Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories

Underground Laboratories: An Overview

Maximilian Eisenreich

Technical University Munich

June 12, 2013

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories

1 Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories?

2 Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories

3 Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Very large and sensitive detectors needed Strong background reduction necessary Built hundreds of meters underground (often in mining shafts, trac tunnels) for reduction of cosmic ray background Radioactively quiet detector shielding against radiation from surrounding rocks (e.g. Uranium, Thorium, Radon decay) Mainly used for nuclear, particle and astrophysics, but other elds of research possible

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Purpose and General Characteristics of UGLs

Experiments with extremely low detection/reaction rates

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Strong background reduction necessary Built hundreds of meters underground (often in mining shafts, trac tunnels) for reduction of cosmic ray background Radioactively quiet detector shielding against radiation from surrounding rocks (e.g. Uranium, Thorium, Radon decay) Mainly used for nuclear, particle and astrophysics, but other elds of research possible

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Purpose and General Characteristics of UGLs

Experiments with extremely low detection/reaction rates Very large and sensitive detectors needed

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Built hundreds of meters underground (often in mining shafts, trac tunnels) for reduction of cosmic ray background Radioactively quiet detector shielding against radiation from surrounding rocks (e.g. Uranium, Thorium, Radon decay) Mainly used for nuclear, particle and astrophysics, but other elds of research possible

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Purpose and General Characteristics of UGLs

Experiments with extremely low detection/reaction rates Very large and sensitive detectors needed Strong background reduction necessary

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Radioactively quiet detector shielding against radiation from surrounding rocks (e.g. Uranium, Thorium, Radon decay) Mainly used for nuclear, particle and astrophysics, but other elds of research possible

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Purpose and General Characteristics of UGLs

Experiments with extremely low detection/reaction rates Very large and sensitive detectors needed Strong background reduction necessary Built hundreds of meters underground (often in mining shafts, trac tunnels) for reduction of cosmic ray background

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Mainly used for nuclear, particle and astrophysics, but other elds of research possible

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Purpose and General Characteristics of UGLs

Experiments with extremely low detection/reaction rates Very large and sensitive detectors needed Strong background reduction necessary Built hundreds of meters underground (often in mining shafts, trac tunnels) for reduction of cosmic ray background Radioactively quiet detector shielding against radiation from surrounding rocks (e.g. Uranium, Thorium, Radon decay)

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Purpose and General Characteristics of UGLs

Experiments with extremely low detection/reaction rates Very large and sensitive detectors needed Strong background reduction necessary Built hundreds of meters underground (often in mining shafts, trac tunnels) for reduction of cosmic ray background Radioactively quiet detector shielding against radiation from surrounding rocks (e.g. Uranium, Thorium, Radon decay) Mainly used for nuclear, particle and astrophysics, but other elds of research possible

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Purpose and General Characteristics of UGLs

Figure: Schematic overview of the planned DUSEL facility Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Important Parameters and Design Aspects of UGLs

Eective depth in meters of water equivalent (m.w.e.): Depth of water needed to reduce cosmic ray background to same level Usually ca. 2.65 times the vertical overburden of rock

Figure: Cosmic ray muon intensity as function of depth [1] M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Size of experimental chambers: Possible number and size of experiments inside Nature of surrounding rock: Structural stability, shielding eciency Distance to other experiments, e.g. neutron sources Location inside mountain or straight underground: horizontal or vertical access, angular dependence of shielding General location: accessability, mining work, etc.

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Important Parameters and Design Aspects of UGLs

Detector shielding: Often detector itself, measuring environment activity, allowing for anticoincidence

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Nature of surrounding rock: Structural stability, shielding eciency Distance to other experiments, e.g. neutron sources Location inside mountain or straight underground: horizontal or vertical access, angular dependence of shielding General location: accessability, mining work, etc.

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Important Parameters and Design Aspects of UGLs

Detector shielding: Often detector itself, measuring environment activity, allowing for anticoincidence Size of experimental chambers: Possible number and size of experiments inside

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Distance to other experiments, e.g. neutron sources Location inside mountain or straight underground: horizontal or vertical access, angular dependence of shielding General location: accessability, mining work, etc.

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Important Parameters and Design Aspects of UGLs

Detector shielding: Often detector itself, measuring environment activity, allowing for anticoincidence Size of experimental chambers: Possible number and size of experiments inside Nature of surrounding rock: Structural stability, shielding eciency

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Location inside mountain or straight underground: horizontal or vertical access, angular dependence of shielding General location: accessability, mining work, etc.

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Important Parameters and Design Aspects of UGLs

Detector shielding: Often detector itself, measuring environment activity, allowing for anticoincidence Size of experimental chambers: Possible number and size of experiments inside Nature of surrounding rock: Structural stability, shielding eciency Distance to other experiments, e.g. neutron sources

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview General location: accessability, mining work, etc.

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Important Parameters and Design Aspects of UGLs

Detector shielding: Often detector itself, measuring environment activity, allowing for anticoincidence Size of experimental chambers: Possible number and size of experiments inside Nature of surrounding rock: Structural stability, shielding eciency Distance to other experiments, e.g. neutron sources Location inside mountain or straight underground: horizontal or vertical access, angular dependence of shielding

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Important Parameters and Design Aspects of UGLs

Detector shielding: Often detector itself, measuring environment activity, allowing for anticoincidence Size of experimental chambers: Possible number and size of experiments inside Nature of surrounding rock: Structural stability, shielding eciency Distance to other experiments, e.g. neutron sources Location inside mountain or straight underground: horizontal or vertical access, angular dependence of shielding General location: accessability, mining work, etc.

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Proton Decay: Testing stability of proton Neutrino Oscillations: Oscillation of neutrinos between dierent avours (electron, muon, tau) Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay: Possibility for neutrinos to be their own antiparticles (Majorana particles) Neutrino Astrophysics: Detection of neutrinos from sun and supernovae as source of information about their interior dynamics Nuclear Astrophysics: Measurement of nuclear cross sections at low energies Nonphysics Experiments: Subsurface engineering, geosciences, biosciences

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Fields of Research: Overview

Dark Matter Searches: Detection of WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles) as Dark Matter candidates

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Neutrino Oscillations: Oscillation of neutrinos between dierent avours (electron, muon, tau) Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay: Possibility for neutrinos to be their own antiparticles (Majorana particles) Neutrino Astrophysics: Detection of neutrinos from sun and supernovae as source of information about their interior dynamics Nuclear Astrophysics: Measurement of nuclear cross sections at low energies Nonphysics Experiments: Subsurface engineering, geosciences, biosciences

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Fields of Research: Overview

Dark Matter Searches: Detection of WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles) as Dark Matter candidates Proton Decay: Testing stability of proton

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay: Possibility for neutrinos to be their own antiparticles (Majorana particles) Neutrino Astrophysics: Detection of neutrinos from sun and supernovae as source of information about their interior dynamics Nuclear Astrophysics: Measurement of nuclear cross sections at low energies Nonphysics Experiments: Subsurface engineering, geosciences, biosciences

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Fields of Research: Overview

Dark Matter Searches: Detection of WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles) as Dark Matter candidates Proton Decay: Testing stability of proton Neutrino Oscillations: Oscillation of neutrinos between dierent avours (electron, muon, tau)

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Neutrino Astrophysics: Detection of neutrinos from sun and supernovae as source of information about their interior dynamics Nuclear Astrophysics: Measurement of nuclear cross sections at low energies Nonphysics Experiments: Subsurface engineering, geosciences, biosciences

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Fields of Research: Overview

Dark Matter Searches: Detection of WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles) as Dark Matter candidates Proton Decay: Testing stability of proton Neutrino Oscillations: Oscillation of neutrinos between dierent avours (electron, muon, tau) Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay: Possibility for neutrinos to be their own antiparticles (Majorana particles)

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Nuclear Astrophysics: Measurement of nuclear cross sections at low energies Nonphysics Experiments: Subsurface engineering, geosciences, biosciences

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Fields of Research: Overview

Dark Matter Searches: Detection of WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles) as Dark Matter candidates Proton Decay: Testing stability of proton Neutrino Oscillations: Oscillation of neutrinos between dierent avours (electron, muon, tau) Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay: Possibility for neutrinos to be their own antiparticles (Majorana particles) Neutrino Astrophysics: Detection of neutrinos from sun and supernovae as source of information about their interior dynamics

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Nonphysics Experiments: Subsurface engineering, geosciences, biosciences

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Fields of Research: Overview

Dark Matter Searches: Detection of WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles) as Dark Matter candidates Proton Decay: Testing stability of proton Neutrino Oscillations: Oscillation of neutrinos between dierent avours (electron, muon, tau) Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay: Possibility for neutrinos to be their own antiparticles (Majorana particles) Neutrino Astrophysics: Detection of neutrinos from sun and supernovae as source of information about their interior dynamics Nuclear Astrophysics: Measurement of nuclear cross sections at low energies

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Fields of Research: Overview

Dark Matter Searches: Detection of WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles) as Dark Matter candidates Proton Decay: Testing stability of proton Neutrino Oscillations: Oscillation of neutrinos between dierent avours (electron, muon, tau) Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay: Possibility for neutrinos to be their own antiparticles (Majorana particles) Neutrino Astrophysics: Detection of neutrinos from sun and supernovae as source of information about their interior dynamics Nuclear Astrophysics: Measurement of nuclear cross sections at low energies Nonphysics Experiments: Subsurface engineering, geosciences, biosciences

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Possible nature of dark matter: Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), e.g. some postulated supersymmetric particles Detection of WIMPs possible via collisions with ordinary nuclei (weak interaction) −18 Very low reaction rates: Cross section . 10 barn, leading to << 1 event/kg-day (down to < 1 event/ton-year) Very massive (ton-scale) detectors with low background needed

Example: ultra-clean CF3I bubble chambers with very good rejection mechanisms for neutron and gamma background

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Dark Matter Searches

Mass-energy content of the universe: ca. 70% dark energy, 25% dark matter, only 5% ordinary baryonic (visible) matter

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Detection of WIMPs possible via collisions with ordinary nuclei (weak interaction) −18 Very low reaction rates: Cross section . 10 barn, leading to << 1 event/kg-day (down to < 1 event/ton-year) Very massive (ton-scale) detectors with low background needed

Example: ultra-clean CF3I bubble chambers with very good rejection mechanisms for neutron and gamma background

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Dark Matter Searches

Mass-energy content of the universe: ca. 70% dark energy, 25% dark matter, only 5% ordinary baryonic (visible) matter Possible nature of dark matter: Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), e.g. some postulated supersymmetric particles

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview −18 Very low reaction rates: Cross section . 10 barn, leading to << 1 event/kg-day (down to < 1 event/ton-year) Very massive (ton-scale) detectors with low background needed

Example: ultra-clean CF3I bubble chambers with very good rejection mechanisms for neutron and gamma background

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Dark Matter Searches

Mass-energy content of the universe: ca. 70% dark energy, 25% dark matter, only 5% ordinary baryonic (visible) matter Possible nature of dark matter: Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), e.g. some postulated supersymmetric particles Detection of WIMPs possible via collisions with ordinary nuclei (weak interaction)

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Very massive (ton-scale) detectors with low background needed

Example: ultra-clean CF3I bubble chambers with very good rejection mechanisms for neutron and gamma background

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Dark Matter Searches

Mass-energy content of the universe: ca. 70% dark energy, 25% dark matter, only 5% ordinary baryonic (visible) matter Possible nature of dark matter: Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), e.g. some postulated supersymmetric particles Detection of WIMPs possible via collisions with ordinary nuclei (weak interaction) −18 Very low reaction rates: Cross section . 10 barn, leading to << 1 event/kg-day (down to < 1 event/ton-year)

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Example: ultra-clean CF3I bubble chambers with very good rejection mechanisms for neutron and gamma background

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Dark Matter Searches

Mass-energy content of the universe: ca. 70% dark energy, 25% dark matter, only 5% ordinary baryonic (visible) matter Possible nature of dark matter: Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), e.g. some postulated supersymmetric particles Detection of WIMPs possible via collisions with ordinary nuclei (weak interaction) −18 Very low reaction rates: Cross section . 10 barn, leading to << 1 event/kg-day (down to < 1 event/ton-year) Very massive (ton-scale) detectors with low background needed

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Dark Matter Searches

Mass-energy content of the universe: ca. 70% dark energy, 25% dark matter, only 5% ordinary baryonic (visible) matter Possible nature of dark matter: Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), e.g. some postulated supersymmetric particles Detection of WIMPs possible via collisions with ordinary nuclei (weak interaction) −18 Very low reaction rates: Cross section . 10 barn, leading to << 1 event/kg-day (down to < 1 event/ton-year) Very massive (ton-scale) detectors with low background needed

Example: ultra-clean CF3I bubble chambers with very good rejection mechanisms for neutron and gamma background

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Predicted lifetime varies depending on specic theory and decay mode Decay modes commonly used in experiments: p → e+ + π0 and p → K + +ν ¯ Measurement sensitivity (i.e. maximal proton lifetime for which decay should be observed with 90% condence limit) dependent on detector type, size, runtime and background

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Proton Decay

Grand unied theories (GUTs) predict proton decay into leptons and mesons

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Decay modes commonly used in experiments: p → e+ + π0 and p → K + +ν ¯ Measurement sensitivity (i.e. maximal proton lifetime for which decay should be observed with 90% condence limit) dependent on detector type, size, runtime and background

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Proton Decay

Grand unied theories (GUTs) predict proton decay into leptons and mesons Predicted lifetime varies depending on specic theory and decay mode

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Measurement sensitivity (i.e. maximal proton lifetime for which decay should be observed with 90% condence limit) dependent on detector type, size, runtime and background

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Proton Decay

Grand unied theories (GUTs) predict proton decay into leptons and mesons Predicted lifetime varies depending on specic theory and decay mode Decay modes commonly used in experiments: p → e+ + π0 and p → K + +ν ¯

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Proton Decay

Grand unied theories (GUTs) predict proton decay into leptons and mesons Predicted lifetime varies depending on specic theory and decay mode Decay modes commonly used in experiments: p → e+ + π0 and p → K + +ν ¯ Measurement sensitivity (i.e. maximal proton lifetime for which decay should be observed with 90% condence limit) dependent on detector type, size, runtime and background

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Proton Decay: Detector Types

Water Cherenkov Detectors Large tank of water, surface covered with photomultiplier tubes Detection of charged particles via Cherenkov radiation Huge in size (100kt-scale) Comparatively cheap Well-known technology, low risks Especially good sensitivity for p → e+ + π0 decay mode Low-energy (slow) particles undetectable (problematic for p → K + +ν ¯ decay mode)

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Proton Decay: Detector Types

Liquid Argon Detectors 3D tracking of charged particles via ionizations in LAr drifted to grid of wires Sensitive to low-velocity particles Very high spatial resolution Much smaller than WC detector for similar sensitivity (10kt-scale) Newer, much less well-understood technology More expensive than WC detectors of same mass Signicantly better for p → K + +ν ¯ decay mode

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Proton Decay: Comparison Table

Figure: Proton Lifetime: Predictions and Measurements [1] Neutrino avour oscillations require restmass of neutrinos For only two avours, probability of avour change: P = sin2(2θ) sin2(1.27∆m2L/E) High precision measurements of parameters would yield 2 information about neutrino mass hierarchy (∆m31), mixing angle θ13, CP violation (enabling conclusions about matter-antimatter asymmetry) Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment needed

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Neutrino Oscillations

Oscillation of neutrinos between their three avours (e, µ, τ) rst discovered in Homestake mine experiment in the late 1960s, later conrmed by other experiments

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview For only two avours, probability of avour change: P = sin2(2θ) sin2(1.27∆m2L/E) High precision measurements of parameters would yield 2 information about neutrino mass hierarchy (∆m31), mixing angle θ13, CP violation (enabling conclusions about matter-antimatter asymmetry) Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment needed

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Neutrino Oscillations

Oscillation of neutrinos between their three avours (e, µ, τ) rst discovered in Homestake mine experiment in the late 1960s, later conrmed by other experiments Neutrino avour oscillations require restmass of neutrinos

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview High precision measurements of parameters would yield 2 information about neutrino mass hierarchy (∆m31), mixing angle θ13, CP violation (enabling conclusions about matter-antimatter asymmetry) Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment needed

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Neutrino Oscillations

Oscillation of neutrinos between their three avours (e, µ, τ) rst discovered in Homestake mine experiment in the late 1960s, later conrmed by other experiments Neutrino avour oscillations require restmass of neutrinos For only two avours, probability of avour change: P = sin2(2θ) sin2(1.27∆m2L/E)

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment needed

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Neutrino Oscillations

Oscillation of neutrinos between their three avours (e, µ, τ) rst discovered in Homestake mine experiment in the late 1960s, later conrmed by other experiments Neutrino avour oscillations require restmass of neutrinos For only two avours, probability of avour change: P = sin2(2θ) sin2(1.27∆m2L/E) High precision measurements of parameters would yield 2 information about neutrino mass hierarchy (∆m31), mixing angle θ13, CP violation (enabling conclusions about matter-antimatter asymmetry)

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Neutrino Oscillations

Oscillation of neutrinos between their three avours (e, µ, τ) rst discovered in Homestake mine experiment in the late 1960s, later conrmed by other experiments Neutrino avour oscillations require restmass of neutrinos For only two avours, probability of avour change: P = sin2(2θ) sin2(1.27∆m2L/E) High precision measurements of parameters would yield 2 information about neutrino mass hierarchy (∆m31), mixing angle θ13, CP violation (enabling conclusions about matter-antimatter asymmetry) Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment needed

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment

Figure: Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment [2] Asia: Kamioka Observatory (Japan), China JinPing Deep Underground Laboratory (CJPL, under construction), India-Based Neutrino Observatory (INO, in developement) Europe: Baksan Neutrino Observatory (Russia, oldest), Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (Italy, currently largest), Boulby (UK), Canfranc (Spain), Modane (France), Solotvina (Ukraine)

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned UGLs: Overview

North America: Soudan Underground Laboratory (SUL, USA), Sanford Lab/DUSEL (USA, planned), Sudbury Neutrino Observation Laboratory (SNO, Canada)

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Europe: Baksan Neutrino Observatory (Russia, oldest), Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (Italy, currently largest), Boulby (UK), Canfranc (Spain), Modane (France), Solotvina (Ukraine)

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned UGLs: Overview

North America: Soudan Underground Laboratory (SUL, USA), Sanford Lab/DUSEL (USA, planned), Sudbury Neutrino Observation Laboratory (SNO, Canada) Asia: Kamioka Observatory (Japan), China JinPing Deep Underground Laboratory (CJPL, under construction), India-Based Neutrino Observatory (INO, in developement)

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned UGLs: Overview

North America: Soudan Underground Laboratory (SUL, USA), Sanford Lab/DUSEL (USA, planned), Sudbury Neutrino Observation Laboratory (SNO, Canada) Asia: Kamioka Observatory (Japan), China JinPing Deep Underground Laboratory (CJPL, under construction), India-Based Neutrino Observatory (INO, in developement) Europe: Baksan Neutrino Observatory (Russia, oldest), Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (Italy, currently largest), Boulby (UK), Canfranc (Spain), Modane (France), Solotvina (Ukraine)

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Worldwide Comparison

Figure: Depth in m.w.e. and relative size of worldwide UGLs [1] Expanded again to a 50kt WC detector (Super-Kamiokande) for the T2K neutrino oscillation experiment with beam from J-PARC in Tokai (295 km distance) Recently excavation of further caverns for more experiments: XMASS, NEWAGE (dark matter), CANDLES (double-beta decay), CLIO (gravitational waves) Future plans: Hyper-Kamiokande (Megaton scale), Large Cryogenic gravitational antenna (LCGT)

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Kamioka Observatory

Established 1983 for the KamiokaNDE nucleon decay experiment (3kt WC detector), later upgraded to Kamiokande-II for solar, atmospheric neutrinos

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Recently excavation of further caverns for more experiments: XMASS, NEWAGE (dark matter), CANDLES (double-beta decay), CLIO (gravitational waves) Future plans: Hyper-Kamiokande (Megaton scale), Large Cryogenic gravitational antenna (LCGT)

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Kamioka Observatory

Established 1983 for the KamiokaNDE nucleon decay experiment (3kt WC detector), later upgraded to Kamiokande-II for solar, atmospheric neutrinos Expanded again to a 50kt WC detector (Super-Kamiokande) for the T2K neutrino oscillation experiment with beam from J-PARC in Tokai (295 km distance)

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Future plans: Hyper-Kamiokande (Megaton scale), Large Cryogenic gravitational antenna (LCGT)

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Kamioka Observatory

Established 1983 for the KamiokaNDE nucleon decay experiment (3kt WC detector), later upgraded to Kamiokande-II for solar, atmospheric neutrinos Expanded again to a 50kt WC detector (Super-Kamiokande) for the T2K neutrino oscillation experiment with beam from J-PARC in Tokai (295 km distance) Recently excavation of further caverns for more experiments: XMASS, NEWAGE (dark matter), CANDLES (double-beta decay), CLIO (gravitational waves)

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Kamioka Observatory

Established 1983 for the KamiokaNDE nucleon decay experiment (3kt WC detector), later upgraded to Kamiokande-II for solar, atmospheric neutrinos Expanded again to a 50kt WC detector (Super-Kamiokande) for the T2K neutrino oscillation experiment with beam from J-PARC in Tokai (295 km distance) Recently excavation of further caverns for more experiments: XMASS, NEWAGE (dark matter), CANDLES (double-beta decay), CLIO (gravitational waves) Future plans: Hyper-Kamiokande (Megaton scale), Large Cryogenic gravitational antenna (LCGT)

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Containing LAr and/or WC detector(s) for neutrino oscillation (LBNE) and proton decay experiments Also containing facilities for dark matter search, nuclear astrophysics (DIANA) and double-beta decay detectors So far only a few small experiments as part of the Sanford Underground Laboratory (meant as preparation for DUSEL) Plans uid and uncertain, mostly due to funding problems

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory

Planned very large multi-level facility at the Homestake mine

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Also containing facilities for dark matter search, nuclear astrophysics (DIANA) and double-beta decay detectors So far only a few small experiments as part of the Sanford Underground Laboratory (meant as preparation for DUSEL) Plans uid and uncertain, mostly due to funding problems

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory

Planned very large multi-level facility at the Homestake mine Containing LAr and/or WC detector(s) for neutrino oscillation (LBNE) and proton decay experiments

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview So far only a few small experiments as part of the Sanford Underground Laboratory (meant as preparation for DUSEL) Plans uid and uncertain, mostly due to funding problems

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory

Planned very large multi-level facility at the Homestake mine Containing LAr and/or WC detector(s) for neutrino oscillation (LBNE) and proton decay experiments Also containing facilities for dark matter search, nuclear astrophysics (DIANA) and double-beta decay detectors

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Plans uid and uncertain, mostly due to funding problems

Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory

Planned very large multi-level facility at the Homestake mine Containing LAr and/or WC detector(s) for neutrino oscillation (LBNE) and proton decay experiments Also containing facilities for dark matter search, nuclear astrophysics (DIANA) and double-beta decay detectors So far only a few small experiments as part of the Sanford Underground Laboratory (meant as preparation for DUSEL)

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory

Planned very large multi-level facility at the Homestake mine Containing LAr and/or WC detector(s) for neutrino oscillation (LBNE) and proton decay experiments Also containing facilities for dark matter search, nuclear astrophysics (DIANA) and double-beta decay detectors So far only a few small experiments as part of the Sanford Underground Laboratory (meant as preparation for DUSEL) Plans uid and uncertain, mostly due to funding problems

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview DUSEL Prole

Figure: Possible DUSEL experiments Introduction: What Are Underground Laboratories? Fields of Research in Underground Laboratories Existing and Planned Underground Laboratories Sources

National Research Council of the National Academies: An Assessment of the Science Proposed for the Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL). The National Academies Press, 2012 K. Riesselmann: Big Plans For Deep Science: Lead, South Dakota. In: Symmetry, Volume 7, Issue 1, February 2010 A. Bettini: Underground laboratories. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series 120, 2008 E. Coccia: Underground Laboratories: cosmic silence, loud science. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series 203, 2010 N.J.T.Smith: The Current Status and Planned Developments for Deep Underground Astro-particle Physics Science Facilities. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series 375, 2012

M. Eisenreich Underground Laboratories: An Overview