Submitted by the Commission to the Council on 29 July 1980

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Submitted by the Commission to the Council on 29 July 1980 No C 243/16 Official Journal of the European Communities 22. 9. 80 Proposal for a Council Regulation on the implementation in the Community of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Submitted by the Commission to the Council on 29 July 1980) THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN laying down restrictions and a strict control of inter- COMMUNITIES, national trade in specimens of endangered species of wild fauna and flora; Having regard to the Treaty establishing the Euro- pean Economic Community, and in particular Arti- Whereas the measures relating to the application of cle 113 thereof, the Convention to trade must not affect the free movement of products within the Community and, as Having regard to the proposal from the Commis- a result, these measures should apply only to trade sion, with third countries; Having regard to the opinion of the European Parlia- Whereas the existence of non-harmonized national ment, implementing measures implies a risk that distortions of competition within the Community could arise; Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee, Whereas the Convention concerns animals and Whereas a Convention on International Trade in En- plants, whether living or dead, and readily recogniz- dangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora was able parts and derivatives thereof; whereas, to make opened for signature on 3 March 1973; whereas this the application of the Convention effective, a com- Convention is intended to protect endangered spe- mon list of the most important parts and derivatives cies of wild fauna and flora by regulating interna- must be drawn up and the conditions under which tional trade in these species and in readily recogniza- other goods fall within the scope of this Regulation ble parts and derivatives thereof; must be laid down; Whereas this Convention has been signed by all Whereas knowledge on the state of conservation of Member States and entered into force on 1 July 1975; most cetaceans is inadequate; whereas for the protec- whereas five Member States have already ratified the tion of cetaceans stricter measures should be taken Convention and ratification procedures are in pro- than those provided for in the Convention; gress in the other Member States; whereas the Mem- ber States which have ratified the Convention have Whereas, in order to apply the Convention, the intro- adopted implementing provisions; duction of a Community procedure for the issue and presentation of permits is required for the export, Whereas on 14 March 1977 the Council authorized reexport, import and introduction from the sea of the Commission to enter into negotiations for the specimens of the species listed in the Appendices to Community to accede to the Convention on Interna- the Convention; tional Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora; Whereas, to ensure that prohibition of importation is fully effective, rules should be drawn up concerning Whereas the Council Resolution of 17 May 1977 on the conditions of trade in specimens of the species the continuation and implementation of a European shown in Appendix I to the Convention; Community policy and action programme on the en- vironment (!) stresses that the protection of wild fauna and flora is a matter for the Community as a Whereas the Member States must designate manage- whole and that implementation of the Convention on ment and scientific authorities and, where appro- International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild priate, other competent authorities, and define their Fauna and Flora is an important measure for protect- duties and powers; whereas permits must be issued in ing these species; accordance which standard conditions in order to obviate intra-Community controls; Whereas, to attain its objectives, this Convention mainly employs commercial policy instruments by Whereas, to simplify administrative formalities, the permits must conform to a standard model and serve (i) OJ No C 139, 13.6. 1977, p. 1. as a basis for recording trade statistics for the pur- 22. 9. 80 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 243/17 poses of the Convention; whereas, to make the statis- Article 1 tics complete, it is essential that administrative co- operation should be ensured between the Member The provisions of the Convention on International States and the Commission and that the Community Trade in Endangered species of Wild Fauna and permits should contain the requisite particulars; Flora, as set out in Annex A and hereinafter referred to as the Convention, shall apply throughout the Whereas, to facilitate both the issue of export and re- Community in accordance with the provisions of this export permits and the control procedure, the compe- Regulation. tent authorities of the Member States, at the request of the interested party, accompanied by supporting documents, should issue standard certificates stating Article 2 that a given specimen entered the territory covered by this Regulation in accordance with the provisions The specimens subject to the Regulation are: of the Convention before the entry into force of the Regulation or was acquired before the provisions of (a) any animal or plant, whether alive or dead, of the Convention applied to that specimen or that a the species listed in Appendix I to the Conven- specimen was bred in captivity or artificially propa- tion, any part or derivative of these animals or gated; plants listed in Annex B, as well as any other goods which appear from an accompanying Whereas certain imported specimens sent to another document, the packaging or a mark or label to Member State must arrive at a prescribed destina- be parts or derivatives of these animals or tion; plants; (b) any animal or plant, whether alive or dead, of Whereas it is necessary to provide for exemptions the species listed in Appendix II to the Conven- from the obligation to present a trading permit to the tion, any part or derivative of these animals or customs service in specific cases; plants listed in Annex B, as well as any other goods which appear from an accompanying Whereas, to facilitate customs procedures, there must document, the packaging or a mark or label to be provision to permit Member States to designate be parts or derivatives of animals of these one or more places of entry and exit where the goods species; in question must be presented; (c) any animal or plant, whether alive or dead, of the species listed in Appendix III to the Conven- Whereas the marks, seals and stamps used to identify tion and any part or derivative of these animals goods must conform to standard models in order to or plants listed in Annex B. facilitate controls; Whereas the reports required by the Convention must cover the entire Community and must therefore Article 3 be transmitted to the Secretariat of the Convention by the Commission; For purposes of their introduction into the Commu- nity, the whale products listed in point 7 of Annex B Whereas the conservation of endangered species still shall be considered as specimens of the species listed raises problems calling for scientific activity and in Appendix I to the Convention. whereas this activity must also permit assessment of the measures taken; whereas methods must also be developed for monitoring trade in certain parts and derivatives obtained from these species; Article 4 Whereas it is essential to ensure the uniform applica- tion of the provisions of this Regulation and to intro- 1. The introduction into the Community of speci- duce to this end a Community procedure for adopt- mens covered by Articles 2 and 3 shall be subject to ing the necessary implementing provisions within a the presentation of the permit provided for in Arti- suitable period; whereas a committee on this subject cle 9 below at the customs office at which the customs must be set up to permit close and effective coopera- formalities in respect of the regime under which the tion between the Member States and the Commis- specimens are being placed are completed. sion, 2. The despatch to destinations outside the Com- munity of specimens referred to in Article 2 shall be subject to presentation of the permit provided for in Article 9 at the customs office where the relevant cus- HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION: toms formalities are carried out. No C 243/18 Official Journal of the European Communities 22. 9. 80 3. Customs offices at which such permits are pre- 2. Permits and certificates as referred to in this sented in accordance with the provisions of para- Regulation issued by a Member State shall be valid graphs 1 and 2 shall forward the said permits to the throughout the Community. management authority of the State in which they are situated. 3. Applications for import permits FF1 referred to 4. By derogation from the provisions of paragraphs in Article 9(1) shall be submitted to the management 1 and 2 where specimens of the kind here envisaged authority responsible for the place of destination of are introduced into the Community and are put into the specimen. a customs transit procedure, deposited in a customs warehouse or placed in a free zone, presentation to 4. Applications for permits FF4 for the intro- the appropriate customs service of a permit of the duction of specimens from the sea, as referred to in type referred to in Article 9 shall not be required, Article 9 (3), shall be submitted to the management provided that an export permit for the specimens has authority reponsible for the place of introduction of been issued by the management authority of the ex- the specimen. porting State and is presented to the customs service concerned. 5. Application for export permits FF3 and re- export permits FF3 for live specimes referred to in Article 5 Article 9 (4) shall be submitted to the management authority of the Member State in whose territory the specimen is located.
Recommended publications
  • TRUSTVETASSISTSSURVIVAL of WORLD'srarestparrot New Clues to Echo Parakeet Problem Bypallia Harris
    News about parrot conservation, aviculture and welfare from qg&%rld q&rrot~t TRUSTVETASSISTSSURVIVAL OF WORLD'SRARESTPARROT New clues to Echo Parakeet problem ByPallIa Harris When the World Parrot Trust was The World Parrot Trust has project, contributing funds and of the World Parrot Trust and a launched in 1989, our first consistently provided funding for parrot expertise to both the member of the International Zoo priority was to help the world's the Echo Parakeet and maintained captive breeding programme and Veterinary Group. When the rarest parrot, the Echo Parakeet, close relations with the project's wild population management captive population of parrots which still numbers less than 20 director, Carl Jones, and the efforts. This new opportunity became ill this spring, Andrew birds in the wild. With your Jersey Wildlife Preservation provides the World Parrot Trust advised project staff in Mauritius generous donations, the Trust Trust, which finances and with one of the greatest by telephone and by fax. was proud to present the Echo manages the project with the co- challenges in parrot conservation Subsequently, at the request of Parakeet project with a badly operation of the Mauritius today. the Jersey Wildlife Preservation needed four wheel drive vehicle government's Conservation Unit. The followingstory is drawn, Trust, the World Parrot Trust sent to enable field researchers to Recently, the World Parrot Trust in part, from a veterinary report Andrew to Mauritius to reach the remote forest in which was invited to become a major by Andrew Greenwood,MAVetMB investigate tragic mortalities the parrot struggles to survive. partner in the Echo Parakeet MIBiolMRCVS,a founder Trustee among the Echo Parakeets.
    [Show full text]
  • TAG Operational Structure
    PARROT TAXON ADVISORY GROUP (TAG) Regional Collection Plan 5th Edition 2020-2025 Sustainability of Parrot Populations in AZA Facilities ...................................................................... 1 Mission/Objectives/Strategies......................................................................................................... 2 TAG Operational Structure .............................................................................................................. 3 Steering Committee .................................................................................................................... 3 TAG Advisors ............................................................................................................................... 4 SSP Coordinators ......................................................................................................................... 5 Hot Topics: TAG Recommendations ................................................................................................ 8 Parrots as Ambassador Animals .................................................................................................. 9 Interactive Aviaries Housing Psittaciformes .............................................................................. 10 Private Aviculture ...................................................................................................................... 13 Communication ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Testudines: Pelomedusidae: Pelusios and Pelomedusa)
    Zoologica Scripta Molecular phylogeny of African hinged and helmeted terrapins (Testudines: Pelomedusidae: Pelusios and Pelomedusa) UWE FRITZ,WILLIAM R. BRANCH,MARGARETHA D. HOFMEYR,JE´ ROˆ ME MARAN,HYNEK PROKOP, ALFRED SCHLEICHER,PAVEL Sˇ IROKY´ ,HEIKO STUCKAS,MARIO VARGAS-RAMI´REZ,MIGUEL VENCES & ANNA K. HUNDSDO¨ RFER Submitted: 15 August 2010 Fritz, U., Branch, W. R., Hofmeyr, M. D., Maran, J., Prokop, H., Schleicher, A., Sˇ iroky´, Accepted: 22 October 2010 P., Stuckas, H., Vargas-Ramı´rez, M., Vences, M. & Hundsdo¨rfer, A. K. (2010). Molecular doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00464.x phylogeny of African hinged and helmeted terrapins (Testudines: Pelomedusidae: Pelusios and Pelomedusa). — Zoologica Scripta, 00, 000–000. With 18 currently recognised species, Pelusios is one of the most speciose chelonian genera worldwide, even though the taxonomy of some species is contentious. Recent investigations suggested that the closely related, but morphologically distinct genus Pelomedusa is para- phyletic with respect to Pelusios, and that Pelomedusa consists of nine deeply divergent lin- eages. Using three mitochondrial and three nuclear DNA fragments (2054 bp mtDNA, 2025 bp nDNA), we examined for the first time the phylogeny of Pelusios by molecular means. Our analyses included all Pelusios species, except the probably extinct P. seychellensis, as well as the nine Pelomedusa lineages. The results showed that Pelusios and Pelomedusa are reciprocally monophyletic. Limited sampling of Pelusios species and homoplasy introduced by remote outgroups most likely explain the paraphyly of Pelomedusa in previous studies. The distinctiveness of most Pelusios species was confirmed, but none of the currently recognised species groups within Pelusios was monophyletic.
    [Show full text]
  • Chile: a Journey to the End of the World in Search of Temperate Rainforest Giants
    Eliot Barden Kew Diploma Course 53 July 2017 Chile: A Journey to the end of the world in search of Temperate Rainforest Giants Valdivian Rainforest at Alerce Andino Author May 2017 1 Eliot Barden Kew Diploma Course 53 July 2017 Table of Contents 1. Title Page 2. Contents 3. Table of Figures/Introduction 4. Introduction Continued 5. Introduction Continued 6. Aims 7. Aims Continued / Itinerary 8. Itinerary Continued / Objective / the Santiago Metropolitan Park 9. The Santiago Metropolitan Park Continued 10. The Santiago Metropolitan Park Continued 11. Jardín Botánico Chagual / Jardin Botanico Nacional, Viña del Mar 12. Jardin Botanico Nacional Viña del Mar Continued 13. Jardin Botanico Nacional Viña del Mar Continued 14. Jardin Botanico Nacional Viña del Mar Continued / La Campana National Park 15. La Campana National Park Continued / Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest 16. Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Continued 17. Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Continued 18. Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Continued / Volcano Osorno 19. Volcano Osorno Continued / Vicente Perez Rosales National Park 20. Vicente Perez Rosales National Park Continued / Alerce Andino National Park 21. Alerce Andino National Park Continued 22. Francisco Coloane Marine Park 23. Francisco Coloane Marine Park Continued 24. Francisco Coloane Marine Park Continued / Outcomes 25. Expenditure / Thank you 2 Eliot Barden Kew Diploma Course 53 July 2017 Table of Figures Figure 1.) Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Alerce Andino [Photograph; Author] May (2017) Figure 2. Map of National parks of Chile Figure 3. Map of Chile Figure 4. Santiago Metropolitan Park [Photograph; Author] May (2017) Figure 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Amelanchier Alnifolia. Araucaria Araucana
    Woodland Garden Plants The present-day cultivation of large areas of single annual crops such as wheat might seem, on the surface, to be a very productive and efficient use of land (average wheat yields this century have increased more than three-fold to over 3 tons per acre). When other factors are taken into account, however, it can be argued that this is a very unproductive and unsustainable use of the land. A woodland, on the other hand, might seem to be a very unproductive area for human food (unless you happen to like eating acorns). By choosing the right species, however, a woodland garden can produce a larger crop of food than the same area of wheat, will require far less work to manage it and will be able to be sustainably harvested without harm to the soil or the environment in general. I do not intend to go into any more details of the pros and cons of annuals versus perennials here. If you would like more information on this subject then please see our leaflet Why Perennials. One of the main reasons why a woodland garden can be so productive is that such a wide range of plants can be grown together, making much more efficient use of the land. The greater the diversity of plants being grown together then the greater the overall growth of plant matter there is. Thus you can have tall growing trees with smaller trees and shrubs that can tolerate some shade growing under them. Climbing plants can make their own ways up the trees and shrubs towards the light, whilst shade- tolerant herbaceous plants and bulbs can grow on the woodland floor.
    [Show full text]
  • Street Tree Inventory Report Mill Park Neighborhood November 2015 Street Tree Inventory Report: Mill Park Neighborhood November 2015
    Street Tree Inventory Report Mill Park Neighborhood November 2015 Street Tree Inventory Report: Mill Park Neighborhood November 2015 Written by: Carrie Black, Kat Davidson, Angie DiSalvo, Jeremy Grotbo, and Jeff Ramsey Portland Parks & Recreation Urban Forestry 503-823-4484 [email protected] http://portlandoregon.gov/parks/treeinventory Staff Neighborhood Coordinator: Rob Hanifin Data Collection Volunteers: Tony Mecum GIS Technical Support: Josh Darling, Portland Parks & Recreation Financial Support: Portland Parks & Recreation Cover Photos (from top left to bottom right): 1) The unusual fruit of a glorybower (Clerodendrum sp.) 2) A closeup on the dry cone of a cypress (Cupressus sp.) 3) A young pecan (Carya illinoinensis), rare in Portland. 4) Rosy margins on the leaves of a tricolor beech (Fagus sylvatica 'Tricolor'). 5) Fall color and woody fruit of a stewartia (Stewartia sp.) 6) The lush foliage of a Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga( menziesii), an important tree type in Mill Park. 7) Spiky foliage emerges from the trunk of a monkey puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana). 8) Vibrant fall color on a young tupelo (Nyssa sp.) ver. 11/18/2015 Portland Parks & Recreation 1120 SW Fifth Avenue, Suite 1302 Portland, Oregon 97204 (503) 823-PLAY Commissioner Amanda Fritz www.PortlandParks.org Director Mike Abbaté Table of Contents Key Findings .......................................... 1 About Portland’s Street Tree Inventory . 3 Mill Park Street Tree Inventory ........................... 5 Neighborhood Characteristics ......................... 5 Urban Forest Composition............................ 6 Species diversity and tree type composition . 6 Functional tree type .............................. 8 Size class distribution ............................. 9 Mature tree form distribution ..................... 10 Importance value................................ 10 Tree Condition .................................... 11 Planting Site Composition and Stocking Level ........... 13 Planting sites..................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ventnor Botanic Garden
    Dinosaurs and plants DAWN REDWOOD – Metasequoia glyptostroboides The discovery of this conifer in Szechuan in 1947 created a The Isle of Wight is one of the most important dinosaur horticultural sensation. It was recognised as a descendant of discovery and excavation sites in the world. More than trees from the Carboniferous period, which means it dates back twenty types have now been found, all within a few miles to a time before even the dinosaurs had evolved. of Ventnor Botanic Garden. CYCADS – Cycas revolute In early Cretaceous times when dinosaurs ruled, plant Cycads were the most frequent plants in a life was abundant but very different from now. Just a few dinosaur landscape. Fossils of their 'dinosaur plants' have survived. Ventnor Botanic Garden distinctive cones – like pineapples, to Ventnor Botanic Garden is which they are related – are found on the fortunate to house some of the Island. Though no longer most important ‘living fossils’ widespread, many species of Cycad thrive that covered the Earth during in warmer climates. There is a Cycad with- the time of the dinosaurs. The Isle of Wight in the Early in the garden that is flowering—this is the Cretaceous period 125 million first flowering Cycad in 250 MILLION years ago years! Can you find it? MAGNOLIA – Magnolia spp GINKGO TREES – Ginkgo biloba This ancient and beautiful group of plants evolved towards the The Ginkgo tree has remained the same over 240 million end of the dinosaur age, and is one of the very first flowering years and its distinctive leaf shape is instantly recognisable plants.
    [Show full text]
  • I Two Turtles from Western Democratic Republic of the Congo
    Volume 2, Number 4 - I 1: I - ,', KI=-lFj l&l-l w - I,.: . -. ,,,I I . !I ,:: . I Two turtles from Western Democratic r/. I :, I ,. Republic of the Congo: ' > , , I . ./I /I 8 ($8 I:,( : . >>:1.1 .',, ,,I, Itt, Pe/usios cchapiand K/h/xys erosa Bruce G. Marcot, Ph.D. Research Wildlife Ecologist USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station 620 SW Main St., Suite 400 Portland OR 97205 USA bmarcot @ fs.fed.us 20 October 2004 . " .To>--... .+ . -> - , During August-September 2004 I engaged in an expedition to . a , -. *. ,D.-.q+ -. western Democratic Republic of I' - I I bh o the Congo (DR Congo). During . I .:~d',. this trip, I encountered two turtle - f: -* -4, '---? i; species in villages along a remote : b, :t ::. t section of the Ubange River approximately 5-50 krn north of 4 the confluence with the Congo .', . .. =,I * A. River. - - - 1 -1'? *w:*m- 2. LL- R/par/;3ngrass and forest habiats dong the Ubangi River /hBobangi Wage. Pelusios chapini personal communication). : On 8 September 2004, in Photos I took may be one .. - -Ma-, .-.. ' Bobangi village (0" 6.67' S of the first taken of P. '.a ' latitude, 17 " 43.26 E longitude, chipini, at least in its native 'I I established by GPS), I encoun- ' 5-1- environment. tered a specimen of Pelusios I chapini or Central African Mud This specimen was a male, Turtle. Bobangi is situated along evidenced by the obviously . the banks of the Ubange River in concave plastron, and seasonally flooded riparian measured 27 cm carapace .*,.cm, . gallery forests with floodplain length (curved measure) grasses and shrubs.
    [Show full text]
  • Southwest Pacific Islands: Samoa, Fiji, Vanuatu & New Caledonia Trip Report 11Th to 31St July 2015
    Southwest Pacific Islands: Samoa, Fiji, Vanuatu & New Caledonia Trip Report 11th to 31st July 2015 Orange Fruit Dove by K. David Bishop Trip Report - RBT Southwest Pacific Islands 2015 2 Tour Leaders: K. David Bishop and David Hoddinott Trip Report compiled by Tour Leader: K. David Bishop Tour Summary Rockjumper’s inaugural tour of the islands of the Southwest Pacific kicked off in style with dinner at the Stamford Airport Hotel in Sydney, Australia. The following morning we were soon winging our way north and eastwards to the ancient Gondwanaland of New Caledonia. Upon arrival we then drove south along a road more reminiscent of Europe, passing through lush farmlands seemingly devoid of indigenous birds. Happily this was soon rectified; after settling into our Noumea hotel and a delicious luncheon, we set off to explore a small nature reserve established around an important patch of scrub and mangroves. Here we quickly cottoned on to our first endemic, the rather underwhelming Grey-eared Honeyeater, together with Nankeen Night Herons, a migrant Sacred Kingfisher, White-bellied Woodswallow, Fantailed Gerygone and the resident form of Rufous Whistler. As we were to discover throughout this tour, in areas of less than pristine habitat we encountered several Grey-eared Honeyeater by David Hoddinott introduced species including Common Waxbill. And so began a series of early starts which were to typify this tour, though today everyone was up with added alacrity as we were heading to the globally important Rivierre Bleu Reserve and the haunt of the incomparable Kagu. We drove 1.3 hours to the reserve, passing through a stark landscape before arriving at the appointed time to meet my friend Jean-Marc, the reserve’s ornithologist and senior ranger.
    [Show full text]
  • Tortworth Arboretum
    4 5 bee 3 garden ARENA With the help of a team of dedicated volunteers we 2 have restored lost pathways, uncovered hidden redwoods 6 features and created new routes around the 7 arboretum. Below is a pick of our favourite trees! STILE 1 Hungarian Oak (Quercus frainetto) 2 Veteran Common Oak (Quercus robur) 8 3 DONKEY BRIDGE Veteran Sweet Chestnuts (Castanea sativa) 1 4 Monkey Puzzle (Araucaria araucana) 9 5 Caucasian Alder (Alnus subcordata) 6 Coastal Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) PUBLIC FOOTPATH 7 Handkerchief Tree (Davidia involucrata) subsp. 8 (Fraxinus angustifolia 10 Narrow Leaved Ash angustifolia) GATE 11 MAIN 9 Contorted Hazel (Corylus avellana ‘Contorta’) CAMPFIRE 10 Indian Chestnut (Aesculus indica) 11 TOILET Japanese Chestnut (Aesculus turbinata) 12 12 Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) 13 Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) Find us online for details of volunteering opportunities 13 and events, plus more maps and history of the arboretum. https://tortwortharboretum.org ENTRANCE GATE 1 Hungarian Oak (Quercus frainetto) 8 Narrow Leaved Ash (Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. angustifolia) One of our champion trees, over five meters in circumference. Look Grown on common ash root stock, this is a particularly large mature out for the large lobed leaves. (Southeastern Europe and Turkey) specimen for the UK. (Western Europe, northwest Africa) 2 Common Oak (Quercus robur) 9 Contorted Hazel (Corylus avellana ‘Contorta’) This vetern ‘English Oak’ is estimated to be over 350 years old and A natural mutation of common hazel, famously first discovered in a predates the arboretum, being planted as part of a former deer hedgerow at Frocester in 1863. All contorted hazels, including this park.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary Report of Freshwater Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in U.S
    Summary Report of Freshwater Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 4—An Update April 2013 Prepared by: Pam L. Fuller, Amy J. Benson, and Matthew J. Cannister U.S. Geological Survey Southeast Ecological Science Center Gainesville, Florida Prepared for: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region Atlanta, Georgia Cover Photos: Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix – Auburn University Giant Applesnail, Pomacea maculata – David Knott Straightedge Crayfish, Procambarus hayi – U.S. Forest Service i Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ vi INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Overview of Region 4 Introductions Since 2000 ....................................................................................... 1 Format of Species Accounts ...................................................................................................................... 2 Explanation of Maps ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article Organic Compounds: Contents and Their Role in Improving Seed Germination and Protocorm Development in Orchids
    Hindawi International Journal of Agronomy Volume 2020, Article ID 2795108, 12 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2795108 Review Article Organic Compounds: Contents and Their Role in Improving Seed Germination and Protocorm Development in Orchids Edy Setiti Wida Utami and Sucipto Hariyanto Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia Correspondence should be addressed to Sucipto Hariyanto; [email protected] Received 26 January 2020; Revised 9 May 2020; Accepted 23 May 2020; Published 11 June 2020 Academic Editor: Isabel Marques Copyright © 2020 Edy Setiti Wida Utami and Sucipto Hariyanto. ,is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In nature, orchid seed germination is obligatory following infection by mycorrhizal fungi, which supplies the developing embryo with water, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, causing the seeds to germinate relatively slowly and at a low germination rate. ,e nonsymbiotic germination of orchid seeds found in 1922 is applicable to in vitro propagation. ,e success of seed germination in vitro is influenced by supplementation with organic compounds. Here, we review the scientific literature in terms of the contents and role of organic supplements in promoting seed germination, protocorm development, and seedling growth in orchids. We systematically collected information from scientific literature databases including Scopus, Google Scholar, and ProQuest, as well as published books and conference proceedings. Various organic compounds, i.e., coconut water (CW), peptone (P), banana homogenate (BH), potato homogenate (PH), chitosan (CHT), tomato juice (TJ), and yeast extract (YE), can promote seed germination and growth and development of various orchids.
    [Show full text]