Sports Injuries in Finnish Elite Cross-Country Skiers, Swimmers

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Sports Injuries in Finnish Elite Cross-Country Skiers, Swimmers A:32 A :24 AA : :24 32 INVALIDISÄÄTIÖINVALIDISÄÄTIÖ • INVALID • ORTON FOUNDATION FOUNDATION INVALIDISÄÄTIÖINVALIDISÄÄTIÖ • INVALID • ORTON FOUNDATION FOUNDATION TieteellinenTieteellinen tutkimus tutkimus ORTONin ORTONin julkaisusarja julkaisusarja ISBN:ISBN 978-952-9657-60-5952-9657-33-1 (paperback) (paperback) PublicationsPublications of the of ORTONthe ORTON Research Research Institute Institute ISBN:ISBN 978-952-9657-61-2952-10-3408-4 (PDF) (pdf) TieteellinenTieteellinen tutkimus tutkimus ORTONin ORTONin julkaisusarja julkaisusarja P.O.B. 29 FIN-00281 HELSINKI FINLAND ISSNISSN 1455-1330 1455-1330 P.O.B. 29 FIN-00281 HELSINKI FINLAND PublicationsPublications of the of theORTON ORTON Research Research Institute Institute Leena | Ristolainen Esa Alakoski SPORTS INJURIES IN FINNISH ELITE Studies on Diamond-like Carbon and Novel Po SPORTS INJURIES IN FINNISH ELITE CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS, SWIMMERS, RUNNERS LONG-DISTANCE AND SOCCER PLAYERS CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS, SWIMMERS, StudiesLONG-DISTANCE on Diamond-like RUNNERS Carbon AND and Novel Diamond-likeSOCCER Carbon PLAYERS Polymer Hybrid Coatings Deposited with Filtered Pulsed Arc Discharge Method Esa Alakoski lymer Hybrid Coatings Deposited with Filtered Pulsed Arc Discha Leena Ristolainen r ge Method Helsinki 2012 2006 UnigrafiaYliopistopaino Oy HelsinkiHelsinki 20062012 Sports Injuries in Finnish Elite Cross-Country Skiers, Swimmers, Long-Distance Runners and Soccer Players Leena Ristolainen Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland ORTON Orthopaedic Hospital and ORTON Research Institute, ORTON Foundation, Helsinki, Finland ACADEMIC DISSERTATION Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston liikunta- ja terveystieteiden tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston vanhassa juhlasalissa S212 helmikuun 24. päivänä 2012 kello 12. Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by permission of the Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences of the University of Jyväskylä, in auditorium S212, on February 24, 2012 at 12 o'clock noon. HELSINKI 2012 Sports Injuries in Finnish Elite Cross-Country Skiers, Swimmers, Long-Distance Runners and Soccer Players Leena Ristolainen Author´s address Leena Ristolainen Research Institute ORTON, ORTON Foundation Tenholantie 10 FI-00280 Helsinki, Finland [email protected] Supervisors Professor Urho M. Kujala Department of Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland Professor Ari Heinonen Department of Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland Adjunct professor Jyrki A. Kettunen Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Helsinki, Finland Reviewers Professor Jack Taunton Allan McGavin Sports Medicine Centre The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Professor Olli J. Heinonen Department of Health and Physical Activity Paavo Nurmi Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Opponent Adjunct professor Jari Parkkari Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland Cover picture: Tomas Hartman ISBN: 978-952-9657-60-5 (paperback) ISBN: 978-952-9657-61-2 (pdf) ISSN: 1455-1330 Unigrafia, Helsinki, 2012 Äidille ja isälle 7 ABSTRACT Ristolainen, Leena Hannele Sports injuries in Finnish elite cross-country skiers, swimmers, long-distance runners and soccer players Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2012, 91 p. (Publications of the ORTON Research Institute, A:32) ISSN 1455-1330 ISBN 978-952-9657-60-5 (paperback) Finnish summary Diss. In sports with different exercise-loading characteristics, acute and overuse injury profiles and gender differences in injuries were investigated. In addition, training- related risk factors for overuse injuries in endurance athletes were studied. This twelve-month retrospective questionnaire study comprised Finnish elite cross- country skiers (n=149), swimmers (n=154), long-distance runners (n=143) and soccer players (n=128) aged 15–35 years. Questionnaires were sent to the athletes in each sports at the end of the 2006 competition season. Athletes who ended their sports career because of injury were studied in more detail by means of a telephone interview (n=20) 7-11 months after the questionnaire. Over 70% of soccer players and one-third of endurance athletes had sustained at least one acute injury during the past twelve months. In soccer players and cross-country skiers the most common acute injury site was the ankle. In skiers, acute and overuse injuries occurred mainly in sports other than their own sports and the same was true for acute injuries in swimmers. However, overuse injuries in swimmers mainly originated from swimming, with the shoulder region as the most common anatomical site. Nearly every second athlete reported at least one overuse injury, with the highest injury frequency, most commonly in the foot, occurring among long-distance runners. Soccer players and runners reported absences of nearly two months on average from training and competitions owing to acute or overuse injury. Male athletes had higher prevalence of at least one acute injury, and among runners males had more commonly at least one overuse injury than females. Among endurance athletes, vigorous training, defined as more than 700 hours/year, and rest and recovery time of less than two days a week in the training season predisposed to overuse injury. Older athletes had higher risk for overuse injury, and especially tendon overuse injury. Female athletes (13%) ended their career more often because of injury than male athletes (5%). The most prevalent injury was in the knee, shoulder or ankle. Most sports career terminators (70%) reported injury-related mild or moderate permanent disability. In conclusion, type of loading was strongly associated with the anatomical location of an overuse injury. In cross-country skiing and swimming a significant proportion of acute injuries occurred in other than the athlete’s main sports. Vigorous athletic training without sufficient rest and recovery time may be a risk factor for an injury, especially an overuse injury. Severe injuries may terminate an athlete´s sports career and cause permanent disability. Keywords: cross-country skiing, swimming, long-distance running, soccer, athletic injury, gender, risk factor, sports career 8 TIIVISTELMÄ Ristolainen, Leena Hannele Urheiluvammat suomalaisilla huipputason hiihtäjillä, uimareilla, kestävyysjuoksijoilla ja jalkapalloilijoilla Jyväskylä: Jyväskylän yliopisto, 2012, 91 sivua (Tieteellinen tutkimus ORTONin julkaisusarja A:32) ISSN 1455-1330 ISBN 978-952-9657-60-5 (nid.) Diss. Väitöskirjatutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää eri tavoin kuormittavien urheilulajien vammaprofiilia ja vammojen eroja sukupuolten välillä. Sen lisäksi tutkittiin harjoitteluun liittyviä rasitusvammojen riskitekijöitä kestävyysurheilijoilla. Suomalaiset 15-35 -vuotiaat mies- ja naishuippu-urheilijat osallistuivat 12 kuukauden retrospektiiviseen kyselytutkimukseen. Urheilijat olivat maastohiihtäjiä (n=149), uimareita (n=154), kestävyysjuoksijoita (n=143) ja jalkapalloilijoita (n=128). Kysely lähetettiin urheilijoille vuonna 2006 kilpailukauden jälkeen. Ne urheilijat, jotka ilmoittivat lopettaneensa kilpaurheilunsa urheiluvamman takia, haastateltiin puhelimitse 7-11 kuukautta postikyselyn jälkeen (n=20). Jalkapalloilijoista yli 70% ja kestävyysurheilijoista joka kolmannelle sattui vähintään yksi äkillinen vamma edellisen vuoden aikana. Jalkapalloilijoiden ja maastohiihtäjien yleisin äkillinen vamma kohdistui nilkkaan. Maastohiihtäjien ja uimareiden äkilliset vammat ja hiihtäjien rasitusvammat tapahtuivat pääosin muissa lajeissa kuin heidän omassaan. Uimareiden rasitusvammat olivat pääosin peräisin uinnista ja tyypillisesti vamma oli olkapään alueella. Lähes joka toisella kyselyyn vastanneista urheilijoista oli ollut vuoden aikana vähintään yksi rasitusvamma ja kestävyysjuoksijoilla niitä oli eniten. Juoksijoiden yleisin rasitusvamma oli jalkaterän alueella. Jalkapalloilijat ja juoksijat joutuivat olemaan pois harjoittelusta ja kilpailuista keskimäärin lähes kaksi kuukautta äkillisten vammojen tai rasitusvammojen takia. Naisurheilijoihin verrattuna miehillä oli useammin vähintään yksi äkillinen vamma. Vähintään yhden rasitusvamman esiintyminen oli miesjuoksijoilla yleisempää kuin naisjuoksijoilla. Runsas harjoittelu (yli 700 tuntia/vuosi) ja alle kahden päivän viikoittainen lepoaika harjoittelukaudella altisti kestävyysurheilijoita rasitusvammoille. Vanhemmilla kestävyysurheilijoilla oli suurempi riski saada erityisesti jänteen rasitusvamma. Naisista 13% ja miehistä 5% lopetti urheilu-uransa vamman takia. Näillä urheilijoilla vammat kohdistuivat yleisimmin polveen, olkaniveleen tai nilkkaan. Yli 70% vamman vuoksi urheilu-uransa lopettaneista urheilijoista raportoi vammasta aiheutuneen pientä tai kohtalaista pysyvää haittaa toimintakyvylle. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella voidaan todeta, että kuormituksen laatu on suoraan yhteydessä rasitusvamman esiintymiselle. Hiihtäjien ja uimareiden äkillisistä vammoista suurin osa tapahtuu muussa kuin omassa lajissa. Etenkin kestävyysurheilijoilla runsas harjoittelu vähäisen palautumisen lisäksi altistaa rasitusvammoille. Urheilija voi joutua lopettamaan urheilu-uransa vakavan vamman vuoksi ja vamma voi aiheuttaa urheilijalle myös pysyvää haittaa. Avainsanat: hiihto, uinti, kestävyysjuoksu, jalkapallo, urheiluvammat, sukupuoli, riskitekijä, urheilu-ura 9 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was carried out in collaboration between the Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä and Orton Orthopaedic Hospital and Orton Research Institute, Orton Foundation, Helsinki.
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