in the of the sovereignty, witnessing, repair . in the of the
so ereignty, witnessing, repair
.
Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 3 8/12/19 7:08 PM © Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper ∞ Designed by Aimee C. Harrison Typeset in Garamond Premier Pro by Copperline Books
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Thomas, Deborah A., [date] author. Title: Political life in the wake of the plantation : sovereignty, witnessing, repair / Deborah A. Thomas. Description: Durham : Duke University Press, . | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identiers: (print) (ebook) (ebook) (hardcover : alk. paper) (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: : Jamaica—Politics and government— – | Social justice—Jamaica—History. | Jamaica—History— – | Political violence—Jamaica—History. | Rastafari movement—Jamaica. | Civil rights—Jamaica—History. | Sovereignty. Classication: (ebook) | . (print) | . —dc record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/
Cover art: Caskets of victims of the violence in Kingston, . Photograph by Ratiba Hamzaoui//Getty.
Duke University Press gratefully acknowledges the University of Pennsylvania, which provided funds toward the publication of this book.
Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 4 8/12/19 7:08 PM for Connie
Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 5 8/12/19 7:08 PM Generations come and generations go, but the earth remains forever. The sun rises and the sun sets, and hurries back to where it rises. The wind blows to the south and turns to the north; round and round it goes, ever returning on its course. All streams ow into the sea, yet the sea is never full. To the place the streams come from, there they return again. All things are wearisome, more than one can say. The eye never has enough of seeing, nor the ear its ll of hearing. What has been will be again, what has been done will be done again; there is nothing new under the sun. Is there anything of which one can say, “Look! This is something new”? It was here already, long ago; it was here be- fore our time. No one remembers the former generations, and even those yet to come will not be remembered by those who follow them. — Ecclesiastes : – (New International Version)
Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 7 8/12/19 7:08 PM Contents
xi
Humanness in the Wake of the Plantation Doubt
Interlude I Interrogating Imperialism Expectancy Interlude II Naming Names Paranoia The End of the World as We Know It
Galleries appear a er chapter and a er chapter
Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 9 8/12/19 7:08 PM Preface
, and the army entered the West Kingston community of Tivoli Gardens to apprehend Christopher “Dudus” Coke, who had been ordered for extradi- tion to stand trial in the United States on gun- and drug- running charges. In August when the United States issued the extradition request for Coke, Bruce Golding, then Prime Minister, leader of the Jamaica Labour Party and member of Parliament for Tivoli Gardens, argued against the extradition on the procedural grounds that the evidence against Coke was obtained by wire- tapping, which is illegal under Jamaican law. But by the third week in May , under pressure from Parliament and the U.S. government, Golding an- nounced to the nation on television that he had authorized the attorney- general to sign the extradition order. This led to a stando between the se- curity forces that had to nd Coke, and many of Coke’s supporters who were bent on protecting him at any cost. By the end of the week, Coke had not yet been found and at least seventy-v e civilians were ocially recognized as having been killed (the number community members give is closer to two hundred). The government established a curfew for Tivoli Gardens, and resi- dents were forced to show passes when leaving or entering. Most movement in or out of the community was eectively stopped, which meant that many people were unable to work, to go to school, to shop for food, or to go about
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xii | lic television inlic Jamaica. campuses acrosson college North America andthe Caribbean, andon pub Marley Museum in Kingston, anditscreenedat lmfestivals internationally, was detained andsubsequentlywas detained extradited. the routines ordinary oftheir This lives. continued until June, when Coke and complications. ethnography, an attempt witness, to bear with its attendant all complexities ofvisual asort as Yet began This project abook. as notbegin did this project . in Jamaica or accounted aired for. publicly has notbeen its report to Parliament in June , violence ofpolitical scope but the full of April under nally got way ofthat in December yearandsubmitted Commission that for by ofEnquiry the Public Defender’s was called Report terim report to Parliament the regarding conduct ofthe forces. The security three almost took years for the of the Oce Public Defender to submit an in lic television inlic Jamaica. campuses acrosson college North America andthe Caribbean, andon pub Marley Museum in Kingston, anditscreenedat lmfestivals internationally, low travelers. Aer that, the documentary had premiere its ocial at the Bob nual commemoration ofthe events, to arapt andfel audience ofRastafari time, andother avisceral such fearofRastafari as forms ofblack consciousness. within theof broader hegemonies dynamics andsocial ofthe political who had experienced that persecution, andwe contextualized their narratives therefore, we worked with members ofthe community to track down elders increasing activism. for andrespect blackpolitical To freedoms create the lm, to assimilate dicult been within atriumphalist nationalist narrative ofever the youth. This the was because partly events at Gardens Coral wouldhave GardensCoral remembered was notreliably even especially among Rastafari, worked tirelessly to bring itinto consciousness. public Despite these eorts, Jamaicans outside activists ofRastafari ofahandful in western Jamaica who theas result ofaland dispute. This “incident” forgotten by most was largely maican governmentRastafarians and torturedrounded hundreds up, jailed of community itamassacre call — documented the Gardens Coral “incident” — Friday: a erCoral Bad Rastafari called I directed Gardens ( ). That lm versity ( Nottingham Trent University, had attended ascreening at New York Uni the University of the West Indies archive in adigital Montego Bay developed reparations on the “incident,” based case and the western extension campus of the University of the West Indies archive in adigital Montego Bay developed reparations on the “incident,” based case and the western extension campus of Despite the immediate activities ofvarious organizations, it civil society Our rst screening of ) of the ) lm that John Jackson, Junior “Gabu” Wedderburn, and Deanne Bell, aJamaican Deanne now Bell, teaching at psychologist The Public Defender’s in Oce Jamaica pursued a Bad FridayBad was on Friday, April , at the an a moment just aer independence when the Ja me mbers of the Rastafari mbers ofthe Rastafari ------8/12/19 7:08PM | xiii 8/12/19 7:08 PM ------t of the t of the is the Jamai is the à- v à- nded, signicant trans e rst century, therefore, because therefore, century, rst ay practice have become part of the nation’s perfor become part nation’s have of the practice ay d o- t now runs on a constant loop in the National Gallery Ja of National the loop in constant a on runs now Bad Friday This has been of Rastafari has This position possible vis- because the Coral Gardens has also been able to capture sympathetic public attention public attention sympathetic also has been capture able to Coral Gardens while the question of racial open- equality question remains whilethe of Coral Gardens that includes our interviews as well as testimonies from ad interviewsfrom as our as well includes testimonies that Coralof Gardens of that events the part witnessed or of police were ditional who and civilians week. can state is much changed since the early s. In the early years Rastafari early the In s. changed early is much the since state can seen as They were Jamaica. independent in of citizenship limits the marked because they did accept not new nation of the consolidation the to a threat as political (instead seeing Africa leadership Jamaican the of authority the economic capitalist to and social they didsubscribe not develop “home”); colorof normalized hierarchies the turn models; to ment theyand attempted linguistic both and ideological heads through their on and class reconstruc because of world the all over Rastafari is known and reggae Jamaica Now, tion. political to par an opposition and though Rastafarimusic, some maintain with relationships organized sought create to newer have groups ticipation, polity Jamaican the within interests their for advocate to order in state the scale the fora. Consequently, institutional local both via and transnational locally both and transnation intervention, and critical impact of Rastafari’s language, community’s of the elements that extent the to intensied has ally, and day- worldview, the for is largely responsible that words, is Rastafari, other in It of itself. mance Jamaica put has that and Jamaica, in and consciousness of black pride growth postcolonial the world. throughout and particularly globally, map the on mos — incident y the from years on than more now are because we one in passed “repented” or on either have involved directly police were who the in inuential families of the were and while some who another, or way commu the in active still are time that at area of Rastafari that in persecution create possible was to changed. has population It general will the of the nity, twenty- decade of the rst the in archive this of racial open- equality question remains whilethe to Rastafari globally a threat occurred no longer render had that formations casewhen the not as is This obviously integrity. and nationalist citizenship Gardens, Tivoli from Coke of Christopher extradition the to lens our turn we pages. should these become in clearer that reasons for we turn our lens to the extradition of Christopher Coke from Tivoli Gardens, Gardens, Tivoli from Coke Christopher of extradition the to lens our turn we pages. should these become in clearer that reasons for formations had occurred globally that no longer render Rastafari a threat to to Rastafari globally a threat occurred no longer render had that formations casewhen the not as is This obviously integrity. and nationalist citizenship maica and Institute of Jamaica’s western branch in the Rastafari exhibit, the in and branch western Jamaica’s of and Institute maica ocially apologized Holness Andrew the Minister to Prime , April on those for benets of reparative number a and outlined Rastafari community event An ). (Cross fund aected, trust a and land were including who years be past ve the within has public to all was consciousness lost but that terrain. historical come part national of the Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 13 Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 14
xiv | fers dierent aordances than academic prose. In visual work, we are to able opposition to them state sovereignty someviolence, sense andto give ofhow the practices andperformances of fers dierent aordances than academic prose. In visual work, we are to able opposition to them — h state sovereignty — someviolence, sense andto give ofhow the practices andperformances of FridayBad . that operated quite dierently from the temporal frame that contextualized There to our waswork animmediacy with residents in West Kingston,one tion ofdual power structures — t us working to when we began with them, a line that reects their negotia andto make surereceive feedback, we were walking the ne asked linethey shared their experiences with us to show them dras of our work in order to Washington, And we on convened occasions, several DC. who the people personnel within the U.S. Consulate in Kingston andtheir counterparts in throughwalk the community in January , andemails between andcables University ofPennsylvania in August ), additional from video aguided taken by community youth during aworkshop we ran with students from the munity itself, portraits and of picturesour photography (both interviewees due to Schwartz’stion (again, archival lmandstills generosity), ofthe com fromcluding the the U.S. footage drone that was overhead during the opera friend’s music studio, andwe avariety amassed ofadditional materials, in our in together early project .began in order to write his ously us connected with with the whom people hehad worked most closely includinggures the American journalist Mattathias who gener Schwartz, ing anything there. Deanne however, persisted, andwith the help key ofafew theregarding still unresolved events of do to against mitigate seemed to, or contacts within, Tivoli, andthe sense ofbeing in the thick ofthings have characterized in life independent political Jamaica. Not having any ties “hot,” itwere, as ofthe overarching notpart oppositions andongoing that the elders’ stories. It the because possible situation was also was nolonger toable create with individuals who attempting had been already to document long- they lost.they Initially, Iresisted. ing the of May week name andto publicly andmemorialize ones loved Gardens andsurrounding communities about to their talk experiences dur lm or other visual work that would provide a platform in Tivoli for people about creating something similar addressing the state in , of emergency a Both projects,however, stand attempts as to witness and to archive state Both projects,however, stand attempts as to witness andto archive state theOver histories intervening oral about years, we in thirty a recorded Aer the s tanding ties we had to the community andthe relationships we were Bad FridayBad — and t and the attempts to through, create and in alongside, life — New Yorker article “A Massacre in Jamaica” ( ), we h screening at ave over changed time. The sphere ofthe visual of ave over changed time. The sphere ofthe visual of he attempts to through, create andin alongside, life Bad FridayBad hat ofthe state andthat ofthe Coke family. , I argued, was possible because ofthe was possible , Iargued, , Deanne approached meandJunior ------
8/12/19 7:08PM | xv 8/12/19 7:08 PM ------ans multiple temporal temporal multiple ans sp Moreover, these engagements are stubbornly both unpredictable and as unpredictable both stubbornly are engagements these Moreover, Following this, our visual, sonic, and textual work ideally would be “read” ideally would be work sonic, “read” visual, and textual our this, Following — and imagined, past present and institutionalized pirational, and our visual work seeks willfully to accept this indeterminacy, seeks work willfully indeterminacy, visual this accept to and our pirational, in sort some recognition of domains of the awaken to while also attempting representations, and their of events and consumers aswhich we, producers and engages process, visual extends our account textual complicit. This are sort the via process, this through violence of archiving complexities and the ( : Walley For about. written has Walley Christine of transmediation new poand oer can media practice ethnographic in multiple using ), ex for engagement for as spaces well as diverse “possibilities more tentially “transmedia” term the Here, panded dialogue era.” unequal increasingly an in and research in media platforms of multiple use the is coined evoke not to medium one from highlight to nor of adaptation processes dissemination, with media forms, across narratives “ethnographic extend to but another, to : (Walley whole” the to contribution a unique making each component ethnog about conversations might robust encourage more that ways in ) and representation. as relationship, process, raphy necessarily seek without other gaps the in the to each speaking with together, read of transmedial kind This story. seamless one into them resolve to ing media and digital the to worlds justice also more do mighting ultimately et al. Jackson ; (Ginsburg interlocutors our to us linking nonlinearities and time of ethnographic social the relations rethink to us helping ), me, for Ultimately, practice. writing, and extratextual research, our in space — violence pages life and through these in in story making the about I relate embodied both to and cognitive attention and requires frames, and spatial modes of apprehen these generate can that modes archives of analysis. The the periods, and thus dierent for dierent are however, and analysis, sion of looking, of way kind another the requires of evidence gathering process years ago, dif many for the advocated () Ginsburg “parallax eect” Faye these hope is that ultimate a change of position. by My enabled vision ferent a dier- in revolution mightchanges of position also understand allow to us allied are and repair which projects. archiving in one register, ent ferent vision enabled by a change of position. My ultimate hope is that these these hope is that ultimate a change of position. by My enabled vision ferent a dier in revolution mightchanges of position also understand allow to us allied are and repair projects. which archiving in one register, ent proximately juxtapose divergent scales, perspectives, and times. And the af the And and times. scales, perspectives, divergent juxtapose proximately pro the through reect sought and generate to have we engagements fective of as dynamics as well made, the have we decisions that and editing duction dicult capture to sometimes decisions, are these condition that present the language. through represent or Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 15 Introduction
in the of the
— — of the plantation? How have people confronted the unpredictable aerlives of colonialism and slavery, nationalism and state formation in ways that per- form not only a material but also an aective transformation? What forms of community and expectation are produced in and through violence? What does modern sovereignty feel like? These questions have been haunting me over the past twelve years during which I have been developing archives of the relationships between sovereignty and violence in Jamaica. My specic obsessions have had to do with the temporal regimes to which postcolonial sovereignty projects have been tethered. I have wanted to know how these regimes have conditioned the aective states through which sovereignty proj- ects are enacted and experienced and how they have shaped the complex pro- cesses of subjectivity within a modernity whose foundational infrastructures were imperialism, colonization, and plantation- based slavery. I have been in- terested in what Sylvia Wynter identied as a constitutive tension between the dominant logic of the plantation — a lologic that undergirds all modern sovereignty projects — and ititss internal threat, the (oen millennial) spaces within which enslaved people maintained a conception of themselves as hu- man rather than as property. It is this tension that would ultimately shape the relationship between the national and the popular in struggles over sov-
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| : ). animation, action, political andmatters ofthe (quoted in heart” Madison “shared temporality, on the line, soundscapes bodies ofpower, inter- dialogic consistently Conquergood for Dwight which advocated — practice.instead, It anembodied isthe kind of“co- destabilizing the ocular- witnessing” by emphasizing its aective dimensions visuality, beyond thereby Tait ( ) witness,” has referred “bearing to as itfrom distinguishing “eye- involves assuming for contemporary events. responsibility This iswhat Sue (, bydescribed Barbie Zelizer ), in practice itisamoral which that and across ofconsciousness, levels andisthus closer to the form ofwitnessing are mobilized, such as human such as are mobilized, rights andreconciliation. in andthroughited their relationships to the categories through they which Truthnals such as Commissions andReconciliation ( . rather, nor unmediated; forward itisambivalent andrelationally complex. categories ofthe dominant.” here, implied as isneither Witnessing, straight the “nimble ofrefusal, andstrategicmodality practices that undermine the kind of quiet and quotidian way Tina Campt ( : ) has identied a as day practice. tending both to moments ofexceptional violence andto the ofevery realm ereignty, anditisthis tension by at ethnographically that legible becomes redenition ofhuman recognition. entanglementscal and the make generate possibilities they they for a visible; the- broader dimensionsand political historical andgeopoliti ofsovereignty; the relations bring they into material, being among the prophetic, psychic, oral- visual, to juxtapose ofarchives be will My in assemblages these pages agenda — technologies through wewhich witnesstechnologies potentially these conjunc exceed we maintain the conjunctures ofpower within we which live. Because the timacies through the development ofaective archives the andreveals ways min ( : ) the “tiny called spark of contingency,” that spark that might tures, however, Witnessing . oers us windows into what Walter Benja min ( : ) the “tiny called spark of contingency,” that spark that might tures, however, Witnessing . oers us windows into what Walter Benja through wewhich witnesstechnologies potentially these conjunc exceed we maintain the conjunctures ofpower within we which live. Because the timacies through the development ofaective archives the andreveals ways are implicated in the processes we address, Witnessing . both produces in response- as ability. it means responsibility to perform ,” what Avery Gordon ( ) has elaborated andthis excess in lies what that witness ) seeing, argues “bearing exceeds My throughout aim this text witness isto bear to these dynamics in the The form ofwitnessing that interests me — o By focusing on the extent the various to one which recognizes ways we — is notthe witnessing ofhuman rights organizations tribu or ofpublic h It makes visible the ways operate aects in multiple temporalities andpostcolonial istorical, colonial, — i c entrism that has facilitated imperialism. ne I am calling Witnessingne I am calling p n order to think through erformative witnessing” Witnessing . is, s), which ares), which lim a commitment to Tait ( : ------ 8/12/19 7:08PM | 8/12/19 7:08 PM
------le, to le, to ab and recognition and diverse indige and diverse entury projects of indirect projects of indirect entury negros c Contemporary claims and com claims Contemporary It is a practice of is a practice It entury mercantilism inaugurated ma inaugurated mercantilism entury Modern, liberal democratic political political liberal liberal democratic democratic Modern, Modern, c uropean groups from the category the from groups hu uropean E ) and racial exibility (the various ) and racial various exibilityindios (the teenth- hilosophical, and ideological scientic, processes p and six orss , ; Fischer ; Mbembe ; Wynter ). ). Wynter ; Mbembe ; Fischer ; , orss anging transformations. What I argue throughout this text is text I argue this What throughout anging transformations. M ch , , - , , mately produce the internal shis in consciousness that radiate from one to to one from radiate that consciousness in shis internal the produce mately last lead to and that unexpected and necessarily in nonlinear ways, another ing, world- to embodied order in care attentive through archives cultivate must we that recognize psychic the and sociopolitical to which in and respond dynamics ability the be to generate response- to and therefore complicit, are we others. and to ourselves not only in social basisvided modern the for and economic arrangements, everywhere. but Hemisphere Western the that destabilizes the boundaries between self and other, knowing and knowing between and other, boundaries self the destabilizes love that ulti therefore can . feeling, Witnessing complicity and accountability. that indelibly linked the “New World” and the “Old” in a common project of a common in “Old” and the World” “New the indelibly linked that World New of the “settling” The racial in terms. humanity modern dening language the in potentiality for of racial of the hierarchy delineation the saw dur became institutionalized then that a delineation conversion, Christian plaints regarding humanness in the Caribbean are therefore being made made being therefore are Caribbean the in regarding humanness plaints Af (with of Europe movement the a modernity through generated within of new forms establishment and the Americas the rica, conscripted) toward politi capitalist genocidalof basis as transnational violence changing the a of Fieenth- cal economy. religious,terial, political- (see, e.g., tribunals Inquisition by centuries seventeenth and sixteenth the ing processes twin transformative the also saw It ). Wynter ; Silverblatt peoples African into diverse (of of racial xing into populations World New nous emerged hybridity and that transculturation, of creolization, congurations became institutionalized that processes were These ]). [see Whitten of citizenship laborregimes constellations and particularextractive through non- excluded and subjectivity that (Buck- man Asia, im and South as emergent Africa well as the ruleimperial throughout States. United perialist project of the The initial racialized elaborations of what it means to be human would be would be to human it means of what racialized initial The elaborations mobilized serve to nineteenth- subsequently late perialist project of the United States. United perialist project of the The initial racialized elaborations of what it means to be human would be would be to human it means of what racialized initial The elaborations mobilized serve to nineteenth- subsequently late Asia, im and South as emergent Africa well as the ruleimperial throughout produce something unexpected and that might reformulate the ground of ground the might reformulate unexpected and that something produce binaries. of modernist outside human the arrangements have been been designed designed ontological ontological have have hide hide to to these these processes; processes; they they arrangements arrangements Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 3 Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 4
| ways lens ofimperial binaries. petuate aective “double consciousness,” oneself through to see the the need through, by, or vis- ness cannot stand on its own humanity, as but must always recognized be accountcannot for fully subjectivity’s discursive entanglements. And ifblack impossible without from violence the andexiled human relation, then we nd themselves people in the objects midstofother ontologically as objects, (Ramos- racy Z normativitylitical ismarked rights- by liberal citizen — overrepresentation) ofthe European “Man” as and therefore human. these instead, makings, one are andthe (and really same, the recognition it’s notlike in the United States; for us the problem isclass, notrace”).Both iscommonlycesses (as articulated through assertions “In such as, Jamaica of the of“the andthe gure of“the gure poor” black”are notdierent pro quite- foundational, rather than incidental, to modern delineations ofhumans, not- ways what Alex Weheliye ( : “racializing )has called assemblages” are Foucault Agamben andGiorgio — h questions. sions of sovereignty, leaving unable us largely to answer other, pertinent also felt we havealso sometimes just stopped ofthe short dimen more sensory of the diverse vectors ofnationalist governance formation, andsubject Ihave manyWhile anthropologists have oered brilliant andtrenchant critiques lens ofimperial binaries. the forms ongoing ofviolence that have blackbodies. enacted been against these scholars,including attention — i andnationalistperial ofgovernance acritical modalities has been for focus arrangements.economic Indeed, the elaboration ofcontinuities im between forms ofcommunity cultural consciousness, ifnotalways substantially new through the development legibility ofnew value, andpolitical personhood, ultimately delineations revisethese originary ofthe relationships among ceptual framework ofperfectibility. the dehumanizationhave disguised of foundational racism through the con Spillers ; Wilderson , ). oftheorizing This mode importantly tions ofthe modern world antiblack as (Hartman ; Sexton , ; founda the psychic economy and engaging one, political moving beyond Spillers ; Wilderson , ). oftheorizing This mode importantly tions ofthe modern world antiblack as (Hartman ; Sexton , ; founda the psychic economy and engaging one, political moving beyond What analyses of “bare life” seem to seem disavow life” What that isexactly this: analyses of“bare race Anticolonial andnationalist to sought interrogate, projects critique, and This would be theThis wouldbe Afro- pregures notions ofwhat itmeans ahuman to be — and h umans, andnonhumans. AsWynter ( ) reminds us, the making and thus what also itfeels This is, in part, because much because This is,in ofthis part, work — i ayas ). If we donotaccount for the ways Afro- à- v is whiteness, then governance liberal can ever only per p p essimist line,anditisatheoretically powerful like oncepo aproblem, to be especially as oen failed to take oenas into failed account the n the case of New Worldn the of case societies — to o riented democ participatory nspired by Michel , potentially, a descended al ¡ ------8/12/19 7:08PM | 8/12/19 7:08 PM ------iven processes processes iven )dr As performance, As performance, tate- s tra- trauss would have said) have would “good trauss S tate, but also from the teleologies the also from but tate, tate, but also from the teleologies the also from but tate, s (and ex What an aective approach to sovereignty gives gives sovereignty sovereignty to to approach approach an aective an aective What What essimism is (as Claude Lévi- is (as Claude essimism p If all social projects that are not forcefully imposed “must be not forcefully all are imposed social “must If that projects Exploring the constitution of the political of the subject not primar constitution the Exploring This forces a return to my original question: Within this context, what has what context, this original question: Within my to a return forces This Focusing ethnographically on the relation between aect and sovereignty relation the ethnographically on Focusing erford a). erford sovereignty is also a mode of address and thus requires acknowledgment from from acknowledgment requires is also and thus sovereignty a mode of address Ruth be legible ; must (Masco performance the whom for an audience state- through or nationalism ily through of embodied are aects that cultivation the through but of subjectication, which they emerge, in en conjunctures particular temporal the shaped by of context the political aects transcend ways can the interrogate to ablesus can It unpredictably. and resurface appear to them allowing emergence, their po the from therefore and territory, only not from sovereignty unbind thus s nation- independent of the litical centrality time. progressive of linear, litical centrality of the independent nation- independent of the litical centrality time. progressive of linear, points to the limitations of both our analytics and our strategies, as it oers a as it oers strategies, and our analytics our both of limitations the to points the perpetuating space, and time transcends relation slave logic the whereby is not only al “whiteness where a context in impossibility Presence of Black perspectivity” alsoabsolute but (Wilderson). Like : Presence, ways all logics, Afro- to think with,” but, of course, logics must be understood as contingent. They as logics contingent. be of course, understood but, must with,” think to enter always motion, in only as always engagements, world the in exist can taining the possibility of human action. possibility the taining of human world? politically And the and on in acting of capable be to a human it meant is sovereignty agree we that If enactments? these to bear do we witness how is no static there therefore and that practice, as dynamic best understood of it as and think performed must we then refers, which “it” to constellation ; and Rechtman Fassin ; , embodied Fassin (Biehl ; thus as con ), , Ticktin ; Stevenson ; and Stepputat Hansen “above.” and from as it were, “below,” from both stituted us, then, is a better sense of what Danilyn Rutherford ( : ) has called has ) ( : Rutherford Danilyn of what sense is a better then, us, of an age.” of an age.” atmospherics atmospherics the the motion, motion, in in embodied embodied of a world of a world experience experience “the “the nonideological nonideological the the are are of hailing of hailing embodied embodiedThese These dimensions dimensions atmospherics atmospherics us, then, is a better sense of what Danilyn Rutherford ( : ) has called has ) ( : Rutherford Danilyn of what sense is a better then, us, aective in order to be eective,” as William Mazzarella ( : ) has ar has ) ( : as William Mazzarella be to eective,” order in aective production, the to be attuned must gued, attention ethnographic our then elds. aective of these and circulation reception, with do to which of has rst the aordances, important of a number oers thinking, bodystage as of the the the emergence on of critical not just the also of knowing, as but a way publicly both of management, material raw and social, is instead relational, but body This is not private and intimately. also fully and cultur historically is therefore unconscious and its historical, ally situated. Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 5 Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 6
| political relations.political formationsknowledge and possibilities for social new oen itsuggests as as has taught us, archiving produces absences andforgetting New as World ticular forms ofmediation that bring them into being. the spatial andthe temporal dimensions ofthe nation- s tion to themselves, creating ofcommunity asensibility that disturbs both ofrelationand the aspects that arrive without always explicitly atten calling ing that the andsubsequentlyunpredictability ofaect, its power, in lies its action processes andmachineries. outside Instead, signicatory Iamsuggest I am notsuggesting there issome romantic andmiraculous sphere ofpolitical humanism itself (Reid- time suchgranteds, as and justice, and space, politics terrain and the very of ing that the andsubsequentlyunpredictability ofaect, its power, in lies its action processes andmachineries. outside Instead, signicatory Iamsuggest I am notsuggesting there issome romantic andmiraculous sphere ofpolitical humanism itself (Reid- time suchgranteds, as and justice, and space, politics terrain and the very of tions previously unexamined andfor reordering taken- our ontological fo of potentiality, one possibilities for that connec seeing - new catalyze might terized period. the colonial “culture tropes, the well as patterns as ofpoverty” ofexclusion that charac and therefore have enabled the perpetuation ofthe “culture ofviolence” and complexly historicize our processes conceptualization andpolitical ofsocial bric have many but accomplished ultimately they critical goals, have to failed that have taken the space ofthe nation- s archives ). (Ellis Those documentation movements practices and social tionalist discursive andmasculinist frames that oen contextualize counter- morebe accurate that to suggest to isnotbeholden the anarchive ofaect na of unpredictability andmultiple forms ofsovereign violence. ter through enact African which under people survival diasporic conditions by this kind ofarchival practice “improvisation,” aective regis anembodied ). Nadia ( ) Ellis the generated elaboration has called ofpossibility sounds, ofimages, andnarrativescollection ofstate Iton also violence (see through cultural popular expression, but in our through emerge they case our creating sites ofpure or history. memory here, isnotoriented towardchiving, the andits past preservation or toward isbeautiful”embodiment ofdreams future for a“black (Wald : ).Ar sion variety show tophrase, understand one shemobilizes the late s andearly s televi have interested been in cultivating an“archive ofaect.” This isGayle Wald’s ent in eects dierent periods. expressions, produce temporally andthey specic withtechnologies; dier in historical particular materialities; are they generated through particular An isnotquite archive acounter- ofaect archive — or, perhaps, itwould In thinking through Incursion” how the “Tivoli I possible, came to be as both a reectionSoul! as of contemporary realities and an In the Wald case investigates, these relations are generated P P harr ; Wynter ). In making this argument, harr ; Wynter ). In making this argument, An however, archive ofaect, opens aspace tate their ru as mobilizing primary
As Michel- R olph Trouillot () tate through the par They are They grounded r------
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------, Orlando Patterson argued the that Patterson , Orlando The SociologyThe of Slavery tate, thereby encouraging demands for a more comprehensive comprehensive a more for demands encouraging thereby tate, s In his classic In Archives of aect, because they are nonlinear and thus unobligated to of aect, nonlinear and thus because they are Archives Sociology argued his The classic the In that of Slavery Patterson , Orlando primary characteristic of Jamaican slave society “This slave absenteeism. was ele of Jamaican primary characteristic which the planter class wielded considerable political inuence within Parlia within political wielded inuence class considerable planter which the which indigenous peoples and in have locally, authority and absolute ment ). been disappeared conceptually (S. Jackson , simultaneous operation at the cognitive, mediated visceral the at more a leveland at operation simultaneous political in activity through ourselves constitute We ). level (Mazzarella level of embodi the and at level of consciousness the at both everyday, the how about something should tell us of aectarchives thus Assembling ment. and political junctures been of the has imagined various sphere at and felt the junctures. these possible at are of politics that kinds the about teleologies away the of liberalism, also can politics shi of reparations the and long the localand toward discretely and legallyfrom events veriable ability our forgeto social political and undermining processes commu slow narra nationalist about skeptical be They to urge more can us nity together. and injustices past prejudices over triumph we of perfectibilitytives whereby encouraging moral right,to instead of will and commitment a force through geopoliticalsocio and pointedlytransnational to more vision our train to us moments. dierent at of sovereignty messiness the and to spheres cultural of limitations beyond juridical the extends that an audience They address the nation- see to us and hear dierently, inspiring by same time, the At of justice. form everyday people the focus on to ways innovate us of aect help archives can redemption. struggle a future into today’s projecting constantly life without technologies end, the in because they of deep are, And recognition, they can not only exposes complicity also de but that of mutuality a sense cultivate collective accountability. mands come seem to always questions pressing the where and specically Jamaica, with society the be how to to came so saturated another, or back, way one in de history the of plantation Caribbean, the it. In end to and how violence, been has no there that meant has trade slave transatlantic and the velopment and nationalist nativeness, territoriality, among relationship straightforward Indies, West British the in as elsewhere Jamaica, in Moreover, governance. of political organization regarding the norms rights, of land reckoning the origi not to developed subgroups among relation and conicts in authority, in century, nineteenth the to least prior at a context, nary to but rights land Parlia within political wielded inuence class considerable planter which the which indigenous peoples and in have locally, authority and absolute ment ). been disappeared conceptually (S. Jackson society “This slave absenteeism. was ele- of Jamaican primary characteristic Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 7 Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 8
| which meantwhich that even planters andtheir children — sa : It ). prevented the development ofaproper educational system, (Governor oce ofpublic Marquis in quoted ecacy Patterson deSligo, and “no inuence”; andwho therefore the severely character diminished and [was] amatterand ineciency who had notoriety”; “no ofpublic respect” resulted in Council aLegislative by populated individuals whose “poverty of potential and therefore leaderscan society of society within sectors all Patterson, the consequences itevacuated ofabsenteeism Jamai were legion: (Patterson other ofthe society” related aspect to every almost : ).For ment was central order,” to the whole social hewrote, “and was in some way power,” Trevor as Burnard ( : ) has reminded us: stewardship of provisionary “weakened grounds also slave resistance to white practices outside andsocial of religious the reach ofthe plantation, custom wereof cash), they andwhile for the crucial development andmaintenance duction in to sell the offoodstus market (andtherefore to the attainment theseWhile understood grounds essential been have as to typically the pro than by Slave what legislated Acts had been originally in both and. tivation ofprovision amuch grounds, more became which expansive practice were to able extract certain rights — most importantly, in relation to the cul- meant that power, enjoyed absolute masters while legal typically slaves also masterstween and slaves were by governed customs rather than laws. This ofaSlave anddespite Act thecodes, in passage , the relationships be British colonization ofthe island in , there were nocomprehensive slave ate or reinforce laws. integrated” within which there society were no institutions signicant to cre supplies”foreign (Patterson : Absenteeism ). thus a“loosely produced vested locally, “was which disastrous for aneconomy soheavily dependent on the majority ofestate prots were repatriated rather to England than rein institutions andthe ofmarriage family. Most absenteeism meant ofall, that themselves abreakdown this occasioned among the ofthe most proigate; among the residentmorality whites” (Patterson : ), with clergymen remained semiliterate, andit“led to acomplete breakdown and ofreligion Furthermore, Patterson points out, for more than yearsaer initial crimes ssures opened within slave Confronting ranks. attacks on slave prop fractured slave communities. Disputes over andproperty- property control over On the him. other hand, private andmarket property exchange slaves’it reduced dependence on the bounty ofthe master andthus his reduced activityworked, plantation of in the the long logic run, against because slavery On the one hand, the tendency in of slaves capitalist market- to engage crimes ssures opened within slave Confronting ranks. attacks on slave prop fractured slave communities. Disputes over andproperty- property control over On the him. other hand, private andmarket property exchange slaves’it reduced dependence on the bounty ofthe master andthus his reduced activityworked, plantation of in the the long logic run, against because slavery ve the wealthiest o riented riented related — ------
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------ientelism would become de the ientelism cl for the more eectual Punishment eectual Punishment more the for Slaves, by contrast, entered into competitive arrange competitive into entered contrast, by Slaves, ¡ What I want to highlight here is that just as the planta planta as as the the highlight highlight just just to to I want I want is that is that What What here here I have argued elsewhere that we could read in these dynamics the begin the dynamics these could in we argued read that I have elsewhere erty rights from outside oen healed these ssures, but it also oen weakened weakened it also oen but healed ssures, oen these erty outside from rights as a whole. community black the ments with other slaves as custodians of property, and though they developed of property, as custodians slaves other with ments so economic and, of their arguably, preservation the in collective interests solidarity limited was and territorially “communal this resources, ciocultural ). : (Burnard dened” in one, albeit an unstable and clientelism, nings of patronage of a system not only was racializedwhich also political territorially tied to but authority encouraged alliances ultimately between that of protection rooted patterns alliances they the exploited powerful and those and undermined among the Scott, Or David interviewan with In (Thomas ). exploited themselves of a clear pattern “there’s claim, arguinga similar made that Patterson lando . . . belt that plantation between of slaveryand the instability the continuity urban the fed peasant area, right the into and then permeated sometimes patron- Indeed, ). (Scott : slums” be to come have what features of a political that system characteristic ning Jamaica, In communities. as period contemporary “garrison” the in known and and heritability, use land to related of customary rights a nexus thus, forged which and on ground the loyalty, and clientelistic of patronage forms developed claims the in citizenship which nationalist through mechanisms century. twentieth tion was foundational to modern economic production and labor organiza economic modern production to foundational was tion tion was foundational to modern economic production and labor organiza economic modern production to foundational was tion Making this relation between autonomy and cooptation even more complex complex more even and cooptation between autonomy relation this Making managers, and overseers) owners, (as whites estate that assertion is Burnard’s As a slaves. of other against praedial onlyprotection the larceny slaves’ were strained: further “When were solidarities from was a thief potential result, of violator the ostracize or could humiliate slaves community, a slave within closed the society outside of the from came a thief when But norms. group who masters, their to turn to than other option little had slaves plantation, and punish apprehend to authority and the law the to recourse alone had embod Whites, here, ). : (Burnard they from” came wherever slaves, themselves; unto rights no inherent had as property, and slaves, ied law, the - mas their by be to undertaken behalf legal had their any on action therefore, slaves with into entered masters customary agreements the Nevertheless, ters. aer Moreover, system. plantation of the functioning smooth the ensured pros from slaves” “valuable more also their protect able to were masters , ‘ an act “ by as outlined crimes for ecution ” Slaves.’ by of Crime twentieth century. twentieth thus, a nexus of customary rights related to land use and heritability, and and heritability, use land to related of customary rights a nexus thus, forged which and on ground the loyalty, and clientelistic of patronage forms developed claims the in citizenship which nationalist through mechanisms Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 9 Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 10
| postcolonial Newpostcolonial World nation-states. and processes during ofpolitics the post- tion, itwas this phenomenon that the shaped infrastructures, also practices, further eroded the ability ofworking-further the eroded ability dence in , government as more centralized, which itbecame power grew Gonsalves ; Sives ; Thame ). unjustied on any returns” calculation of social (Munroe : also ; see further eroded the ability ofworking-further the eroded ability dence in , government as more centralized, which itbecame power grew such away that working- class relationsgemony ofcolonial andpatterns ofleadership wasin secured Stone divisions within ). This solidied the working class, andthe he formation, skills, andcontacts with their counterparts ; (Edie in politics tion, business, journalism, andcommunity development trade who could in working- operating activism with party within political the domains oforganized and the workplace. Clientelistic however, networks, were to those notlimited understoodgenerally transmitted to be through the family, the community, ), to union leaders allegiances — the charisma andpatronage ofone or another leader (Munroe ; Sives coming out” (Munroe begin the police : ). terms when the forces had that reached the .did level state — i andyouhadyards; couldn’t live in certain areas.” He “You explained, had tion oftenants ifyou were living because in area, aparticular a better in chapter ,remembered that “whole streets the composi changed ing union conicts in the s, Richard Hart, whom we cometo will know entist, activist, Trevor and politician Munroe street regarding ghting dur conicts were oen violent. In response to aquestion from sci the political conictspartisan over territory, in downtown especially Kingston,andthese respectively. From the earliest moments, unions conicts between were also ers’ Union (aer ) andthe Bustamante Industrial Trade Union ( the Trades Union Congress (aer ) andultimately the National Work the Jamaica Labour Party ( the People’s parties: of oppositional political National Party ( ment. This broad movement ultimately via the formation politicized became twentieth century, through dened participation in the trade union move Gonsalves ; Sives ; Thame ). unjustied on any returns” calculation of social (Munroe : also ; see middle- cally Beginning withBeginning universal in surage andculminating in indepen Since power in this context ultimately was personalized, within grounded In Jamaica, economy the ofmodern political citizenship was, by the mid- Beginning withBeginning universal in surage andculminating in indepen — i ntervene to preserve peace between the contending between peace ntervene factions to preserve and did cl ass Jamaicans;ass those included within also they the eldsofeduca cl ass political order political ass long aer this support would have appeared streets and cl £ ass Jamaicansass would“continue support ofabasi ) in , to eachconnected aunion — i and therefore parties to political £ cl cl streets And then, only developing. ass people to make people ass that decisions ass people to make people ass that decisions E mancipation periodandwithin yards and n classic Engelsian n classic Engelsian man you ) in and — w nitially nitially ), £ ere ere ------8/12/19 7:08PM | 8/12/19 7:08 PM - - - - ,” and ,” £ they before and four and four The full The signicance of this Group Leaders Training Training Leaders Group .” resident of the National Work National of the resident is U.S. unions. In a letter to his to a letter In unions. is U.S. p , cited in Munroe : ). That That ). : , cited Munroe in leadership agreed that their agreed leadership their that à- v à- in such an exercise, but would would but an exercise, such in , and that they did not “wish to to they did not “wish , and that The Star The - and the and the was in power and some factions of organized U.S. of organized factions and some power U.S. in was £ group before they would help me to nd a job. To make make job. a To nd to me they help before would group ), explained that their “great friend in the American Labour Labour American the in friend “great their explained), that meet recommended farm workers from the the from workers meet farm recommended By , when the the when , By hard core workers should be provided for” (Munroe : ). : should be for” provided (Munroe workers core hard arms, which, though a feature of political struggles during the s, emerged s, the of political struggles which, during though a feature arms, and s. s the in strongly more national dimension and was entangled with foreign institutional bodies. Of foreign institutional with entangled and was dimension national labor organizing, to relation been has not only in this true alsocourse, but drugs in trades and international the in involvement Jamaica’s respectto with request will become clear in chapter , but I relate this correspondence here here correspondence this I relate , but will becomerequest chapter clear in - also took trans a on political Jamaica how in partisanship show to order in bodies. Of foreign institutional with entangled and was dimension national labor organizing, to relation been has not only in this true alsocourse, but drugs in trades and international the in involvement Jamaica’s respectto with emerged s, the of political struggles which, during though a feature arms, and s. s the in strongly more Course pamphlet Munroe cites, which laid out the following policy: following the which laid cites, out “See pamphlet Munroe Course that people get work. it six [O]f every . . . make ten, Michael opposition, the of leader the then was who Manley, Norman father, supervisor vice- island and rst the Manley, ex to of mind frame a in them “put to order in States United departed the for Movement called Nick Zonarich” had advised him that he convinced the the he convinced advised him that had called Zonarich” Nick Movement for advocate than rather workers farm Indian organize to West unions U.S. representatives proposed that Manley younger the As a result, removal. their the from this was party policy is evident from the party was this policy the from is evident “ La Farm the down shut to government American the pressuring labor were continued employment to related partisanship of kind this Programme, bour vis- workers guise farm the in of assisting ( Union ers Move Union Trade American of the pect be to organized representatives by the added that He ment.” policy the with cooperate to was and the Ministry of Labour the include the of eorts the through help to prefer sure I wouldn’t lie to them they told me to get a note from the Chairman of Chairman get theyme to the told from a note lie them to I wouldn’t sure (letter in I Joined” Group whatever would improve their political, their at even economic,and social improve would circumstances, by exacerbated was situation This (Senior ). level of localthe government While resources. state of distribution the in of partisanship an intensication become it had institutionalized s, of politics the in becamethis a feature distribution The s. the by and housing s the labor by respect to with on operate to known by was example, for tickets, work of seasonal farm of a woman Munroe, by documented example, the a partisan basis. Consider and was Bureau Employment Government the registered a job for who with be to a I would have she lived in: constituency that told “I was what asked of some member Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 11 Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 12
| ganja. This has strengthened the roleganja. ofdons vis- andweaponsin cocaine supplanted apreviously smaller- sc and itsubsequently transformed the as elaboration ofthe transnational trades ). during struggle the s, It ofamore ideological part general became “don.”cian andalocal This relationship, however, static has notbeen (Sives vote- among constituencies services workpaid downtown, andsocial with the procedures ofgeneral for the part as distribution andeven codied ized, of increasing involvement andlegitimate in both illicit businesses has provided and itsubsequently transformed the as elaboration ofthe transnational trades ). during struggle the s, It ofamore ideological part general became increasing involvement andlegitimate in both illicit businesses has provided This has strengthened the roleganja. ofdons vis- andweaponsin cocaine supplanted apreviously smaller- welfare benets. ties support for is exchanged in contracts political which and other social fect example fect — ar ; Robotham ). downtown spaces by Jamaican andmiddle- elites tion ofdowntown Kingstonwas further reinforced by the abandonment of ernment constructed additional housing for its supporters. The garrisoniza Denham Town) the ). Following the completion ofTivoli Gardens, remains which (with astateclared that ofemergency until lasted aer the elections (Gray warfare and in October, hadAugust, gang surged, political the le- lean July , to displacing the led thousand replacement about two people, of Additional evictions in mid- beginning to October enable Phase Iofthe Tivoli Gardens scheme (Sives : ). area in Western Kingston, and the on destruction of their began dwellings comprisingfamilies , were people removed from the Foreshore Road territory, the among housing, links party.solidied andpolitical In , Western Kingstonandthe subsequent construction ofTivoli Gardens that andhousingance construction in , itwas the removal ofsquatters from (Robotham ),the andwhile in the aermath allegiances political ular ofhurricanes andother disasters volved in the construction of housing developments that- partic solidied government membership. the While colonial ofparty the basis hadin- been the construction of housing schemes that were made on available to people tinued loyalty, the system’s partisan most manifestation explicit was through stituencies (Clarke b). With continued patronage dependent on con by then constituted percent or more ofhousing stock in downtown con weapon, government- as apolitical as plicitly wielded Contemporary garrisons — By the elections, terms patronage (in ofhousing was ex andjobs) b enets through nexus mediated the relationship the politi between ing “Back O’Wall” with ofTivoli Gardens. Phases andIII II By mid- e thus territorially voting homogeneous rooted communi Asin the these past, exchanges have institutional been £ ’s stronghold in downtown Kingston, the of which Tivoliof which Gardens isconsidered the per had proposed a project ofslum had aproject proposed clear F ebruary andcontinuingebruary until mid- cl ass professionalsass (Carnegie à- v is politicians, as dons’is politicians, as c onstructed property ale trackingale in £ gov had de ------8/12/19 7:08PM | 8/12/19 7:08 PM ------ased, agriculture b ne that is simultaneously local, national, local, is simultaneously national, ne that ased not racializedof human, categories b ased, rather than peasant- than ased, rather b uch as Rastafari, the People’s Freedom Movement, or or Movement, Freedom uch as Rastafari, People’s the ale peasant production by black Jamaicans (Holt ). ). (Holt black Jamaicans by ale peasant production ale peasant production by black Jamaicans (Holt ). ). (Holt black Jamaicans by ale peasant production sc sc t also evokes an aective disposition encompassing the re the encompassing disposition an aective t also evokes riented plantation system monopolized by the Boston Fruit Com Fruit monopolized Boston system the by plantation riented riented plantation system monopolized by the Boston Fruit Com Fruit monopolized Boston system the by plantation riented o o We would also do well to remember that in Jamaica and elsewhere, the the and elsewhere, Jamaica in that would also remember do well to We What were thus made legible in were the various scales at which and scales at various the were legible made in thus were What assertion the is text this throughout arguments my undergirds Again, what only deepened with the intensied penetration of the United States in the the in States United of the penetration intensied only the deepened with Dominican Rico, Cuba, and the Puerto Whilein century. nineteenth late Jamaica in sugar, in investment heralded an intensied Republic plantations an into integrated became vertically more that production banana it was export- pany (later to become the United Fruit Company), despite the origins of this originsthis of the despite Company), Fruit become (laterto United pany the industry in small- consolidation of plantation- consolidation industry in small- Republic plantations heralded an intensied investment in sugar, in Jamaica Jamaica in sugar, in investment heralded an intensied Republic plantations an into integrated became vertically more that production banana it was export- politicians with nancial support, in addition to the military the to addition in support, oered support nancial politicians with has is also This what ). Samuels ; (Harriott periods election during which gures Kingston in centrally war of permanent a kind perpetuated and politically and polarized place, discursively both racially, as a spatially, the of attention the to dons garrison brought has it is what and symbolically, government. U.S. doesn’t garrison the words, other In operates. garrison which the through o — space a physical denote merely bu — and global of violence and forms norms a set of dictating to submission of quirement deni- simultaneous the consciousness, of critical suspension the include that polic- violent the popular in culture, celebration and its of blackness gration of ba provision need the for and the appeal a “leader” to to movement, of ing modalities of organizing other political life and is why This sic requirements. s — social development are — pages all these discussed in of whichare movement, Power Black the he and U.S. sovereignty Jamaican not only to seen and subdued as threats, black bodies positions instru as the that worldview also the to but gemony, economic both and political, of prot, others. for ments grounded politicsin of garrison are manifestations contemporary these that loyalty a to toward oriented sugaron estates politicalof system a authority and protection. benets, gure work, for powerful gure that and reliance on we that of global kind a certain priorness words, historical other is, in There soci political World to postcolonial in organization New should attribute of and processes practices, infrastructures, the do with to has that one eties, plantation- politics whichthe in sovereignty, nationalist to foundational remain and nonhuman human, quite and white of position the in black, “brown,” transformations material despite ). (Hanchard Jamaicans pany (later to become the United Fruit Company), despite the origins of this originsthis of the despite Company), Fruit become (laterto United pany the Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 13 Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 14
| but what isimportant here isThame’s contention that person where full norms, and nationalist have elsewhere discussed respectability at been length, the state. working- hood andcitizenshiphood remain in question for blackworking- but what isimportant here isThame’s contention that person where full norms, and nationalist have elsewhere discussed respectability at been length, :position (Thame ). The relationships among class, kinship gendered over women in general,” the Caribbean state ofthis subject anagent became nation andhave maintained their dominance over other, weaker men and in “middle which class andprofessional men came to assume power over the sions ofCaribbean nationalisms. Her argument isthat within aconguration Indian countries, andclass dimen Thame explores racialized, the gendered, to the relevance ofFanonian ofrevolution views to formerly British West of liberation.” Drawing from Caribbean Anglophone attending scholarship experiencenial produces violence that in andofitself isrelated to processes to take seriously Maziki Thame’s ( : ) argument that “the postcolo the inherently contradictory nature ofrevolution, andwe are in aposition determination andanactofsovereign violence, then we are to able grasp ¤ - attempt eldsin people which aective sociopolitical to make life. sometimes in collaboration andsometimes not — g sovereignties at play, andthe dierent at have scales they which operated — ways at dierent times. In Tivoli Gardens, certainly, there have multiple been maicans are imbricated andto Jamaicans which have responded in dierent groundwork for apprehending the of multiplicity sovereignties in Ja which processes throughout but Ioutline this book, them here in order to lay the tutional spheres Ihave ofthis reorganization. much more to say about these War gathering andintelligence II, were mobilizing andlabor the critical insti fore fundamental to the ofsovereignty reorganization in Jamaica aer World Tate (see the militarization policy ofdrug ). The United States was there throughoutdeepened the twentieth century andinto the twenty- andthis in only life, foothold andsociocultural Jamaican political, economic, Anglo- for Agreement), Bases andin its aermath (with the establishment ofthe who had arrived on a rescue By mission. World War (with II the Destroyers to Britain the assistance herefused because ofacontingent ofU.S. Marines the wake then ofwhich Governor James Alexander Swettenham was recalled extended to aer realm the the political earthquake in Kingston, in Tensions a deepening regarding U.S. inuence over the Jamaican economy the state. working- andcitizenshiphood remain in question for blackworking- C aribbean Commission),aribbean the United States had foothold asignicant cl cl Violence against poor Jamaicans poor Violence against thus “as normalized became a ass men are criminalized, singled out menass for exceptional are singled criminalized, treatment by ass men are criminalized, singled out menass for exceptional are singled criminalized, treatment by ive us windows into the cl ass Jamaicans,ass rst with ------
8/12/19 7:08PM | 8/12/19 7:08 PM ------he im dern project,” then in what new ways might we rethink the the might newrethink we ways what in then project,” dern dern project,” then in what new ways might we rethink the the might new rethink we ways what in then project,” dern es this allow for the development of new political, development social, allow the es this for eco mo mo ass people, agents of the state, and each other. The garrison, for for garrison, The other. and each ass people, state, agents of the Frantz Fanon’s point about revolutionary violence is that it turns the the it turns is that violence revolutionary about point Fanon’s Frantz Here is the crux of an important insight into why earlier models poof earlier why into insight important an crux of the is Here Here is the crux of an important insight into why earlier models poof earlier why into insight important an crux of the is Here norms of society head; their norms on it purgescolonial and allows for degradation of meaningful of personhood realization and the social reclamation the and cleans could Fanon’s of liberation kind what But economic transformation. re which the in one context, this within bring violence and humanizing ing disorder been has “violence, state nationalist the from alienation to sponse (Thame nature” though indiscipline and revolutionary a necessarilyof not Bogues, as Obika scholars such Anthony for that out points Thame )? : postcolonialin violence Meeks, Jamaica and Brian Harriott, Anthony Gray, visibility” to (Thame “means and a : of empowerment” beenhas an “act use the in state the with and collaboration ). “Through competition their poor urban become of the “segments ) writes, ( : Thame of violence,” recognition, that to one but is a route frame, this in Violence, empowered.” rejected) and received been very (or expressed the mas primarily through has of questions I come back to postcolonial the order. undergirds culinism that recognition about say the to in more much and I have , visibility chapter in postcolonial in if violence Ja is that here question coda, important the but t — of empowerment masculinist understanding base its “a at has maica (Thamehumanity” one’s basis as establishing the for another upon position do — ) : nomic, and ethical logics? For Thame ( : ), what is required is “a new is “a required is ), what nomic,and ethical logics?( : Thame For which seeks a decoloni deconstruct to liberation, of meaning the focus on transform simultaneously and to power,” for desire steeped men’s in zation of the became features that and domination of alienation “institutions the postcolonial state.” Scott David what confront must we If been exhausted. have liticalliberation argued has “coherence past the two in the ) decades is a crisis over (: secular- the of models sociopolitical of postcoloniallimits for awed and its sovereignty of the secular- the of models sociopolitical of postcoloniallimits for awed and its sovereignty feature of elite consensus around the establishment of a social order that ren that of a socialorder establishment the around elite of consensus feature Thame violence The ). poor dered (Thame also Blacks demeaned” : partyof violence onlynot is the racialized politicsthe and pinpointing is the throughout become normative have that violence of structural patterns with encounters permeates Americas; it is also an everyday that violence cl middle- symbol con of and is “a violence of this extension ), is the ( : Thame the poor and specically the through quest over of middle dominance class of social every orga dimension seeps into other that one party mechanism,” locally and transnationally. and interaction, nization litical liberation have been exhausted. If we must confront what David Scott David what confront must we If been exhausted. have liticalliberation argued has “coherence past the two in the ) decades is a crisis over (: Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 15 Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 16
| that isoen circulated through the ofacharismatic gure leader. to to the secular- aective opposed (as formation notjust projects, extremely conservative measure ones, in large due ticism, however, isone that central has been to trans many social - successful A Weberianreactionary programs. tradition of anti- manticism tends inescapably toward totalitarianism, fascism, andsimilarly have them, respected even sometimes rescuing them from the sense that Ro we have deconstructed the utopias envisioned through these movements, we evento congurationsinevitable, make given of legible, inequality. While ments critical of abstract rationalism and capitalist we have modernity striven fodder for anthropological research, the “cargo cults” move and millennial ism, in part — p turned its criticalnot typically lens toward the Romanticist strands ofliberal focus onfocus private property, market relations, and developmentalism. modern state institutions that ultimately cometo would operate through a ofLocke, Kant,liberalism andother framers ofthe Enlightenment- isms” : )? (Scott eralism without into falling what Wynter “simplistic has called radical easy andlib How we the expose incompatibility might ofdecoloniality change? constitutes modernity’s self- thatargue in pushing acritique ofcapitalist modernity, “the Romantic view century and an emergent disillusionment with the spread of capitalism. They cisms, dierentiating among Restitutionist, Conservative, Fascistic, Resigned, cisms, dierentiating among Restitutionist, Conservative, Fascistic, Resigned, constitutes modernity’s self- criticism.” thatargue in pushing acritique ofcapitalist modernity, “the Romantic view century and an emergent disillusionment with the spread of capitalism. They power,seized andSayre Löwy ( : ) track to itback the early eighteenth French Revolution the as result ofdisillusionment that with the bourgeoisie capitalism. Where most locate Romanticism emerging in as the wake of the inert objects” andSayre (Löwy : ) — human the life, transforming ofhuman relations into relations among things, reication the well as stultifying as — de Sayre : ),andarejection ofthe Enlightenment’s abstract rationalism, “value and joy, love, on freedom life, hope, creativity” and well as (Löwy as ments with vastly discrepant ends. What however, iscommon to all, isa both revolutionarycan be andcounterrevolutionary, undergirding move thought” andSayre (Löwy : ). Their argument isthat Romanticism “the ofprogress .the unthought blindness ofthe ideologies ofbourgeois thatgue the critical force of Romanticism and clarity in lies its exposure of Romanticism. In Within anthropology, the critique has tended to center ofliberalism on the Throughout their text, Löwy and Sayre chart a typology ofRomanti ofRomantiThroughoutThroughout their their text, text, andSayre andSayre Löwy Löwy chart chart atypology atypology SayreMichael andRobert have Löwy advocated for areconsideration of erhaps Romanticism against the Tide ofModernity — b ecause these are the strands that are more common c riticism.” r ational) ational) ned here “thened as dehumanization of ac companying the move to global force ofits movements, aforce E nlightenment roman ( ), ar they ¡ oriented It has ------8/12/19 7:08PM | 8/12/19 7:08 PM ------hat have ational versus versus ational r — t — uch as Rastafari rophetic hybrid movements such as such movements hybrid rophetic rophetic hybrid movements such as such movements hybrid rophetic p p a formation I would take to include the various various the include to take I would a formation dern critique of reication within settings char settings within of reication critique dern emocratic Romanticism), and distinguishingfur Romanticism), emocratic mo D he prophetic le, a formation that would encompass encompass would that le, a formation he prophetic umans is realized, should be we see appeal able to the then umans and t and the prophetic le, a formation that would encompass encompass would that le, a formation prophetic and the h — uite- q entury movement that most “brought the Romantic aspiration aspiration “brought most Romantic the that movement entury c r not- o While Löwy and Sayre do not tether their grounding of Romanticism in in of Romanticism grounding their do not tether While Löwy and Sayre In Jamaica, this would look like a strugglea lookwould social this like revolutionary for change Jamaica, In such as Bedwardism, as assuch as well Bedwardism, secular- s late the especially during Garveyism. two formations, these Of course, aer universal surage in , but perhaps most stridently in the late s s late the in stridently most perhaps but surage , in universal aer s and early religious movements redemptive earlier and alsoRastafari, Ethiopianism but Reformist, and Revolutionary or Utopian Romanticisms (which for them them (which for Romanticisms and Revolutionary Reformist, Utopian or Jacobin- would include is that of each. It varieties and German English, the French, among ther bedfellows. interesting some contains that categorylast of Romanticism Romanticists, Utopian the Engels among appear Friedrich and Marx Karl Frank and the Thompson, E. Stalin, P. Joseph and Bukharin as Nikolai do the was also argue surrealism ) that furt School. ( : Löwy and Sayre twentieth- radically most and that peak the expression to of its world the reenchant to it was And, of course, dimension.” revolutionary embodied romanticism’s in and Fanon, Césaire Aimé inspired that situationism, and later surrealism, also because but it reimagined form, the rethink to part because a way it was and eschewed binary the dual and future past, present, among relationships and so on. and body, mind and other, of self isms all, at Americas of the colonization and the imperialism to anticapitalism as degradation which our upon modernity ground as the understand if we non- and purchase of an anti- and purchase acterized by colonization and plantation slavery. It is true, in other words, words, other in true, is It slavery. and plantation colonization by acterized right contemporary the to been central have aspects of Romanticism that they it is also that true But and Europe. Americas the throughout shis ward s — powerful undergirded social movements have gone the furthest to critique the liberal, capitalist status quo and the progres and the quo liberal, the status capitalist critique to gone furthest the re we that suggest, teleologies to sive therefore, I want of developmentalism. of an ongoing of postcolonial terms in sovereignty “problem” the formulate struggle between of liberal social two versions change: secular- Garveyism. Of course, these two formations, especially during the late s s late the especially during Garveyism. two formations, these Of course, Marxist and Black Power groups that came to occupy the political the landscape occupy to came that groups Power and Black Marxist s late the in stridently most perhaps but surage , in universal aer — s and early Romanticist, or, in other language, pragmatists versus poets. In this reformu this poets. language, In versus other in pragmatists or, Romanticist, the in rest would probably transformation of institutional power the lation, of aective secular power modern liberal framework, and the revolutionary its both framework,in Germanic the with probably stay would attachment guises. and inclusive exclusionary — le between progressive the religious movements redemptive earlier and alsoRastafari, Ethiopianism but as assuch as well Bedwardism, secular- Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 17 Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 18
| and the devastation attending their collapse. that shapes the breaking the institutionalizing regimes, ofold ones, ofnew dominatedcreasingly by U.S. interest, economic and it isthis broader context have within existed abroader economy in isin the political which region At other times, there were These disconnects. signicant formations, well, as texts, there were points signicant ofoverlap, andsometimes collaboration. essarily mutually exclusive. At particular moments and within particular con and early s, notexist did within anationalist vacuum andwere notnec essarily move us outside the broader However, frame ofmasculinism. neither, constitute notions andcommunity, ofpolitics itistrue that donotnec they tics and revolution do much to help us take seriously the aective states that thought andaction. Weberian While of political conceptualizations ofpoli dismantledcan be by only displacing men’s desire for power from the center essarily move us outside the broader However, frame ofmasculinism. neither, constitute notions andcommunity, ofpolitics itistrue that donotnec they tics and revolution do much to help us take seriously the aective states that thought andaction. Weberian While of political conceptualizations ofpoli dismantledcan be by only displacing men’s desire for power from the center and the criminalization working- ofblack, simultaneously. ways who are operating by people in that networks encompass many scales are inhabited andexpressed in extremely complex andoen contradictory the ofhow visions complexity ofthe present, the future, change andsocial lated across time andspace. appreciate And us itencourages to more fully through notions which experienced, andcircu ofsovereignty are produced, us to generate more complex accounts of the relations historical and social Theorizing sovereignty in relation to questions therefore, ofaect, forces the donotrespect they because boundariesin part ofthe territorial state. in it,andtherefore oftheir internal worlds andintersubjective relations, ing transformations in people’s understanding ofthe world andtheir place manticist movements that have consistently andlast meaningful produced However, within our actually existing contexts, that Iwouldargue itisRo cannot ultimately play aleading role ofrevolutionary on the change. stage control of the state. For them, Romanticist movements are important but tually existing aws, in order to produce actually existing through change among the positionsalliances ofactually existing their with all ac people, now rather than envisioning autopian or future. past It attempts to forge : ). And itisone that works from the here anddicult messy and todernity surpass itself, to its accomplish own evolution” andSayre (Löwy the present in the name ofcertain modern on values mo calling .while Weber () This isanapproach politics. famously dened that “criticizes elaboration through the “strong andslow boring ofhard boards,” Max as revolutions ofmore profound anddeserving are important, meaningful, Let me returnLet to Thame’s claim that corruption, middle- For through the liberal rights achieved progressive le,the bourgeois cl ass menass andwomen in Jamaica cl ass dominance,ass ------
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------erm geopolitical erm and t This solution is geared toward () geared is toward solution This erm entanglements that have produced and sustained produced and sustained have that entanglements erm t What I want to propose is another kind of feminist solution, not as an al solution, of feminist kind another is propose to I want What economic entanglements that shaped migratory streams and the specic so and the shaped migratory that streams economic entanglements taking seriously embodied ways of knowing and understanding in an eort an in and understanding embodied of knowing seriously ways taking long- the ( ) track to be coda, generated the must repair this I argue In that of repair. ful forms of deep (J. recognition. love” ) “real the Jackson through to order in time back in successively it travels Gardens, Tivoli in May entanglements various the might we understand ways of the some esh out might be under aects that and the moment, that at helped arrive us that argue I I explore. that moments it, as other well as the stood characterize to late the during Clarendon of southern , Kingston in of West worlds the are s long the as through whole a Jamaica of and s, early and s sociopolitical I mean to this, aective elds. By dierent by characterized the in scholars of migration some that same way the aect much in explore boundaries territorial across movement the understood and s s sociocultural eld (see, e.g., Basch et al. ; a transnational as generating original proponents The ). and Chaney Sutton Glick Schiller et al. ; of importance the to anthropology attuned within were of transnationalism as a but present, past the appeared in the of how terms in not merely history, long- the evident made that eld discursive circulating streams these to emerged relation in that and processes patterns ciocultural so sociopolitical transnational Aective elds, like particular moments. at sense the about because they raise And questions elds, circulate. ciocultural geopolitical broader the and epistemological undergirds of temporality that not only re identifying them I suggest production, that of their dimensions ideological produced the of the that of racism terrain forms the to sponds the binaries structuring our modern world so that we nd ways to () undo () undo to ways nd we so that world modern our structuring binaries the meaning () generate to order in and acting modalities of thinking dualistic dimensions of their production, I suggest that identifying them not only re identifying them I suggest production, that of their dimensions ideological produced the of the that of racism terrain forms the to sponds at particular moments. Aective sociopolitical elds, like transnational so sociopolitical transnational Aective elds, like particular moments. at sense the about because they raise And questions elds, circulate. ciocultural geopolitical broader the and epistemological undergirds of temporality that as we have seen, does the secular rationalism of the progressive le. What le. What progressive of the secular seen, does the rationalism as have we visible makes that one solution, feminist of a kind is is proposing Thame struggle of typically kinds action, and is a solution This other led women. by collaboration involves and that leadership charismatic on rely doesn’t that program is, indeed, This of research, own her stakeholders. diverse among one. important and it is a critically ternative but as a way to walk alongside Thame. It is a solution grounded in grounded in is a solution walk to alongside as It a way but Thame. ternative watching, of practice is listening, quotidian a feeling and that . , Witnessing intersubjective. profoundly and relational Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 19 Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 20
| der consideration, but on the also ways the aective elds,once established, reecting on notonly what sovereignty has felt like during the moments un tional sedimentation ofthese eldsandthe time maps index they iskey to experience a result as is particular of these boundaries. Moreover, the genera words, the eldsare boundaries, shared across andpolitical but their social it,but to dierent also alize In change. versions andpolitical other ofsocial elds istherefore to notonly tied the temporal materialities that contextu generates worlds new for the future. ofthese Each aective sociopolitical circuit the future, on focus the present, and evacuate the expectancy past, the end itwas foretold because from the beginning. of duces technologies obfuscation, and the maintenance denial, pro secrets. Expectancy of public describing of here, doubtproduces technologies generating our contemporary landscape For of the political. the context I am sediment over time andin relation to eldsthat have comebefore, thereby we experience, confront, andinterpret these elds. aective through elds,then generate which also technologies they particular was removed from power. trolled the state. This moment was subsequently dismantled when the leist phetic vision, one that within isproduced acontext in anincreasingly which ment of rapprochement the secular- between has a clear, if unpredictable, Expectancy, object. however, a mo as emerges cousins,” but where doubtreferences sense adiuse ofuncertainty, paranoia is shotthrough with ter the expulsion ofthe wing radical ofthe People’s National Party in , the War, Cold andofU.S. intervention into the trade union movement af- the ways andcommunism Rastafari during conjoined became the of height ofanaectiveleads to eldof anexegesis ers’ Association itourished between as andthen and declined doubt of Enquiry, that suggests the dominant is aective register ofneoliberalism dens, andofthe forms at given ofevidence the West KingstonCommission and represent our histories in order to rethink our present. post- der consideration, but on the also ways the aective elds,onceestablished, reecting on notonly what sovereignty has felt like during the moments un tional sedimentation ofthese eldsandthe time maps index they iskey to experience a result as is particular of these boundaries. Moreover, the genera and what isnever what yousee youget. of duces technologies If in are archives andthrough produced ofaect sociopolitical particular My discussion ofthe narratives from residents we collected ofTivoli Gar c ; my treatment of Claudius Henry International and his Peacemak ontact New World but us encourages to also renew, revive, reconstruct, , active within the Non- paranoia. Ishow that are doubtandparanoia “kissing surveillance and prophetic waiting, awaiting in the which end isnever A ligned Movementligned internationally, con conspiracy; friends turn friends, against Where short- doubtandparanoia ; andmy discussionexpectancy of r ational vision and the pro misrecognition, the result of These technologies also also These technologies Paranoia, nally, pro ------
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------ amaica, this in hese moments also hese moments ” t dierent temporal junc temporal t dierent “ riented middle class, and the trade in ganjain trade middle the and class, riented o — t — hough again, nonlinearly — a — nonaligned or frican, A entury entanglements in Jamaica among colonial and nationalist colonial among and nationalist Jamaica in entanglements entury c ecome central to knowledge production about the important ques important the about knowledge to production ecome central — b — While the chapters that follow focus on the periods I have outlined here, here, outlined I have periods the follow focus on that chapters While the tures. The interludes also give a sense of what it has meant for others to bear to others for meant it has also of what give a sense interludes The tures. to society witness bore Jamaican to and specically outsiders of how witness, them which they found in periods the characterized that public secrets the J — they places reveal certain As such, how Jamaica. in selves case suggested once me to Harriott Anthony Jamaica, in maintenance and keeping accountability.” to attitude of the history to is indicative attitude “the that become available for reactivation, as it were, thus transcending their context context their transcending thus as were, it become reactivation, for available . chapter in more I discuss of origin, something mo These moments. other three outline between chapters the interludes the They concern ways. causal than rather rhizomic in but related, are ments twentieth- observ external local capitalists, prominent foreign policy, U.S. governments, development- nationalist a ers, t — drugs.and other Together of emergency state stage set the the for that conditions of the give a sense a story about also creates Kingston. assemblage The moments of these West in the about is therefore that and one time, change over entanglements how of (American) vectors shiing and the imperialism of (British) dissolution — possible are of political imagination kinds what about tells us It empire. diasporic, Pan- whether not only in emerges as critical Jamaica interludes, the In day. of their tions throughout hegemony American to British from transition the to relation of in of a perception development also the to but Hemisphere, Western the drugs, of circulations by generated was that one States, United the security in and diplomats. money, also spies, black radicalism, and by but communism, This, ultimately, speaks to the ethical impulses of this project and the ques project of this and the ethical impulses speaks the to ultimately, This, violence? coda: sovereign complicit in the we frame To are that How tions obligations? might our are real accountable? what we And What are whom feel like?liberation Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 21 Notes
At his trial, Coke pled guilty to charges of racketeering and distribution of marijuana and cocaine on August , and he was sentenced in June to twenty- three years, which he is currently serving in a medium- security prison in South Carolina. The overarching rubric of this attempt is “Tivoli Stories,” a collaborative prac- tice that has been the basis for a lm (Four Days in May) and a multimedia in- stallation (which was mounted in November at the Penn Museum). See https: //www.tivolistories.com. I have also heard through the convoluted networks that embrace Rastafari, tourists, and other lovers of Jamaica, and through the diasporic channels that link spaces within Brooklyn and the Bronx with media productions originat- ing in Jamaica, that Bad Friday has screened on television in Germany, and that almost immediately aer we released the lm, bootlegged copies were on sale in the “bend down plazas” in Flatbush. For an analysis of the perils of vi- sual ethnography and bootlegging, see Stout . Byy this, I do not mean to invoke an agreement with those who have argued that aect is prelinguistic or precultural, of whom Brian Massumi ( ) has been the most celebrated proponent. I have more to say about this in chapter and the coda.
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| One way to think about the limits of Tait witness” “bearing distinguishes from what Paul Frosh andAmit Sylvia Wynter has elaborated this tension in anumber ofpublications esp. (see For adiscussion ofthe by issues aninsistence raised on “shared temporality,” Achille Mbembe ( : )reminds us that “the task ofthe witness isto re- Michel- TrouillotRolph us gave some ofour most insights signicant regard- recognition these scholars are implicitly inrecognition the for more calling coda. fully we to develop formations andinjustice. ofinequality Iaddress the forms of andBerlantthe a ambivalence ofwitnessing; on the aective attachments Cvetkovich aect; andembodied onwhen asocial witnessed, becomes the future.” Ahmed also See on witnessing andthe ways individual pain, self- blindness andcollective are in offoreclosingdeception danger ofthe age, open the aconsequence emancipatory ofthe possibilitiesas which, structured Wynter ), but Iamthinking here ofher iteration . ofitin Scott multiple dimensions ofthese productions. this frame in relationI engage to its aective productions andto plumb the mostly in terms andin ofeects, relation but to forms particular ofsilencing, vis- à- communities. andsocial vis political Trouillot talked about this frame ofthe scaolding part exist ofadiscursive as andmattering frame ofbelonging andthe interpretationstory ofthat materiality are constructed, andthat they production. Hisof knowledge argument was that both the materiality ofhis- sition archives notjust static as sources ofinformation but dynamic as spaces on anthropological research. bear His they as work continually asked us to po- ing archives, and the evidence, multiple roles, conceptions, anduses ofhistory context,context, centrality centrality ofthe ofthe the the event, event, challenges challenges ontological ontological instead instead conguring conguring possibility. possibility. andpolitical andpolitical in in this this Media Media witnessing, witnessing, bothboth shared shared vulnerability vulnerability inin terms terms ofpotentiality ofpotentiality — “ripeness” in their account — that creates a sense of millenarianmillenarian relationship relationship in in eachmoment eachmoment to which to which temporality temporality isexperienced isexperienced (Frosh (Froshsimultaneity” simultaneity” andPinchevski andPinchevski : : ). ). ofthis ofthis The The isakind isakind eect eect of of experiencebetween anddiscourse, bringing them into astate of“permanent witnessing media the andegalitarian has destabilized collective temporal gaps that from ofsmart has the Their emerged phones. ubiquity argument isthat Pinchevski ( ) have “media as discussed witnessing,” aform ofwitnessing Ri¥insee . tions, Coulthard see . for acritique of“reconciliation” in relation to Native North American popula- ; Theidon ; Ticktin ; Wilson ; Wilson andBrown . And sin ; Feldman ; Hinton ; ; ; Shaw Ross Redeld etal. images.” For additional critiques of wounded directly,not been but whose imagination aroused by such has been of us who are removed from the immediate action, those ofus whose eshhas judgments action ofmoral these tribunals generate “are to aorded only those fered by Sharon Sliwinski ( : that ), who arise argues they the because — “ ripeness” in their account s, witnessing, andtestimony,s, witnessing, Fas- see s andhuman rights tribunals isof- 8/12/19 7:09PM | 8/12/19 7:09 PM marronage ment with histories of slavery and histories with ment intimacies of aective generation and the sociopolitical consciousness, critical are also produced from the ground up. Bonilla’s ( ) analysis of the syndical of the analysis ( ) Bonilla’s up. ground alsoare the produced from not was activism interlocutors’ her that demonstrates Guadeloupe in strikes ist also an engage about but of new labor relations, constitution the only about riously, see Bonilla ; Masco ; Navaro- Yashin ; Rutherford a. a. Rutherford ; Yashin Navaro- ; Masco see Bonilla ; riously, ex- the everyday the focus render on to to striven have ethnographers Other of levels a variety of scale at through states of aective and expression perience Mankekar (see, e.g., of labor and public ; realms culture Chaln various studies review of empirical an excellent For ). Stewart Riles ; ; . see Rutherford anthropology, of aect within and Frantz ) ([ ] Souls of Black Folk The underpinning sic question of colonialism Black psychic in of the dimensions and his exploration Fanon . see disavowal, Fischer On ). ([ ] Masks White Skin, syndical- of the analysis ( ) Bonilla’s up. ground alsoare the produced from not was activism interlocutors’ her that demonstrates Guadeloupe in strikes ist also an engage- about but of new labor relations, constitution the only about of a broader development , the of slavery and marronage histories with ment intimacies of aective generation and the sociopolitical consciousness, critical assertion. The list would include, but is not limited to, Lloyd Best (), is not limited Lloyd but to, (), Best list would include, The assertion. Michel- ), Cedric Robinson ( [] ), , ([] Sidney Mintz ( ). Wynter and Sylvia (), Williams Eric ( ), Rolph Trouillot of political, forms emerged the govern to that and turns twists legislative of Spanish, histories long the throughout relations economic, and intimate , colonial , rule, () and British see Chatterjee French, Dutch, Mi- ; and Stepputat Hansen Cooper ; ; and Dirks Cohn ; . Taussig ; Stoler gnolo ; legal againstlence through black bodies codes and been has institutionalized police levels there- Brazil and has of the in force of various development the colonial the and republi- during formation been partfore and parcel of state periods.can it as repeatable and thus as shared. Events, in this formulation, can only always onlyalways can formulation, this in as Events, shared. and thus it as repeatable events these and witnessing repetitions, their with constituted already be co- an embodied and material creating of them, experience exceeds immediate the for an imperative witnessing, it does to not necessarily create but relationship meaningful action. an explora- and modernity through of humanism analysis ( ) Pharr’s Reid- has ) ( : Pharr Spain. Reid- with engagements American of African tion Studies Archive Critical and an invigorated radical Studies Black called “a for animal based Man/anthropophorous the disrupt to eorts as parts of broad- of af- of archives reading critical and development the Pharr, Reid- For binary.” deni- and the of humanism grounds the reframe to fect potential also the has human. of the tion certainty of this the indebted for are we whom scholars to many are There diverse the scholarship on For . racial On projects, see Omi and Winant see archives, Robert new of developing critical importance the on more For aect se- take that of sovereignty analyses of anthropological examples for But been claims a focus of scholarship, oen sovereignty has violence While state E. B. Du Bois and his clas- W. to are and earlier, here references, obvious The racialized ways vio- the outlined has who ( a), Smith See, e.g., Christen Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 231 Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 232
| Joseph Masco ( : that ) in the has argued post – World War security II But on how the aective to relation connect aconservative seek also might Purnima Mankekar ( : that ) temporalization has argued isan“aective In aposthumously essay in the published Annual, Be- ReviewofAnthropology . sense ofterritorial Kuntsman see homeland to astructure offeeling, andStein Navaro- formation, Silverblatt see . More recent work includes Abu- ;Lughod ; Stoler , ). For anexcellent essay early review on andstate gender ; Chatterjee ; ; Kaplan etal. ; Ong ; Lewis Parker etal. Alexander , have e.g., (see, grounded andobject been and subject , binaries on hierarchies which ofnature andculture, material andideological, oriented toward critiquing the body- mind dualism one related ofseveral as fromnist scholarship anthropology, philosophy, eldsthat has andallied been andknowing. There thinkingical isamass about offemi- governance, feeling, isnotthe onscholarship rst aect time ofcrit- on emerges the the stage body whatone to feel one thinks the other feels” (Rutherford : ).Ofcourse, and passions argument andhis that “the ‘force ofthe idealeads andvivacity’ Papua. What for Rutherford isuseful isHume’s materialist linking ofbehavior passions, Rutherford which in her discussion ofstate engages building in West assertions that reason andrational thought are driven in andthrough bodily formulation the here eighteenth- echoes century philosopher David Hume’s rationality, suchfects, as disenchantment, andvulnerability. ( ) that additional have af- produced (though modernity related) argued insecurity isaquintessentially modernUlla aect, Berg andAna Ramos- Z aectively rendered contexts. within avariety Where ofneoliberal for Masco tion ofAnthropological Quarterly ( ) for analyses ofthe ways insecurity is text by insecurity. dened the also “Post- See Fordist collec- special Aect” to within produce security aninstitutional, infrastructural, andaective con- ing ofcounterterrorist forviolence himmob as isaway for people paranoia, vigilante justice exists, in Bolivia in many ways, the as Bside ofMasco’s render- than [through] reason at amass level.” Daniel Goldstein’s ( ) analysis of state, we are aectively “coordinated through subjects as felt intensities rather sense — the contemporary actions andimaginations them. who feel ofpeople have “aective properties”; are they phantoms that haunt — in the Derridean ern Cyprus. Navaro- Yashin that ( : argues dates ),like andplaces Bonilla, in Yael Navaro- Yashin’s ( ) in North- exploration ofaective geographies spawnedalso through the materialities the isalso case as places, ofparticular In imagined. forms Bonilla’s be political might text, intensities are offeeling and conceptual spaces in new which — in this nonsovereignand, case, — P . sense ofterritorial Kuntsman see homeland to astructure offeeling, andStein B Navaro- tasies generated around the ideaofthe state” : ). (Aretzaga Aretzaga’s representationspublic andabout discourses, narratives, ofstatehood; andfan- tications, andunconscious desires about ofstate performances and ocials; states, one must “ask excitations about bodily andsensualities, iden- powerful that making to subject explore argued in relation everyday Aretzaga goña to urnima Mankekar ( : that ) temporalization has argued isan“aective ut on how the aective to relation connect aconservative seek also might Yashin ; . Rofel Y ashin ;ashin . Rofel ayas ayas 8/12/19 7:09PM | 8/12/19 7:09 PM , special is- /. to think through the ways time “crisscrosses, “crisscrosses, time ways the through think to ichael Manley to Norman Manley, letter, September , Jamaica Na Jamaica , September letter, Manley, Norman to Manley ichael revor Munroe and Arnold Bertram ( : ) have demonstrated that, that, that, demonstrated demonstrated ) have ) have ( : ( : Bertram Bertram and Arnold and Arnold Munroe Munroe revor revor TTT year of the the in rearms, by caused casualties were “there while in , ). , M . On the relationship of land during slavery and patterns of political au- slavery and patterns during of land relationship the On . and patronage, authoritarianism On . Thomas ; see Burnard thority, Singham . ; see Munroe formerly which time period, during year “apprenticeship” be followed a six- by a wage, for masters former their for work to people would continue enslaved between becoming socialized labor and value. a newthereby relationship into of period the failed, system This During and “full free” declared was . in of the it should hands also the be in rested noted, judicial authority slavery, the to emancipation aer transferred manager and was estate or slaveholder of punishment forms the about extensively written has Paton Diana state. legal these arguing that emerged emancipation, aer and new that legislation ef- they in and that space urban over tools of social were control mechanisms (Paton charges” of “small proliferation the through fect laborers criminalized ). , / / Papers Manley Norman Town, Spanish Archives, tional year of the the in rearms, by caused casualties were “there while in Archives of the United Kingdom, Kew Gardens, Colonial Oce Records Kingdom, Gardens, Kew United of the Archives (henceforth /. “ ”) process that is constantly produced through everyday life”; she draws from everyday from produced through life”; draws she is constantly that process of durée notion Bergson’s Henri of [her] lives the disarticulates and, equally articulates, importantly, transects, made are which nations through processes temporalizing the with informants relationship the of framing this but is India, context Mankekar’s and unmade.” between temporality and aect is also own. useful my in West of the archive and historical an anthropological creating geared toward epis- the and sought deconstruct to Atlantic”), “North the (and specically, is also place. It rst the in archives these created temological that categories of Jeru- Israelites Hebrew African as such groups the that note to interesting challenged and periodizing of modernity by spatializing salem also this have (newly conceptualized as Israel in example, for World,” “New the relocating The (J. Americas ). the in Jackson World” “Old and the Africa) Northeast also has absences been those by from explored presences creating of question archi- Finally, Ellis ). ; Jones (see archives Agard- queer interrogating thinking turn, aective the in also become have interested themselves vists (see themselves archives experience aectively researchers ways the through Science in Archival Aects and Their Archives Archive, and the Aect ]). [November sue ). (see Thomas tional Archives, Spanish Town, Norman Manley Papers / / Papers Manley Norman Town, Spanish Archives, tional see Carnegie ; Besson and inheritance, tenure of land discussions For See Harvey Neptune’s ( ) retrospective on the ways Trouillot’s work was was work Trouillot’s ways the on retrospective ( ) See Harvey Neptune’s
Michael Manley to Norman Manley, letter, September , Jamaica Na- Jamaica , September letter, Manley, Norman to Manley Michael I discuss the counter- archive in relation to Caribbeanist scholarship elsewhere scholarship elsewhere Caribbeanist to relation in archive counter- the I discuss to and was in Indies West British the abolished Slavery was throughout National the in original be can found the ); (: Quoted Patterson in
Trevor Munroe and Arnold Bertram ( : ) have demonstrated that, that, demonstrated ) have ( : Bertram and Arnold Munroe Trevor Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 233 Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 234
| For discussion alonger categories in ofracial Jamaica andthe ways these index On the critique Fischer ofKantian e.g., ; see, andLockean liberalism, See, classically, See, Weber . Ihave more to say about the relationship between For examples ofthe afew relationships among class, kinship gendered norms, For an insightful analysis of how organized crime becomes a mode ofgov- For crimeamode becomes analysis ofhow aninsightful organized For anaccounting relations ofthe sensory here, Campt being heralded see For ananalysis ofrepresentational practices related to these phenomena, see David ( : Scott similarly in exploration his ) has argued ofthe aermath lost to it.” . lost to it.” lution when risked has been everything in action — has been everything and is the more than price dearly offreedom paid in the or collapse failure ofrevo- entails apermanent exposure to risk By andreversal. the sametoken, nowhere action, ofintervention, ofinitiatives without precedent. Therefore, revolution powers that have control over our lives, revolution purely isalmost andthereforeare by ruled than to the be otherwise to be we have obliged been practices ofthe status quo, in daring to interrupt by we which the necessity of the Grenada “In Revolution: undertaking to uproot the institutions and charisma andnotions ofpower in chapter and politics . anthropology, Eze . see hierarchies, andthe ways these came to informand geographical anemergent theorists. For aprimer on the development on views racial ofphilosophical explicitlynecessarily addressed the foundational racism ofEnlightenment Mahmood ; Povinelli . These critiques are trenchant but have not states within the Jamaican nation. hierarchies” (Galvin : ). Instead, reproduce they garrisons mini- as ernance, crime, or vigilantism in reinforce fact, and, undemocratic community “doprograms weaken for notsuccessfully informal the need community gov- Galvinprojects, see . Ultimately, her argument isthat the development ernance in andthrough the implementation ofcommunity development ; Thomas . and nationalist respectability, Barrow see ; Edmondson ; Reddock context, Perry see ; Smith a. are clearcommonalities throughout For the region. example, for the Brazilian class identities, chapter see in this volume. my While isJamaica, focus there . For . asomewhat more Gunst ofgarrisons, academic popular exegesis see ofjustice welfare within andsocial purveyors their communities, Charles see Howard b; . For adescription ofthe role ofdons arbitrators as and . For more ofthese on polarizations, the history Clarke see a and Gray ; Jae . For ananalysis oftheir dimensions, gendered Ulysse see arming criminals ; (Lacey ). Senior Jamaica andthe United States, andthe accusation was that politicians were in conjunctionthe country illegally with the growing trade between ofganja elections, this number had increasedto .” These arms were entering . F lution when is the more than price dearly offreedom paid in the or collapse failure ofrevo or anaccounting relations ofthe sensory here, Campt being heralded see everything has been risked has been in action amatter of 8/12/19 7:09PM | 8/12/19 7:09 PM
- Decem /. ) olding a public Commission of Enquiry was one of the recommendations recommendations of Enquiry of the one was a publicolding Commission or an analysis of the relationships among technology, archive, and the psychic technology, and the among archive, relationships of the an analysis or public hearings on the following dates (they were broadcast live on local on live broadcast tele were (they dates public following hearings the on Service): Information Jamaica recorded the by and were vision H Parliament to report interim its in Defender Public Oce of the the by made mid- in convened ultimately was Commission The (Witter ). made by the Oce of the Public Defender in its interim report to Parliament Parliament to report interim its in Defender Public Oce of the the by made held It . mid- in convened ultimately was Commission The (Witter ). local on live broadcast tele- were (they dates public following hearings the on – Service): Information Jamaica recorded the by and were vision Chineyman’s brother’s death (Government of Jamaica : – ), at the ), the at – : of Jamaica (Government death brother’s Chineyman’s gun- received three his stepfather that note Commissioners of which the end sustained report) the in (Dashard Dashan his back, in and that shot wounds “inferences concluded that Commissioners his The gunshots in chest. four security forces” of the hands died the at have they must that compelling are suggest additional ). They therefore : of Jamaica (Government investigations. inquiry the “failed fulll to obligations that its of Enquirymission found people,” least of at deaths the fully to law investigate international under and responsible no one because it found killed extrajudicially, likely were who possibility proceedings, the of inter- of criminal consider failed violation in “to ). See : Inter- also Amnesty International (Amnesty standards” national https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries / ,” “Jamaica national, jamaica. /americas/jamaica/report- rule the at Colony Crown under activity of state growth simultaneous the political denied being the system access to were populations that same time opposition. capacity suppress its to enhancing continually was state and as the . See also Paton Kingdom, Gardens, Kew United of the Archives National , April letter, Colonial Oce Records( ( ). I have more to say about endurance in chapter . chapter in endurance about say to more I have ( ). domain, see Smith and Sliwinski . and Sliwinski seedomain, Smith in (quoted expectation” without of “waiting a kind leads to time” “messianic an “atemporal eyes through our is turning Scott, Derrida For ). Scott : particular ontology any is not reducible to that one ), futurity” (Scott : of time. , conspiracy and on , see ; Ngai inaction on ; , see Masco On surveillance . Marcus ; see Jackson Here, I am referencing Alfredo González- Ruibal ( ) and Jane Guyer Guyer Ruibal and Jane ( ) González- Alfredo I am referencing Here, An investigation by Amnesty International of the West Kingston Com- West of the International Amnesty by investigation An Colonial to Secretary Secretary, the to of State, Adviser Police G. Johnson, W. details on additional some provides report of Enquiry’s Commission The recommendations of Enquiry of the one was a public Commission Holding . see Thomas as sources, well as event, additional of this an analysis For For an elaboration of these points, see Paton . In particular, she discusses she discusses particular, In . see Paton points, of these an elaboration For F October . communication, personal Harriott, Anthony of notion whose of Derrida, interpretation Scott’s David from diers This ¦. Thomas_ALL_FF.indd 235