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Innovació I Compromís Social 60 Anys D’Informatització I Creixement

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Innovació I Compromís Social 60 Anys D’Informatització I Creixement Aquest estudi planteja d’una manera inèdita el paper de la tecnologia en el desenvolupament d’una entitat finan- cera, “la Caixa”, a través del que en aquest text es deno- io mina la seva «opció tecnològica». c nfulgen a La innovació i el desenvolupament tecnològic de “la Caixa” vier S a X han estat el resultat de l’acció de grups humans que van Foto: Foto: actuar en contextos i situacions molt variats. Com en Innovac 1950 tota trajectòria empresarial (“la Caixa” ja té més de cent J. Carles Maixé-Altés, natural de Tarragona, es va llicen- anys d’història), hi va haver temps heroics en què es van ciar en Història Moderna i Contemporània i també en i trencar esquemes, tal com va passar amb la introducció ó Ciències Econòmiques per la Universitat de Barcelona, i dels primers ordinadors al principi dels anys seixanta. soc compromís on es va doctorar en Història Econòmica (cum laude) el Poc després, a meitat de la dècada, va arribar el telepro- 1992. Actualment és professor titular d’universitat (De- cés, tecnologia en la qual l’entitat va ser líder a Europa. partament d’Economia Aplicada 1, Universitat de la Co- També hi va haver fases d’acceleració, en què, a cavall 2011 runya). La seva investigació s’adreça preferentment cap de les reformes política i financera, es van generar prou a l’estudi de la història financera i bancària europea (se- sinergies per canviar el rumb de l’empresa. Fins i tot en gles XVIII-XX) i el canvi tecnològic i organitzatiu en les moments crítics, com passa en la crisi actual, s’aprecia i finances detallistes des de 1950. al que la innovació, un cop més, està sostenint el lideratge de l’entitat. i creixement d’informatització 60 anys Recentment està estudiant la distribució d’aliments a Es- panya i Europa en la segona meitat del segle XX. Ha pu- La innovació i el lideratge assolits per “la Caixa” no s’han blicat diversos llibres i articles en revistes especialitzades. produït per generació espontània, sinó que més aviat Els més recents són el llibre Technological Innovation in semblen, als ulls de l’anàlisi històrica, el resultat d’adapta- Retail Finance, International Historical Perspectives, editat cions successives en conjuntures molt diverses. Potser amb Bernardo Batiz-Lazo i Paul Thomes (Londres-Nova aquestes siguin les claus de la seva supervivència i el seu York, Routledge, 2011), i l’article «Managing Technological lideratge. Change by Committee: Adoption of Computers in Spa- nish and British Savings Banks (circa 1960-1988)», Revista J. Carles Maixé-Altés de Historia Industrial, 47-3, 2011 (amb B. Batiz-Lazo). ecoapli1.udc.es/maixe Innovació i compromís social 60 anys d’informatització i creixement 9 J. Carles Maixé-Altés 7 2 2 4 5 9 6 4 8 8 7 9 Portada LKXA.indd 1 29/11/12 12:45 INNOVACIÓ I COMPROMÍS SOCIAL 60 ANYS D’INFORMATITZACIÓ I CREIXEMENT, 1950-2011 INNOVACIÓ I COMPROMÍS SOCIAL 60 ANYS D’INFORMATITZACIÓ I CREIXEMENT, 1950-2011 J. Carles Maixé-Altés © d’aquesta edició Caixa d’Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona - ”la Caixa”, 2012 © del text: J. Carles Maixé-Altés, 2012 © de les fotografi es: Arxiu Fotogràfi c de ”la Caixa” i CECA. De les pàgines 50 i 51, Xavier Sanfulgencio. Caixa d’Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona - ”la Caixa” Avinguda Diagonal 621-629 08028 Barcelona tel. 934 047 682 fax. 934 046 892 Coordinació editorial: Edicions 62 Disseny i maquetació: Cèl-lula Realització editorial: Bonalletra Alcompàs, SL Imprès a SYL Creaciones gráfi cas y Publicitarias, S. A. ISBN: 978-84-695-4227-9 Dipòsit legal: B. 31063-2012 La responsabilitat de les opinions recollides en aquest document correspon de manera exclusiva al seu autor. La CAIXA D’ESTALVIS I PENSIONS DE BARCELONA no s’identifi ca necessàriament amb aquestes opinions. Índex La innovació al servei de les persones ...............................................................10 Agraïments .............................................................................................................12 Acrònims i convencions adoptats ......................................................................13 Introducció .............................................................................................................14 1940-1961 Capítol 1 Neix la gestió científica ........................................................................................24 Govern corporatiu i filosofia de la gestió .............................................................28 Marc econòmic i política de la CPVE ....................................................................32 La tradició organitzativa: l’era Moragas, 1904-1935 ...........................................40 Canvis administratius previs a la mecanització .................................................57 A la recerca del temps perdut ...............................................................................64 El viatge d’estudis del 1958 a Itàlia, França i Suïssa ...........................................75 Recursos humans, organització i mecanització .................................................85 1962-1978 Capítol 2 Els pioners del teleprocés ....................................................................................92 Fortaleses i debilitats .............................................................................................96 Fent lloc al primer ordinador ..............................................................................105 2001: una odissea de l’espai. L’IBM 1410 ................................................................113 Un «miracle», la incorporació off-line de les sucursals .....................................125 La centralitat del Servei Electrònic Comptable ................................................133 IBM 360-30: l’accés en «temps real» ...................................................................136 La primera revolució tecnològica: el teleprocés ...............................................142 Política d’inversions i informatització ...............................................................155 La Xarxa Secundària d’Alt Nivell de Telefónica ................................................161 De quina manera l’automatització va modelar l’organització .......................171 Canvi tecnològic i productivitat ........................................................................176 Dels anys setanta als noranta Conclusions ..........................................................................................................376 Capítol 3 Fonts ......................................................................................................................383 Col·laborar i conèixer el món ............................................................................188 Bibliografia ...........................................................................................................385 Índex temàtic i de noms ....................................................................................390 El Congrés Internacional d’Automatització de Sitges del 1969 .......................192 El Sistema d’Intercomunicació de les Caixes d’Estalvis (SICA) .......................196 Impacte de la col·laboració en la banca detallista ...........................................204 Els nous sistemes de pagament i el «diner de plàstic» .....................................208 Les idiosincràsies del mercat de targetes ..........................................................218 Creix la banca electrònica ...................................................................................223 La dimensió internacional de les caixes i els comitès d’automatització .......230 1979-1998 Capítol 4 Canviar per créixer ..............................................................................................240 Desregulació i expansió empresarial .................................................................245 La segona revolució tecnològica, 1979-1983 .....................................................260 Mainframe i serveis financers ..............................................................................270 Neix l’autoservei financer ...................................................................................283 Educar l’usuari: el «Club de Clients» .................................................................296 L’aposta pels ordinadors personals ....................................................................302 La fusió amb la Caixa de Barcelona ...................................................................307 Els serveis de Telefónica i la Xarxa UNO ...........................................................311 L’outsourcing ...........................................................................................................317 Escala i diversificació ...........................................................................................322 1999-2011 Capítol 5 Generar valor a partir del coneixement ...........................................................328 La banca detallista en l’era multicanal .............................................................333 Estratègia corporativa i nous canals ..................................................................344 Les xarxes de comunicació i la seva arquitectura tecnològica .......................350 Els novíssims canals de banca electrònica .......................................................356 Desenvolupar també la tradició .........................................................................362 Gestió integral del risc en el si de l’estratègia ...................................................369
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