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Paspalum Vaginatum) Turf BERMUDAGRASS (CYNODON DACTYLON) AND GOOSEGRASS (ELEUSINE INDICA) MANAGEMENT IN SEASHORE PASPALUM (PASPALUM VAGINATUM) TURF A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN TROPICAL PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCES MAY 2018 By Alex J. Lindsey Thesis Committee: Joseph DeFrank, Chairperson Orville Baldos Zhiqiang Cheng ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Zhiqiang Cheng and Dr. Joseph DeFrank for providing funding for my thesis through CTAHR’s competitive Supplemental Funding Program. I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Joseph DeFrank, for his continual support and guidance throughout the completion of my thesis. I appreciate the skills and knowledge he has taught me that will help me with my future endeavors. I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to my committee members, Dr. Zhiqiang Cheng (co-advisor) and Dr. Orville Baldos, who were always there to help and provide valuable inputs throughout this process. I would also like to thank Craig Okazaki, Magoon Research Station supervisor, for providing research material and assisting as a graduate student and Rey Ito, The Green Doctor, for providing knowledge and valuable inputs for my thesis research. Thanks to Sean Fong, Hawaiian Turfgrass, for providing research materials; the Pali Golf Course, the Hoakalei Country Club, and the West Loch Golf Course for your cooperation and providing space for field trials; and to BASF, Bayer, and Syngenta for providing the herbicides used in this study. Lastly, I would like to thank my friends and family for all their love and support throughout this process. ii Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................ ii LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES ..........................................................................................................................viii Chapter 1. Introduction and literature review ..................................................................................... 10 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 10 Literature Review .......................................................................................................................... 11 Tables .............................................................................................................................................. 17 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................. 19 Chapter 2. Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica) management in seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) turf .................................................................................................. 22 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 22 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 23 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................................. 25 Experiment 1. Seashore paspalum and goosegrass response to mesotrione, metribuzin, and topramezone single product and tank mixes at Pali Golf Course. ............................................... 25 Experiment 2. Seashore paspalum and bermudagrass response to ethofumesate in combination with metribuzin, mesotrione, and topramezone at Hoakalei Country Club. ................................ 25 Experiment 3. Seashore paspalum, bermudagrass, and goosegrass response to tank mixes and split applications of ethofumesate, metribuzin, mesotrione, and topramezone at West Loch Golf Course. ......................................................................................................................................... 26 Experiment 4. Seashore paspalum response to mesotrione, and topramezone alone and in tank mix with ethofumesate and metribuzin at Hoakalei Country Club. ............................................. 27 Experiment 5. Container grown seashore paspalum and bermudagrass response to ethofumesate, metribuzin, mesotrione, and topramezone alone and in tank mixes at Magoon Research Station. ...................................................................................................................................................... 28 Experiment 6. Seashore paspalum, bermudagrass, and goosegrass response to sequential tank mixes of ethofumesate, metribuzin, mesotrione, and topramezone followed by multiple applications of oxadiazon alone and in prepackaged mixture with bensulide at West Loch Golf Course. ......................................................................................................................................... 29 Results ............................................................................................................................................. 30 Experiment 1. Seashore paspalum and goosegrass response to mesotrione, metribuzin, and topramezone single product and tank mixes at Pali Golf Course. ............................................... 30 iii Seashore paspalum green color ratings .................................................................................... 30 Goosegrass green color ratings ................................................................................................ 30 Experiment 2. Seashore paspalum and bermudagrass response to ethofumesate in combination with metribuzin, mesotrione, and topramezone at Hoakalei Country Club. ................................ 31 Seashore paspalum green color ratings .................................................................................... 31 Bermudagrass green color ratings ............................................................................................ 31 Experiment 3. Seashore paspalum, bermudagrass, and goosegrass response to tank mixes and split applications of ethofumesate, metribuzin, mesotrione, and topramezone at West Loch Golf Course. ......................................................................................................................................... 32 Seashore paspalum green color ratings .................................................................................... 32 Bermudagrass green color ratings ............................................................................................ 33 Goosegrass green color ratings ................................................................................................ 33 Goosegrass counts .................................................................................................................... 34 Experiment 4. Seashore paspalum response to mesotrione, and topramezone alone and in tank mix with ethofumesate and metribuzin at Hoakalei Country Club. ............................................. 34 Experiment 5. Container grown seashore paspalum and bermudagrass response to ethofumesate, metribuzin, mesotrione, and topramezone alone and in tank mixes at Magoon Research Station. ...................................................................................................................................................... 34 Green color ratings ................................................................................................................... 34 Dry weights of clippings .......................................................................................................... 36 Shoot and root dry weights ...................................................................................................... 36 Experiment 6. Seashore paspalum, bermudagrass, and goosegrass response to sequential tank mixes of ethofumesate, metribuzin, mesotrione, and topramezone followed by multiple applications of oxadiazon alone and in prepackaged mixture with bensulide at West Loch Golf Course. ......................................................................................................................................... 37 Seashore paspalum green color ratings .................................................................................... 37 Bermudagrass green color ratings ............................................................................................ 37 Goosegrass green color ratings ................................................................................................ 38 Seashore paspalum percent cover ............................................................................................ 38 Goosegrass percent change in counts....................................................................................... 39 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................ 39 Experiment 1. Seashore paspalum and goosegrass response to mesotrione, metribuzin, and topramezone single product and tank mixes at Pali Golf Course. ............................................... 39 iv Experiment 2. Seashore paspalum and bermudagrass response to ethofumesate in combination with metribuzin,
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