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Study to Support the Commission in Gathering Structured Information and Defining of Reporting Obligations on Waste Oils and Other Hazardous Waste”

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Study to Support the Commission in Gathering Structured Information and Defining of Reporting Obligations on Waste Oils and Other Hazardous Waste” Study to support the Commission in gathering structured information and defining of reporting obligations on waste oils and other hazardous waste Final Report Contract Number 07.0201/2018/789021/ENV.B.3 02/2020 - I European Commission – Study on waste oils, spent solvents/hazardous liquid waste Freiburg, 31 January 2020 Client: European Commission – DG Environment Service Request 04 “Study to support the Commission in gathering structured information and defining of reporting obligations on waste oils and other hazardous waste” Contract No 07.0201/2018/789021/ENV.B.3 Authors: Hartmut Stahl, Cornelia Merz (Oeko-Institut e.V.) 02/2020 - II European Commission – Study on waste oils, spent solvents/hazardous liquid waste Contract Contract No 07.0201/2018/789021/ENV.B.3 Implementing Framework Contract No ENV.B.3/FRA/2017/0005 Assistance to the Commission on the implementation of the revised waste legislation, assessment of Waste Management Plans and monitoring of compliance with the Waste Framework Directive Client: European Commission DG Environment Directorate B.3 – Waste Management & Secondary Materials Contractor: Öko-Institut e.V. – Institute for Applied Ecology Merzhauser Str. 173, 79100 Freiburg, Germany Disclaimer The information and views set out in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission´s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. 02/2020 - III LEGAL NOTICE This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://www.europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020 PDF ISBN 978-92-76-17305-2 doi:10.2779/14834 KH-04-20-136-EN-N © European Union, 2020 The Commission’s reuse policy is implemented by Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39 – https://eur- lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj). Unless otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that reuse is allowed, provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated. For any use or reproduction of elements that are not owned by the EU, permission may need to be sought directly from the respective rightholders. European Commission – Study on waste oils, spent solvents/hazardous liquid waste Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................. IV List of Tables .....................................................................................VIII List of Figures ....................................................................................... X Abbreviations / Glossary ......................................................................XIII Abbreviations for Member States ......................................................... XVII Executive summary ............................................................................... 1 Part 1 WASTE OIL ................................................................................. 9 1 Context of waste oils ................................................................... 10 2 Waste oil reporting format ........................................................... 12 3 Introduction ............................................................................... 13 4 Base oils ................................................................................... 15 4.1 Base oil production capacities and production ........................................... 16 4.2 Base oil demand and market trends ........................................................ 19 5 Lubricant oils ............................................................................. 21 5.1 Lubricant oils placed on the market ......................................................... 24 5.1.1 Bio lubricant oils ................................................................................... 26 5.1.2 Marine oils ........................................................................................... 27 5.2 Market developments ............................................................................ 27 5.3 Imports and exports of lubricants ........................................................... 30 6 Collectable waste oil and return rates ............................................ 33 6.1 Avoidable losses ................................................................................... 33 6.2 Derivation of return rates ...................................................................... 35 6.3 Share of collectable waste oil ................................................................. 36 7 Waste oil treatment capacities ...................................................... 41 8 Generation and collection of waste oils .......................................... 49 8.1 Water content of waste oils .................................................................... 54 8.2 Individual MS data on collected waste oils ................................................ 56 9 Imports and exports of waste oils ................................................. 61 10 Treatment of waste oils ............................................................... 66 11 Mass flows engine oils ................................................................. 74 11.1 Calculation model ................................................................................. 74 11.2 Results on the engine oil mass flows ....................................................... 76 12 Mass flows of base oil, lubricant oil and waste oils ........................... 82 13 Treatment processes and technologies .......................................... 87 02/2020 - IV European Commission – Study on waste oils, spent solvents/hazardous liquid waste 13.1 Waste oil treatment processes ................................................................ 87 13.1.1 Re-refining of waste oils ........................................................................ 87 13.1.2 High-pressure hydrogenation process ...................................................... 88 13.1.3 Distillation processes ............................................................................. 88 13.1.4 Acid/clay process .................................................................................. 89 13.1.5 Extraction with compressed propane ....................................................... 90 13.2 Other uses and treatment methods ......................................................... 90 13.2.1 Gasification to synthesis gas .................................................................. 90 13.2.2 Energetic use and thermal treatment ....................................................... 90 13.2.3 Treatment processes of emulsions and solutions ....................................... 90 13.2.4 Organic splitting ................................................................................... 91 13.2.5 Evaporation (distillation) ........................................................................ 91 13.2.6 Ultrafiltration ....................................................................................... 91 13.2.7 Best practice regeneration of waste oil ..................................................... 92 14 Re-refining economics ................................................................. 96 15 Best practices ........................................................................... 103 15.1 Belgium ............................................................................................ 103 15.2 Denmark ........................................................................................... 104 15.3 Finland .............................................................................................. 105 15.4 Greece .............................................................................................. 105 15.4.1 Waste oil collection system and transfer centres ..................................... 106 15.5 Italy ................................................................................................. 107 15.6 Portugal ............................................................................................ 108 15.7 Spain ................................................................................................ 109 15.8 United Kingdom ................................................................................. 110 16 End-of-waste criteria.................................................................. 111 17 Overview and conclusions ........................................................... 113 18 Suggestions for follow-up work .................................................... 122 Part 2 SOLVENTS ............................................................................... 125 19 Introduction .............................................................................. 126 19.1 Objective and scope ............................................................................ 126 19.2 Definition, types and
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