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Gender Role in Ranong Biosphere Reserve Management, Thailand: Case Study on Coastal

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Gender Role in Ranong Biosphere Reserve Management, Thailand: Case Study on Coastal GENDER ROLE IN RANONG BIOSPHERE RESERVE MANAGEMENT, THAILAND: CASE STUDY ON COASTAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION GROUPS DISAORN AITTHIARIYASUNTHON MAB Young Scientists Award 2016 – 2017 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The researcher would like to thank the MAB Young Scientist Awards 2016 Project, UNESCO for funding the research on the Gender Role in Ranong Biosphere Reserve Management, Thailand: Case Study on Coastal Resources Conservation Groups in Ranong Biosphere Reserve. In addition, I am very grateful for Dr. Nittaya Mianmit from Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, for advice, guidance, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge, which are very significant for this research. With great pleasure I acknowledge my sincere thanks to Dr.Wijarn Meepol, Mr. Khayai Thongnoonui, and Mrs.Poonsri Wantongchai from DMCR, for kindly supporting my research. I would like to thank all the informants in the study area, including Mr. Paiboon Swatnan, Mr. Watchara Khumpai, Mr. Un-u Yokyong, and Mrs. Preeya Yokyong, who helped coordinating group appointments and many thanks to members of Ban Bang Rin Mangrove Conservation Group/ Ban Tha Chang Mangrove Conservation Group, Tha Chang Nev Group, and Hat Sai Dam Mangrove Conservation Group in providing information and knowledge and exchange experiences for this research. Also, thanks to the local government sectors, Sub-District Administrative Organization Officials in Ranong for basic information of the village. Moreover, thank you to Mr. Puenkol Suwan and staffs of the Tenth Mangrove Forest Resource Station at DMCR Ranong for facilitating. I wish to express my sincere thanks to all friends for helpful, supporting and commenting as well as a translator who help to accomplish this research. Finally, I am highly indebted to our moral support and wonderful person, my beloved parents, for their affection and encouragement that provided me successful completion of this research. Disaorn Aitthiariyasunthon ii ABSTRACT A study on Gender role in Ranong Biosphere Reserve Management, Thailand aims to study gender roles in resources management of the BR and gender relationships and to identify problems and gaps related to gender balance in the BR management by studying data from coastal resource management group members in Bang Rin Village No. 2 in Bang Rin Sub-district, Tha Chang Village No. 3 and Hat Sai Dam Village No. 5 in Ngao Sub-district and collecting data from all members (111 people: 65 males and 46 females) using quantitative and qualitative approaches included questionnaire, in-depth interview, focus group discussion, and observation. The results showed that most members are at the age of 41-50 years old and 51-60 years old with the level of education at elementary and middle school, Islam, married, and engaging in coastal fishing. For role and access to resources of males/females in daily living and in conservation group activities, there are total of 18 sharing work activities, so males and females have the right and freedom to access resources in living and access to conservation group activities is fairly equal as well. In addition, females also have the same leadership opportunities as males but not as many in which there are only some activities where participation has a statistically significant relationship with the gender difference and different in context by villages, such as the activities of zoning resources conservation and breaking down levees of abandoned shrimp farms that males play the major role. As for releasing aquatic animal activities, promoting professional in processing of natural resources activities, and ecotourism activities, females play the main role. Males are often given the role of labor, heavy work, and work that need to go outside or away home more than females while females often get a work role with delicacy, less labor, and stay at home or in the village. The difference in roles between males and females is formed by social norms and physiology affecting the opportunities for personal development, the access to natural resources, the access in participating group activities, and socio-economic benefits. KEYWORD: Gender, Gender role, Coastal Resources Management, Biosphere reserve 110 pages iii CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i ABSTRACT ii LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES v 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 4-39 2.1 Gender and Gender role 4 2.2 Resource Management in Ranong Biosphere Reserve 9 2.3 Strategies, policies, plans, laws, and international 12 agreements related to the management of Ranong Biosphere Reserve, Thailand 2.4 General information of the study area 22 2.5 Communities in Ranong Biosphere Reserve area 27 2.6 Related Researches 35 3. METHODOLOGY 40-49 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 50-87 4.1 Characteristic of respondent 50 4.2 Gender roles in Coastal Resources Management of the Biosphere 65 Reserve Area 4.3 Gender relations, identified problems, and gaps related to gender 82 balance in the biosphere reserve management 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 88 REFERENCES 92 APPENDICES Appendix A: Notification on Appointment of subcommittee for the 98 MAN and Ranong Biosphere Reserve, Thailand Appendix B: Questionnaire form 101 Appendix C: List of group’s member who participated in Focus 104 group Discussion and Verification workshop Appendix D: ACRONYMS 108 Appendix E: Photos of data collecting 109 BIOGRAPHY 110 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 The five-year management plan for RBR, starting from 2016-2020. 13-15 2 Population in villages residing in Ranong Biosphere Reserve Area. 28 3 Number of members involved in natural resource conservation in RBR 41 and the number of target groups in the study. 4 Summary of Marine and Coastal Resource Management Activities of 57 Conservation Groups in RBR Area. 5 Socio-economic information of the sample groups by village. 59-61 6 Activities Profile in daily life, group activities, and the distribution in 65-66 males/females roles of Marine and Coastal Conservation Group in RBR Area. 7 Access to and Control over Resources and Basic Services of the 69 Members of the Conservation Groups. 8 Roles and the decision-making power of the male members of the 72 group. 9 The ratio of male/female with the positions in the group. 73 10 Reasons in joining conservative groups of males/females classified by 74 village. 11 Relationship of Gender in Ranong Biosphere Reserve Area. 82-83 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Structure of a model biosphere reserve 10 2 Ranong Biosphere Reserve Area 11 3 General condition of Bang Rin Village 29 4 General condition of Tha Chang Village 30 5 General condition of Haad Sai Dam Village 31 6 Ranong Biosphere Reserve Community Map 42 7 Map of Tha Chang Village, Muang District, Ranong Province, Thailand 44 8 Map of Hat Sai-Dam Village, Muang District, Ranong Province, 45 Thailand 9 Map of Bang-Rin Village, Muang District, Ranong Province, Thailand 46 10 Destroying abandoned shrimp levees Activity at Ban Bang Rin Village, 52 Ranong Province 11 Cultivating mangrove seedlings Activity and Releasing aquaculture 53 Activity at Ban Tha Chang Village, Ranong Province 12 Managing ecotourism Activity and managing community waste Activity 57 at Ban Haad Sai Dam Village, Ranong Province 13 Women Activities in daily life 68 14 Men Activities in daily life 68 15 Percentage of conservation activities participation of Ban Bang Rin's 76 group members 16 Percentage of conservation activities participation of Ban Tha Chang's 77 group members 17 Percentage of conservation activities participation of Ban Hat Sai Dam's 77 group members 18 Percentage of members of male/female members be able to access to the 85 indicators in each dimension 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study The Ranong Biosphere Reserve (RBR) was proclaimed by UNESCO in 1997 (UNESCO, 2015a) as the first mangrove area in the world to be declared a biosphere reserve (Meepol, 2012). The terrain of RBR is located on a hillside parallel to the Andaman coast in the district of Mueang Ranong, Thailand covered the area of 4 sub-districts at about 30,308.96 hectares (ha) consisting of mangrove forest at the approximately of 10,147.84 ha, land forest at about 1,903.2 ha, villages or communities about 5,940.32 ha. (Faculty of Forestry, 2008), and the rest is sea water. There are a total of 11 communities lived in RBR; the communities are located in the mangrove area and not in the mangrove area. Most communities that have settled closed to the mangrove are exploited and reliant on coastal and mangrove resources, and most of which are local fisheries. As for communities that have settled far from the mangroves, most of them are rubber plantations, palm plantation, trading, and general employment. About 50% of the population is native to the area, and the rest are those who migrated from different districts and provinces (Division of Mangrove Promotion and Development (DMPD), 2013). Moreover, many foreign workers have come to live and work because it is close to the Myanmar border (Ranong Office, 2016). After being declared as biosphere reserve in 1997, the Core and Buffer zones have been continued to research and disseminate knowledge of coastal biodiversity, and since 2000 the OISCA Foundation (Japan) has been involved in planting Thai - Japan friendship mangrove forest in the degraded former mangrove forest and shrimp farms (DMPD, 2015) in the transition area with villagers and students in the area.This has resulted in conservative networking groups and the involvement of local people, government agencies, and private agencies. Furthermore, with the local agencies of the Department of Marine and Coastal Resources (DMCR) have engaged in providing knowledge about coastal resources and encouraged continuous participation in sustainable mangrove resource management causing the population to be more involved in resource management in the biosphere reserve area (DMPD, 2015). However, managing to achieve the objectives of the Man and Biosphere Program (MAB) requires integration of interactions among stakeholders, in particular the GENDER ROLE IN RANONG BIOSPHERE RESERVE MANAGEMENT, THAILAND | 2 community's role as the key stakeholder.
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