Major Trends in Theoretical and Applied Linguistics Volume 1 Versita Discipline: Language, Literature
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Structural Expectations in Chinese Relative Clause Comprehension
StructuralExpectationsinChineseRelativeClause Comprehension ZhongChen,KyleGrove,andJohnHale CornellUniversity 1. Introduction Relative clauses (RC) are among the most well-studied constructions in the field of psycholinguis- tics. A wide variety of work explores a robust processing asymmetry such that subject relatives (SRs) are easier to process than object relatives (ORs). For example, English shows a subject advantage, as demonstrated by a number of studies involving different measures including: self-paced reading (King & Just, 1991), eye-tracking (Traxler, Morris & Seely, 2002), ERP (King & Kutas, 1995), fMRI (Just, Carpenter, Keller, Eddy & Thulborn, 1996); and PET (Stromswold, Caplan, Alpert & Rauch, 1996). A robust finding in the literature suggests that subject preference seems to be a universal processing phenomenon in RCs. Some pieces of evidence come from Dutch (Frazier, 1987), French (Frauenfelder, Segui & Mehler, 1980), German (Schriefers, Friederici & Kuhn,¨ 1995), Japanese (Miyamoto & Naka- mura, 2003) and Korean (Kwon, Polinsky & Kluender, 2006). In order to account for the universal processing pattern of RCs, several theories are proposed, such as: WORD ORDER (Bever, 1970; MacDonald & Christiansen, 2002), the ACCESSIBILITY HIER- ARCHY (Keenan & Comrie, 1977), EXPERIENCE/FREQUENCY-BASED ACCOUNTS (Mitchell, Cuetos, Corley & Brysbaert, 1995; Hale, 2001), STRUCTURE-BASED APPROACHES (O’Grady, 1997; Hawkins, 2004) and WORKING MEMORY (Gibson, 2000; Lewis & Vasishth, 2005). Chinese RCs are valuable in testing those theories and -
Lara Mantovan Nominal Modification in Italian Sign Language Sign Languages and Deaf Communities
Lara Mantovan Nominal Modification in Italian Sign Language Sign Languages and Deaf Communities Editors Annika Herrmann, Markus Steinbach, Ulrike Zeshan Editorial board Carlo Geraci, Rachel McKee, Victoria Nyst, Sibaji Panda, Marianne Rossi Stumpf, Felix Sze, Sandra Wood Volume 8 Lara Mantovan Nominal Modification in Italian Sign Language ISHARA PRESS ISBN 978-1-5015-1343-5 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-1-5015-0485-3 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-1-5015-0481-5 ISSN 2192-516X e-ISSN 2192-5178 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2017 Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin and Ishara Press, Preston, UK Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com E Pluribus Unum (uncertain origin, attributed to Virgilio, Moretum, v. 103) Acknowledgements This book is a revised version of my 2015 dissertation which was approved for the PhD degree in Linguistics at Ca’ Foscari University of Venice. When I first plunged into the world of academic research, almost five years ago, I would never have imagined it was possible to achieve such an important milestone. Being so close to finalizing this book, I would like to look back briefly and remember and thank all the people who showed me the way, supported me, and encouraged me to grow both academically and personally. -
Polancec, the Invariant Relativizer in Contemporary Non-Standard Croatian
Jurica Polančec (University of Zagreb) The invariant relativizer in contemporary non-standard Croatian In this talk, we will present the invariant relativizer in contemporary Croatian with an empha- sis on non-standard language. We will briefly introduce the Croatian invariant relativizer and its four forms (što, šta, kaj, ča). These four relativizers originate in separate Croatian dialects (što and šta in Štokavian, kaj in Kajkavian, and ča in Čakavian). Regardless of the dialect, the forms are functionally equivalent and have the same source in their respective dialects (the nom/acc case of the what pronoun). In contemporary language, they differ in their sociolinguistic status: only što is standard; što, šta and kaj are used in everyday informal Croatian, which is close to the standard, but fea- tures some non-codified elements and is often influenced by dialects (Langston & Peti-Stantić 2014: 30, cf. van Marle 1997: 13–17). The form kaj is geographically confined to Northern Croatia including the capital Zagreb. We will discuss in some detail the rise of the form kaj from the dialectal status. We will also show that the form što, when used in the standard, is typical of more formal and elaborate registers, in particular the language of literature. As for the other registers of standard Croatian, such as journalistic or scientific, the invariant relativizer often figures as a mere substitute for the relative pronoun (Kordić 1995: 164). Cases in which the invariant rela- tivizer is at the same time a feature of everyday informal language as well as of the rather for- mal written registers of standard language are quite unusual. -
BORE ASPECTS OP MODERN GREEK SYLTAX by Athanaaios Kakouriotis a Thesis Submitted Fox 1 the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Of
BORE ASPECTS OP MODERN GREEK SYLTAX by Athanaaios Kakouriotis A thesis submitted fox1 the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 1979 ProQuest Number: 10731354 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731354 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 II Abstract The present thesis aims to describe some aspects of Mod Greek syntax.It contains an introduction and five chapters. The introduction states the purpose for writing this thesis and points out the fact that it is a data-oriented rather, chan a theory-^oriented work. Chapter one deals with the word order in Mod Greek. The main conclusion drawn from this chapter is that, given the re latively rich system of inflexions of Mod Greek,there is a freedom of word order in this language;an attempt is made to account for this phenomenon in terms of the thematic structure. of the sentence and PSP theory. The second chapter examines the clitics;special attention is paid to clitic objects and some problems concerning their syntactic relations .to the rest of the sentence are pointed out;the chapter ends with the tentative suggestion that cli tics might be taken care of by the morphologichi component of the grammar• Chapter three deals with complementation;this a vast area of study and-for this reason the analysis is confined to 'oti1, 'na* and'pu' complement clauses; Object Raising, Verb Raising and Extraposition are also discussed in this chapter. -
Multistage Hybrid Arabic/Indian Numeral OCR System
(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2010 Multistage Hybrid Arabic/Indian Numeral OCR System Yasser M. Alginaih, Ph.D., P.Eng. IEEE Member Abdul Ahad Siddiqi, Ph.D., Member IEEE & PEC Dept. of Computer Science Dept. of Computer Science Taibah University Taibah University Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [email protected] [email protected] Abstract— The use of OCR in postal services is not yet numeral OCR systems for Postal services have been used universal and there are still many countries that process in some countries, but still there are problems in such mail sorting manually. Automated Arabic/Indian numeral systems, stemming from the fact that machines are unable Optical Character Recognition (OCR) systems for Postal to read the crucial information needed to distribute the services are being used in some countries, but still there are mail efficiently. Historically, most civilizations have errors during the mail sorting process, thus causing a different symbols that convey numerical values, but the reduction in efficiency. The need to investigate fast and Arabic version is the simplest and most widely efficient recognition algorithms/systems is important so as to correctly read the postal codes from mail addresses and to acceptable. In most Middle Eastern countries both the eliminate any errors during the mail sorting stage. The Arabic (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) and Indian ۷,۸,۹) numerals are used. The objective of,٤,٥,٦,objective of this study is to recognize printed numerical (۰,۱,۲,۳ postal codes from mail addresses. -
'Undergoer Voice in Borneo: Penan, Punan, Kenyah and Kayan
Undergoer Voice in Borneo Penan, Punan, Kenyah and Kayan languages Antonia SORIENTE University of Naples “L’Orientale” Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology-Jakarta This paper describes the morphosyntactic characteristics of a few languages in Borneo, which belong to the North Borneo phylum. It is a typological sketch of how these languages express undergoer voice. It is based on data from Penan Benalui, Punan Tubu’, Punan Malinau in East Kalimantan Province, and from two Kenyah languages as well as secondary source data from Kayanic languages in East Kalimantan and in Sawarak (Malaysia). Another aim of this paper is to explore how the morphosyntactic features of North Borneo languages might shed light on the linguistic subgrouping of Borneo’s heterogeneous hunter-gatherer groups, broadly referred to as ‘Penan’ in Sarawak and ‘Punan’ in Kalimantan. 1. The North Borneo languages The island of Borneo is home to a great variety of languages and language groups. One of the main groups is the North Borneo phylum that is part of a still larger Greater North Borneo (GNB) subgroup (Blust 2010) that includes all languages of Borneo except the Barito languages of southeast Kalimantan (and Malagasy) (see Table 1). According to Blust (2010), this subgroup includes, in addition to Bornean languages, various languages outside Borneo, namely, Malayo-Chamic, Moken, Rejang, and Sundanese. The languages of this study belong to different subgroups within the North Borneo phylum. They include the North Sarawakan subgroup with (1) languages that are spoken by hunter-gatherers (Penan Benalui (a Western Penan dialect), Punan Tubu’, and Punan Malinau), and (2) languages that are spoken by agriculturalists, that is Òma Lóngh and Lebu’ Kulit Kenyah (belonging respectively to the Upper Pujungan and Wahau Kenyah subgroups in Ethnologue 2009) as well as the Kayan languages Uma’ Pu (Baram Kayan), Busang, Hwang Tring and Long Gleaat (Kayan Bahau). -
BCGL13, 16-18.12.2020 1 the Syntax of Complementizers
BCGL13, 16-18.12.2020 The syntax of complementizers: a revised version Anna Roussou University of Patras ([email protected]) BCGL 13, The syntax and semantics of clausal complementation 16-18.12.2020 [joint work with Rita Manzini] 1. Setting the scene A clarification: why ‘a revised version’ Roussou (1994), The syntax of complementisers – the investigation of three basic constructions: (a) factive complements and extraction, Greek oti vs factive pu – a definite C (b) that-complements and subject extraction, an agreeing null C (c) na-complements in Greek and the subject dependency (control vs obviation) • Assumptions back then: -- that is an expletive element (Lasnik & Saito 1984, Law 1991) – complementizers in general are expletives -- But in some cases, as in factives, they may bear features for familiarity (Hegarty 1992) or definiteness, or license a definite operator (Melvold 1991) [that-factives are weak islands, pu- factives are strong islands] Some questions a) What is a complement clause? b) What is a complementizer? c) What is the role of the complementizer? d) How is complementation achieved if there is no complementizer? Some potential answers to the questions above a) complement clauses are nominal (the traditional grammarian view): mainly objects, but also subjects; it is a complement or a relative (?) b) not so clear: the lexical item that introduces a clause or the syntactic head C (Bresnan 1972) – in the latter reading, C can be realized by a variety of elements including conjunctions (that, oti, pu, che, etc.), prepositions -
Where Oh Where Have the Complementizers Gone?
Where Oh Where Have The Complementizers Gone? Jason Ostrove [email protected] Senior Honor's Thesis, April 1st, 2013 Jason Ostrove 1 Table of Contents Section 1 Irish Complementizers 5 1.1 Introduction to Irish Complementizers 5 1.2 Proposed Evidence that these Elements are Complementizers 6 1.3 Evidence Against Analyzing Irish Complementizers as C 9 1.4 The Irish Morpheme -R 10 1.5 Analyzing Irish Complementizers with a Relative Clause Structure 16 Section 2 Irish Declarative Complementation 18 2.1 The Irish Element Go 18 2.2 Irish Relative Clauses 23 2.3 The Syntax of the Relative 28 Section 3 Irish Negation 33 3.1 Matrix Negation 34 3.2 Embedded Negation 36 3.3 The Syntax of Irish Negation 38 Section 4 Lingering Issues 41 Section 5 Conclusion 44 Work Cited 45 Jason Ostrove 2 Acknowledgements If you had told me as I was starting my freshman year that someday I would write a 45 page paper, I would have laughed at you. If you had told freshman me that I would actually have a blast writing a 45 page paper, I would have called you a liar. But this is exactly what happened; I wrote this 45 page paper (and a lot more pages to produce the document here), and I cannot believe how much fun I had writing it. As I sit here reflecting at the moment when my career is about to begin as I head to graduate school, I can truly say that none of this would have been possible, neither this document nor the fun I had writing it, without my advisor, Stephanie Harves. -
RELATIVE CLAUSES in CROW Randolph Graczyk University of Chicago
RELATIVE CLAUSES IN CROW Randolph Graczyk University of Chicago The discussion of relative clauses in this paper will proceed from description to analysis.1 In the first four sections I will treat lexical vs. non- lexical heads, relativizers, final determiners and head markers in relative clauses. In section five I will discuss several of the theoretical issues involved in the analysis of Crow relative clauses: are they internally or externally headed? What is the syntactic status of the relativizers? Why is the head noun marked with the indefinite specific determiner? 1. Lexical vs. Non-Lexical Heads Based on considerations of form, there are two basic types of relative clauses in Crow: lexically headed and non-lexically headed. (1) and (2) are examples of lexically headed relative clauses: (1) [hinne bachee-m ak -6oppiia-sh] is -bilee this man -DET REL-smoke -DET 3POS-fire awa -ss -dee-m earth-GOAL-go -OS 'this man who was smoking's fire was burning down' (Uuwat 19) In (1) bacheem is the head noun, marked as such by the indefinite specific determiner -m. Ak- is a relativizer that conveys 1) that the head nominal is the subject of the relative clause, and 2) that the subject is animate, and--in the overwhelming majority of cases--an agent. The demonstrative hinne and the final definite determiner -sh are typical noun phrase constituents. The noun phrase hinne bacheem ak6oppiiash functions in the matrix clause as the possessor of isbilee. (2) [hawata-m Akbaatatdia one -DET God 490 1 9 9 0 M A L C Relative Clauses in Crow 491 balee-heela-ss -huu -hche-wia-sh] dii-k lB.PL-midst-GOAL-come-CAUS-MOD-DET 2B -DECL 'you are the one God intended to send into our midst' (Lk 9:20) In (2) hawatam, marked with the determiner -m, is the head noun, and there is no relativizer. -
Eng-Numerals
English Numerals The A.B.C. of 1.2.3 2014 © Madmolf - AFPI - ANGLAIS SOREM GROUP- USSAC 2014 Numerals •English number words include : ‣ Numerals ‣ Words derived from them 2014 © Madmolf - AFPI - ANGLAIS SOREM GROUP- USSAC 2014 Cardinal numbers 0 zero 10 ten 1 one 11 eleven 2 two 12 twelve 20 twenty 3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty 4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty 5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty 6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty 7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy 8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty 9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety 2014 © Madmolf - AFPI - ANGLAIS SOREM GROUP- USSAC 2014 Cardinal numbers • For numbers ranging from 21 to 99 ‣ Write the number as two words separated by a hyphen 21 twenty-one 25 twenty-five 32 thirty-two 58 fifty-eight 64 sixty-four 79 seventy-nine 83 eighty-three 99 ninety-nine 2014 © Madmolf - AFPI - ANGLAIS SOREM GROUP- USSAC 2014 Cardinal numbers • Hundreds ‣ The word hundred remains in its singular form regardless of the number preceding it ‣ One may say «hundreds of people sang» ‣ Or «hundreds of cranes fly above Ussac» 100 one hundred 200 two hundred … … 900 nine hundred • And so too are the thousands... 2014 © Madmolf - AFPI - ANGLAIS SOREM GROUP- USSAC 2014 Cardinal numbers • Thousands 1 one thousand 2 two thousand 10 ten thousand 11 eleven thousand 20 twenty thousand 21 twenty-one thousand 30 thirty thousand 85 eighty-five thousand 100 one hundred thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine (British English) 999 nine hundred ninety-nine thousand (American English) 1,000,000 one million 2014 © Madmolf - AFPI - ANGLAIS SOREM GROUP- USSAC 2014 Cardinal -
MUL TILANGUAGE TRANSLATION of NUMERALS by PROLOG Bengt
MUL TILANGUAGE TRANSLATION OF NUMERALS BY PROLOG Bengt Sigurd INTRODUCTION The present paper describes a program (Nummer.pro), which has been developed for PC (MSDOS) in PDC prolog (Prolog Development Center, DK-2605 Broendby). It translates numerals (English, Burmese, Georgian, French and Japanese) and is based on a general theory of numerals, which presumably can be applied to all numeral systems in the world, although with varying success - related to number of exceptions. Languages will show different types of deviations from the general model (cf below). The general model accounting for the structure of numerals is formalized by the following rule: Numer al --> ... (U G3) (U G2) (U Gl) (U GO) In this generative rule U isa unit numeral and G0,Gl,G2,etc. are group numerals. The English numeral "two hundred" consists of the unit (U) numeral "two" and the group (G) word "hundred", which is G2 in the formula. There are no other constituents in this case. An expression within parentheses is called a group constituent. The meaning (value) of such a group constituent is the meaning of the unit word multiplied by the meaning of the group word, in this case 2*100=200, as expressed in the ordinary (decimal) mathematical system. A numeral may consist of one or several such group constituents. The numeral "three hundred and thirty three" consists of three group constituents (disregarding "and"): (three hundred) (thir ty) (three) 117 Some of the irregularities hinted at above show up in this example. The unit numeral for 3 has different forms (the allomorphs three/thir) in its different occurrences and it seems to be more natural to treat thirty, and the numeral thirteen, as complexes not to be further analyzed synchronically (only etymologically). -
Designing More Effective 9 Segment Display for Bengali and English Digits
Engineering International, Volume 3, No 2 (2015) ISSN 2409-3629 Prefix 10.18034 Designing More Effective 9 Segment Display for Bengali and English Digits Mohammad Badrul Alam Miah*, Md. Habibur Rahman, Md. Nazrul Islam Department of Information & Communication Technology, MBSTU, Tangail, BANGLADESH *Corresponding Contact: Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Seven-segment display is well-known for displaying the English numerals form 0-9. In this paper 9-segment display for both Bengali and English digits have been proposed. Our proposed 9-segment display is more effective than the previously proposed 10-segment, 11-segment, 16-segment and 8-segment display for both Bengali and English as well as 9-segment, 10-segment and 18-segment display Bengali digits. It is an improvement of previously proposed segment display for both Bengali and English digits. Key words 7-segment display, 9-segment display, Boolean function, Bengali and English digits 12/15/2015 Source of Support: Technical University of Mombasa , No Conflict of Interest: Declared This article is is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon work non-commercially, and although the new works must also acknowledge & be non-commercial. INTRODUCTION Display with finite number of segment for each numeric character is preferred to dot matrix displays because the former saves both in memory space and cost. Seven segment display is commonly used for the display of English numerals. Both Bengali and English digits are represented using dot matrix, so the cost of display increases due to storage space, a large number of digits, power loss and design complexity.