DOCSLIB.ORG

Mitteilungen Der Dgaae 18

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mitteilungen Der Dgaae 18 See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251383302 “Living Syringes”: Use of Hematophagous Bugs as Blood Samplers from Small and Wild Animals Article · May 2011 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-19382-8_11 CITATIONS READS 10 314 3 authors: André Stadler Christian Karl Meiser Alpenzoo Ruhr-Universität Bochum 20 PUBLICATIONS 41 CITATIONS 14 PUBLICATIONS 164 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Guenter Schaub Ruhr-Universität Bochum 187 PUBLICATIONS 5,617 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Guenter Schaub on 14 December 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. HALLE (SAALE ) 2012 MITT . DTSCH . GES . ALL G . AN G EW . ENT . 18 “Living syringes”: use of triatomines as blood samplers from small and wild animals Günter A. Schaub1, Arne Lawrenz2 & André Stadler2 1Zoology/Parasitology Group, Ruhr-University Bochum 2Zoological Garden Wuppertal Zusammenfassung: Die Blutabnahme ist bei kleinen Tieren und Wildtieren sehr schwierig. Bei der konventionellen Entnahme werden die Tiere sehr gestresst und evtl. verletzt. Auch eine vorherige Narkose ist problematisch. Triatominen (Reduviidae, Hemiptera) sind die größten Blut saugenden Insekten und saugen an allen Endothermen, aber auch warmen Amphibien und Reptilien. Die fünf Nymphenstadien dieser Insekten nehmen – entsprechend ihrem Wachstum – zunehmend mehr Blut auf. Deshalb ist je nach erforderlicher Blutmenge beim Einsatz als „lebende Spritze“ ein entsprechendes Nymphenstadium einzusetzen. Das aufgenommene Blut wird im Magen gespeichert und durch den Entzug der wässrigen Blutbestandteile konzentriert, aber fast nicht verdaut. Das Blut kann direkt nach der Blutaufnahme der Raubwanze leicht mit einer Spritze aus dem Magen entnommen und zur Bestimmung der Blut- und physiologischen Parameter eingesetzt werden, außerdem zur Bestimmung von Hormon- und Antikörper-Konzentrationen sowie zum Nachweis von Parasiten. Besonders Larven von Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma infestans und Dipetalogaster maxima werden bei dieser nicht-invasiven Methode zur Gewinnung von Blutproben verwendet. Die Nymphen werden auf die Tiere platziert, in speziellen Behältern angehalten oder saugen durch Perforationen im Boden von Schlafboxen oder in künstlichen Eiern. Neben Freilanduntersuchungen an Vögeln hat sich der Einsatz besonders bei Zootieren bewährt. Key words: Artificial eggs, blood sampling, Dipetalogaster maxima, Rhodnius prolixus, Triatominae Zoology/Parasitology Group, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; E-Mail: [email protected] Introduction The collection of blood samples from animals is often very difficult. In small animals injuries and subsequent bleeding have to be avoided, in large wild animals the anesthesia is risky. In humans, blood sucking bugs have been used for nearly 100 years as a tool in diagnosis, especially in Chagas disease (summarized by MEISER & SCHAUB 2011). In such a xenodiagnosis, bugs from laboratory colonies suck blood of a patient suspected to be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. In case of an infection, the low number of parasites ingested with the human blood can multiply and be identified more easily microscopically. Presumably based on these procedures, ticks and then triatomines were used to investigate components of the blood of lizards (WILL 1975) and then for the sampling of blood from bats (VON HELVERSEN & REYER 1984). Meanwhile, the triatomines Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma infestans and Dipetalogaster maxima are being increasingly used as “living syringes”, especially to avoid stress for the donor animals (summarized by SCHAUB & al. 2011). The “living syringes” – triatomines At present the insect subfamily Triatominae of the family Reduviidae contains 140 species, the majority living in Latin America (SCHOFIEL D & GALVÃO 2009). All postembryonic developmental stages are obligatory blood suckers and usually require one full engorgement for the development to the next instar (SCHAUB 2008). The period of time required from the engorgement to the moult is species- and temperature-dependent, and as in other hemimetabolic insects, this development correlates with an increase in size (Table 1). 349 MITT . DTSCH . GES . ALL G . AN G EW . ENT . 18 HALLE (SAALE ) 2012 Tab. 1 Developmental times1 and sizes of R. prolixus, T. infestans and D. maxima; data from MEISER & SCHAUB 2011 1 At 26±1°C and 50-60% relative humidity Nymphal Developmental time [days] Body length [mm] instar R. prolixus T. infestans D. maxima R. prolixus T. infestans D. maxima 1rst 9 10 14 3 4 8 2nd 9 10 14 4.5 6 11.5 3rd 10 12 16 8.5 9 15 4th 13 17 21 10 12 20 5th 14 28 51 15 19 27 Male 20 26 35 Female 22 29 42 The major advantage for the use of triatomines as “living syringes” is the special anatomy of the gut and the mode of digestion. The digestive tract of triatomines is a simple tube. The blood is ingested into the strongly distensible stomach where it remains essentially undigested. By and by small portions of stomach content are passed for digestion into the small intestine (SCHAUB 2009). Only two important changes occur in the stomach. Blood cells are concentrated and thereby the hematocrit levels change since blood compounds without nutritional value are excreted rapidly, e.g. R. prolixus excretes about 45% of the weight of the ingested blood within the first four hours after blood ingestion (MA dd RELL 1969). Therefore, the period of time between the end of engorgement of the bug and the withdrawal of the stomach content for the analyses should be very short. In addition, compounds in the saliva and/or the stomach of triatomines inhibit the classical and the alternative activation pathway of the coagulation system (summarized by MEISER & al. 2010). Consequently, the coagulatory factors in the blood cannot be determined easily. Suitability of different species of triatomines as “living syringes” So far three species have been used, R. prolixus, T. infestans and D. maxima. Rhodnius prolixus has the shortest developmental times and is easily bred in many laboratories (summarized by SCHAUB & al. 2011). In addition, nymphs are very aggressive, i.e. they attack the host rapidly to start blood ingestion. The aggressiveness increases with time after the molt, but after the optimal phase, increasing numbers of bugs refuse to suck. A disadvantage of R. prolixus is the behaviour of adults. Females glue the eggs to surfaces, and adults easily climb up container walls since they possess adhesive modifications at the legs. The nymphs cannot be stored for a long period of time before use as “living syringes” since their starvation resistance is lower than in the other species. This species is also the smallest one, and only older nymphs ingest sufficient blood for analyses.Triatoma infestans mainly has a middle position regarding the relevant parameters making it suitable for a “living syringe” purpose, but possesses the lowest degree of aggressiveness of these three species. We recommend the use of D. maxima. Like T. infestans, the female deposits eggs on the ground, enabling an easy start of new colonies. This species is of similar aggressiveness as R. prolixus. The long generation time and the time required for each nymphal stage to develop to the next stage (see above) might seem to be disadvantages. However, these can also be considered as advantages, since even young nymphs of this biggest species of triatomines can be used. In a single meal, the first, second, third, fourth and fifth instar nymphs ingest about 0.1, 0.2, 0.6, 1.2 and 2.5 g blood, respectively. A final advantage is the easier possibility to obtain sterile nymphs: egg surfaces can be disinfected more easily than in R. prolixus and the sterile nymphs require fewer feedings each with the risk of contamination before a stage is obtained that ingests sufficient blood (summarized by SCHAUB & al. 2011). Modes of applications The mode of application has to be modified according to the biology of the host species and the location of blood sampling (summarized by SCHAUB & al. 2011). Small mammals in the field or in the zoo can be fixed, and the free active bugs placed near them. Large aggressive animals in the zoo, e.g. big 350 HALLE (SAALE ) 2012 MITT . DTSCH . GES . ALL G . AN G EW . ENT . 18 carnivores, can be sampled in cages free of litter during feeding. The triatomines can freely approach the animal, leave it after engorgement and then be captured after the zoo animal is induced to leave the cage. Then the bug is held between the fingers or with forceps and the blood withdrawn directly from the stomach using normal syringes and a thick needle (VOI G T & al. 2004). If a bug is lost, an insecticide can be applied in the cage. In shy animals, which can be attracted for a short time only, the position of the feeding bug is arbitrary. The nymphs are placed on the skin in a beaker that will be removed after the beginning of blood ingestion. After finishing blood ingestion, however, the triatomine has to be regained. This seeking procedure can be omitted if keepers can handle the animals. In this case – identical with xenodiagnosis – a beaker containing the nymphs and closed by a metal or cotton gauze can be placed on the skin until the bug is engorged, which usually lasts 15-20 minutes. If animals in the zoo sleep or rest in boxes or caves, a second floor with areas covered with metal-gauze can be included. The triatomines are then placed in beakers below the gauze. Specific containers, namely artificial eggs with perforations, are used in ornithological studies (summarized by SCHAUB & al. 2011). A bird’s egg in the nest is exchanged by an artificial egg and replaced again after about 15 minutes (e.g. BECKER & al. 2005, BAUCH & al. 2010). Thus, in up to 86% of trials blood of the breeding bird was successfully obtained without stressing the bird. This methodology is successfully used for common terns (Sterna hirundo), Montagus’ harriers (Circus pygargus) and common swifts (Apus apus) (summarized by SCHAUB & al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vectors of Chagas Disease, and Implications for Human Health1
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Denisia Jahr/Year: 2006 Band/Volume: 0019 Autor(en)/Author(s): Jurberg Jose, Galvao Cleber Artikel/Article: Biology, ecology, and systematics of Triatominae (Heteroptera, Reduviidae), vectors of Chagas disease, and implications for human health 1095-1116 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Biology, ecology, and systematics of Triatominae (Heteroptera, Reduviidae), vectors of Chagas disease, and implications for human health1 J. JURBERG & C. GALVÃO Abstract: The members of the subfamily Triatominae (Heteroptera, Reduviidae) are vectors of Try- panosoma cruzi (CHAGAS 1909), the causative agent of Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis. As important vectors, triatomine bugs have attracted ongoing attention, and, thus, various aspects of their systematics, biology, ecology, biogeography, and evolution have been studied for decades. In the present paper the authors summarize the current knowledge on the biology, ecology, and systematics of these vectors and discuss the implications for human health. Key words: Chagas disease, Hemiptera, Triatominae, Trypanosoma cruzi, vectors. Historical background (DARWIN 1871; LENT & WYGODZINSKY 1979). The first triatomine bug species was de- scribed scientifically by Carl DE GEER American trypanosomiasis or Chagas (1773), (Fig. 1), but according to LENT & disease was discovered in 1909 under curi- WYGODZINSKY (1979), the first report on as- ous circumstances. In 1907, the Brazilian pects and habits dated back to 1590, by physician Carlos Ribeiro Justiniano das Reginaldo de Lizárraga. While travelling to Chagas (1879-1934) was sent by Oswaldo inspect convents in Peru and Chile, this Cruz to Lassance, a small village in the state priest noticed the presence of large of Minas Gerais, Brazil, to conduct an anti- hematophagous insects that attacked at malaria campaign in the region where a rail- night.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Towards an Understanding of the Interactions of Trypanosoma
    Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ISSN: 0001-3765 [email protected] Academia Brasileira de Ciências Brasil Azambuja, Patrícia; A. Ratcliffe, Norman; S. Garcia, Eloi Towards an understanding of the interactions of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli within the reduviid insect host Rhodnius prolixus Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, vol. 77, núm. 3, set., 2005, pp. 397-404 Academia Brasileira de Ciências Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32777304 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2005) 77(3): 397-404 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) ISSN 0001-3765 www.scielo.br/aabc Towards an understanding of the interactions of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli within the reduviid insect host Rhodnius prolixus PATRÍCIA AZAMBUJA1, NORMAN A. RATCLIFFE2 and ELOI S. GARCIA1 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil 2Biomedical and Physiologial Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA28PP, United Kingdom Manuscript received on March 3, 2005; accepted for publication on March 30, 2005; contributed by Eloi S. Garcia* ABSTRACT This review outlines aspects on the developmental stages of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli in the invertebrate host, Rhodnius prolixus. Special attention is given to the interactions of these parasites with gut and hemolymph molecules and the effects of the organization of midgut epithelial cells on the parasite development.
    [Show full text]
  • Disintegrins from Hematophagous Sources
    Toxins 2012, 4, 296-322; doi:10.3390/toxins4050296 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Review Disintegrins from Hematophagous Sources Teresa C. F. Assumpcao *, José M. C. Ribeiro * and Ivo M. B. Francischetti * Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: [email protected] (T.C.F.A.); [email protected] (J.M.C.R.); [email protected] (I.M.B.F.) Received: 23 February 2012; in revised form: 12 April 2012 / Accepted: 13 April 2012 / Published: 26 April 2012 Abstract: Bloodsucking arthropods are a rich source of salivary molecules (sialogenins) which inhibit platelet aggregation, neutrophil function and angiogenesis. Here we review the literature on salivary disintegrins and their targets. Disintegrins were first discovered in snake venoms, and were instrumental in our understanding of integrin function and also for the development of anti-thrombotic drugs. In hematophagous animals, most disintegrins described so far have been discovered in the salivary gland of ticks and leeches. A limited number have also been found in hookworms and horseflies, and none identified in mosquitoes or sand flies. The vast majority of salivary disintegrins reported display a RGD motif and were described as platelet aggregation inhibitors, and few others as negative modulator of neutrophil or endothelial cell functions. This notably low number of reported disintegrins is certainly an underestimation of the actual complexity of this family of proteins in hematophagous secretions. Therefore an algorithm was created in order to identify the tripeptide motifs RGD, KGD, VGD, MLD, KTS, RTS, WGD, or RED (flanked by cysteines) in sialogenins deposited in GenBank database.
    [Show full text]
  • Proteases of Haematophagous Arthropod Vectors
    Santiago et al. Parasites & Vectors (2017) 10:79 DOI 10.1186/s13071-017-2005-z REVIEW Open Access Proteases of haematophagous arthropod vectors are involved in blood-feeding, yolk formation and immunity - a review Paula Beatriz Santiago1, Carla Nunes de Araújo1,2, Flávia Nader Motta1,2, Yanna Reis Praça1,3, Sébastien Charneau4, Izabela M. Dourado Bastos1 and Jaime M. Santana1* Abstract Ticks, triatomines, mosquitoes and sand flies comprise a large number of haematophagous arthropods considered vectors of human infectious diseases. While consuming blood to obtain the nutrients necessary to carry on life functions, these insects can transmit pathogenic microorganisms to the vertebrate host. Among the molecules related to the blood-feeding habit, proteases play an essential role. In this review, we provide a panorama of proteases from arthropod vectors involved in haematophagy, in digestion, in egg development and in immunity. As these molecules act in central biological processes, proteases from haematophagous vectors of infectious diseases may influence vector competence to transmit pathogens to their prey, and thus could be valuable targets for vectorial control. Keywords: Proteases, Haematophagy, Digestion, Yolk formation, Immunity, Ticks, Triatomines, Mosquitoes Background leishmaniasis, malaria, sleeping sickness, lymphatic filaria- Haematophagous arthropod vectors are spread world- sis and onchocerciasis are all examples of vector-borne wide. They are of medical and veterinary importance diseases with global impact on morbidity and mortality since their blood-feeding habit provides a scenario for (Table 1) since they affect more than one billion individ- the transmission of a variety of pathogens, including uals and cause over one million deaths every year [2]. virus, bacteria, protozoans and helminths [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae
    Cesaretto et al. Parasites Vectors (2021) 14:340 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04847-7 Parasites & Vectors SHORT REPORT Open Access Trends in taxonomy of Triatomini (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae): reproductive compatibility reinforces the synonymization of Meccus Stål, 1859 with Triatoma Laporte, 1832 Natália Regina Cesaretto1†, Jader de Oliveira2,3†, Amanda Ravazi1, Fernanda Fernandez Madeira4, Yago Visinho dos Reis1, Ana Beatriz Bortolozo de Oliveira4, Roberto Dezan Vicente1, Daniel Cesaretto Cristal3, Cleber Galvão5* , Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo‑Oliveira4, João Aristeu da Rosa3 and Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi1,3 Abstract Background: Meccus’ taxonomy has been quite complex since the frst species of this genus was described by Burmeister in 1835 as Conorhinus phyllosoma. In 1859 the species was transferred to the genus Meccus and in 1930 to Triatoma. However, in the twentieth century, the Meccus genus was revalidated (alteration corroborated by molecular studies) and, in the twenty‑frst century, through a comprehensive study including more sophisticated phylogenetic reconstruction methods, Meccus was again synonymous with Triatoma. Events of natural hybridization with produc‑ tion of fertile ofspring have already been reported among sympatric species of the T. phyllosoma subcomplex, and experimental crosses demonstrated reproductive viability among practically all species of the T. phyllosoma sub‑ complex that were considered as belonging to the genus Meccus, as well as between these species and species of Triatoma. Based on the above, we carried out experimental crosses between T. longipennis (considered M. longipennis in some literature) and T. mopan (always considered as belonging to Triatoma) to evaluate the reproductive compat‑ ibility between species of the T.
    [Show full text]
  • Control of Chagas Disease A
    WHO Technical Report Series 905 CONTROL OF CHAGAS DISEASE A Second report of the WHO Expert Committee aA World Health Organization Geneva i COC Cover1 1 2/16/02, 9:18 AM The World Health Organization was established in 1948 as a specialized agency of the United Nations serving as the directing and coordinating authority for international health matters and public health. One of WHO’s constitutional func- tions is to provide objective and reliable information and advice in the field of human health, a responsibility that it fulfils in part through its extensive programme of publications. The Organization seeks through its publications to support national health strat- egies and address the most pressing public health concerns of populations around the world. To respond to the needs of Member States at all levels of development, WHO publishes practical manuals, handbooks and training material for specific categories of health workers; internationally applicable guidelines and standards; reviews and analyses of health policies, programmes and research; and state-of- the-art consensus reports that offer technical advice and recommendations for decision-makers. These books are closely tied to the Organization’s priority activi- ties, encompassing disease prevention and control, the development of equitable health systems based on primary health care, and health promotion for individuals and communities. Progress towards better health for all also demands the global dissemination and exchange of information that draws on the knowledge and experience of all WHO’s Member countries and the collaboration of world leaders in public health and the biomedical sciences. To ensure the widest possible availability of authoritative information and guidance on health matters, WHO secures the broad international distribution of its publica- tions and encourages their translation and adaptation.
    [Show full text]
  • Dipetalogaster Maxima): Exploring Morphological Adaptations in Pre-Adult and Adult Stages
    Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 90 (2019): e902664 Life history Ontogenetic changes in wild chagasic bugs (Dipetalogaster maxima): exploring morphological adaptations in pre-adult and adult stages Cambios ontogenéticos en la chinche silvestre (Dipetalogaster maxima): explorando adaptaciones morfológicas en estados preadultos y adultos Rafael Bello-Bedoy a, *, Haran Peiro-Nuño a, Alex Córdoba-Aguilar b, Carlos Alberto Flores-López a, Guillermo Romero-Figueroa a, María Clara Arteaga c, Ana E. Gutiérrez-Cabrera d, Leonardo De la Rosa-Conroy c a Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Transpeninsular, Ensenada- Tijuana, 3917, Playitas, 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico b Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico c Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carretera Tijuana- Ensenada 3918, Zona Playitas, 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico d Conacyt-Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Avenida Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico *Corresponding author: [email protected] (R. Bello-Bedoy) Received: 29 June 2018; accepted: 14 November 2018 Abstract Triatomine insects are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909), the causing agent of Chagas disease. We studied the morphological ontogenetic changes of Dipetalogaster maxima (Uhler, 1894), an endemic Chagas vector of Baja California Sur, Mexico. We measured and compared among nymphal stages and adults and, between sexes phenotypic traits linked to the following functions: a) feeding: proboscis length and width; b) vision: head length and width; c) mobility: pronotum width and length and; feeding capacity and fecundity: abdomen length in 5 nymphal stages and in adults of both sexes, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Metathoracic Glands and Associated Evaporatory Structures in Reduvioidea (Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha), with Observation on the Mode of Function of the Metacoxal Comb
    Eur. J. Entomol. 103: 97–108, 2006 ISSN 1210-5759 Metathoracic glands and associated evaporatory structures in Reduvioidea (Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha), with observation on the mode of function of the metacoxal comb CHRISTIANE WEIRAUCH American Museum of Natural History, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Heteroptera, Reduviidae, metathoracic gland, morphology, defensive gland, dissemination of secretion Abstract. Structures that assist in spreading secretions produced by the metathoracic glands were examined in Reduviidae and Pachynomidae (Heteroptera). The systematic distribution of a row of long and stout setae on the metacoxa, the metacoxal comb, was reinvestigated in a representative sample in both taxa. Observations on living Dipetalogaster maximus (Reduviidae: Triatominae) corroborated the interpretation of this metacoxal comb as an evaporatory device, which assists in atomizing the gland secretions. In addition to the metacoxal comb, a row of stout setae on the metacetabulum – a metacetabular comb – was found in several Reduvii- dae, which interacts with the metacoxal comb during rotation of the metacoxa. In addition to those atomizing devices, cuticular modifications surrounding the opening of the metathoracic gland, which presumably form evaporatoria, were discovered in Ectricho- diinae. The meshwork-like structure of this cuticle resembles the cuticular modifications found associated with the opening of the Brindley’s gland in Reduviidae, but differs from the mushroom-like evaporatoria around the metathoracic glands in most Cimi- comorpha and Pentatomomorpha. Thus, two fundamentally different mechanisms to spread secretions of the metathoracic gland – atomization and evaporation – are present in Reduviidae. INTRODUCTION located metathoracic Brindley’s gland (Brindley, 1930; A complex gland system in the metathorax of the adult Carayon, 1962).
    [Show full text]
  • Proteome of the Triatomine Digestive Tract: from Catalytic to Immune Pathways; Focusing on Annexin Expression
    fmolb-07-589435 December 3, 2020 Time: 17:27 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 09 December 2020 doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.589435 Proteome of the Triatomine Digestive Tract: From Catalytic to Immune Pathways; Focusing on Annexin Expression Marcia Gumiel1,2†‡, Debora Passos de Mattos3,4†, Cecília Stahl Vieira1,5, Caroline Silva Moraes1, Carlos José de Carvalho Moreira6, Marcelo Salabert Gonzalez3,4,5, André Teixeira-Ferreira7, Mariana Waghabi8, 1,3,4,5 9 Edited by: Patricia Azambuja and Nicolas Carels * Barbara Cellini, 1 Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio University of Perugia, Italy de Janeiro, Brazil, 2 Research Department, Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo (UNIFRANZ), La Paz, Bolivia, 3 Laboratório Reviewed by: de Biologia de Insetos, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil, 4 Programa Dong-Woo Lee, de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil, Yonsei University, South Korea 5 Departamento de Entomologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Qi Wu, 6 Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 7 Laboratório de Toxinologia, Instituto Aarhus University, Denmark Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 8 Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 9 *Correspondence: FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Laboratório de Modelagem de Sistemas
    [Show full text]
  • Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) to the Genus Paratriatoma †
    insects Communication Formal Assignation of the Kissing Bug Triatoma lecticularia (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) to the Genus Paratriatoma † Vinicius Fernandes de Paiva 1 , Jader de Oliveira 2 , Cleber Galvão 3,* , Silvia Andrade Justi 4,5,6, José Manuel Ayala Landa 7 and João Aristeu da Rosa 8 1 Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; [email protected] 2 Laboratório de Entomologia em Saúde Pública, Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil; [email protected] 3 Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil 4 The Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD 20746, USA; [email protected] 5 Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA 6 Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013, USA 7 Independent Researcher, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA; [email protected] 8 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; [email protected] Citation: de Paiva, V.F.; Oliveira, J.d.; * Correspondence: [email protected] Galvão, C.; Justi, S.A.; Landa, J.M.A.; † This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online Rosa, J.A.d. Formal Assignation of registration system for the ICZN (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature). The LSID (Life Science the Kissing Bug Triatoma lecticularia Identifier) for this publication is: LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:62986EA0-10B0-4BE8-8180-2EF684FE2414.
    [Show full text]
  • Heteroptera: Reduviidae) Fernando Otálora-Luna1*, Antonio J Pérez-Sánchez1, Claudia Sandoval1 and Elis Aldana2
    Otálora-Luna et al. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural (2015) 88:4 DOI 10.1186/s40693-014-0032-0 REVIEW Open Access Evolution of hematophagous habit in Triatominae (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) Fernando Otálora-Luna1*, Antonio J Pérez-Sánchez1, Claudia Sandoval1 and Elis Aldana2 Abstract All members of Triatominae subfamily (Heteroptera: Reduviidae), potential vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, etiologic agent of the Chagas disease, feed on blood. Through evolution, these bugs have fixed special morphological, physiological, and behavioral aptations (adaptations and exaptations) adequate to feed on blood. Phylogeny suggests that triatomines evolved from predator reduvids which in turn descended from phytophagous hemipterans. Some pleisiomorphic traits developed by the reduvid ancestors of the triatomines facilitated and modeled hematophagy in these insects. Among them, mouthparts, saliva composition, enzymes, and digestive symbionts are the most noticeable. However, the decisive step that allowed the shift from predation to hematophagy was a change of behavior. The association of a predator reduvid with nesting vertebrate (≈110 to 32 Ma) permitted the shift from an arthropod prey to a vertebrate host. In this work, we review the phylogeny and dispersion of triatomines and the current controversy over the monophyly or polyphyly of this group. We also discuss how these insects were able to overcome, and even have taken advantage of, diverse ancestral and physical barriers to adapt to sucking blood of nidicolous vertebrates. We provide a Spanish version of this work. Keywords: Latin America; Chagas' disease; Phylogeny; Blood-sucking habit; Triatomines Introduction due to their clear involvement in the domestic and peri- The triatomines are an insect subfamily of the Reduviidae domestic transmission cycles.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biology of Blood-Sucking in Insects, SECOND EDITION
    This page intentionally left blank The Biology of Blood-Sucking in Insects Second Edition Blood-sucking insects transmit many of the most debilitating dis- eases in humans, including malaria, sleeping sickness, filaria- sis, leishmaniasis, dengue, typhus and plague. In addition, these insects cause major economic losses in agriculture both by direct damage to livestock and as a result of the veterinary diseases, such as the various trypanosomiases, that they transmit. The second edition of The Biology of Blood-Sucking in Insects is a unique, topic- led commentary on the biological themes that are common in the lives of blood-sucking insects. To do this effectively it concentrates on those aspects of the biology of these fascinating insects that have been clearly modified in some way to suit the blood-sucking habit. The book opens with a brief outline of the medical, social and economic impact of blood-sucking insects. Further chapters cover the evolution of the blood-sucking habit, feeding preferences, host location, the ingestion of blood and the various physiological adap- tations for dealing with the blood meal. Discussions on host–insect interactions and the transmission of parasites by blood-sucking insects are followed by the final chapter, which is designed as a use- ful quick-reference section covering the different groups of insects referred to in the text. For this second edition, The Biology of Blood-Sucking in Insects has been fully updated since the first edition was published in 1991. It is written in a clear, concise fashion and is well illustrated through- out with a variety of specially prepared line illustrations and pho- tographs.
    [Show full text]