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Rucforsk@Ruc.Dk Providing Details, and We Will Remove Access to the Work Immediately and Investigate Your Claim Roskilde University State recognition of traditional authority authority, citizenship and state formation in rural post-war Mozambique Kyed, Helene Maria Publication date: 2007 Citation for published version (APA): Kyed, H. M. (2007). State recognition of traditional authority: authority, citizenship and state formation in rural post-war Mozambique. Roskilde Universitet. 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Oct. 2021 ___________________________________________ State Recognition of Traditional Authority Authority, Citizenship and State Formation in Rural Post-War Mozambique ___________________________________________ Helene Maria Kyed Ph.D Dissertation, 2007. Roskilde University Centre Cover desing: Malene Kyed Cover photograph: Chief Zomba, Chief Chibue, Chief Dombe, and Secretário of Mabaia, in Dombe Administrative post, dressed in the complete uniform granted to community authorities by the Mozambican state authorities in September 2004 (photo taken by Helene Maria Kyed, August 2005) Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................................. III MAPS .............................................................................................................................................................IV CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 1. SITUATING THE STUDY: THE RESURGENCE OF TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY.................................................. 7 2. THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL ISSUES.................................................................................................. 19 3. METHODS AND FIELDWORK SITES ............................................................................................................ 36 4. OUTLINE OF THE DISSERTATION ............................................................................................................... 43 PART I: THE CHANGING FATE OF TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY CHAPTER 2 - FROM PARTIAL INVENTION TO FEEBLE BANNING ................. 51 1. THE PRE-COLONIAL REFORMATION OF MAMBOS...................................................................................... 52 2. THE COLONIAL INVENTION OF THE RÉGULO............................................................................................. 57 3. THE POST-COLONIAL EXCLUSION OF MAMBOS AND TRADITION ............................................................. 65 4. RENAMO’S RE-INSERTION OF THE MAMBOS ............................................................................................. 76 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................ 82 CHAPTER 3 - TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY IN THE NEW DEMOCRACY ........ 85 1. THE POLICY-MAKING PROCESS: AN OVERVIEW....................................................................................... 87 2. ACTOR POSITIONS AND STRUGGLES OVER DEFINITION............................................................................. 94 3. WIDER AGENDAS AND CONDITIONS........................................................................................................ 108 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................. 117 CHAPTER 4 - CLASSIFICATORY CLOSURE AND DECREE 15/2000................. 119 1. THE CLASSIFICATORY CLOSURE ............................................................................................................. 119 2. DECREE 15/2000: A COMPROMISE.......................................................................................................... 127 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................. 135 PART II: RECOGNITION OF CHIEFS AND STATE FORMATION CHAPTER 5 - MUTUAL CONSTITUTIONS.............................................................. 139 1. IDENTIFICATION: RECTIFYING THE STATE AND THE ‘REAL’ LINEAGES................................................... 140 2. LEGITIMISATION: THE CONSTITUTION OF COMMUNITY .......................................................................... 147 3. PROVING THE ‘REAL’ TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY ................................................................................... 157 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................. 175 CHAPTER 6 - STATE RECOGNITION - STAGING THE IDEAL ORDER .......... 177 1. RECOGNITION CEREMONIES: A NATIONAL CELEBRATION ...................................................................... 178 2. THE MEANINGS OF RECOGNITION........................................................................................................... 197 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................. 207 PART III: POLICING AND JUSTICE ENFORCEMENT CHAPTER 7 - LAW, INSTITUTIONS AND MODELS FOR PRACTICE .............. 217 1. CODIFIED LAW: JUSTICE AND POLICING REFORMS ................................................................................. 219 2. THE PLURAL INSTITUTIONAL LANDSCAPE .............................................................................................. 225 3. MODELS FOR PRACTICE: STATE INCORPORATION AND SEPARATION ...................................................... 240 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................. 253 i CHAPTER 8 - THE INTRICACY OF BOUNDARY-MARKING ............................. 259 1. PATTERNS OF ACTION AND INTERACTION: AN OVERVIEW ..................................................................... 261 2. PATTERN ONE: MULTIPLE TRANSGRESSIONS AND AUTHORITIES............................................................ 268 3. PATTERN TWO: DOUBLE-CLASSIFICATIONS, CONFLICTING JUSTICE FORMS ........................................... 279 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................. 287 CHAPTER 9 - BEYOND MANDATES - MERGERS AND DISTINCTIONS.......... 291 1. THE CHIEFS: RECONFIGURED CONTINUITY, PRECARIOUS LEGITIMACY.................................................. 292 2. THE STATE POLICE: LOCALLY ADJUSTED, UNCERTAIN AUTHORITY ...................................................... 300 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................. 311 CHAPTER 10 - EMERGING FORMS OF AUTHORITY AND CITIZENSHIP..... 315 1. NEGOTIATED, HYBRID AUTHORITY AND SITUATIONAL CITIZENSHIP...................................................... 317 2. EXCEPTIONAL SITUATIONS: SOVEREIGNTY AND THE POLITICAL SCRIPT ................................................ 334 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................. 350 CHAPTER 11 - CONCLUSION..................................................................................... 357 1. THE DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION AND TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY ............................................................ 361 2. MUTUAL TRANSFORMATIONS, PERVASIVE CONTINUITIES ...................................................................... 367 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................. 373 APPENDIX I: DATA-COLLECTION ....................................................................................................... 395 ii Acknowledgements This study would have been impossible without the help of a number of individuals and institutions across various locations. To begin with I express my gratitude to the Danish Council for Development Research for the funding of this project, and to the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) in Copenhagen and the Graduate School for International Development Studies at Roskilde University (RUC) for providing the much required academic homes. This thesis could not have been written without the openness and hospitality with which people received me during fieldwork in Matica and Dombe. I am immensely grateful for their enthusiasm in sharing their stories with me and for letting me into their daily lives. Especially I wish to acknowledge the chiefs Chibue, Kóa, Boupua, Ganda, Gudza, Mushambonha, Shambanhe, and
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