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Kajian Produktivitas Dan Mutu Tembakau Temanggung Berdasarkan Nilai Indeks Erodibilitas Dan Kepadatan Tanah

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Kajian Produktivitas Dan Mutu Tembakau Temanggung Berdasarkan Nilai Indeks Erodibilitas Dan Kepadatan Tanah 389 Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 3 No 2: 389-399, 2016 KAJIAN PRODUKTIVITAS DAN MUTU TEMBAKAU TEMANGGUNG BERDASARKAN NILAI INDEKS ERODIBILITAS DAN KEPADATAN TANAH Anam Prasetiyo1, Djajadi2, Sudarto1* 1 Jurusan Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 2 Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat, Malang * penulis korespondensi: [email protected] Abstract This study was aimed to identify the distribution of productivity and quality of Temanggung tobacco, identify relationships between soil erodibility with soil compaction and productivity quality of Temanggung tobacco, and identify relationships between soil erodibility index with productivity and quality of Temanggung tobacco. The study was conducted by field survey method with the object of study was tobacco fields in Temanggung Regency, Central Java. Based on the data obtained, two maps i.e. map of productivity distribution and map of Temanggung tobacco quality. The results showed that the soil compaction affected the value of erodibility index. The higher of the soil compaction, the lower was the value of soil erodibility. It was because the compaction of the soil influenced one aspect of erodibility. The soil compaction affected the productivity but did not affect to the quality of Temanggung tobacco. The more compact the soil, the lower the productivity of the land, it was because root development was hampered by the dense soil, thus affecting the development of other plants (leaves). While erodibility did not affect productivity, it affected the quality of tobacco. The higher erodibility indicated the lower quality tobacco. This was because the high soil erodibility increased soil sensitivity to erosion. Keywords: compaction, erodibility, productivity, quality, Temanggung tobacco Pendahuluan Indonesia masih membutuhkan tembakau dalam jumlah yang tinggi, terutama tembakau Tanaman tembakau (Nicotiana tabacum L.) jenis temanggung untuk memenuhi kebutuhan merupakan komoditas yang banyak rokok kretek yang terus meningkat. Menurut dibudidayakan di Indonesia dengan luas Djumali (2008), kebutuhan tembakau 226,704 ha (Disperindag-Jatim, 2013). Salah temanggung untuk menunjang industri rokok satu daerah penghasil tembakau adalah Indonesia, sekitar 31.200 t tahun-1. Kabupaten Temanggung di Provinsi Jawa BAPPEDA-Temanggung (2015) Tengah dengan luas 12.587 ha (BAPPEDA- melaporkan bahwa, pada tahun 2015 Temanggung, 2015). Kabupaten Temanggung hanya mampu Tembakau temanggung mempunyai menyediakan 6.922 t tahun-1. Sehingga kualitas rasa, aroma yang khas, maka disebut persediaan tembakau temanggung masih jauh sebagai tembakau lauk yang digunakan sebagai dari kebutuhan. Dengan demikian racikan (bland) dengan komposisi tembakau produktivitas tembakau temanggung harus temanggung antara 12-24% (BAPPEDA- terus ditingkatkan karena dengan laju Temanggung, 2013). Tembakau temanggung kebutuhan industri yang semakin tinggi. mempunyai ciri aromatis dengan kadar nikotin Namun seiring dengan upaya peningkatan tinggi (3-8%), hampir semua pabrik rokok produktivitas tembakau temanggung, yang kretek membutuhkan tembakau jenis ini. menjadi permasalahan adalah penurunan http://jtsl.ub.ac.id 390 Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 3 No 2: 389-399, 2016 kesuburan lahan yang diikuti menurunnya petak lahan pertanian. Kehilangan hara dari produktivitas lahan. Menurut pernyataan permukaan tanah merupakan salah satu akibat (Djajadi et al., 2002), menurunnya produktivitas utama dari terjadinya erosi. Erosi sangat erat tembakau di Temanggung disebabkan oleh hubungannya dengan erodibilitas. Menurut degradasi lahan sebagai akibat dari budidaya Dharmawan (2008), erodibilitas tanah adalah tembakau yang intensif. Menurunnya daya tahan tanah terhadap erosi. Erodibilitas produktivitas lahan disebabkan antara lain mempunyai hubungan dengan kepadatan degradasi lahan akibat erosi dan endemik tanah. Sucipto (2007) mengungkapkan semakin penyakit (Rochman dan Yulaikah, 2007). tinggi kepadatan tanah suatu lahan maka erosi BAPPEDA-Temanggung (2013) yang terjadi akan semakin besar sampai pada memperkirakan bahwa, lapisan olah tanah yang suatu titik optimum tertentu kemudian erosi hilang setiap tahun akibat erosi sebesar 20-53 t yang terjadi akan berkurang. Oleh karena itu ha-1 tahun-1. penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi Tanaman tembakau merupakan tanaman pengaruh kepadatan dan erodibilitas tanah yang spesifik, sehingga tiap daerah penghasil terhadap produktivitas dan mutu tembakau. tembakau memiliki ciri khas dan mutu tembakau yang dihasilkan berbeda (Djumali, Bahan dan Metode 2008). Ciri khas tembakau ini dipengaruhi aspek lingkungan dan proses budidaya yang Waktu dan lokasi penelitian dilakukan petani. Kondisi lingkungan yang Penelitian dilakukan di Kabupaten berpengaruh terhadap produksi dan mutu Temanggung Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Analisis tembakau antara lain adalah kondisi tanah (sifat tanah dilakukan di Laboratorium Fisika dan fisika dan kimia tanah), mikroklimat Kimia Jurusan Ilmu Tanah, sedangkan analisis (temperatur dan kelembaban) di sekitar spasial dilakukan di Laboratorium Pedologi dan pertanaman, tekstur, kelembaban tanah, dan Sisitem Informasi Sumberdaya Lahan Jurusan curah hujan (Sudaryono, 2004). Secara umum Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas elevasi tempat yang tinggi menghasilkan Brawijaya, Malang. Waktu pelaksanaan pada tembakau dengan mutu yang tinggi, sedangkan bulan Juni hingga September 2015. elevasi rendah menghasilkan tembakau dengan kualitas yang rendah (Rochman dan Suwarso, Alat dan bahan 2000). Demikian pula bila ditinjau dari tekstur tanah, dimana wilayah berelevasi tinggi Alat yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini umumnya bertekstur lebih kasar dibandingkan terbagi menjadi peralatan pengambilan contoh wilayah berelevasi rendah (Rochman dan tanah, pengamatan kondisi aktual lahan dan Yulaikah, 2007). kepadatan tanah dan analisis tanah. Peralatan Tanaman tembakau di Kabupaten pengambilan contoh tanah meliputi ring Temanggung dibudidayakan pada ketinggian sampel, plastik, kertas label, karet, sekop, tempat antara 500-1500 m dpl., kelerengan cangkul, balok kayu dan palu. Pada pengamatan lahan bervariasi antara 8%- 45%, dengan curah di lapangan menggunakan alat yang meliputi hujan antara 1500-3500 mm.tahun-1 (Rochman penetrometer untuk mengukur kepadatan dan Yulaikah, 2007). Tingginya curah hujan tanah, GPS (Global Positioning System), kamera, dan dengan kemiringan lahan tertentu dan klinometer serta peralatan analisis yang mengakibatkan terjadinya limpasan permukaan, terdapat di Laboratorium Fisika dan Kimia sehingga berakibat terjadi erosi Tanah. Bahan yang digunakan dalam peneltian (Kartasapoetra,1990) yang menyebabkan adalah bahan-bahan untuk analisis fisika dan hilangnya unsur hara. Menurut Tambun (2013), kimia. unsur hara tanah umumnya banyak terdapat pada lapisan atas tanah khususnya unsur N, P, Tahap penelitian K sebagai penyubur tanah, sehingga aliran Persiapan permukaan yang terjadi, selain membawa tanah Izin lokasi dan persiapan peta kerja yang tererosi juga membawa hara tanah keluar dari diperlukan untuk pelaksanaan survei lapangan. http://jtsl.ub.ac.id 391 Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 3 No 2: 389-399, 2016 Peta kerja yang diperlukan meliputi Peta tanah yang dinyatakan dalam gaya (kg f cm2-1). administrasi Kabupaten Temanggung dan peta Penetrasi dilakukan pada lahan titik observasi berskala 1:25.000, Peta bentuk lahan, relief, dengan beda kedalaman tanah, yang meliputi peta ketinggian tempat, peta bahan induk. Peta- 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, dan 60 cm. Penetrasi peta tersebut merupakan data sekunder yang dilakukan dengan pengulangan tiga kali pada berfungsi sebagai petunjuk dalam menentukan setiap lahan. Ilustrasi penetrasi dapat dilihat titik daerah pengamatan di lapangan. pada Gambar 6. Gaya maksimal yang Pembuatan Satuan Peta Lahan dan Peta ditimbulkan oleh penetrometer Daiki dalam diperlukan untuk menentukan titik pengamatan penetrasi ialah 0-25 kg f cm2-1. sebelum survei lapang dilakukan. Satuan peta lahan terdiri dari peta penggunaan lahan dan peta bentuk lahan yang di overlay dengan peta Hasil dan Pembahasan lereng, geologi, ketinggian tempat dan hillshade. Produktivitas rajangan kering tembakau Skala kerja yang digunakan adalah 1:50.000. Temanggung Pengumpulan data sekunder Berdasarkan rerata produktivitas diketahui Pada tahap ini meliputi studi pustaka dari data bahwa sentra Sawahan mempunyai nilai produktivitas paling tinggi diantara sentra yang sekunder, pengumpulan data dari penelitian -1 sebelumnya, kondisi umum wilayah setempat lain sebesar 2.044 kg ha rajangan kering, dan tingkat produktivitas dan mutu tanaman kemudian produktivitas tertinggi kedua berada -1 tembakau. Kompilasi dari data-data awal yang di sentra Lamuk sebesar 1106 kg ha . diperoleh selanjutnya digunakan untuk dasar Produktivitas tembakau sentra paling rendah -1 penentuan rencana kerja dan observasi yang berada di sentra Kidulan sebesar 611 kg ha . sistematis. Dari data tersebut lahan sawah mempunyai nilai produktivitas tembakau cenderung tinggi Penentuan titik observasi jika dibandingkan dengan lahan tegalan. Hal ini Titik observasi penelitian dengan objek terjadi karena pada lahan sawah ketersediaan air tanaman tembakau varietas Kemloko tanah lebih tinggi daripada lahan tegalan. berjumlah 72 Titik. Titik observasi tersebut Menurut Siswanto (2004), produktivitas tersebar di delapan sentra antara lain sentra tanaman tembakau pada lahan sawah Kidulan, Lamuk, Lamsi, Paksi, Sawahan, cenderung tinggi, namun kualitas dan aroma Tionggang, Tualo, dan Swanbin. Sentra
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