DOCSLIB.ORG

Can Cynodon Dactylon Suppress the Growth and Development of the Invasive Weeds Tagetes Minuta and Gutenbergia Cordifolia?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Can Cynodon Dactylon Suppress the Growth and Development of the Invasive Weeds Tagetes Minuta and Gutenbergia Cordifolia? plants Article Can Cynodon dactylon Suppress the Growth and Development of the Invasive Weeds Tagetes minuta and Gutenbergia cordifolia? Issakwisa B. Ngondya 1,* , Anna C. Treydte 1,2, Patrick A. Ndakidemi 1 and Linus K. Munishi 1 1 Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha PO Box 447, Tanzania; [email protected] (A.C.T.); [email protected] (P.A.N.); [email protected] (L.K.M.) 2 Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics, Hans-Ruthenberg Institute, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +255-784-355-896 Received: 22 October 2019; Accepted: 12 November 2019; Published: 6 December 2019 Abstract: Approaches to managing invasive plants is challenging, particularly in protected areas where conventional methods, such as chemical herbicide applications are limited. We studied the effects of varying densities of Cynodon dactylon on the growth and development of the invasive weeds Tagetes minuta and Gutenbergia cordifolia in northern Tanzania. We conducted pot and field plot experiments following a completely randomized block design that was replicated three times. Increasing densities of C. dactylon significantly reduced growth, leaf total chlorophyll, biomass and significantly increased leaf anthocyanin of both T. minuta and G. cordifolia invasives. Our results further showed that the critical density of C. dactylon to suppress the two invasive species is 8 plants/m2. ≥ We suggest that C. dactylon can successfully be used as an alternative eco-friendly and sustainable approach for managing invasive weeds, such as T. minuta and G. cordifolia. This management technique can additionally improve forage production and biomass for wild and domestic herbivores in the affected areas. Keywords: association; Mexican marigold; couch grass; invasion; rangeland; common garden; Eastern Africa 1. Introduction For many decades, weed management in both farmlands and rangelands has mainly been employed through chemical herbicide applications [1]. This chemical control of invasive weeds has become a normal practice, but it often has been associated with a consecutive evolution of resistant weeds, and hence, further proliferated the problem of weed control [2]. Weed resistance to chemical herbicides is becoming a serious and increasingly challenging issue, further being fueled by heavy reliance on chemical herbicides. Likewise, rising concerns on environmental safety and increasing costs associated with chemical herbicides have highlighted the need for alternative tools that can be used to suppress invasive species. These management strategies need to replace chemical herbicides and be able to reduce the increasing weed resistance, environmental pollution and associated costs. Management of invasive weeds in protected ecosystems poses great challenges as herbicides, which often have proven successful in farmlands are not recommended for protected areas. Herbicides often have strong negative effects on other native flora and fauna [3,4], while traditional methods of controlling weeds, such as mechanical uprooting, cultivation and burning [5,6] are labor-intensive and costly. Prior to the late 1800s only mechanical control of weeds was used in agriculture [1], but Plants 2019, 8, 576; doi:10.3390/plants8120576 www.mdpi.com/journal/plants Plants 2019, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 14 Plantsmethods2019, 8of, 576 controlling weeds, such as mechanical uprooting, cultivation and burning [5,6]2 ofare 14 labor-intensive and costly. Prior to the late 1800s only mechanical control of weeds was used in agriculture [1], but recently, weed control mechanisms, such as biological control and Integrated recently,Pest Management weed control (IPM) mechanisms, have been such recommended as biological controlto complement and Integrated and improve Pest Management the traditional (IPM) havecontrol been methods recommended [7]. Biological to complement control of andweeds, improve i.e., using the traditional living organisms, controlmethods is aimed [at7]. improving Biological controlecosystems of weeds, and reducing i.e., using the living competitive organisms, ability is aimed of target at improving weed species ecosystems so as to andreduce reducing stress theon competitivenative plant communities ability of target and weed associated species herbivores so as to reduce[8]. stress on native plant communities and associatedAlthough herbivores alternative [8]. management options, such as uprooting and mowing are often opted for, they Althoughare labor-demanding, alternative management and only a short options, term such remedy as uprooting as many and invasive mowing plant are seeds often remain opted for, in theythe soil are seed labor-demanding, bank. We propose and onlythat plant a short density- term remedydependent as manycompetitive invasive interactions plant seeds can remain be used in theto suppress soil seed invasives, bank. We partic proposeularly that the plant problematic density-dependent weeds T. minuta competitive and G. interactions cordifolia. This can benatural used tosuppression suppress invasives,can even help particularly in the restoration the problematic of previously weeds invadedT. minuta ecosystems,and G. cordifolia particularly. This grazing natural suppressionareas, by providing can even healthy help in forage the restoration vegetation of for previously mammalian invaded herbivores. ecosystems, As a low-cost, particularly low-impact grazing areas,management by providing technique, healthy plant-plant forage vegetation competition for mammalian has been herbivores. reported Asto abe low-cost, effective low-impact in some managementrestoration projects technique, [9]. plant-plant competition has been reported to be effective in some restoration projectsWe [aimed9]. at utilizing C. dactylon as a competitor, due to its agronomic value as a forage species [10]. WeAlso, aimed this atspecies utilizing wasC. found dactylon to asbe ahighly competitor, comp dueetitive to itsin agronomicprevious studies value as[11], a forage due to species its ability [10]. Also,to form this deep species roots was [10], found and its to ability be highly to grow competitive on soils with in previous a wide range studies of [pH11], [12]. due We to its studied ability the to formdensity-dependent deep roots [10 competitive], and its ability effect to of grow C. dactylon on soils on with growth a wide parameters range of and pH leaf [12]. pigments We studied of two the density-dependentspecies, i.e., T. minuta competitive and G. cordifolia, effect of whichC. dactylon haveon recently growth invaded parameters protected and leaf lands pigments of Tanzania. of two species,We set i.e.,up T.screen minuta houseand G. and cordifolia field, whichplot haveexperiments recently invadedby varying protected C. dactylon lands of densities Tanzania. and We sethypothesized up screen housethat andthis fieldspecies plot would experiments suppress by varying the twoC. dactylonweeds bydensities reducing and their hypothesized growth thatand thisdevelopment. species would Our suppressstudy might the twopave weeds the way by reducingfor the application their growth of andC. dactylon development. as a management Our study mighttool to pave suppress the way T. for minuta the application and G. cordifolia of C. dactylon in invadedas a management rangelands tool and to suppress to improveT. minuta pastureand G.production cordifolia inand invaded environmental rangelands sustainability. and to improve pasture production and environmental sustainability. 2. Results 2.1. Invasive Plant Growth Parameters 2.1. Invasive Plant Growth Parameters We observed a general decrease in G. cordifolia and T. minuta vigor with an increasing density of We observed a general decrease in G. cordifolia and T. minuta vigor with an increasing density C. dactylon plants (Figures1 and2). of C. dactylon plants (Figures 1 and 2). Figure 1.1. EEffectsffects of of increasing increasing densities densities of Cynodonof Cynodon dactylon dactylonplant plant individuals individuals on Tagetes on Tagetes minuta minutavigor (Cvigor= C. (C dactylon = C. dactylonand T and= T. T minuta = T. minut, numbersa, numbers represent represent proportions proportions of sown ofC. sown dactylon C. dactylonand T. minutaand T., wherebyminuta, whereby C0T2 was C0 theT2 was control). the control). Plants 2019, 8, 576 3 of 14 Plants 2019, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 14 Figure 2. EEffectsffects ofof increasingincreasing densities densities of ofC. C. dactylon dactylonon G.on cordifoliaG. cordifoliavigor vigor (C =(CC. = dactylonC. dactylonand and G = GG. = 0 2 cordifoliaG. cordifolia, numbers, numbers represent represent proportions proportions of sown of sownC. dactylon C. dactylonand T. minutaand T., whereminuta, C where0G2 was C aG control). was a control). The mean number of vegetative branches, panicles and leaf area of both T. minuta and G. cordifolia speciesThe di meanffered significantlynumber of vegetative across the fivebranches,C. dactylon paniclestreatments and leaf (Tables area1 ofand both2) and T. wasminuta over and four G. timescordifolia higher species in control differed pots significantly/plots than across in pots the/plots five with C. dactylonC. dactylon treatmentsat densities (Tables of > 81 individualsand 2) and was per potover/plot four (Figures times 3higher and4). in control
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Paspalum Vaginatum) Turf
    BERMUDAGRASS (CYNODON DACTYLON) AND GOOSEGRASS (ELEUSINE INDICA) MANAGEMENT IN SEASHORE PASPALUM (PASPALUM VAGINATUM) TURF A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN TROPICAL PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCES MAY 2018 By Alex J. Lindsey Thesis Committee: Joseph DeFrank, Chairperson Orville Baldos Zhiqiang Cheng ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Zhiqiang Cheng and Dr. Joseph DeFrank for providing funding for my thesis through CTAHR’s competitive Supplemental Funding Program. I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Joseph DeFrank, for his continual support and guidance throughout the completion of my thesis. I appreciate the skills and knowledge he has taught me that will help me with my future endeavors. I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to my committee members, Dr. Zhiqiang Cheng (co-advisor) and Dr. Orville Baldos, who were always there to help and provide valuable inputs throughout this process. I would also like to thank Craig Okazaki, Magoon Research Station supervisor, for providing research material and assisting as a graduate student and Rey Ito, The Green Doctor, for providing knowledge and valuable inputs for my thesis research. Thanks to Sean Fong, Hawaiian Turfgrass, for providing research materials; the Pali Golf Course, the Hoakalei Country Club, and the West Loch Golf Course for your cooperation and providing space for field trials; and to BASF, Bayer, and Syngenta for providing the herbicides used in this study. Lastly, I would like to thank my friends and family for all their love and support throughout this process.
    [Show full text]
  • (CYNODON DACTYLON) Jodie S. Holt* Bermudagrass
    PHENOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND COMPETITION OF BERMUDAGRASS (CYNODON DACTYLON) Jodie S. Holt* Introduction Bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon, is one of the most serious weeds of the Poaceae, or grass family ( 4) . Among the many species of Cynodon that are called bermudagrass, ~ dactylon is recognized as the most ubiquitous, cosmopolitan, and weedy (3). Although the earliest introduction of bermudagrass into the United States was for pasture and forage use in the southeast, since that time farmers have also considered it a troublesome and invasive weed. The dual nature of bermudagrass as a weed and a crop is well recognized in California, where it is planted in lawns, pastures, and playing fields yet is also widely found as a weed in agrono~ic and vegetable crops, orchards, vineyards, roadsides, and landscapes (2). Around the world, bermudagrass is recognized as a weed in at least 80 countries in 40 different crops ( 4) . Interestingly, research and breeding programs to improve bermudagrass as a pasture and turfgrass may have also contributed to the weediness of this species where it escapes cultivation (4). Bermudagrass Growth, Development, and Reproduction The invasive and weedy nature of bermudagrass may be attributed largely to its perennial life cycle with prolific vegetative reproduction, the primary means of spread (13). Seed production also occurs in some varieties and cultivars and is an additional means of spread (3, 4). As a seedling, bermudagrass and other perennial weeds are functionally annuals in that no underground perennating or storage structures are initially present (13). Thus, the seedling stage of perennial weeds is the easiest to control. As the bermudagrass plant matures, however, production of stolons, or creeping horizontal surface stems, and rhizomes, or underground stems, becomes prolific (6, 7, 13).
    [Show full text]
  • Nutraceuticals from Grass, Sehima Nervosum  Water Deficit Management in Potato 2 Sehima Nervosum
    Volume 18 No. 2 April-June 2012 Promising Technologies Nutraceuticals from grass, 1 Nutraceuticals from grass, Sehima nervosum Water deficit management in potato 2 Sehima nervosum New Initiatives Plant biomass, particularly the lignocellulosic material, is DNA barcoding for identification 3 the major renewable carbon reservoir that offers of insects sustainable generation of products for multiple industrial On-line Leave Management System 4 utilities and also for non-food consumer products such as fuel, chemicals and polymeric materials. Natural Resource Management Crop Health Index for monitoring 5 Sehima nervosum is one of the natural grasses; is known as crop growth and precision farming Saen grass in India, white grass in Australia; and has also been First genome sequencing from India of 7 reported from the Central East Africa and Sudan. Mesorhizobium ciceri Ca181 ICAR scientists decoded Tomato 8 As this natural grass is found inherently rich in precursors for Genome in partnership with several industrially important biomolecules, fractionation of International Consortium these precursors seems to be a promising endeavour. Profile Production of nutraceuticals (prebiotic xylo-oligosaccharides) Central Soil and Water Conservation 9 Research and Training Institute, from the lignocellulosic biomass of the grass is promising, as Dehradun this grass does not compete with food crops, and is comparatively less expensive than conventional agricultural Spectrum food-stocks. New wheat HD 3043 released 14 Seed production of summer squash in 14 An attempt was made to maximize yield of xylan from north Indian plains lignocellulosic biomass of this natural grass, followed by Magneto-priming for reclaiming aged 15 enzymatic production of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS).
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Bermudagrass (Cynodon Dactylon) Biotypes and Bermudagrass Interference with Sugarcane (Saccharum Spp
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2014 Assessment of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) biotypes and bermudagrass interference with sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids Dexter Paul Fontenot Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Recommended Citation Fontenot, Dexter Paul, "Assessment of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) biotypes and bermudagrass interference with sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids" (2014). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2500. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2500 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. ASSESSMENT OF BERMUDAGRASS (CYNODON DACTYLON) BIOTYPES AND BERMUDAGRASS INTERFERENCE WITH SUGARCANE (SACCHARUM SPP. HYBRIDS) A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in The School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences by Dexter P. Fontenot B.S. Louisiana State University, 2003 M.S. Louisiana State University, 2007 May 2014 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank my family and friends for the support and encouragement throughout my studies. Most importantly, I want to thank my wife for her time and inspiration. She along with my son, Jacob, has been the motivation that helped me reach these goals. To my parents, J.D. and Dianna Fontenot, thank you for the encouragement and interest that you have shown throughout my studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers
    A WEED REPORT from the book Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States This WEED REPORT does not constitute a formal recommendation. When using herbicides always read the label, and when in doubt consult your farm advisor or county agent. This WEED REPORT is an excerpt from the book Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States and is available wholesale through the UC Weed Research & Information Center (wric.ucdavis.edu) or retail through the Western Society of Weed Science (wsweedscience.org) or the California Invasive Species Council (cal-ipc.org). Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Bermudagrass Family: Poaceae Range: Most western states, except Wyoming, North and South Dakota. Habitat: Disturbed sites, gardens, agronomic crops, orchards, turf, landscaped and forestry areas, on most soil types. Typically in areas that are irrigated or receive some warm-season moisture. Tolerates acidic, alkaline, or saline conditions or limited flooding. Aboveground growth does not tolerate freezing temperatures (below -1°C). Optimum growth occurs when daytime temperatures are 35 to 38°C. Grows poorly in shaded conditions. Origin: Native to Africa. Impact: Because of its vigorous creeping habit bermudagrass is a noxious weed in many areas where some moisture is available in the warm season. In wildland areas, it is particularly a problem in riparian sites. Western states listed as Noxious Weed: California, Utah California Invasive Plant Council (Cal-IPC) Inventory: Moderate Invasiveness Bermudagrass is a warm-climate perennial with an extensive system of creeping rhizomes and stolons. Although it typically grows prostrate to the soil, it can grow to 1.5 ft tall, particularly under somewhat shady conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating Herbicidal Injury to St. Augustine Grass in Sod Production
    The Texas Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resource 22:61-68 (2009) 61 © Agriculture Consortium of Texas Evaluating Herbicidal Injury to St. Augustine Grass in Sod Production W. James Grichar1 Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 3507 Hwy 59E, Beeville, TX 78102 Roger D. Havlak Formerly Texas Cooperative Extension, San Antonio, TX, 78230 Currently City of San Angelo Parks Dept., P. O. Box 1751, San Angelo, TX 76902 ABSTRACT Studies were conducted at three locations (Burleson, Matagorda, and Wharton Counties) in south and central Texas to evaluate 25 commonly used herbicides for their effect on regrowth or re-establishment of St. Augustine grass [Stenotaphrum secundatum S. (Walt.) Kuntz] after sod had been harvested. Fenoxaprop-ethyl, metsulfuron-methyl, MSMA, and quinclorac caused significant injury (yellowing) at all three locations when rated 10 days after herbicide application. Benefin, imazapic, metolcachlor, triclopyr plus clopyralid, and 2,4-D plus MCPP plus dicamba caused injury to St. Augustinegrass at two of three locations while atrazine, bensulide, bentazon, bromoxynil, imazaquin, halosulfuron, oxadiazon, prodiamine, and simizine caused injury at one location. For St. Augustine grass regrowth, imazapic and metsulfuron-methyl resulted in reduced growth at all three locations while bensulide, fenoxaprop-ethyl, imazaquin, halosulfuron, and oryzalin caused considerable reduction in regrowth at two locations. Bromoxynil, dithiopyr, prodiamine, and quinclorac reduced St. Augustine regrowth at only one location. KEY WORDS: turf injury, regrowth INTRODUCTION St. Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) is a warm-season turfgrass commonly used in home lawns, athletic fields, and some golf courses throughout the southern United States (Carroll et al., 1996; Fagerness et al., 2002; Fry et al., 1986; Johnson, 1995).
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrient Uptake Responses of Tropical Turfgrass Species to Salinity Stress
    AJCS 5(6):620-629 (2011) ISSN:1835-2707 Effect of salinity stress on nutrient uptake and chlorophyll content of tropical turfgrass species Md. Kamal Uddin1*, Abdul Shukor Juraimi1, Mohd. Razi Ismail1, Md. Alamgir Hossain1, Radziah Othman2 and Anuar Abdul Rahim2 1Department of Crop Science, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Land Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Seawater of different salinity levels (0, 24, 48, and 72 dSm-1) were applied to 16 turfgrass species that grown in plastic pots filled with a mixture of sand and peat (9:1v/v). Chlorophyll concentration decreased significantly with increasing salinity. P. vaginatum and Z. japonica maintained greater amount of total chlorophyll than the others turfgrass species under salt stress. Increasing salinity also decreased K, Ca, Mg content and K/Na ratio but increased Na content in the shoot tissue. The K, Ca, Mg content reduction was the lowest in the species of Paspalum vaginatum, Zoysia japonica and Zoysia matrella while the highest K reduction was in the species of Digitaria didactyla at all salinity levels followed by Axonopus affinis, Cynodon dactylon ‘tifdwarf’, Cynodon dactylon ‘greenlesspark’ and Axonopus compressus (pearl blue). Other species were the intermediate. The overall, shoot K/Na ratio was the highest in Paspalum vaginatum followed by Zoysia japonica, whilst the lowest K/Na ratio was in Axonopus compressus (pearl blue) followed by C. dactylon ‘greenless park’. The results revealed that K, Ca and Mg ions uptake and their distribution to shoot tissues under salinity stress may be relevant issues for salt (Na+) exclusion studies and for plant nutrition as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Bluegrass Control in Dichondra-Progress Report
    Visual evaluations of the percent cover of cool season grasses frequent mowing that the other grasses studied. Several words of indicated a gradual increase in cover in subsequent winter Seasons caution: (a) Bentgrasses are sensitive to traffic; therefore, use of for all grasses except annual ryegrass, which persisted for only one them for overseeding highly trafficked bermudagrass (i.e., athletic season. By the fifth winter season, all creeping bentgrasses had fields) is not recommended . In such situations, perennial or an- a cover greater than 50 percent. nual ryegrass may be the better choice; (b) If dethatching is per- ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass, with a 76 percent turf cover, formed on bermudagrass, it may well be necessary to overseed was the most persistent grass followed closely by ‘Emerald’ and annually, regardless of the kind of grass used and its persistence ‘Seaside’ with 60 and 58 percent cover, respectively. characteristics; (c) Where persistence of overseeded grass for more Results of this study suggest that (a) a higher rate of seeding than one season is undesirable, bentgrasses and fescues are poor of all cool season grasses (approximately twice that used in this choices for bermudagrass overseeding. study) may produce a better quality turf; (b) creeping bentgrass, especially ‘Pencross: can provide a satisfactory cover for more than one season per seeding; (c) annual ryegrass, creeping red fes- Acknowledgements cues and ‘Highland’ bentgrass will probably produce acceptable The author would like to thank the Northern California Turfgrass cover for only one season; (d) of all grasses evaluated, creeping Council for its financial support of this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy of Two Dithiopyr Formulations
    HORTSCIENCE 45(6):961–965. 2010. and warm-season turfgrasses (Chism and Bingham, 1991; Dernoeden et al., 2003; Enache and Ilnicki, 1991; Hart et al., 2004; Efficacy of Two Dithiopyr Johnson, 1994a, 1994b, 1995, 1996; Reicher et al., 1999); however, turfgrass injury after Formulations for Control of Smooth treatment with quinclorac has been reported to vary considerably. For example, Johnson Crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (1997) reported as high as 65% centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack] in- jury after treatment with quinclorac at 0.84 (Schreb) Schreb. ex Muhl.] at kgÁha–1. Reicher et al. (2002) suggested that caution be exercised when applying quinclorac Various Stages of Growth in regions where elevated air temperatures 1 occur early in the growing season. Warm air James T. Brosnan and Gregory K. Breeden temperatures could explain the increased levels Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 252 Ellington Plant of turf injury that have been observed with Sciences, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 quinclorac applications to certain bermuda- grass cultivars in the transition zone (Johnson, Patrick E. McCullough 1995, 1996; McElroy et al., 2005). Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA Although MSMA has been commonly 30223-1797 used for POST smooth crabgrass control in bermudagrass turf, a U.S. Environmental Pro- Additional index words. turfgrass management, quinclorac, pre-emergence, postemergence, tection Agency (EPA) ruling determined that summer annual, grassy weed applications of MSMA for turfgrass weed control would not be legal after 2013 (U.S. Abstract. Although dithiopyr has been used for smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum EPA, 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Turfgrass Weed Control
    MP521 Turfgrass Weed Control DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE R E S E A R C H & E X T E N S I O N University of Arkansas, United States Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System and County Governments Cooperating Contents Introduction to Turfgrass Weed Control .............. 3 Hairy Bittercress ................................................... 11 American Burnweed ............................................. 4 Henbit .................................................................. 11 Annual Bluegrass .................................................. 4 Kyllinga................................................................. 12 Annual Sedge........................................................ 4 Large Hop Clover................................................. 12 Bahiagrass ............................................................. 5 Lawn Burweed or Spurweed ................................ 12 Bermudagrass – Preplant Control ......................... 5 Lespedeza, Common ............................................ 13 Bermudagrass – Selective Suppression.................. 5 Lyreleaf Sage......................................................... 13 Carolina Geranium ............................................... 6 Moss ..................................................................... 13 Carpetweed ........................................................... 6 Nutsedge, Purple................................................... 14 Cat’s Ear Dandelion ............................................. 6 Nutsedge, Yellow..................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Grasses and Sedges
    Weeds of Arkansas - Grasses John Boyd University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Bahiagrass, Paspalum notatum Bahiagrass, Paspalum notatum Bahiagrass, Paspalum notatum Bahiagrass, Paspalum notatum Bahiagrass, Paspalum notatum Prairie Three-Awn, Aristida oligantha Dallisgrass, Paspalum dilatatum Dallisgrass, Paspalum dilatatum Dalisgrass, Paspalum dilatatum Dalisgrass seedhead, Paspalum dilatatum Fall Panicum, Panicum capillare Scribner’s Panicum Panicum scribnerianum Scribner’s Panicum Panicum scribnerianum foxtails giant knot root yellow green knot root foxtail, Setaria geniculata knot root foxtail Dig it up and look for rhizomes Yellow foxtail, Setaria lutescens Giant foxtail, Setaria faberii Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Johnsongrass Big ligule White midrib Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Johnsongrass Purpletop, Tridens flavus Purpletop, Tridens flavus Purpletop, Tridens flavus Broadleaf signalgrass, Urochloa platyphylla Broadleaf signalgrass, Urochloa platyphylla Broadleaf signalgrass, Urochloa platyphylla Broadleaf signalgrass Broadleaf signalgrass Carpetgrass, Axonopus affinis Carpetgrass, Axonopus affinis Carpetgrass, Axonopus affinis Carpetgrass, Axonopus affinis Carpetgrass, Axonopus affinis Carpetgrass in a bermudagrass green Nimblewill, Muhlenbergia schreberi Nimblewill, Muhlenbergia schreberi Nimblewill, Muhlenbergia schreberi Sandbur, Cenchrus longispinus Sandbur ID – Dig or gently pull the seedling and look for the attached bur. Stem cross-section, sandbur stems are flattened Sandbur Sandbur collar Slide your fingers
    [Show full text]
  • Butterflies of Southern Greece
    Butterflies Of Southern Greece Naturetrek Tour Report 25th June - 2nd July 2005 Naturetrek Cheriton Mill Cheriton Alresford Hampshire SO24 0NG England T: +44 (0)1962 733051 F: +44 (0)1962 736426 E: [email protected] W: www.naturetrek.co.uk Butterflies Of Southern Greece Tour Report Tour Leaders Toby Abrehart Dave Green Participants Richard Pooley Mike Harford Philip Delve Lucy Delve John Houghton Helen Houghton Shirley King Lawrie King David Howat Dave Crawley Jill Crawley Ken Knowles Barbara Knowles Keith Harris Day 1 After an eventful time in Heathrow the group eventually arrived at Athens in the late evening. Quickly dispatched to get some food and drink, we then set off for the three hour drive up to the mountain resort of Kalavrita, in the northern Pelopennese. Once there everyone quickly went off to bed at about 12.30am. Day 2 Kalavrita After our breakfast we set off at around 9.30am after finding our first few butterflies near the buses. Namely a Large Tortoiseshell and a Lattice Brown - a nice start to the trip. Once in the buses our half hour drive to the plateau below Mount Chelmos gave us all a chance to see the area for the first time, daylight helping a lot! Our first stop at the pond and its meadows was very productive with many Black-veined Whites, the occasional Greek Clouded Yellow, many Blues to get to grips with and a good scattering of Skippers including a couple of Hungarian Skippers. With a cloudless sky and the rich diversity of butterflies it was a great way to start.
    [Show full text]