Voyager Mission Description.*
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Mars Marathon Frozen Formula Pixel Puzzler Hear
π IN THE SKY 2 Pi is back in our skies, helping mathematical sleuths like yourself solve stellar problems. Find the dizzying number of times a Mars rover’s wheels have rotated in 11 years. Learn how many images it takes to map a new world. Estimate the volume of an alien ocean. And discover just how powerful -- or faint -- our most distant spacecraft’s voice can be. Pi leads the way. MARS MARATHON The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has been driving on the Red Planet for more than 11 years -- not bad for a mission only planned to last for three months! Opportunity has already beat the off-Earth driving distance record of 39 kilometers and is approaching a marathon distance: 42.195 kilometers. When Opportunity reaches the marathon mark, how many times will its 25-centimeter diameter wheels have rotated? LEARN MORE ABOUT THE MISSION mars.nasa.gov/mer 25 cm PIXEL PUZZLER The Dawn spacecraft is orbiting Ceres -- a nearly spherical dwarf planet with an average radius of 475 kilometers -- in a perfectly circular polar orbit. While in orbit, Dawn will snap images of Ceres’ surface to piece together a global map. From its lowest altitude orbit of 370 kilometers, Dawn’s camera can see a patch of Ceres about 26 kilometers on a side. Assuming no overlap in the images, how many photographs would Dawn have to take to fully map the surface of Ceres? LEARN MORE ABOUT THE MISSION dawn.jpl.nasa.gov FROZEN FORMULA 2 km - 30 km Scientists have good reason to believe that Jupiter’s moon Europa has a liquid ocean wedged between its ice 3.5 km - 100 km shell and a rocky sea floor. -
Information Summaries
TIROS 8 12/21/63 Delta-22 TIROS-H (A-53) 17B S National Aeronautics and TIROS 9 1/22/65 Delta-28 TIROS-I (A-54) 17A S Space Administration TIROS Operational 2TIROS 10 7/1/65 Delta-32 OT-1 17B S John F. Kennedy Space Center 2ESSA 1 2/3/66 Delta-36 OT-3 (TOS) 17A S Information Summaries 2 2 ESSA 2 2/28/66 Delta-37 OT-2 (TOS) 17B S 2ESSA 3 10/2/66 2Delta-41 TOS-A 1SLC-2E S PMS 031 (KSC) OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatories) Lunar and Planetary 2ESSA 4 1/26/67 2Delta-45 TOS-B 1SLC-2E S June 1999 OSO 1 3/7/62 Delta-8 OSO-A (S-16) 17A S 2ESSA 5 4/20/67 2Delta-48 TOS-C 1SLC-2E S OSO 2 2/3/65 Delta-29 OSO-B2 (S-17) 17B S Mission Launch Launch Payload Launch 2ESSA 6 11/10/67 2Delta-54 TOS-D 1SLC-2E S OSO 8/25/65 Delta-33 OSO-C 17B U Name Date Vehicle Code Pad Results 2ESSA 7 8/16/68 2Delta-58 TOS-E 1SLC-2E S OSO 3 3/8/67 Delta-46 OSO-E1 17A S 2ESSA 8 12/15/68 2Delta-62 TOS-F 1SLC-2E S OSO 4 10/18/67 Delta-53 OSO-D 17B S PIONEER (Lunar) 2ESSA 9 2/26/69 2Delta-67 TOS-G 17B S OSO 5 1/22/69 Delta-64 OSO-F 17B S Pioneer 1 10/11/58 Thor-Able-1 –– 17A U Major NASA 2 1 OSO 6/PAC 8/9/69 Delta-72 OSO-G/PAC 17A S Pioneer 2 11/8/58 Thor-Able-2 –– 17A U IMPROVED TIROS OPERATIONAL 2 1 OSO 7/TETR 3 9/29/71 Delta-85 OSO-H/TETR-D 17A S Pioneer 3 12/6/58 Juno II AM-11 –– 5 U 3ITOS 1/OSCAR 5 1/23/70 2Delta-76 1TIROS-M/OSCAR 1SLC-2W S 2 OSO 8 6/21/75 Delta-112 OSO-1 17B S Pioneer 4 3/3/59 Juno II AM-14 –– 5 S 3NOAA 1 12/11/70 2Delta-81 ITOS-A 1SLC-2W S Launches Pioneer 11/26/59 Atlas-Able-1 –– 14 U 3ITOS 10/21/71 2Delta-86 ITOS-B 1SLC-2E U OGO (Orbiting Geophysical -
Stardust Comet Flyby
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Stardust Comet Flyby Press Kit January 2004 Contacts Don Savage Policy/Program Management 202/358-1727 NASA Headquarters, Washington DC Agle Stardust Mission 818/393-9011 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. Vince Stricherz Science Investigation 206/543-2580 University of Washington, Seattle, WA Contents General Release ……………………………………......………….......................…...…… 3 Media Services Information ……………………….................…………….................……. 5 Quick Facts …………………………………………..................………....…........…....….. 6 Why Stardust?..................…………………………..................………….....………......... 7 Other Comet Missions ....................................................................................... 10 NASA's Discovery Program ............................................................................... 12 Mission Overview …………………………………….................……….....……........…… 15 Spacecraft ………………………………………………..................…..……........……… 25 Science Objectives …………………………………..................……………...…........….. 34 Program/Project Management …………………………...................…..…..………...... 37 1 2 GENERAL RELEASE: NASA COMET HUNTER CLOSING ON QUARRY Having trekked 3.2 billion kilometers (2 billion miles) across cold, radiation-charged and interstellar-dust-swept space in just under five years, NASA's Stardust spacecraft is closing in on the main target of its mission -- a comet flyby. "As the saying goes, 'We are good to go,'" said project manager Tom Duxbury at NASA's Jet -
ROVING ACROSS MARS: SEARCHING for EVIDENCE of FORMER HABITABLE ENVIRONMENTS Michael H
PERSPECTIVE ROVING ACROSS MARS: SEARCHING FOR EVIDENCE OF FORMER HABITABLE ENVIRONMENTS Michael H. Carr* My love affair with Mars started in the late 1960s when I was appointed a member of the Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter imaging teams. The global surveys of these two missions revealed a geological wonderland in which many of the geological processes that operate here on Earth operate also on Mars, but on a grander scale. I was subsequently involved in almost every Mars mission, both US and non- US, through the early 2000s, and wrote several books on Mars, most recently The Surface of Mars (Carr 2006). I also participated extensively in NASA’s long-range strategic planning for Mars exploration, including assessment of the merits of various techniques, such as penetrators, Mars rovers showing their evolution from 1996 to the present day. FIGURE 1 balloons, airplanes, and rovers. I am, therefore, following the results In the foreground is the tethered rover, Sojourner, launched in 1996. On the left is a model of the rovers Spirit and Opportunity, launched in 2004. from Curiosity with considerable interest. On the right is Curiosity, launched in 2011. IMAGE CREDIT: NASA/JPL-CALTECH The six papers in this issue outline some of the fi ndings of the Mars rover Curiosity, which has spent the last two years on the Martian surface looking for evidence of past habitable conditions. It is not the fi rst rover to explore Mars, but it is by far the most capable (FIG. 1). modest-sized landed vehicles. Advances in guidance enabled landing Included on the vehicle are a number of cameras, an alpha particle at more interesting and promising places, and advances in robotics led X-ray spectrometer (APXS) for contact elemental composition, a spec- to vehicles with more independent capabilities. -
+ New Horizons
Media Contacts NASA Headquarters Policy/Program Management Dwayne Brown New Horizons Nuclear Safety (202) 358-1726 [email protected] The Johns Hopkins University Mission Management Applied Physics Laboratory Spacecraft Operations Michael Buckley (240) 228-7536 or (443) 778-7536 [email protected] Southwest Research Institute Principal Investigator Institution Maria Martinez (210) 522-3305 [email protected] NASA Kennedy Space Center Launch Operations George Diller (321) 867-2468 [email protected] Lockheed Martin Space Systems Launch Vehicle Julie Andrews (321) 853-1567 [email protected] International Launch Services Launch Vehicle Fran Slimmer (571) 633-7462 [email protected] NEW HORIZONS Table of Contents Media Services Information ................................................................................................ 2 Quick Facts .............................................................................................................................. 3 Pluto at a Glance ...................................................................................................................... 5 Why Pluto and the Kuiper Belt? The Science of New Horizons ............................... 7 NASA’s New Frontiers Program ........................................................................................14 The Spacecraft ........................................................................................................................15 Science Payload ...............................................................................................................16 -
Giant Planet / Kuiper Belt Flyby
Giant Planet / Kuiper Belt Flyby Amanda Zangari (SwRI) Tiffany Finley (SwRI) with Cecilia Leung (LPL/SwRI) Simon Porter (SwRI) OPAG: February 23, 2017 Take Away • New Horizons provided scientifically valuable exploration of the Kuiper Belt in the New Frontiers cost cap. • The Kuiper Belt is full of objects with a diverse range of stories that go beyond what we learned from Pluto. • Giant Planet flybys add scientific value to a Kuiper Belt mission • Found preliminary trajectory examples for high interest KBOs-- Haumea, Varuna, 2015 RR245 can be reached via Jupiter AND Saturn, Uranus or Neptune flyby in the 2030s. • To be a candidate New Frontiers mission, a 2 Giant planet+KBO mission must be endorsed by a decadal survey according to current rules. New Horizons Heritage NH Jupiter Encounter planned around Pluto flyby timing, which was dominated by achieving quadruple occultations, “interesting” side up. New Horizons Heritage Pluto flyby took advantage of Ecliptic crossing, enabling access to the cold classical belt (where 2014 MU69 is located). New Horizons Heritage 2014 MU69 discovered while in flight. Targeting was from spacecraft propulsion and took advantage of cold classical population density. Object is small, reddish ~40 km diameter. Saturn’s moons show incredible diversity NASA/JPL As do Uranus and Neptune Some Kuiper Belt Geography Where do we want to go? Getting there- JGA “anytime” New Horizons model: Fast Launch, Jupiter Flyby, Launch window every 11 years McGranaghan et al 2011 Can we go to more than just Jupiter? If so, where, what? New Horizons 2 • 2008 launch using New Horizons flight spares • Proposed Jupiter flyby, equinox flyby of Uranus, and flyby of (47171) 1999 TC36 (now know to be trinary). -
NASA's MESSENGER Sends Flyby Data to Earth Using
Press Release For immediate release Special Delivery: NASA’s MESSENGER Sends Flyby Data to Earth Using CCSDS File Delivery Protocol Developed for Deep Space by International Team WASHINGTON, Aug. 10 (CCSDS) – NASA’s MESSENGER team is using the CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP), a highly specialized protocol designed to overcome space operations communications challenges, to download data captured during a successful flyby of Earth last week. A team of international space data communications experts, collaborating through the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS), developed CFDP to reliably and efficiently downlink files from a spacecraft even in the strenuous environment of deep space. Since the MESSENGER spacecraft’s launch a year ago, it has successfully used CFDP to enable mission communications and will use it throughout its 7.9-billion kilometer journey to Mercury. In using CFDP, MESSENGER communications represents a change in the standard method of storing science and housekeeping data on spacecraft built by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL). MESSENGER is also the first U.S. space flight mission to use CFDP in mission operations. Prior to MESSENGER, JHU/APL missions used a raw storage model of storing data, but new mission and operational requirements meant that MESSENGER would have to incorporate a file system of data storage into its spacecraft software architecture. A reliable method of downlinking files to the ground had to be found and CFDP was chosen by mission planners to do the job. CFDP is included in the MESSENGER software architecture through a reuse of a NASA Jet Propulsion Lab (NASA JPL) implementation on the ground and a JHU/APL “CFDP-lite” implementation on the flight side. -
Mariner to Mercury, Venus and Mars
NASA Facts National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91109 Mariner to Mercury, Venus and Mars Between 1962 and late 1973, NASA’s Jet carry a host of scientific instruments. Some of the Propulsion Laboratory designed and built 10 space- instruments, such as cameras, would need to be point- craft named Mariner to explore the inner solar system ed at the target body it was studying. Other instru- -- visiting the planets Venus, Mars and Mercury for ments were non-directional and studied phenomena the first time, and returning to Venus and Mars for such as magnetic fields and charged particles. JPL additional close observations. The final mission in the engineers proposed to make the Mariners “three-axis- series, Mariner 10, flew past Venus before going on to stabilized,” meaning that unlike other space probes encounter Mercury, after which it returned to Mercury they would not spin. for a total of three flybys. The next-to-last, Mariner Each of the Mariner projects was designed to have 9, became the first ever to orbit another planet when two spacecraft launched on separate rockets, in case it rached Mars for about a year of mapping and mea- of difficulties with the nearly untried launch vehicles. surement. Mariner 1, Mariner 3, and Mariner 8 were in fact lost The Mariners were all relatively small robotic during launch, but their backups were successful. No explorers, each launched on an Atlas rocket with Mariners were lost in later flight to their destination either an Agena or Centaur upper-stage booster, and planets or before completing their scientific missions. -
Elements of Astronomy and Cosmology Outline 1
ELEMENTS OF ASTRONOMY AND COSMOLOGY OUTLINE 1. The Solar System The Four Inner Planets The Asteroid Belt The Giant Planets The Kuiper Belt 2. The Milky Way Galaxy Neighborhood of the Solar System Exoplanets Star Terminology 3. The Early Universe Twentieth Century Progress Recent Progress 4. Observation Telescopes Ground-Based Telescopes Space-Based Telescopes Exploration of Space 1 – The Solar System The Solar System - 4.6 billion years old - Planet formation lasted 100s millions years - Four rocky planets (Mercury Venus, Earth and Mars) - Four gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) Figure 2-2: Schematics of the Solar System The Solar System - Asteroid belt (meteorites) - Kuiper belt (comets) Figure 2-3: Circular orbits of the planets in the solar system The Sun - Contains mostly hydrogen and helium plasma - Sustained nuclear fusion - Temperatures ~ 15 million K - Elements up to Fe form - Is some 5 billion years old - Will last another 5 billion years Figure 2-4: Photo of the sun showing highly textured plasma, dark sunspots, bright active regions, coronal mass ejections at the surface and the sun’s atmosphere. The Sun - Dynamo effect - Magnetic storms - 11-year cycle - Solar wind (energetic protons) Figure 2-5: Close up of dark spots on the sun surface Probe Sent to Observe the Sun - Distance Sun-Earth = 1 AU - 1 AU = 150 million km - Light from the Sun takes 8 minutes to reach Earth - The solar wind takes 4 days to reach Earth Figure 5-11: Space probe used to monitor the sun Venus - Brightest planet at night - 0.7 AU from the -
Space Sector Brochure
SPACE SPACE REVOLUTIONIZING THE WAY TO SPACE SPACECRAFT TECHNOLOGIES PROPULSION Moog provides components and subsystems for cold gas, chemical, and electric Moog is a proven leader in components, subsystems, and systems propulsion and designs, develops, and manufactures complete chemical propulsion for spacecraft of all sizes, from smallsats to GEO spacecraft. systems, including tanks, to accelerate the spacecraft for orbit-insertion, station Moog has been successfully providing spacecraft controls, in- keeping, or attitude control. Moog makes thrusters from <1N to 500N to support the space propulsion, and major subsystems for science, military, propulsion requirements for small to large spacecraft. and commercial operations for more than 60 years. AVIONICS Moog is a proven provider of high performance and reliable space-rated avionics hardware and software for command and data handling, power distribution, payload processing, memory, GPS receivers, motor controllers, and onboard computing. POWER SYSTEMS Moog leverages its proven spacecraft avionics and high-power control systems to supply hardware for telemetry, as well as solar array and battery power management and switching. Applications include bus line power to valves, motors, torque rods, and other end effectors. Moog has developed products for Power Management and Distribution (PMAD) Systems, such as high power DC converters, switching, and power stabilization. MECHANISMS Moog has produced spacecraft motion control products for more than 50 years, dating back to the historic Apollo and Pioneer programs. Today, we offer rotary, linear, and specialized mechanisms for spacecraft motion control needs. Moog is a world-class manufacturer of solar array drives, propulsion positioning gimbals, electric propulsion gimbals, antenna positioner mechanisms, docking and release mechanisms, and specialty payload positioners. -
Combinatorics in Space
Combinatorics in Space The Mariner 9 Telemetry System Mariner 9 Mission Launched: May 30, 1971 Arrived: Nov. 14, 1971 Turned Off: Oct. 27, 1972 Mission Objectives: (Mariner 8): Map 70% of Martian surface. (Mariner 9): Study temporal changes in Martian atmosphere and surface features. Live TV A black and white TV camera was used to broadcast “live” pictures of the Martian surface. Each photo-receptor in the camera measures the brightness of a section of the Martian surface about 4-5 km square, and outputs a grayness value in the range 0-63. This value is represented as a binary 6-tuple. The TV image is thus digitalized by the photo-receptor bank and is output as a stream of thousands of binary 6-tuples. Coding Needed Without coding and a failure probability p = 0.05, 26% of the image would be in error ... unacceptably poor quality for the nature of the mission. Any coding will increase the length of the transmitted message. Due to power constraints on board the probe and equipment constraints at the receiving stations on Earth, the coded message could not be much more than 5 times as long as the data. Thus, a 6-tuple of data could be coded as a codeword of about 30 bits in length. Other concerns A second concern involves the coding procedure. Storage of data requires shielding of the storage media – this is dead weight aboard the probe and economics require that there be little dead weight. Coding should therefore be done “on the fly”, without permanent memory requirements. -
Centaur D-1A Pamphlet (1973)
• l:Intf.LN3~ UO!S!A!O 9:JedsoJ8t/ J!eAUOJ ''o'l:I3N3~ S:::ml\l'o'NAC ... ) Imagination has been the hallmark of the Cen taur program since its inception. Centaur was the vehicle selected to satisfy man's quest for knowledge in space. Already it has sent Survey or to probe the moon's surface. Mariner to chart the planet Mars, the Orbiti ng Astronomical Observatory to scan the stars without inter ference from the earth's atmosphere, and Pioneer to Jupiter and beyond. Centaur will also be called upon to launch other spacecraft to continue to unlock the secrets of the planets, such as Mariner for Venus and Mercury in 1973, Viking Orbiter/Lander spacecraft to Mars in 1975, and advanced Mariners to Jupiter and Saturn in 1977. Centaur has not only flown scientific missions but also ones with application for solving more tangible problems, such as Applications Tech nology Satellites and the Intelsat communica tions satellite. Centaur has also been chosen to deliver domestic and military communication satellites to synchronous orbit beginning in 1975. Because man's curiosity will never be satisfied, Convair Aerospace stands ready to respond to the challenges of tomorrow with the same imag inative design and quality craftsmanship embod ied in Centaur. K. E. Newton Vice President & Program Director Launch Vehicle Programs CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Introduction A little over a decade ago, Centaur began the first evolutionary steps from conventional Centaur Structure and Major Systems 3 Structure 4 rocketry to the high-energy-fueled vehicles of Propulsion 5 oxygen/hydrogen. Centaur faced numerous Reaction Control 6 problems, many of them demanding solutions Guidance 7 beyond the then current state of the art.