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2019: L'anno Spaziale in Rassegna 2019: l’anno spaziale in rassegna DI MATTEO CARPENTIERI · https://www.astronautinews.it/2020/01/2019-lanno-spaziale-in-rassegna/ armitano durante una delle EVA per riparare AMS. Credit: NASA Come ogni anno anche al termine di questo giro della Terra intorno al Sole proponiamo un riassunto dei principali avvenimenti in ambito astronautico avvenuti nell’ultima orbita. Il tutto coadiuvato da alcune dalle solite statistiche di Paolo Baldo. È stato un anno intenso anche il 2019, che ha rispettato alcune delle attese ma, come al solito, è incappato nei classici ritardi che capitano in questo campo. Anche nel 2019 ci lascia un grande astronauta: pochi mesi dopo aver compiuto il suo ottantacinquesimo compleanno ci saluta Aleksej Leonov, primo astronauta a compiere un’attività extraveicolare e pioniere della cosmonautica sovietica. Leonov ripreso all’esterno del veicolo Voschod 2. Il 2019, comunque, è stato anche l’anno del cinquantesimo anniversario dello sbarco sulla Luna e delle missioni Apollo 9, Apollo 10, Apollo 11 e Apollo 12. La stazione spaziale internazionale Tutti i voli con equipaggio del 2019 (solo 3, quest’anno) facevano parte del programma ISS. Sono state lanciate 4 capsule Sojuz MS, da MS-12 a MS-15, tra cui quella in cui c’era Luca Parmitano (Sojuz MS-13) e un test senza equipaggio (Sojuz MS-14) Anche quest’anno le varie Expedition – cioè gli equipaggi della ISS – sono state un po’ irregolari. L’anno si apre con a bordo l’Expedition 58, di soli tre membri (Oleg Kononenko, David Saint-Jacques e Anne McClain), seguita dalle Expedition 59, 60 e 61 (attualmente sulla ISS) composte dai classici 6 elementi, ma con l’astronauta americana Christina Koch che ha fatto parte di tutte e 3. Il Commercial Crew Program della NASA è andato un po’ a rilento e ancora non sono arrivati sulla ISS astronauti a bordo di navette americane, ma sono partiti i primi due voli dimostrativi, rispettivamente di Dragon-2 Spx-DM1 e CST100-Starliner Boe-OTF, con alterni risultati. Oltre agli astronauti e alle navette senza eqipaggio sopra citate, c’è stata la solita sequenza di missioni di rifornimento, con 9 voli cargo, di cui 3 Progress russe (da MS-11 a MS-13), 2 Cygnus della compagnia americana Northrop Grumman (CRS NG-11 e 12), 3 Dragon di SpaceX (da CRS SpX-17 a CRS SpX-19) e una giapponese HTV/Kounotori (HTV-8). HTV-8 durante il rilascio con il CanadArm-2. Anche quest’anno il nuovo modulo russo Nauka non si è visto e la novità è che, anziché aspettarlo per il 2020, lo attendiamo per il 2021. In compenso la vita operativa del modulo gonfiabile BEAM è stata prorogata almeno fino alla fine del 2020. Gli avvicendamenti degli equipaggi sulla ISS si aprono a marzo con la Sojuz MS-12. Aleksej Ovčinin e Nick Hague riescono finalmente ad approdare sulla ISS dopo lo sfortunato (e breve) volo di alcuni mesi prima. L’avvio di Expedition 59 segna anche l’inizio della lunga permanenza sulla ISS di Christina Koch, tutt’ora a bordo. In questa prima parte dell’anno è degna di nota la lunga serie di attività extraveicolari (EVA) il cui obiettivo principale è la sostituzione delle varie batterie all’esterno della stazione spaziale. A partecipare alle varie EVA dal settore internazionale della ISS durante l’Expedition 59 sono stati McClain e Hague, Hague e Koch e McClain e Saint-Jacques. Dal lato russo si registra anche la già citata attività extraveicolare di Kononenko e Ovčinin. Hague e Koch pronti per l’EVA, assistiti da McClain. La seconda EVA dell’Expedition 59 è in realtà una piccola delusione in quanto inizialmente avrebbe dovuto svolgersi con McClain e Koch, diventando qundi la prima attività extraveicolare ad essere effettuata da un equipaggio interamente femminile. Il record non è avvenuto a causa di considerazioni logistiche, ma l’annuncio di un piccolo cambio di programma, con l’allungamento della missione di Christina Koch, ha consentito un nuovo tentativo nella seconda parte dell’anno. Il rimescolamento degli equipaggi ha anche aperto la possibilità a un astronauta degli Emirati Arabi Uniti di compiere una missione di breve durata sulla stazione spaziale. Il rientro della Sojuz MS-11 a giugno (McClain, Kononenko e Saint- Jacques) ha dato poi il via all’Expedition 60, che diventerà a noi molto cara essendo l’expedition a cui si unirà l’astronauta italiano Luca Parmitano. Parmitano & Beyond I preparativi per la missione Beyond di Luca Parmitano sono entrati nel vivo qualche mese prima con l’arrivo al cosmodromo di Bajkonur e, qualche mese dopo, con la presentazione alla stampa. La Sojuz MS-13 è la capsula che il 20 luglio ha portato Luca in orbita insieme ai suoi compagni di viaggio Aleksandr Skvorcov e Andrew Morgan. L’ingresso nella ISS è avvenuto qualche ora dopo, dando il via ufficialmente alla missione ESA Beyond. Luca Parmitano il 16 luglio 2019 a Star City prima della partenza per la ISS. La missione di Luca entra subito nel vivo con il lancio della Sojuz MS- 14, una navetta disabitata lanciata per testare l’ultima versione del lanciatore Sojuz, il Sojuz-2, anche per capsule con equipaggio. In realtà la capsula aveva a bordo un passeggero, il robot umanoide Skybot F-850, più noto col nome di Fedor. La missione non va come previsto e la navetta fallisce il primo tentativo di attracco alla ISS. Grazie ad alcune manovre di riposizionamento delle navette sulla stazione spaziale, Sojuz MS-14 riesce ad attraccare con successo qualche giorno dopo. Anche durante l’Expedition 60 è avvenuta un’attività extraveicolare, con Hague e Morgan che hanno lavorato per installare l’adattatore che permetterà l’attracco delle navette commerciali americane con equipaggio in un altro portello del modulo Harmony. L’arrivo della Sojuz MS-15 a fine settembre ha portato brevemente l’equipaggio della ISS a 9 membri, con l’arrivo di Oleg Skripočka, Jessica Meir e Hazza Al Mansouri, il primo astronauta emiratino. La missione storica di Al Mansouri termina poi qualche giorno dopo con il rientro sulla Sojuz MS-12 al posto di Christina Koch, dando il via all’Expedition 61. Tanto per aggiungere un altro evento storico, almeno per noi italiani, in questa Expedition Luca Parmitano assume il comando della ISS. I membri dell’equipaggio della Expedition 60: l’astronauta Hazzaa Ali Al Mansouri degli Emirati Arabi Uniti, a sinistra, Aleksej Ovčinin di Roskosmos, al centro, e Nick Hague della NASA siedono all’esterno della Sojuz MS-12 dopo essere atterrati in una zona remota vicino alla città di Zhezkazgan, Kazakistan il 3 ottobre 2019. Hague e Ovčinin sono rientrati dopo 203 giorni nello spazio, dove hanno fatto parte dell’equipaggio delle Expedition 59 e 60 a bordo della Stazione Spaziale Internazionale. Al Mansouri ha accumulato 8 giorni nello spazio durante il suo primo volo. Anche nell’Expedition 61 sono continuate le EVA per sistemare il parco batterie della ISS, con due uscite di Koch e Morgan e, finalmente, la storica EVA tutta al femminile di Koch e Meir, avvenuta il 18 ottobre. Expedition molto impegnativa in termini di attività extraveicolari, con la serie di uscite per riparare uno degli strumenti scientifici più importanti della ISS, l’Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer AMS-02. Queste EVA hanno visto la partecipazione del nostro Luca Parmitano insieme a Andrew Morgan (15 novembre, 22 novembre e 2 dicembre). L’anno è finito poi in bellezza per noi italiani con la conferma che Samantha Cristoforetti verrà presto assegnata a una nuova missione. Il Commercial Crew Program Dopo i vari ritardi degli anni precedenti, il 2019 era l’anno in cui avremmo dovuto veder tornare astronauti sulla ISS a bordo di navette americane. Così non è stato, ma non per questo non si sono visti progressi nell’ambito del Commercial Crew Program, con alti e bassi, come ci hanno abituato le aziende commerciali in questi ultimi anni. Il primo evento dell’anno è stato il volo dimostrativo della Dragon 2 di SpaceX, a marzo. Il volo della missione DM-1 è stato un gran successo, con lo storico arrivo sulla ISS avvenuto il 3 marzo. Anche il rientro è avvenuto con successo con l’ammaraggio avvenuto qualche giorno dopo. Dragon 2 in rampa nei primi giorni del 2019 Sembrava tutto in discesa per SpaceX dopo la bella missione DM-1, quando durante un test sulla capsula tornata qualche settimana prima la Dragon esplode. Alla fine vengono scoperte le cause, ma l’evento ha senz’altro ritardato il programma per l’azienda di Elon Musk. A peggiorare le cose, si è verificato anche un fallimento durante un test dei paracadute. Per fortuna SpaceX chiude l’anno con ottimismo, con i test positivi sui motori che verranno usati durante il flight abort test della capsula il quale, se superato, aprirà la strada alla missione DM-2 con astronauti a bordo. Anno con alti e bassi anche per Boeing, l’altra azienda coinvolta nel Commercial Crew Program con la sua capsula CST-100 Starliner. A novembre viene eseguito il pad abort test, cioè il test di fuga direttamente dalla rampa di lancio. L’accensione dei motori va a buon fine ma uno dei paracadute non si apre durante la discesa. Il lancio di CST-100 Starliner durante la missione Boeing OFT Proprio in chiusura dell’anno Boeing ha effettuato il primo volo dimostrativo senza equipaggio, l’OFT. Il lancio viene effettuato con successo, ma un problema al timer di bordo fa fallire la missione alla CST-100, mancando l’attracco con la stazione spaziale. Verso la Luna: Artemis L’anno scorso ha visto una netta accelerata, almeno sulla carta, dei programmi americani di esplorazione umana dello spazio, che da anni vedono lenti sviluppi della capsula Orion e del lanciatore super- pesante SLS.
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