligente resolução dos necessários procedimentos. Também não é possível esquecer os contributos da minha amiga Nídia Santos, pela sua ajuda na disponibilização de bibliografia da área, e do meu amigo Armando Norte, companheiro de alegres discussões que esteve sempre disponível para ajudar e incentivar. A ambos agradeço com amizade. iv Por último, mas não menos importante, registo aqui a amizade, a compreensão, o carinho e o incondicional apoio da Eduarda, dilecta companheira de longa data e sem a qual este estudo não teria tido condições para ser realizado. Em boa verdade, também em cada linha desta dissertação, qual inacabado palimpsesto, vive o seu amor original. Covilhã, 17 de Setembro de 2012 v ABREVIATURAS Os acrónimos e abreviaturas usados neste estudo seguem as seguintes obras: para autores gregos, o Greek-English Lexicon de H. G. Liddell, R. Scott et al.; para autores latinos, o Oxford Latin Dictionary ; para livros bíblicos, a Bíblia Sagrada dos Missionários Capuchinhos. Os acrónimos das publicações periódicas seguem o Dictionary of Bibliographic Abbreviations de J. S. Wellington. Os textos hatitas, sempre que possível, são identificados pelo número CTH, atribuído por E. Laroche no Catalogue des Textes Hittites , seguido de referências às tabuinhas, às linhas e por vezes ao parágrafo, de acordo com a edição do texto. Os textos ugaritianos são identificados pelo número KTU, atribuído por M. Dietrich, O. Loretz e J. Sanmartín em The Cuneiform Alphabetic Texts: from Ugarit, Ras Ibn Hani and Other Places (KTU) . São ainda usadas as seguintes abreviaturas: Acad. Acadiano (língua) Al. Alemão (língua) comm. comentário Ebl. Eblaíta (língua) Eg. Egípcio (língua) frag. fragmento Gr. Grego (língua) Hat. Hatita (língua) Heb. Hebraico (língua) Hurr. Hurrita (língua) Ing. Inglês (língua) Luv. Luvita (língua) Pal. Palaíta (língua) s.d. sem data Sum. Sumério (língua) s./ss. e seguinte/e seguintes trad. tradução Ug. Ugaritiano (língua) v./vv. verso/versos vi INTRODUÇÃO I. INTRODUÇÃO O primeiro propósito deste estudo é aparentemente simples. Trata-se de saber até que ponto existem semelhanças (ou divergências) entre as conceções de espaço, tempo e poder nas mitologias do Ḫatti, de Ugarit e de Hesíodo. A proposta constitui-se assim como uma morfologia comparativa entre dois corpora míticos – um anatólico e outro semita do noroeste – e um poeta grego, o «ministro das doces Musas». A exigência compreensiva facilmente reconduz a problemática à questão da influência, área em que é necessário levar em conta as relações históricas entre os povos de onde emanaram aquelas mitologias, nas suas vertentes geográfica, política, económica e linguística.
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