The Long Goodbye
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Rules for the Heavens: the Coming Revolution in Space and the Laws of War
RULES FOR THE HEAVENS: THE COMING REVOLUTION IN SPACE AND THE LAWS OF WAR John Yoo* Great powers are increasing their competition in space. Though Russia and the United States have long relied on satellites for surveillance of rival nations’ militaries and the detection of missile launches, the democratization of space through technological advancements has allowed other nations to assert greater control. This Article addresses whether the United States and other nations should develop the space-based weapons that these policies promise, or whether they should cooperate to develop new international agreements to ban them. In some areas of space, proposals for regulation have already come too late. The U.S.’s nuclear deterrent itself depends cru- cially on space: ballistic missiles leave and then re-enter the atmosphere, giving them a global reach without serious defense. As more nations develop nuclear weapons and intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) technology, outer space will become even more important as an arena for defense against weapons of mass destruction (WMD) proliferation. North Korea’s progress on ICBM and nuclear technology, for example, will prompt even greater in- vestment in space-based missile defense systems. This Article makes two contributions. First, it argues against a grow- ing academic consensus in favor of a prohibition on military activities in space. It argues that these scholars over-read existing legal instruments and practice. While nations crafted international agreements to bar WMDs in outer space, they carefully left unregulated reconnaissance and commu- nications satellites, space-based conventional weapons, antisatellite sys- tems, and even WMDs that transit through space, such as ballistic missiles. -
Comet Interceptor: a Proposed ESA Mission to a Dynamically New Comet
EPSC Abstracts Vol. 13, EPSC-DPS2019-1679-1, 2019 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC Attribution 4.0 license. Comet Interceptor: A proposed ESA Mission to a Dynamically New Comet Geraint H. Jones(1,2), Colin Snodgrass(3), and The Comet Interceptor Consortium (see www.cometinterceptor.space ) (1) UCL Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, RH5 6NT, UK ([email protected]) (2) The Centre for Planetary Sciences at UCL/Birkbeck, London, UK (3) University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom ([email protected]) Abstract allow valuable multi-point measurements of the solar wind over different lengtH-scales as tHese craft In response to the recent European Space Agency’s separate. call for proposals for a Fast (F) Mission, a multi- spacecraft project has been submitted to ESA to For the comet encounter, the primary spacecraft, encounter a dynamically new comet or interstellar planned to also act as the primary communication object. SucH an encounter with a comet approacHing point for the whole constellation, would be targetted the Sun for the first time would provide valuable data to pass outside the hazardous inner coma, on the to complement that from all previous comet missions, sunward side of tHe comet. At least one sub-spacecraft whicH Have by necessity studied sHort-period comets would be targetted for tHe nucleus/inner coma region. that Have evolved from their original condition during The various component spacecraft will carry a range their time orbiting near the Sun. of miniaturised instruments for remote and in situ studies of tHe object’s composition, nucleus, coma, The mission’s primary science goal is to cHaracterise, and plasma environment. -
Human Issues Related to Spacecraft Vibration During Ascent
Human Issues related to Spacecraft Vibration during Ascent Consultant Report to the Constellation Program Standing Review Board Jonathan B. Clark M.D., M.P.H. Suite NA 425 One Baylor Plaza Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX 77030-3498 1731 Sunset Blvd Houston TX 77005 713 859 1381 281 989 8721 [email protected] [email protected] Opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not reflect the views of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI), Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), or the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Human Issues related to Spacecraft Vibration during Ascent Consultant Report to the Constellation Program Standing Review Board Jonathan B. Clark M.D., M.P.H. Opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not reflect the views of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI), Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), or the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Pogo in Liquid Fueled Rocket Motors The pogo phenomenon, or fuel pump inlet pressure fluctuation/ cavitation due to tuning feed line resonant frequencies was a major concern in the early space program. Pump tests showed that as inlet pressures were reduced toward cavitation, the pump started acting as an amplifier, causing large oscillations in the thrust chamber pressure. As the rocket engine thrust develops, liquid propellant is cyclically forced into the turbopump. This fluctuating fluid pressure is converted into an unintended and variable increase in engine thrust, with the net effect being longitudinal axis vibration that could result in spacecraft structural failure. -
액체로켓 메탄엔진 개발동향 및 시사점 Development Trends of Liquid
Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 119-143, 2021 119 Technical Paper DOI: https://doi.org/10.6108/KSPE.2021.25.2.119 액체로켓 메탄엔진 개발동향 및 시사점 임병직 a, * ㆍ 김철웅 a⋅ 이금오 a ㆍ 이기주 a ㆍ 박재성 a ㆍ 안규복 b ㆍ 남궁혁준 c ㆍ 윤영빈 d Development Trends of Liquid Methane Rocket Engine and Implications Byoungjik Lim a, * ㆍ Cheulwoong Kim a⋅ Keum-Oh Lee a ㆍ Keejoo Lee a ㆍ Jaesung Park a ㆍ Kyubok Ahn b ㆍ Hyuck-Joon Namkoung c ㆍ Youngbin Yoon d a Future Launcher R&D Program Office, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Korea b School of Mechanical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Korea c Guided Munitions Team, Hyundai Rotem, Korea d Department of Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Korea * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Selecting liquid methane as fuel is a prevailing trend for recent rocket engine developments around the world, triggered by its affordability, reusability, storability for deep space exploration, and prospect for in-situ resource utilization. Given years of time required for acquiring a new rocket engine, a national-level R&D program to develop a methane engine is highly desirable at the earliest opportunity in order to catch up with this worldwide trend towards reusing launch vehicles for competitiveness and mission flexibility. In light of the monumental cost associated with development, fabrication, and testing of a booster stage engine, it is strategically a prudent choice to start with a low-thrust engine and build up space application cases. -
Arxiv:2005.12932V1 [Astro-Ph.EP] 26 May 2020 with Eccentricity, E = 1.2, ‘Oumuamua Encountered the Solar System with V∞ = 26 Km S
Draft version May 28, 2020 Typeset using LATEX default style in AASTeX63 Evidence that 1I/2017 U1 (`Oumuamua) was composed of molecular hydrogen ice. Darryl Seligman1 and Gregory Laughlin2 1 Dept. of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 2Dept. of Astronomy, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06517 (Received April 14, 2020; Revised May 22, 2020; Accepted May 28, 2020) Submitted to ApJL ABSTRACT `Oumuamua (I1 2017) was the first macroscopic (l ∼ 100 m) body observed to traverse the inner solar system on an unbound hyperbolic orbit. Its light curve displayed strong periodic variation, and it showed no hint of a coma or emission from molecular outgassing. Astrometric measurements indicate that 'Oumuamua experienced non-gravitational acceleration on its outbound trajectory, but energy balance arguments indicate this acceleration is inconsistent with a water ice sublimation-driven jet of the type exhibited by solar system comets. We show that all of `Oumaumua's observed properties can be explained if it contained a significant fraction of molecular hydrogen (H2) ice. H2 sublimation at a rate proportional to the incident solar flux generates a surface-covering jet that reproduces the observed acceleration. Mass wasting from sublimation leads to monotonic increase in the body axis ratio, explaining `Oumuamua's shape. Back-tracing `Oumuamua's trajectory through the Solar System permits calculation of its mass and aspect ratio prior to encountering the Sun. We show that H2-rich bodies plausibly form in the coldest dense cores of Giant Molecular Clouds, where number densities are of order n ∼ 105, and temperatures approach the T = 3 K background. -
2015152450 Presentation-Airbus
Accès Européen à l’Espace, pourquoi Ariane 6 et Airbus Safran Launchers ? Assemblée Générale ISAE 11/06/2015 H. GILIBERT – CTO - Airbus Safran Launchers 1 Eléments de contexte This document is the property of Airbus Safran Launchers. It shall be not communicated to third parties without prior written agreement. Its content shall not be disclosed. Airbus Safran Launchers Holding/SAS/GmbH. All rights reserved. Janvier 2015 2 Le contexte des lanceurs spatiaux en Europe • Les lanceurs spatiaux servent avant tout la Garantie de l’Accès Stratégique à l’Espace pour les Etats Européens. • L’activité est supportée par les Etats Membres de l’Agence Spatiale Européenne (esa). • Quelques lancements institutionnels à l’année (essentiellement avec VEGA, et SOYOUZ actuellement). • L’économie de la filière est rendue supportable pour les Etats Européens par la capture de lancements commerciaux, qui assurent la récurrence de production et forcent à la compétitivité. • Ariane 5 (6 à 7 lancements par an) réalise > 80 % de ses lancements sur le marché commercial (leader mondial ~50 % du marché ouvert). This document is the property of Airbus Safran Launchers. It shall be not communicated to third parties without prior written agreement. Its content shall not be disclosed. Airbus Safran Launchers Holding/SAS/GmbH. All rights reserved. janvier 2015 3 L’activité Lancements Spatiaux dans le monde This document is the property of Airbus Safran Launchers. It shall be not communicated to third parties without prior written agreement. Its content shall not be disclosed. Airbus Safran Launchers Holding/SAS/GmbH. All rights reserved. janvier 2015 4 Les évolutions du marché des lancements (1/2) Les « moyens à gros » Les lancements sur le marché commercial sont essentiels pour soutenir l’Accès Européen Autonome à l’Espace Apparition de satellites à propulsion électrique, plus légers -> modifiera peu à peu les besoins mission sur la décennie à venir. -
Variations of Solid Rocket Motor Preliminary Design for Small TSTO Launcher
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Institute of Transport Research:Publications Space Propulsion 2012 – ID 2394102 Variations of Solid Rocket Motor Preliminary Design for Small TSTO launcher Etienne Dumont Space Launcher Systems Analysis (SART), DLR, Bremen, Germany [email protected] NGL New/Next Generation Launcher Abstract SI Structural Index (mdry / mpropellant) Several combinations of solid rocket motors and ignition SRM Solid Rocket Motor strategies have been considered for a small Two Stage to TSTO Two Stage To Orbit Orbit (TSTO) launch vehicle based on a big solid rocket US Upper Stage motor first stage and cryogenic upper stage propelled by VENUS Vega New Upper Stage the Vinci engine. In order to reach the target payload avg average during the flight performance of about 1400 kg into GTO for the clean s.l. sea level version and 2700 to 3000 kg for the boosted version, the vac vacuum influence of the selected solid rocket motors on the upper 2 + 2 P23 4 P23: two ignited on ground and two with a stage structure has been studied. Preliminary structural delayed ignition designs have been performed and the thrust histories of the solid rocket motor have been tweaked to limit the upper stage structural mass. First stage and booster 1. Introduction combinations with acceptable general loads are proposed. Solid rocket motors (SRM) are commonly used for boosters or launcher first stage. Indeed they can provide high thrust levels while being compact, light and Nomenclature relatively simple compared to a liquid rocket engine Isp specific impulse s providing the same thrust level. -
The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012
Federal Aviation Administration The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012 February 2013 About FAA About the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 51 United States Code, Subtitle V, Chapter 509 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA AST’s website: http://www.faa.gov/go/ast Cover art: Phil Smith, The Tauri Group (2013) NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. • i • Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation Dear Colleague, 2012 was a very active year for the entire commercial space industry. In addition to all of the dramatic space transportation events, including the first-ever commercial mission flown to and from the International Space Station, the year was also a very busy one from the government’s perspective. It is clear that the level and pace of activity is beginning to increase significantly. -
Study of a 100Kwe Space Reactor for Exploration Missions
Preliminary study of a 100 kWe space reactor concept for exploration missions Elisa CLIQUET, Jean-Marc RUAULT 1), Jean-Pierre ROUX, Laurent LAMOINE, Thomas RAMEE 2), Christine POINOT-SALANON, Alexey LOKHOV, Serge PASCAL 3) 1) CNES Launchers Directorate,Evry, France 2) AREVA TA, Aix en Provence, France 3) CEA DEN/DM2S, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France NETS 2011 Overview ■ General context of the study ■ Requirements ■ Methodology of the study ■ Technologies selected for final trade-off ■ Reactor trade-off ■ Conversion trade-off ■ Critical technologies and development philosophy ■ Conclusion and perspectives CNES Directorate of Launchers Space transportation division of the French space agency ■ Responsible for the development of DIAMANT, ARIANE 1 to 4, ARIANE 5, launchers ■ System Architect for the Soyuz at CSG program ■ Development of VEGA launcher first stage (P80) ■ Future launchers preparation activities Multilateral and ESA budgets • To adapt the current launchers to the needs for 2015-2020 • To prepare launcher evolutions for 2025 - 2030, if needed • To prepare the new generation of expandable launchers (2025-2030) • To prepare the long future after 2030 with possible advanced launch vehicles ■ Future space transportation prospective activities, such as Exploration needs (including in particular OTV missions) Advanced propulsion technologies investigation General context ■ Background Last French studies on space reactors : • ERATO (NEP) in the 80’s, • MAPS (NTP) in the 90’s • OPUS (NEP) 2002-2004 ■ Since then Nuclear safe orbit -
Welcome Remarks
Space Weather as a Global Challenge Thursday, May 18, 2017 Italian Embassy 3000 Whitehaven St NW, Washington, DC Welcome Remarks Speakers • H.E. Armando Varricchio, Ambassador of Italy to the United States of America • Prof. Roberto Battiston, President, Italian Space Agency • Dr. Jonathan Margolis, Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for Science, Space, and Health, US Department of State • Moderator: Victoria Samson, Washington Office Director, Secure World Foundation Armando Varricchio: ...distinguished speakers, ladies and gentlemen, it's a great pleasure to welcome you here to the Italian Embassy for this workshop of Space Weather as a Global Challenge. I'd like to extend my appreciation to the Department of State, here represented by Deputy Assistant Secretary Jonathon Margolis, for co-organizing this event. Through the years, Italy and the US have a strong and wide... [coughing] ...both as friends and allies. We share the same values and we work side by side on many subjects... [coughing] Space represents one of the fields where our cooperation has proved to be remarkably successful. Since the launch of San Marco satellite from Wallops Island back in 1964, our countries have forged a long-standing cooperation. Let me recall that in a few weeks’ time that astronaut Tom Pesquet, will once again embark upon a long-duration mission to the International Space Station. The main criteria for the success has always been, and I have no doubt it will continue to be, the solid partnership between NASA and Italian Space Agency, ASI. Today's presence of President and Professor of Roberto Battiston whom I work with while come here to the Embassy, perfectly analyzes the special relationship. -
Following the Path That Heroes Carved Into History: Space Tourism, Heritage, and Faith in the Future
religions Article Following the Path That Heroes Carved into History: Space Tourism, Heritage, and Faith in the Future Deana L. Weibel Departments of Anthropology and Integrative, Religious, and Intercultural Studies, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA; [email protected] Received: 29 November 2019; Accepted: 28 December 2019; Published: 2 January 2020 Abstract: Human spaceflight is likely to change in character over the 21st century, shifting from a military/governmental enterprise to one that is more firmly tied to private industry, including businesses devoted to space tourism. For space tourism to become a reality, however, many obstacles have to be overcome, particularly those in finance, technology, and medicine. Ethnographic interviews with astronauts, engineers, NASA doctors, and NewSpace workers reveal that absolute faith in the eventual human occupation of space, based in religious conviction or taking secular forms, is a common source of motivation across different populations working to promote human spaceflight. This paper examines the way faith is expressed in these different contexts and its role in developing a future where space tourism may become commonplace. Keywords: anthropology; tourism; spaceflight; NASA; heritage; exploration 1. Introduction Space tourism is an endeavor, similar to but distinctly different from other forms of space travel, that relies on its participants’ and brokers’ faith that carrying out brave expeditions, modeled on and inspired by those in the past, will ultimately pay off in a better future for humankind. Faith, in this case, refers to a subjective sense that a particular future is guaranteed and may or may not have religious foundations. This faith appears to be heightened by the collective work undertaken by groups endeavoring to send humans into space, creating a sense of what anthropologists Victor and Edith Turner have described as communitas, a shared feeling of equality and common purpose. -
Overview of GX Launch Services by GALEX Koji Sato∗, Yoshirou Kondou
Acta Astronautica 59 (2006) 381–391 www.elsevier.com/locate/actaastro Overview of GX launch services by GALEX Koji Sato∗, Yoshirou Kondou Galaxy Express Corporation, Tokyo, Japan Available online 19 May 2006 Abstract Galaxy Express Corporation (GALEX) is a launch service company in Japan to develop a medium size rocket, GX rocket and to provide commercial launch services for medium/small low Earth orbit (LEO) and Sun synchronous orbit (SSO) payloads with a future potential for small geo-stationary transfer orbit (GTO). It is GALEX’s view that small/medium LEO/SSO payloads compose of medium scaled but stable launch market due to the nature of the missions. GX rocket is a two-stage rocket of well flight proven liquid oxygen (LOX)/kerosene booster and LOX/liquid natural gas (LNG) upper stage. This LOX/LNG propulsion under development by Japan’s Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), is robust with comparable performance as other propulsions and have future potential for wider application such as exploration programs. GX rocket is being developed through a joint work between the industries and GX rocket is applying a business oriented approach in order to realize competitive launch services for which well flight proven hardware and necessary new technology are to be introduced as much as possible. It is GALEX’s goal to offer “Easy Access to Space”, a highly reliable and user-friendly launch services with a competitive price. GX commercial launch will start in Japanese fiscal year (JFY) 2007–2008. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Background of GX rocket (R&D) budget was filed to the Ministry of Finance (MOF) to start the R&D as “Advance Technology The origin of GX rocket can be traced back to Demonstration Rocket Program” from JFY1998.