Philippe Gaubert (1879-1941)

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Philippe Gaubert (1879-1941) Philippe Gaubert (1879-1941) Trois Aquarelles pour flûte, violoncelle et piano 1_ I. Par un clair matin 6’09 2_ II. Soir d’automne 4’27 3_ III. Sérénade 4’12 Sonate N°2 pour flûte et piano 4_ I. Pastorale. À l’aise, mais sans lenteur 5’41 5_ II. Andante – Modéré – Andante 5’49 6_ III. Assez vif 3’30 7_ Lamento pour violoncelle et piano 6’28 Sonate N°3 pour flûte et piano 8_ I. Allegretto 5’06 9_ II. Intermède pastoral. Très modéré 3’38 10_ III. Final: Joyeux. Allegretto 4’16 Trois pièces pour violoncelle et piano 11_ I. Lied 3’36 12_ II. Menuet 2’03 13_ III. Cortège 2’20 14_ Pièce romantique pour flûte, violoncelle et piano (moderato) 7’29 Total Time: 65’39 Trio Wiek Christina Fassbender, flute Justus Grimm, cello Florian Wiek, piano 2 français Plusieurs raisons expliquent l’oubli dont a souffert la musique de Philippe Gaubert. Gaubert était un instrumentiste et un chef d’orchestre des plus brillants: cela a nui à son «hono- rabilité» de compositeur, comme à ses compatriotes et contemporains Vierne, Widor, Messager, Pierné, Caplet, Inghelbrecht et bien d’autres qui en souffrent encore un siècle après: que les catégories sont difficiles à dissoudre. Éternel romantique, il écrivait dans un langage châtié, de son temps mais sans être anticipateur; après la Deuxième guerre mondiale, qui le vit mourir prématurément, ces voix-là ne purent plus se faire entendre, condamnées au silence par les encombrants débats entre jeunes et moins jeunes – Boulez, Ohana, Schaeffer, Henry, Nigg, Messiaen, Delannoy, Dutilleux et bien d’autres, occupés à secouer les habits de cirque du Groupe des Six et les fantômes encombrants de Debussy et de Ravel; dans le « milieu », les défenseurs d’un Jacques Ibert, d’un Gaubert, d’un Jean Cras, d’un Daniel-Lesur étaient plutôt rares, souvent maladroits et parfois nauséa- bonds à force d’être réactionnaires. La génération de 1880-1890 n’eut d’ailleurs pas, globalement, partie facile. Une première guerre dans l’élan de la jeunesse, un entre-deux guerres exaltant mais agité, avec une mutation sociale rapide, la crise économique, la montée des dictatures, puis la deuxième guerre au len- demain de laquelle plus rien ne sera comme avant: ces itinéraires sont souvent marqués d’au- tant de douleurs et d’interrogations que de joies. Gaubert mourut en 1941, âgé de 62 ans seu- lement; il lui fut, au moins, épargné de vivre son oubli en direct. Aujourd’hui, notre regard sur les «voies médianes» s’est modifié, comme lorsque, dans la tra- dition du bel canto, le Verdi de Macbeth apprit aux aficionados italiens qu’il pouvait y avoir des vertus théâtrales inconnues dans les registres intermédiaires; nous nous ouvrons, de plus en plus, à cet enrichissement du répertoire et à ces constantes évolutions des jugements et des valeurs. Gaubert, en France, son ami et collègue Jongen, en Belgique, Arnold Bax, en Angleterre, sont autant d’exemples de résurgences bienvenues d’une source riche, au charme évident pour qui veut s’y abreuver. ———— 3 Philippe Gaubert est né à Cahors en 1879. Ses attaches à sa région, le Quercy, lui resteront toujours, et son allure bonhomme, feront de lui, avec son léger embonpoint, un caractère juvé- nile et une pointe d’accent naturellement entretenue, une figure aimée et centrale de la vie musi- cale parisienne. Enfant surdoué d’un père cordonnier et clarinettiste attentif au sort de ses enfants, il vint à Paris, y apprit un peu de violon puis, sans retard, se mit à suivre les cours de flûte du Bordelais Paul Taffanel, l’immense virtuose qui «installait» alors l’école française moderne de la flûte – avec un impact qui se ressent aujourd’hui encore. Taffanel, nommé au Conservatoire en 1893, y amena son jeune élève et, s’il eut une pléiade d’élèves célèbres – Louis Fleury, Marcel Moyse, Georges Barrère – il consi- dérera toujours Gaubert d’un œil particulièrement admiratif. En un an, d’ailleurs, tout s’emballe: Taffanel estime vite que le jeune homme «joue beaucoup mieux que lui-même»; il aide généreu- sement son disciple, orphelin à quinze ans, qui lui semble destiné à faire une carrière exception- nelle. De fait, Gaubert devient, encore adolescent, flûte solo à l’Opéra et aux Concerts du Conservatoire; il continue cependant d’étudier au Conservatoire, la composition cette fois, avec Raoul Pugno, le virtuose/compositeur partenaire d’Ysaÿe, ainsi qu’avec Xavier Leroux et Charles Lenepveu. Son appétit ne s’arrête pas là: comme Taffanel (dont il achèvera la fondamentale Méthode de flûte, devenue méthode Taffanel-Gaubert à sa parution en 1923), il est pris du virus de la baguette. Dès 1904, il dirige comme chef en second des séances de la prestigieuse Société des concerts du Conservatoire. L’année suivante, à 22 ans, il remporte un second prix au Concours de Rome. Très vite, on vous le disait: tout va très vite, et cette décennie d’avant conflit passe à la vitesse de l’éclair, entre flûte, direction, orchestrations (entre autres pour Gabriel Fauré) et composition. La guerre interrompt temporairement cet élan. Gaubert survit au champ de bataille de Verdun; une bronchite chronique le démobilise et au sortir du conflit, il est décoré de la Croix de Guerre. Nommé professeur de flûte au Conservatoire de Paris, il y succède également à André Messager comme chef principal de la Société des Concerts; il fera immédiatement entrer celle-ci dans l’ère de l’enregistrement1. Enfin, il enseigne à l’École Normale de musique fondée par son 1. On ne saurait trop conseiller l’audition du magnifique album d’enregistrements historiques de Gaubert, chef d’orchestre et flûtiste, conçu par François Dru chez Alpha (collection Les Pêcheurs de perle), réf. Alpha 801. 4 ami Alfred Cortot. C’est la gloire pour ce jeune quadragénaire dans une France victorieuse, d’au- tant que, quelques mois plus tard, Jacques Rouché l’appelle à l’Opéra pour y occuper le poste de directeur musical. À cette place prestigieuse entre toutes, Gaubert va diriger avec gourmandise et talent les créa- tions françaises d’Elektra (Rouché à la mise en scène, Lifar à la chorégraphie, Lubin, Journet, Pernet à la distribution: quelle époque!), de Rosenkavalier et de Turandot, ainsi que plusieurs premières mondiales qui feront date: Œdipe d’Enesco, Bacchus et Ariane et Padmavâti de Roussel, Médée de Milhaud… Il dirige la 2000e de Faust en 1934. Tant d’occupations le détournent progressivement de la flûte. Quand il abandonne sa classe du Conservatoire à Marcel Moyse, il ne joue plus que rarement en public depuis longtemps déjà mais, au témoignage de sa belle-fille Yvette Poiré-Gaubert (mère adoptive du producteur Alain Poiré), s’astreint encore à une demi-heure, au moins, d’exercices avant chaque leçon. Nous sommes en 1931; Gaubert reprend, en toute logique, la classe d’orchestre, celle-là même qui avait été tenue brillamment, presque jusqu’à sa mort, par un autre compositeur/chef d’or- chestre, Vincent d’Indy. Les années trente seront dès lors essentiellement orchestrales. En 1938, Gaubert abandonne la direction des Concerts du Conservatoire à Charles Münch et, à la nationalisation de l’Opéra de Paris, le 1er juin 1939, en prend désormais la direction sous l’administration générale de Jacques Rouché, devenu «Administrateur général de la Réunion des théâtres lyriques nationaux». Son alter ego à l’Opéra-Comique sera Henri Büsser. C’est dans cette situation nouvelle et inédite qu’éclate soudainement la guerre. L’appétit de vie de Gaubert n’avait pas épargné sa robuste constitution. Au Café de la Paix, au sortir de ses leçons, trois grands bocks de bière l’attendaient: un pour la soif urgente, un autre pour discuter le coup avec les amis, un troisième à table, dans l’arrière-salle, pour accompagner un repas toujours solide. Oui: Gaubert aimait la bonne chère, le bon vin autant que les amis et – passionnément – la musique. Les épreuves, l’énervement et les difficultés du conflit seront fatals à ce caractère entier et sanguin. En juin 1940, la troupe de l’Opéra de Paris est évacuée à… Cahors. À la fin de l’été, l’activité reprend tout de même à Paris, pendant que le gouvernement 5 de Vichy se met en place. Gaubert reste au poste et ne freine en rien ses activités: Albert Wolff parti en Argentine, il accepte de diriger également les concerts Pasdeloup. Mais le 8 juillet 1941, une hémorragie cérébrale l’emporte alors que vient de naître un chef-d’œuvre, son ultime ballet, commandé par Rouché et chorégraphié par Lifar, Le chevalier et la demoiselle. Ainsi s’achève une vie bien – trop, diront les médecins: oublions cela – remplie. Son successeur, qui a bien davantage l’oreille de Vichy que le bouillant cadurcien défunt, sera Marcel Samuel- Rousseau. Avec Lifar s’enfonçant dans la collaboration, et Max d’Ollone à la tête de l’Opéra- Comique, le contexte devenait trouble. Gaubert n’était plus là pour s’en apercevoir. ———— Compositeur, Philippe Gaubert a laissé quelque quatre-vingts œuvres, non numérotées. Elles vont du cycle de mélodies au ballet, en passant par la symphonie, la musique de chambre, le piano et l’opéra. Comme Mahler, il était condamné par son activité intense de chef d’orchestre à être un «compositeur de vacances». Sa Carinthie à lui était la Côte basque, avec des villégiatures à Guéthary, hautes en couleur. Plusieurs pages orchestrales (Les Chants de la mer, la Symphonie en fa: des merveilles!) et les ballets, fruits de ces étés studieux, mériteraient une place régulière au concert symphonique: heureusement, le disque commence, quoique tardivement, à corriger le tir.
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