vn ,i

^y;^^ m^i ir^^

HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

FROM THE LOUIS CABOT FUND

(class of 1858)

\ (XyV^yVU d i^^S'^p^.e.c^LiW /y /^^Y,

UH!^ ^^ (yj4

'Bhe CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

VOLUME XLVIII

1934

THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB OTTAWA, CANADA

VOL. XLVIII, No. 1 JANUARY, 1934

" f.

ulAi/i;^'''

ISSUED JANUARY 15, 1934 Entered at the Ottawa Post OfHee as second-class matter

~1^ — — .

THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB

patrons: THEIR EXCELLENCIES THE GOVERNOR GENERAL AND COUNTESS OP BESSBOROUGH

President: Dr. M. E. Wilson. 1st Vice-President: Mr. Herbert Groh 2nd Vice-President: Mr. P. A. Taverner Secretary: Miss Grace S. Lewis, Treasurer: Mrs. Wilmot Lloyd, 582 Mariposa Ave., 344 Lisgar Road, Rockcliffe Park. Rockcliffe Park.

Additional Members qf Council: P. J. Alcock, R. M. Anderson, Miss M. E. Cowan, Messrs. H. G. Crawford, ARtnuR Crowson, R. E. DeLury, F. J. Fraser, C. E. Johnson, A.G. Kingston, E. M. Kindle, W. H. Lanceley, A. LaRocque, Douglas Leechman, Harrison F. Lewis, Hoyes Lloyd, Mark G. McElhinney, A. E. Porsild, E. E. Prince, L. S. Russell, J, Dewey SopER, C.M.Sternberg, E. F. G. White, Miss Peggy Whitehurst, R. T. D. Wickenden. W. J. WiNTEMBERG, and Presidents of Affiliated Societies. Auditors: A. G. Kingston and Harrison P. Lewis.

Editor: Douglas Leechman National Museum, Ottawa, Canada.

Associate Editors: D. Jbnness Anthropology Clyde L. Patch Herpetology Botany R. M. Anderson Mammalogy P. R. Latchford Conchology A. G. Huntsman Marine Biology Arthur Gibson Entomology P. A. Taverner Ornithology F. J. Alcock Geology E. M.Kindle Palxontology

CONTENTS page Reclassification of the Fossil Unionidse (Fresh-water Mussels) of Western Canada. By Loris

S. Russdl • 1

On the Behaviour of the Long-Finned Squid (Loligo pealii, (Lesueur)) . By J. A. Stevenson .... 4

Notes on Certain Recently Described Dinosaurs. By C. M. Sternberg. . 7 Notes on the Rearing of Captive Young Meadow Jumping Mice. By H. Roy Ivor 8 Ermastrum Gallicum—A Sly Intruder. By Herbert Groh 10 Notes on the Nesting of the Duck Hawk in Ontario. By Robert Vince Lindsay 11 Birds and a Bath. By Susan K. Squires 14 Some Notes on the Winter Birds of Yarmouth and the Tusket Islands of Nova Scotia. By R. A. Johnson 15 Statement of Financial Standing, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, at the Close of the Year, 1932-1933 18 55th Annual Meeting, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club; Council Report 19 Notes and Observations:

The Madeira Petrel, Oceanodroma eastro A New Bird for Canada. By P. A. Taverner. . 20 Microtus tetramerus on Vancouver Island, B.C. By Kenneth Racey 21 Book Reviews;^ Birds and Mammals from the Kootenay Valley, Southern British Columbia. By Joseph Mailliard "21

ijl jjj ii! The official publications of The Ottawa Field-Naturausts' Club have been issued Iji since 1879. The first were The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, 1879-1886, two volumes; the next, The Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-two volumes; and these have been continued by The Canadian Field-Naturalist to date. The Canadian Field-Naturalist is

issued monthly, except for the months June, July Its is publication 111 IP of and August. scope the jji of the results of original research in all departments of Natural History. Iji

11: Price of this volume (9 numbers) $2.00; Single copies 25^ each 11:

KH:Kn:n»:::;:H:H:::HH:H:::H:H»::::nH:HiU::::::::;::::H::H:::nn

The Membership Committee of The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club is making a special effort to increase the subscription list of The Canadian Field-Naturalist. We are, therefore, asking every reader who is truly interested in the wild life of our country to help this magazine to its rightful place among the leading Natural History publications in America. Subscriptions ($2.00 a year) should be forwarded to WILMOT LLOYD, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, 582 Mariposa Ave., Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa, Canada. The Canadian Field-Naturalist

VOL. XLVIII OTTAWA, CANADA, JANUARY, 1934 No. 1

RECLASSIFICATION OF THE FOSSIL UNIONIDJE (FRESH-WATER MUSSELS) OF WESTERN CANADA' By LORIS S. RUSSELL

SOME TIME the writer has had in appears if FOR possible the systematic arrangement of ]ireparation a complete revision of the the fossil Unionidae is to be modernized. fossil non-marine Mollusca from western Family UNIONIDAE D'Orbigny Canada. At present only the section on the Unionidae is finished. A summary of the Subfamily UNIONINAE Swainson writer's conclusions on this family is offered Genus Fusconaia Simpson here, so that the revised nomenclature may be Fiisconaia dawsoni (Russell) available for other studies. Criticisms of the Unio dawsoni, Russell, Roy. Soc. Canada, Trans., scheme outlined will be appreciated. ser. 3, vol. 25, .see. 4, p. 9, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2, 1931. For many years the living North American Edmonton formation, Upper Cretaceous, Bow Unionidae were grouped in the three genera River, Alberta. This species has the typical form Margaritana, Unio and Anodonta. Naturally of a Fusconaia, and may be compared with F. this system was followed by the palaeontologists. jlava trigona (Lea). The great diversity of form within the family Fusconaia tuchiasana (Russell) ultimately led to more detailed classification. Unio tuchiasana, Russell, Roy. Canad. Instit., Study of the soft parts revealed that the gills, Trans., vol. 18, p. 340, pl. 1, figs. 4-6, 1932. especially in their modification as larval pouches, Upper Ravenscrag formation (Paleocene), afforded the best basis for a natural arrangement. southern Saskatchewan. This species is referred This was first completed by C. T. Simpson* to Fusconaia because of the abbreviated and and later revised bj' A. E. Ortmanns. convex shell, the anteriorly inclined beak, and the Unfortunately, such a classification based on unsculptured surface. In outline the shell is soft parts cannot be applied directly to fossil more like that in certain species of Amhlema, material, and up to the present most palaeonto- such a? A. plicata (Say). logists have followed the old method, referring the majority of extinct species to the genus TJnio Fusconaia cry-ptorhynchus (White) in the broadest sense. The time has come when Unio cryptorhynchus, White, U.S. Geo!. Surv. Terr., Ann. Rept., pt. pl. the convenience of this meth.od is outweighed by 1878, 1, p. 68, 24, figs, la, lb, 1883. its obsolescence. Some attempt, however ten- tative, must be made toward the adoption of a Judith River formation (Upper Cretaceous) of nomenclature that expresses the probable rela- Montana and equivalent beds in southern Al- berta. tionship of the fossil to the living species. The The shell in this species is somewhat more elongate writer's method involves the conchological com- than is typical of Fusconaia, but the beak structure parison of the fossil with living genera and spec- and form of umbonal sinus and ridge be ies. The resultant classification is artificial, and may compared with those in varie- ties of F. jlava probably false in part, but no other procedure (Raf.) Fusconaia? danae (Meek and Hayden) Unio danae. Meek, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., Rept., 1 Published with the permission of the Director, Geological Survey, Depar ment of Mines, Ottawa. vol. 9, p. 517, pl. 41, figs. 3a-3c, 1876. 2 "Synopsis of the Na'ades or pearly fresh-water mussels", LTpper U. S. National Mus., Pr c, vol 22, pp. 501-1044, 1900. "A Cretaceous and Paleocene of Saskat- descriptive catalogue of the Naiades, or pearly fresh-water chewan, Alberta, and mussels", Detroit Michigan, 1914. Montana Wyoming. This 3 "Notfs on the families and genera of the Najades", Car- is excessively elongate compared with modern

negie Mus . Annals, vol. 8, pp. 222-365, figs. 1-28, pis. 18-20, 1911. "Monograph on the Najades of Pennsylvania", Car- members of Fusconaia, but in other shell charac- negie Mus.. Mtm., vol. 4, pp. 279-347, figs. 1-8. pis. 86-89, ters agrees well with that genus. 1912, vol. 8, pp. 1-384, figs. 1-34, pis. 1-21, 1919. The Canadian Field-Naturaijst [Vol. XLVIII

Genus Quadrula Rafinesque. Pleurobema humei (Dyer) Quadrula natosini (McLearn) Unio humei, Dyer, Nat. Mus. Canada. Bull. No.

Unio natosini, McLearn, Nat. Mus. Canada, Bull. 63, p. 8, pi. 4. figs. 1, 4, 1930.

No. 58, p. 73, pi. 13, figs. 7-9, 1929. Pale beds (Upper Cretaceous), southern Al- Lower Cretaceous of southern Alberta and berta. The prominent beak distinguishes this western Montana. In general features the orna- .•species from most members of Pleurobema, but

mentation of this species is strikingly like that of t' very similar form of shell is present in the Quadrula (or Tritogonia) verrucosa (Raf.), al- living P. coccineum catillus (Conrad). though there are differences in details, and in the Genus Elliptio Rafinesque shape of the shell. Elliptio hubbardi (Gabb) Quadrula mclearni (Dyer) Unio mclearni, Dyer, Nat. Mus. Canada, Bull. Uino hubbardi, Gabb, Geol. Sur\\ California, Palaeont., vol. 2, P. 190, pi. 30, Pgs 86, 86a, No. 63, p. 7, pi. 3, fig. 15, 1930. Foremost beds (LTpper Cretaceous) of Alberta. 1869. On the basis of shape and ornamentation this Lower Cretaceous. Queen Charlotte Islands, species may be referred with confidence to British Columbia. The shell of this species is Quadrula. much more convex than that usually found in Quadrida holmesiana (White) Elliptio, but may be compared with E. niger (Raf.) Unio holmesianus, White, U.S. Geol Surv., Terr., Elliptio nanaimoensis (Whiteaves) Ann. Rept., 1878, pt. 1, P 67, pi. 22. figs. 4a- Unio nanaimoensis, 4e, 1883. Whiteaves, Ottawa Naturalist, Occurs in the Upper Cretaceous from New- vol. 14, p. 177, figs. 1, la, 1901. Mexico to Alberta, in continental beds above the Nanaimo group (Upper Cretaceous), Nanaimo, youngest PieiTe shales. The species probably was British Columbia. This species has the typical Elliptio shape, and closely resembles several derived from Q. mclearni, from which it may be modern examples. with distinguished by the more convex shell, and the Compare E dilatus nodose, rather than costate, ornamentation. (Raf.) and E. violaceus (Spengler).

Quadnda subprimaevu^ (Dyer) Elliptio supragibbosus (Whiteaves) Unio subprimaevus, Dyer, Nat. Mus. Canada, Unio supragibbosus, Whiteaves, Geol. Surv. Can- ada, Contrib. Can. Pal., vol. p. 66, pi. 10, Bull. No. 63, p. 7, pi. 3, fig 2, 1930. 1, Foremost beds of Alberta. Suggests some of fig 1, 1885. the more elongate species of Quadnda, such as Foremost beds, southern Alberta. Although the Q.cylindrica (Say). beak sculpture of this species is not preserved, the compressed form, and general outline, of the Quadrula primaevus (White) shell strongl.v indicate the genus Elliptio. Unio primaevus, White, U.S. Geol. Surv., Terr.,

Subgenus Protelliptio , nov. Ann. Rept., 1878, pt. 1, p. 70, pi. 29, figs. 3a, 3b, 1883. Shell of medium size, elongate-ovoid. Beak low, sculptured with regular Judith River formation (Upper Cretaceous) of numerous concentric Montana and equivalent beds in southern Al- plications extending onto the disc, with posterior Joop more or less developed; two narrowly diver- berta. This species is closely related to, perhaps gent, posterior dorsal lines ='ometimes present. derived from, Q. subprimaevus, but may be dis- Posterodorsal surface of shell usually tinguished by larger size, more prominent and less marked by radiating, upcurved, anteriorly placed beak, and more complex orna- Lasmigona-\ihe plications. mentation. Umbonal ridge poorly developed. Genotype, Genus Pleurobema Rafinesque Unio biornatus Russell. The three species referred to this subgenus Pleurobema dowlingi (McLearn) form a well characterized group, which merges into Unio dovAingi, McLearn, Geol. Surv. Canada, the next subgenus, and through it is connected Mus. Bull. No. 29, p. pi. 4, fig. 1919. 11, 2, with the modern Elliptio. Dunvegan formation (Upper Cretaceous), north- western Alberta. This species may be compared Elliptio biornatus (Russell) with the more elongate varieties of P. obliquum Unio biornatus, Russell, Roy. Soc. Canada, Trans., (Lam.). ser. 3, vol. 26, sec. 4, p. 1, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1932. .

January, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist

McMurray formation (Lower Cretaceous), Pale beds of Alberta; A. macconnelli Russell, northeastern Alberta. Eastend formation of Saskatchewan; A. argillen-

sis Russell, Whitemud formation of Saskatche- Elliptio hamili (MuLearn) wan. No systematic revision of these species is Bull. Unio hainili, McLearn, Nat. Mus. Canada, necessary at present. No. 58, p. 73, pi. 13, figs. 1-4; pi. 14, fig. 6, 1929. Subfamily LAMPSILINAE Ortmann Blairmore formation (Lower Cretaceous), south- Genus Medionidus Simpson ern Alberta. Medionidus? senectiis (White)

Elliptio doitglassi (Stanton) Unio senectus, White, U.S. Geol. Surv., Terr.,

Unio douglassi, Stanton, Amer. Philos. Soc, Proc, Ann. Rept., 1878, pt. 1, p. 69, pi. 28, figs, la- ic, vol. 42, p. 195, pi. 4, figs. 3, 4, 1903. 1883. Lower Ci-etaceous of southern Alberta and L'pper Cretaceous and Paleocene of North Da- western Montana. kota, Montana, Saskatchewan and Alberta. The generic reference of this species is based on the Subgenus Plesielliplio. nov. ornamentation, and is doubtful. Similar mark- Shell of medium size, narrowly to broadly ings occur in shells of Lasmigoyia Raf., Alasmi- ovoid. Beak sculptured with a few fine, close-set aonta Say and Ptychobranchiis Simpson. It is plications, concentric or double-looped, and hav- impossible or improbable that "Unio" senectus ing two slightly divergent, straight or gently pertains to any of these three genera, but it is

curved lines directed posteroventrally. No pos- likely that it represents an independent and terior radiating ornamentation. Other shell extinct group, possibly derived from Elliptio characters as in the typical Elliptio. Genotype, biornatus of the Lower Cretaceous. Unio priscus Meek and Hayden. Genus Lampsilis Rafinesque Besides the species listed below, the following are included in this subgenus: Unio vetustus Lampsilis farri (Stanton)

Meek, U. neomexicanus Stanton, U. mendax Unio farri, Stanton, Amer. Philos. Soc, Proc,

White, U. wasatchensis Cockerell. vol. 42, p. 194, pi. 4, figs. 1, 2, 1903. Lower Cretaceous of southern Alberta and Elliptio prisons (Meek and Hayden) western Montana. Closely resembles in outline Unio priscus, Meek, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., Rept., the young shell of several living species, such as vol. 9, p. 516, pi. 43, figs. Sa-8d, 1876. L. siliquoidea (Barnes). Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene of Montana, Alberta and Saskatchewan. This species com- Latnpsilis consueta (Whiteaves) pares well with several modern members of Uiiio consuetu^, Whiteaves, Geol. Surv. Canada,

Elliptio, such as E. violaceus (Spengler). Contrib. Can. Pal., vol. 1, p. 59, pi. 9, figs 4, 4a, 1885. Elliptio abbreviatus (Stanton) Pale beds and Edmonton formation (Upper Unio prisons, var. abbreviatus, Stanton, U. S. Cretaceous) of Alberta. This species suggests Geol. Surv., Bull. No. 257, P. 108, pi. 12, figa. the more elongate of living Lampsilis, such as 2-4, 1905. L. anodontoides (Lea). Judith River formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Montana and equivalent beds in southern Al- Lampsilis sandersoni (Warren) berta. The principal reason for regarding this Unio sandersoni, Warren, Roy. Soc Canada,

form as a variety of "U". priscus is the similarity Trans., ser. 3, vol. 20, sec. 4, p. 5, pi. 1, fig. 1, of beak sculpture. In the present revision this 1926.

character is regarded as subgeneric in rank. The Edmonton formation (Upper Cretaceous), cen-

shell form in the present species is quite dis- tral Alberta. The shell form in this species may tinctive, and seems to justify an equal rank with be compared with that of L. ovata (Say). other members of Plesielliptio Genus Micromya Agassiz Subfamily ANODONTINAE Ortmann Micromya m,inima (Warren) Genus Anodonta Lamarck Unio minimus, Warren, Roy. Soc. Canada, Trana.,

Three fossil species of edentulous Unianidae ser. 3, vol. 20, sec. 4, p. 5, pi. 1, figs. 2, 3, 1926. occur in western Canada: A. propatoris White, Edmonton formation (Upper Cretaceous), cen- The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

l,ral Alberta. The shell of this species is com- ly preserved shells of generalized shape, from the parable in size and shape with that of M. fabalis St. Mary River formation (Upper Cretaceous) of (Lea). Alberta. This species is indeterminate at present, Genus Dysnomia Agassiz but it may prove to be an Ellipiio.

Dysnomia tyrrelli (Russell) Munaia naiadiformis Russells, from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern Alberta, was referred Unio tyrrelli, Russell, Roy. Soc. Canada, Trans., with question to the Unionidae. Further study ser. 3, vol. 25, sec. 4, p. 10, pi. 1, figs. 3, 4, 1931. suggests that the species pertains to the Muteli- Edmonton beds (Upper Cretaceous), west cen- dae, or at least parallels that family in the char- tral Alberta. This species apparently pertains to acter of t)ie dentition. the subgenus Trimcillopsis Ortmann and Walker, and may be compared with D. brevidens (Lea).

^ Geol. Surv. Canada, Contrib. Can. PaL, vol. 1, p. 3, pi. OTHER SPECIES 1, fig. 1, 1885

Unio alberlensis Whiteaves* was based on poor- ^ Roy Soc. Canada, Trans., ser. 3, vol. 26, sec. 4, p. 2, pi. 1, figs. 2-4, 1932.

ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE LONG-FINNED SQUID (Loligo peala, (Lesueur)). By J A. STEVENSON Queen's University, Kingston.

INTRODUCTION. OBSERVATIONS.

URING the spring cf 1932, a weir of The squids swam into the weir in schools. stakes and brushwood was erected on Assuming that those present in the weir com- the shore at low-water mark in front prised at least one whole school, the number of

of the Biological Station at St. Andrews. individuals in a school varied considerably. It is This weir consisted of two arms, the one reaching probable that on occasions when many hundreds to one side, and the other, at an angle of about were taken at one tide, more than one school was 90 degrees, to the opposite side, of a depression represented. A fairly average figure for squids between two ridges of rocks, that extended from present in the weir at one tide was from a hundred low to high-water mark. The two arms of the and fifty to two hundred. However, early in the weir joined in the centre of this depression, the season the numbers were considerably below this; lower end of which was thus completely closed a fact which would be probably explained by the in by the weir. This was so constructed that inshore summer migration not yet having properly when it was left bare by the receding tide, a pond started. Observation indicated that the schools remained at the angle of the two arms. In this of squids occurring at the Biological Station in- pond, such animals as happened to have been creased somewhat in size until the middle of trapped by the receding tide could remain alive August, after which they decreased. until attended to. A drain-pipe led from the When trapped in the weir at low tide, the pond to the seaward side of the weir, permitting squids collected together at the deepest part of the drainage of the water in the pond if neces- the pond, and remained, when undisturbed, quietly sary. Fish and other animals that ventured be- oscillating to and fro an inch or two off the tween the weir and the shore at high tide found bottom, close together and all facing one direction their retreat to the sea cut off by the arms of or the opposite. When they were not alanned, the weir; and at low tide, their only place of their colour was generally a rich red-brown, all refuge was in the weir pond. over their bodies. As long as they were not dis- Observations were made throughout the sum- turbed, they would behave quietly like this, their mer upon the animals that were caught in this fins undulating and acting as elevators to the weir. It was noticed early in the summer that posterior ends of their bodies. Their movement the long-'finned squid (Loligo pealii) occurred was alternately forwards and backwards, with an frequently; so the opportunity was taken for amplitude of a few inches. The arms were spread making the following notes upon the behaviour in such a way that they formed a vane that al- of these extremely interesting animals. ternatel}'^ adjusted itself to forward and back- —

January, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist

ward movement, so as to elevate the fore-Part mained absolutely still on the bottom, it is not of the animal (Figure 1). probable that a predatory fish or other animal When a small peibble was thrown into the intent upon eating them would ever notice them water immediately above the school, causing m this state, so closely do they resemble the sufficient splash to alarm the squids mildly, they bottom. responded immediately and in practically every It was noticed that the squids would often lie case by suddenly darting, either forwards or back- on the bottom in the same manner, after they wards, depending upon their position, away from had been put to undue exertion. When, for the source of the disturbance. Their colour w^ould instance, they had been chased around the pool flash suddenly to a pallid white, but after a few several times, they often lay upon the bottom moments would regain the normal red-brown. as if recuperating after the exertion of swimming. Some, in darting back, would eject a small cloud The ejection of ink also appeared to fatigue them of sepia. This only occurred in a small percentage considerably, since they generally rested a while of individuals, however. after it.

The squids would dart away from the splash for a few feet, then collect together, all facing it. If in their rush they had gone too near the edge of the pond, they would advance head-foremost, slowly, towards the deeper water, ready on an instant to dart back again if danger threatened.

After about three minutes, if there were no more disturbance, they would finally take up their original position in the deepest part of the pool.

. When, instead of a small pebble, a large rook was thrown into the Pool, sufficient to cause a big splash and thoroughly scare the squids, a somewhat different and very interesting reaction was observed. Immediately the rock struck the water, the first reaction of the squids was to dart away from the splash. Some ejected a little ink. When, however, the magnitude of the disturbance became apparent, they completely changed their Figure I. Positions assumed by Loligo when oscilliting back- tactics. Every single squid in the school imme- wards and forwards in the water. diately did two things; it sank like a stone to the bottom of the pond, and it changed its colour Observations made over the weir from a row- in such a way as to harmonize with that of the boat at high tide showed the squids swimming in bottom. When the ripples from the splash had schools in mid-water. The squids in one school subsided, it was at first very hard to understand did not swim very close together, but they never the apparently complete disappearance of the lost each other. When not disturbed their motion school. Closer observation, however, revealed the was forwards; but when the water was splashed squids lying absolutely motionless on the bottom. with an oar, they shot away backwards. Their This they continued to do for fully five minutes, siphons were used constantly for both forward when, the danger apparently past, one by one and backward swimming. they arose from the bottom, assumed their na- The largest Loligo pealii that have been ex- tural red-brown colour, and continued their normal amined by the writer during the present investi- oscillating movement. The colour-scheme of the gation measured 48 cms. from the posterior end squids when frightened and "playing 'possum" of the mantle to the tips of the longest sessile consisted of a whitish background, with three or arms; and the smallest measured only 10 cms. four red-brown bands of expanded chromatophores The average size, however, was from 22 to 27 across the dorsal surface. One of these bands was cms. Females were found to be slightly smaller always present across the head. (Figure 2). than males, and all the very large specimens It is easy to understand how the squids could opened were males. benefit by this extremely effective defence method Throughout the summer, whenever, large num-

of protective colouration. As long as they re- bers of squids were trapped in the weir, it was :

The Canadian Field-Natukalist (Vol. XLVIII

noticed that a large proportion of them stranded frayed fin was swimming beside a smaller one (presumably female) close to the egg-bunch, on the shore, even at half-tide. Their movements a were watched one day (July 30) at about half- which it did not leave. The rest of the squids did not appear to approach the pair closely. Next tide. It appeared that they were trying to seek morning (August after the tide had been in an escape, on finding their retreat seawards 24), blocked by the weir, by exploring around the and ebbed once, the twenty-five squid were still in the pool, in which they had apparently chosen edge of the enclosed water. When one hit a to remain at high tide. The egg-bunch seemed bunch of seaweed, it would shoot either directly to consist of about the same number of capsules. away from, or directly into it; generally the latter. in The large male of the evening before, recognized It would struggle vainly for a few minutes an its frayed fin, seen itself patrolling endeavour to extricate itself from the weed. Fin- by was by the bottom. back and forth past the egg-bunch. There was no ally it would calm down and rest on pairing together among the =-quids in daylight. Whenever another squid approached to within about six feet of the eggs, the large male dashed

towards it and drove it away, generally edging

it off in the same manner in which a sheep-dog drives sheep. The other squids seemed very curious, and were continually striving to reach the eggs, generally being driven away by the large male. This specimen was the largest squid in the pool. Some did manage to reach the eggs, Pealii 'IGURB 11—Colour-scheme and characteristic pose of Loligo which they appeared to grasp in their arms and when frightened. .shake violently. Later in the day, when the heat became more intense and the water in the pool leave It would remain thus until the tide would warm, some of the squids were observed resting seem to realize it high and dry, and would only in their characteristic position on the bottom; but not possibly save its predicament when it could another large male, distinguished as such by its then be extremely itself. Its struggles would size and by the absence of any fraying on its fins, Finally violent, as it tried to regain the water. had taken up the position formerly occupied by water and the heat it would succumb to lack of the largest male, which now, too, was resting. of the sun. Later in the day, the largest male was again back Other squids, exploring to find a way to the m its place on guard. sea, would appear to become panicky, and dash On August 25, the egg-bunch was seen to have violently about, sooner or later running ashore increased in size, there being about twenty cap- when, due to the force of their dashes, they would sules. The large male was still on guard, though find that they could not get back; and would it was seen frequently to be resting on the succumb also to lack of water and the heat of bottom near the eggs. All the twenty-five squids the sun. They showed very little resistance to had remained in the pool throughout two flood such exposure, generally dyin? in the course of tides. The fact that the egg-bunch contained two or three minutes. so many capsules seemed to show that it was the been The spawning activities of Loligo have product not of one, but of many female squids. 1911 studied carefully by Drew (Jour. Morph., & In the dissection of female squids throughout the were seen to be spawning during 1919). Squids summer, it was found that only four, rarely five of 1932 in the tidal pool opposite the the summer or six, capsules were ripe at the same time ; hence follow- Biological Station at St. Andrew's. The deposited at about the same time. Drew (1911) ing observations were made states that he observed one female to deposit no On the evening of August 23, twenty-five Loligo less than twenty-three egg-capsules in an hour were seen to be swimming about in the tidal and thirty-five minutes in the Woods Hole conditions further south are pool, \vhich is near high tide mark. Upon obser- aquarium. Possibly different; female squids dissection vation, it was seen that there was a small bunch but no upon (about 10) of egg-capsules attached to a piece at St. Andrew's showed nearly as many mature of weed on the bottom, in about three and a or even partially mature capsules as this. It is half feet of water. A large male squid with a possible that the egg-bunch up to this date had January, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist

been produced by five or six female squids that that the ''parental instinct", if it can be called were in the tidal pool school The observations such, is found in Loligo pealii. The writer has also lead to the belief that the eggs were nearly t-een no reference to this habit of the male guard- all fertilised by the same laree male, which was ing the egg-capsules in any papers upon Loligo, the only one in the school to be seen pairing. and Mr. Robson of the British Museum (Mollus- ca) informs us that he, too, had not heard of August 26; the egg-bunch had again increased such an instance. slightly, and the same large male was on guard. On and after August 27, when the squids left All twenty-five squids were still in the pond. On the tidal pool and the eggs, it was noted that the next day, however, all the squids had dis- few or no squids were taken daily in the weir appeared, leaving the egg-bunch in the pool. itself. Possibly the winter migration to deep The above observations seem to show clearly water had begun.

NOTES ON CERTAIN RECENTLY DESCRIBED DINOSAURS' By C M STERNBERG

N A RECENT PAPER (University of O. edtnonlonicus Sternberg are the over all Toronto Studies, Geological Series measurements, for the lengths of the articulated No. 34, August, 1933) Dr. W. A. Parks digits are similar. describes three new species of theropod The two specimens are of about equal size and dinosaurs and three new turtles A careful study the relative length of the limbs is similar. Both of the descriptions of the dinosaurs leaves some were collected from the same horizon in the doubt as to the proper assignment of two of the Edmonton formation and within a radius of five species. miles. =i In The Canadian Field-Naturalist for May, The other specimen in question consists of the

1933 pp. 79-83, the writer described a new left metatarsus and is described as Ormthomimvs species of theropod dinosaur as Ornithomimus elcgans Parks. It was collected from the Belly edmontonicus. Comparison of the description River formation, below the mouth of Berry Creek, and splendid illustrations, especially of the manus Red Deer River, Alberta. and fore limb, of Struthiomimus currellii Parks The very fine illustration shows that Metatarsal with the tj'pe of 0. edmontonicus Sternberg sug- III was not reduced proximally or greatly ex-

gests that they are co-specific. The question as panded distally but that it was of uniform size to whether the species should be referred to throughout and approximately the same size as

Omithomimus or Struthiomimus was fully dis- Mts. II and IV. The distal end is only slightly cussed in the description of 0. edmontonicus broader than that of Mts. II and IV and the Sternberg. As far as the specimens can be com- distal half of the bone is roughly quadrate in pared, they seem to be similar in practically all cross section. These are all characteristic features details in which they differ from previously de- of the Coeluridae. In all members of the Orni-

scribed species. thomimidae Mt. Ill is broadly expanded distally In the slender fore limb and the very long and the lower portion of the shaft, above the slender manus with Mc. I longest and not diver- articulation, is triangular in cross section with gent, and the uniform length of the digits, the the anterior face broadly expanded and over- two specimens are similar. The only noticeable lapping Mts. II and IV and the acute posterior difference shown in the fore limb is the relatively angle wedged in between these metatarsals. In longer humerus in our specimen. This might be the upper half Mt. Ill is much reduced and al- partly accounted for by straightening and crush- most or quite pinched out between Mts. II and ing. IV. It would, therefore, seem to the writer that Likewise, the pes of Dr. Parks' specimen is Dr. Parks' specimen should have been referred to relatively elongate and very slender. The differ- the Coeluridae instead of the Ornithomimidae. ences m measurements of the individual phalanges In May, 1932, the writer described a new genus is doubtless due to the fact that those given for and species of coelurid dinosaur as Stenonycho-

2 Since preparing these notes Dr. Parks has informed the Published with the permission of the Director of the writer that his paper was sent to press before he received the Geological Survey of Canada. description of O. edmontonicus. .

Field-Naturalist IVoL. XLVIII 8 The Canadian saunis inequalis.^ This specimen comes from the flattened palmar surface, all agree with S. in- same general locality and horizon as that from equalis Sternberg. The longitudinal, somewhat which Dr. Parkes' specimen was collected. It loughened, ridge on the palmar side, below mid- would appear that this paper was overlooked. length, of Mt. II, in Dr. Parks' specimen, no Dr. Parks' specimen seems to differ from the doubt represents the surface of attachment for metatarsus of S. inequalis Sternberg only in size Mt. I. In our articulated foot there is a like and relative length of Mt. II. The uniform swelling, similarly located, on Mt. II, just above breadth of the articulated metatarsus; the sub- and opposite Mt. I. equal breadth of the metatarsals throughout; the It is fully recognized that Dr. Parks' specimen slight constriction of the shaft above the articu- might belong to Chirosterwtes, in which the lation and the divergent articulation of Mt. II; metatarsus is not known, as this genus falls and the well developed Mt. III. with transversely within the Coeluridae, but it can hardly belong to Ornithomimus 3 Can. Field-Nat., 46: 99-105, 1932.

NOTES ON THE REARING OF CAPTIVE YOUNG MEADOW JUMPING MICE By H ROY IVOR Honorary Game Officer

HE REARING of a family of very parent mouse had built her ne^^t. The ridge was young mice would appear to be not quite dry. The humus deposit had a sparse only a problem but a queer task to set growth of weeds between the rows in the imme- -oneself. What else could one do, how- diate neighbourhood of the nest and about fifty ever, upon accidentally tearing apart the home feet awaj^ there was a fairly dense undergrowth. of one of those rarely seen and very odd little The finder of the nest had just placed the animals, the Meadow Jumping Mouse, and finding young mice on a pile of humus as we arrived and a family of five velvety soft and helpless had cast the nest aside. We paid no attention to youngsters? the nest itself, other than a casual glance, and

Mice in general are considered pests and usu- therefore we cannot say accurately of what it

ally the young as well as the adults are killed on was composed. The impression, however, is that

sight. Let the writer confess, however, that it was made from old jute sacking, finely shredded, when he finds a beautiful white-footed mouse, or as a quantity of this sacking had been lying even a field mouse, when th^y cannot seem to around the spot for some time. do any harm, he lets them have their lives. Con- The five youngsters were huddled together,

sequently it seemed quite impossible to destroy trying actively to get as close together as these harmless juveniles. Yet, knowing nothing possible. They were small, no more than two

whatever about how to raise them, it was a inches in length excluding the tail (which was of puzzling problem which we nad to solve. Un- an exceptional length for mice) and were fully

questionably a task, it proved, however, amusing, covered with a very silky mole-like fur of a interesting and decidedly worth-while (for once) beautiful light fawn colour. Their eyes were and perhaps an account of our experience may closed and whether or not they could be opened, interest other readers of Thr. Canadian Field- but were not on account of the light, was not Naturalist and possibly add some data to the determined. From the fact that their tails

comparatively little-known life history of this definitely lacked any white tip and from the handsome rodent. situation of the nest we feel safe in concluding In late August, 1931, one of our employees that they were individuals of the Meadow Jump- turned up the nest of a Meadow Jumping Mouse, ing Mouse, Zapus hudsonius hudsonius. Our containing five young, in our humus deposit at identification of the mice was corroborated later Erindale, Peel County, Ontario. During the when we secured a series of snapshots of them previous spring the humus had been cultivated and submitted them to Messrs. L. L. Snyder and and the refuse left in rows of about a foot in J. L. Baillie, Jr., of the Royal Ontario Museum height. It was in one of these rows that the of Zoology, who unhesitatingly referred them to January, 19;J4i The Canadian Field-Naturalist

this species. make them jump; and how they could jump! The quintette of "nestlings" was brought to They were as quick as a flash. the house in one closed hand and put into a wire They came to know the one who fed them and canary-breeding-cage covered with cotton mos- also a little whistle by which they were called quito netting and the bottom of the cage covered when food was ready. They were very friendly with dry grass. For a nest we used a very soft with one another but we never saw them play. piece of heavy, downy cotton with a piece of When asleep they curled together into a ball. woollen blanket over it. The mice immediately A very slight difference in their development curled up together, as close to one another as was apparent and we could tell the "oldest" from they could get, inside the nest, and apparently the "youngest" after we had had them for a week slept all the time with the exception of the or more. The "oldest" was very slightly larger

periods when they were fed. than the others and was the first to use its eyes. How to feed and what to feed them on con- The individual which we believed to be the stituted our next problems. This proved to be, youngest was the last to do so. When their eyes as we expected, a task, for the reason that, in were opened we found that strong light seemed our opinion, right or wrong, they should be fed to bother them, but as they got older this was frequently. We mixed one teaspoonful of milk not apparent. with two of water and added a little cream or These youngsters did not seem to possess any evaporated milk in a two ounce bottle and heated instinctive habits of sanitation and the nest had it by placing it in a bottle of warm water. We then to be changed frequently. The oldest began to procured a medicine dropper and placed in its eat seeds about two weeks after we secured the opening a hollow grass stem which fitted snugly. family, and very shortly aftei-wards the others We found that without the grass stem the mice began. It was impossible to tell whether they ate would not take the milk, but as soon as this was each kind of seed or not, but they did show a used we had no further trouble. marked preference for millet. As long as we had One of the captives would take the stem in its the litter, however, they were exceedingly fond of mouth and, as the bulb was gently pressed, would milk. drink. It was only a short time until they started One morning when we went to feed them, the strenuous competition for the dropper. It was oldest was missing. It had squeezed through the most amusing to us to see one stand on its hind netting, which had not been fastened as closely legs, grasping the straw with its two front paws as it should have been. We never saw this in- (using them like hands) and suck the straw. The dividual again. The others were then placed in difficulty was in keeping the straw in its mouth, a box which we covered with wire netting, leaving as while one had it, the other four were crowding, a space covered with wood through which the

pushing him ' in the face with their front feet or hand could be put. The wooden covering must climbing on top of him. Feeding time occurred have been placed carelessly a couple of nights every half hour or even more often, and was a later, for in the morning three of them were out, time of continual fighting for the bottle! one being found in the dining-room, and one in Occasionally one of them would get too much the garden near the house. Both submitted to

at a time and would choke and sputter, and it capture without much objection. The third we required very careful pressure of the bulb to over- did not find. come this difficulty. Also the milk apparently had On another occasion, one of the family had to have a little cream added cr they did not like escaped and managed to fall down the cold-air

it! Too, it had to be perfectly sweet and at a register into the outer casing of the furnace. With

temperature just lukewarm., Twice it was either the aid of a candle, min'or, cage and much pa- slightlj' turned or too cold and on both these tience, however, it was recovered.

occasions we found them later, lying as if dead, About this time we noticed a change taking although they were soon revived by being placed l^lace in their colour, but this had probably begun

in a warm situation for a shoi't while. before we noticed it. The hair showed through They had no fear of us, were very tame and the fur at this stage and was much darker. Before the five of them would come into the hand and they were released, in less than a month's time, feed. However, they were of an extremely ner- they were quite dark. vous temperament, amounting almost to a panic, From our experience we believed them to be during fright, when the slightest sound would nocturnal. Although they came from their nest —

10 The Canadian Field -Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

occasionally in the daytime to feed on seed, it to rear these young jumping mice from babyhood, was after dusk and during the evening that they it was well worth-while, even if only for the were most active. amusement at feeding time. We and our friends They, by this time, seemed to be alile to look had many a hearty laugh over their antics as after themselves, so after giving them a drink and each of the mice endeavoured to take the straw some bread soaked in milk, of which they had from the others. They were unquestionably not become fond, we took them to the back of our as well developed as they should have been at woods. Here, in a swampy place where we had their age and were rather thin. Our feeding was seen jumping mice, we left their nest with a large doubtless at fault, we having had no previous quantity of seeds in it, under an old stump. Re- experience with tiny animals, but we at least visiting the spot the next morning we saw no reared them so that they were active and ap- sign of them. parently capable of subsisting by their own efforts

Although it i)roved to be quite an undertaking when released.

(ERUCASTRUM GALUCUM)-A SLY INTRUDER By HERBERT GROH

^N AN ARTICLE on "Some Recently When the available material was assembled at I Noticed Mustards", contributed to the end of 1932, it was found that more than 30 Scientific Agriculture, July, 1933, one .stations for the weed were known, and mostly of the species discussed was Erucastrum t.uthenticated by specimens in the Division (jnllicum (Willd.) O. E. Schultz., both species and Herbarium. These were distributed over about genus unrecorded previously in Canada. Since 2500 miles of longitude from Charlottetown, P.E. the article was prepared, a number of other I. to Scott, Sask., as follows: secured in 1933, have considerably ex- records P.E.I. , one record, 1926; N.S., one, 1932; Que., tended the range, and may be presented for five, 1927 and later; Ont., six, 1925 and later; publication here. Man., thirteen, 1922 and later; Sask., seven, 1932.

The first American records were published in Seven of these records were contributed by cor- Rhodora in 1911, by Dr. B. L. Robinson, one of respondents of the Division, and many others these dating back to 1903, being from Wisconsin, were secured in the course of motor travel kindly and another, which was the immediate occasion made possible by field officers of the Federal and of the note, from Massachusetts. The weed, which Provincial Departments of Agriculture, chiefly has received the common name dog mustard, has on other quests. become fairly widespread, and has been found as As already intimated, weed surveys in 1933 far west as Glacier National Park, Montana. have added to the above information. The range

Although only now reported in Canada, the is now no farther west, but has been extended first collection of this plant, was made by myself north to St. Walburg, Sasik., at present the ter- as early as July, 1922, but was laid aside unnamed. minus of a branch railway, running northwest of Significantly enough, this earliest record was from Battleford for about 80 miles. The stations to be Emerson, Man., right on the International Boun- placed on record for 1933 are as follows: dary, and due north of prior infestations along Ottawa, Ont., July 11. (W H. Minshall)—On the Red River. a railway embankment skirting Hintonburgh. This

Interest in the identity of the specimens which is the first record for the Ottawa district. had accumulated in the Division of Botany, was Kirk's Ferry, Que., (Reported independently by stimulated in the fall of 1931, by the receipt of W. H. Wright and H. Groh)—Railway bed for material from Manitoba, as well as from Ontario, the entire length of the station yard. along with evidence of really aggressive tenden- Regina, Sask. (Reported by W. G. Palmer). cies. It was not until after another season's fruit- Weyburn, and Lewvan, Sask . July 28. (These ful weed surveys, however, that the name was and the following all recorded by H. Groh) All correctly ascertained; and the full force of our from railway premises. rather culpable Canadian blindness to its per- Melvile, Sask., July 31. sistent appeals for recognition at last burst upon Yorkton and Zehner, Sask., August 1. us. St. Walburg and Turtleford. Sask.. August 20 ;

January, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 11

Saskatoon, Sask., August 22 --Spread extensive- (though nuich reduced) lea\es or leaflike bracts; ly in railway yards. flowers of medium size; petals pale yellow 5 mm. Thus well over 40 stations are at hand for a in lengtli; pods linear, subterete, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, weed until recently unsuspected in our midst; 1-2 mm. in thickness, tipped with a slender style and without doubt, this can be multiphed all about 3 mm. long; seed essentially in a single row over the country, unless possibly in Alberta and in each cell." British Columbia, which received fairly intensive The continuance of leaves or leaflike bracts up surveys in the principal agricultural belts in 1930, into the inflorescence, is an unusual thing in the

1931 and 1933, without its discovery. Crucijerae, so that their presence here is useful For the benefit of any who might have an as a field character for identification Other aspects opportunity to look for it, an excellent description, of the plant also soon impress themselves strongly as given by Dr. Robinson— in his paper in Rhodora, upon one who has seen it a few times, and this in may be here quoted. "Annual, erect or ascending, spite of the fact that from seedling to well de-

2-4 dm. high, with habit somewhat as in Sisym- veloped maturity, it may exhibit every degree of brium altissimum; stem retrorsely pubescent, the branchiness. hairs being simple; leaves oblcng in general out- Dog mustard is adventive from Europe, where line, deeply pinnatifid to decidedly bipinnatifid, it is a recognized weed. In this country it is the lobes rounded, the sinuses broad and usually usually found along railways or waysides, but is obtuse or truncate; racemes at length elongated, not confined to such a habitat. In several loose, the pedicels slender, ascending or so widely places it was seen as a crop weed, and in the spreading as to be nearly horizontal, in fruit 6-10 Ste. Rose district of Manitoba is regarded as a mm. long, the lower ones subtended by distinct dangerous pest.

NOTES ON THE NESTING OF THE DUCK HAWK IN ONTARIO By ROBERT VINCE LINDSAY

THE of hawks to future OF REMNANT be The increase of the Duck Hawk in On- found in the north-eastern United tario appears to be improbable, and its status

States and Canada, the Duck Hawk, at present, if the literature on the subject is to

(Falco peregrinus anatum) is probably be our criterion, shows it to be so rare that very the most interesting and spectacular. few eyries have been discovered.

It is very doubtful if this species ever occurred Possibly the first Ontario breeding record is in eastern Canada in numbers sufficiently great that of J. E. Cabot, who saw an rmfledged young to justify the term "common" being applied to in the summer of 1848, at St. Tgnace Island, it, the difficulty in finding suitable nesting sit;es Nipigon Bay, Ontario.^ undoubtedly having been an important factor in In 1898 P. A. Traverner found a set of eggs in limiting its numbers. Like its Old counter- World an eyrie located on the side of a cliff 75 feet part of mediaeval fame (the peregrine falcon) the above water at Crown Island, Lake Muskokas Duck Hawk has consistently shown a decided and W. G. Shelbourne collected a set of eggs preference for rugged surroundings remote from from an eyrie in the Blue Mountains, Leeds civilization in which to rear its young. It almost County in 190O, and in 1901 eggs were again invariably selects high cliffs rocky overlooking collected; a set of two eggs was found on May lake or stream (with a requisite water-fowl popu- 8, 1902, and in 1903 another set of four eggs. lation) for its needsi. daily This nest was visited several times by the late The persistent advance of civilization in the Edwin Beaupre*. J. W. Russell describes an

New World, and, within recent years, the highly eja-ie with three downy young found on a ledge eflScient weapons of destruction perfected by man, of a high cliff at Dorset, Lake of Bays, Muskoka, have been largely responsible in reducing many in Jime, 1906. They nested again in 1907, the of our more conspicuous forms of bird-fife to young hatching on May 20=; M. Y. Williams dangerously near the vanishing point, and one reports adults and young seen on July 10, 1915 can readily appreciate the conservationist's atti- at Echo Island, top of Bruce Peninsula«; Edwin tude of alarm as to the future welfare of this Beaupre found one pair breeding near Kingston and other illustrious birds of prey. (Crow Lake), eggs or young having been seen 12 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIil

in the nest in 1917, 1918, and 1931'; Messrs. precipice stood a clump of four stunted paper W. E. Saunders and T. D. Patterson report (not birch trees. published) the finding of an eyrie at Bass Lake, Making a mental note of this we speedily ob- Algonquin Park; Rev. C. J. Young, states "This tained stout ropes and after much time and effort species breeds at Diamond Lake, North Hastings these securely to the trunks of the birches, County*. fastened and then threw the end, which had been knotted, records, the writer, In addition to the above o^'erboard. While Mr. Emery manipulated the were instru- and Mr. F. H. Emery of Toronto ropes and kept a watchful eye on hawk proceed- mental in bringing to light a previously unknown ings the writer made a nervous descent to the locality (the ninth) for the Duck Hawk breeding ej'rie, which proved to be no mere pigeon-hole a tour of investiga- m the Province, while on in the rock as judged from below but a good tion near Redwing, Grey County, on June 6, sized cavity of spacious dimensions, having a this district 1929. The residents of promptly penetration of fifty-six inches, an average height apprised us of the presence of what they des- of fifty-two inches, and width of thirty-six inches. "eagles" inhabiting the cribed as a vicious pair of The interior was inappropriately bedecked with neighbourhood of a limestone cliff on the pro- ferns of the bulblet bladder and purple-stemmed perty of the late Mr. Metcalfe, an old resident cliff brake varieties. The floor of the eyrie was of the district whose farm lies half a mile south- scantily covered with an assortment of feathers, west of Redwing. bleached bones of wild birds, and domestic fowl. few pullet legs of recent kills added a finishing This limestone escarpment faced west and A touch of colour to the falcon's retreat.- It should appeared to be roughly one hundred feet high, be stated that no sticks or nesting material of any with a sheer drop of eighty feet at the highest kind were in evidence, although Forbush Hoc. point. A quarter of a mile to the west flowed cit.) mentions that Audubon found nests of sticks a small trout stream, and eight miles away in and moss on Labrador and Newfoundland cliffs. the same direction lay the Beaver River (which empties into Georgian Bay fourteen miles north- Meanwhile, three downy young about the size east of the escarpment). This is an interesting of bantam fowl united their voices in a tirade of feature as the literature suggests that Duck protest of ear-splitting intensity, while the agitated Hawk eyries are visually located in the imme- cries of the excited parents seemed only to stimu- diate vicinity of water. late their vocal efforts. Grasping one of the Without losing further time we hastily made our youngsters in a friendly gesture of good-will, (but way toward the cliff. However, instead of en- motivated it must be confessed by a subtle de- countering rapacious "eagles" we were gi'eeted with sire for possession), resulted in quickly dispelling the loud, high-pitched, penetrating keh keh keh any illusions which the potential collector may keh cries of a pair of Duck Hawks as the birds have entertained of establishing amicable rela- executed their aerial manoeuvres high above the tionships. Beak and talons were freely used dur- cliff. This indeed was an illuminating discovery, ing the ensuing melee before the obstreperous but the real difficulty was to locate the postulated one was subdued sufficiently to permit its being eyrie. The intricate problem was finally solved placed in a basket and whisked aloft for safe after much laborious effort was expended with keeping. During the *height of the fracas the negligible results. We chose a strategic position parent birds remained at a respectful distance which favoured us with an unobstructed view of from the scene of disturbance, only on one or two the cliff, and noted subsequent proceedings. The occasions swooping down to within thirty feet or female (distinguished by her larger size) finally so of the eyrie. This behaviour on their part is exhibited proper parental concern for her off- somewhat at variance with the numerous accounts spring by swooping from a considerable height cited in a certain class of literature concerning the at an astonishing speed, and disappearing almost reckless ferocity of raptorial birds in defence of as quickly into what appeared to be a very small their young. It was interesting to note also in cavity about a third of the distance from the this connection that the adult male appeared even apex of the cliff. Training our binoculars on this less aggressive than his audacious mate, and could spot we saw a white object, which was certainly usually be seen flying high above the female or not a part of the cliff, shift its position slightly. at a convenient distance away. The voice of the Immediately above, and so on the brink of the male was of a gentler tone and possessed a plain- •

January, 1934] The Canadian Field-Nat jralist 13

tive quality in contrast to the shrill keh keh keh neighbours whose domestic flocks had been deci- of the female. mated by the predatory ones. Graciously as- sympathetic mien, but secretly hoping To watch these birds in flight is to witness one suming a of the most marvellous exhibitions of speed and that the falcons would continue to occupy their well-nigh for generations to command of the air shown by any bird. Their impregnable home our departure. sudden arrow-like fall from a dizzy height is in- come, we took deed an impressive sight. An attempt was made by Mr. Emery to rear In an interview with the late Mr. Metcalfe we the young falcon which we had taken. In this learned that the falcons, or "eagles" as he called experiment he was successful for a time but the them, had nested there regularly every season for bird unfortunately developed paralysis in the legs the past forty years without molestation, although and passed out on July 19, 1930. The specimen he affirmed the farmers living in the immediate proved to be a male, and is now in the writer's vicinity usually lost about half of their poultry collection. stock every summer, consisting mainly of chicks, On our third expedition to the Duck Hawk pullets, and ducklings. So swift were these birds, country on May 31, 1931, we experienced incle- however, in making off with the fowl that it was ment weather which seriously hampered our at- extremely difficult to catch them in the act. Mr. tempt? at photographing the young in the eyrie, Mitchell, owner of an old saw mill a quarter of of which there were, as before, three. We were a mile west of the cliff informed us that in 1929 successful, however, in securing an addled egg fifty up to June 6, they had lost young ducks. plus an assortment of feather.':- and bones. The We were thereupon urgently requested to wipe parent birds evinced their usual reluctance in out the total "eagle" population of the district, venturing too near as we inspected their sanc- a distasteful proposition which we diplomatically tum, but amazed us with an extraordinary display evaded. of power and command of the air never before A second expendition to the haunts of the Duck witnessed by us. In the face of a stiff wind, Hawk was undertaken on May 31, 1930. Our these paragons of the art of flight, would hang

party on this trip included Messrs. F. H. Emery, as it were suspended in space, and without any H. H. Brown, A. Van, (photographer) and the apparent stroke of pinions maintain their posi-

writer. As we drew near the cliff the alert birds tion for minutes at a time. welcomed us by a menacing outburst of keh keh The collection of bones, feathers, etc. (not in- keh. Adopting our former tactics of descending cluding poultry remains) was submitted to Mr. L.

the cliff via the knotted rope to the eyrie, this L. Snyder of the Royal Ontario Museum of Zool- proved somewhat less exciting than did the initial ogy for proper identification. I should like here to adventure of the previous year. As before, only express my sincere appreciation to Mr. Snyder three downy young occupied the eyrie, plus one for the time and trouble given to this addled egg which had, for some reason or other, task, and for many other courtesies shown in the escaped damage. The egg, short ovate in shape, past. The submitted report reads as follows: — "was creamy white, heavily marked with cinnamon Twentjf tarsi, and many feathers of killdeer plov- brown. The measurements were 62.25 X 44 mm. er; two tarsi of blue jay; remains of two meadow-- A liberal amount of bones, feathers, and poultry larks (feathers); few wing feathers of goldfinch; remains was again in evidence, as ocular proof bones and feathers of nighthawk; one pigeon that the available food supply for this voracious (feathers) and many additional bones and feath-

family still held good. E'xtricating a petulant ers, probably of the above mentioned species; young falcon from among his fellows, including one small wasp; wing case of a brown beetle; the aforementioned egg and a miscellaneous col- a little gravel, and a small quantity of wheat;

lection of bones, legs, feathers, etc., for later iden- (the last two items probably from the crops of tification, the human biped scrambled in simian poultry). style to a place of security where an atmosphere Notwithstanding the apparent economically of peace and tranquillity prevailed. During the harmful nature of the Duck Hawk's daily menu, intervening period our photographer succeeded we can only plead on the grounds of fairness and in obtaining some very good pictures of proceed- justice that the Duck Hawk is a sufficiently rare ings. species to deserve the most stringent protection, Later we were entertained with harrowing ac- and surely we can sacrifice a few insectivorous counts of "eagle" depredations by irate human birds, representative of species of wide distribu- 14 The Canadian Fiejld-Naturalist (Vol. XLVllI

FOOTNOTE REFERENCES tion, and of vast numbers, to ensure the con- ' Forbush, Birds of Massachusetts, 2:165. Mention is tinued safety and perpetuation of a species made of this species occasionally occupying tree cavities for nesting and also deserted eagle's nests. thought by many to be the most perfect flying ' Agassiz Lake Superior, Its physical character, vgetation organism, and one of the swiftest, most nicely and ardmals, ISS'^. ' Fleming, Auk, 1901, and Swales and Taverner, Wilson balanced and beautifully coloured birds in ex- Bulletin, 1906, pp. 64-5. istence. * Clarke Ottawa Naturalist, 1902, p. 88; Macoun, Cata- logue of Canadian Birds,^ 1903, p. 254, and Beaupre, Can. Field-Naturalist, 1922, p. 33. * Russel, Ontario Natural Science Bulletin, 1907, page 37. 8 William^ Ottawa Naturalist, 1915, p. 90. ' Beaupre, Canadian Field-Naturalist, 1922, p. 35. ' Macoun, Catalogue of Canadian Birds. 1909, pp. 278-9.

BIRDS AND A BATH By SUSAN K. SQUIRES

LMOST everyone has seen birds taking touching and began to spraj^ his body with the a bath. They are interesting, some- large drops. As those on one leaf were exhausted times amusing, and always well worth he flew to another and then another until he watching. We have a water tub in was satisfied with his bath, then he flew to a the barnyard into which the surplus spring water cherry tree, lit and finished his toilet, from the house flows. At one side where the tub A male pileated woodpecker performed his overflows is a cement block with a hollow in it ablutions in a lazier manner. It was a rainy not much larger than a soup plate into which a Sund.iy morning and he was in a butternut tree continual dribble of wat-er runs. Here the chick- twenty-five or thirty feet in front of the house. ens and pigeons drink and the smaller birds bathe. The rain that was falling was the kind of Scotch

I have even found a fat old toad in it at dusk mist which wets an Irishman and everyone else soaking the moisture into his spotted warty hide. to the skin. It was summer and warm so per-

On hot days in July and Aug-ust it has a great haps the woodpecker enjoyed the wetting for many visitors and it is amusing to watch the he made no effort to seek cover. He was so different ways different species approach the water. soaked that he seemed all neck. Occasionally he Of course the most of the birds stand in the would run his bill down through his feathers as water and splash and let the dribble run over if opening up new channels for the water to them, robins, thrushes, sparrows and others, but run in. After a while he began to stretch his some do not. The wood peewee alights on the wings and to go over the feathers one by one edge of the tub and drinks, the red-eyed vireo with his bill. splashes right at the surface of the water and Another morning I watched a crow taking a throws it all over his back, and the swallows bath but it was in a snow drift. It was towards bareh'^ touch the water as they glide over. While the last of April and the fields were nearly bare, the birds wait they have many rows as to pre- except where there had been deep drifts and cedence but usually the biggest bully gets the these had melted until they were composed of first chance. tiny pellets of ice like hail and were very wet. But some birds have more uncommon ways of The crow was stalking around over the bare bathing. Early one morning after a thunder- ground hunting for something edible when an storm I stood on the lawn with my bird glasses idea struck him. He walked sedately over to in my hand. There must have been a gentle one of the mounds of snow, sat down and began rain after the thunderstorm for the leaves were to dig a hole with his feet, throwing the wet icy not beaten down but stood up stiffly and each snow up around him. After the hole was deep leaf was loaded with large individual drops of enough he turned to one side, spread the top water. As I stood, something whirred past my wing to its fullest extent and began to throw the head and flew towards the corner of the veranda snow all over his body with his feet just as a which is covered with a wild grape vine. It was hen does in a dust bath. He would also rub a male ruby-'throated humming-bird and I his head and neck on the snow at the edge of thought he was going to alight but he did not. his "nest." After a time he got up and reversed He poised on his almost invisible wings as close his position turning the other side of his body to the leaves as he could get without his wings up and repeating the performance. When he January, 1934] The Canadian P'iblu-Naturalist 15

was sure he was clean he stood up, shook him- covered with huge flat stones. As the brook self thoroughly, and flew up into a nearby elm drops away from the bridge it spreads out over tree to dry in the sun. a space five or six feet wide where daffodils

We scarcely stop to ask ourselves if winter and narcissi grow in the shallow water. I was birds ever have a bath, although of course we standing looking at the sprouting bulbs, for al- see house sparrows taking advantage of a winter though it was the last of March and the fields rain to slop in the puddles on the side-walk. I were still covered with snow, the spring water saw the question, "Did anyone ever see a chick- had started the bulbs growing. While I watched, adee take a bath?" asked in print somewhere. the pine grosbeaks, which had been feeding on I did once. Where our spring comes up out maple buds in the tree overhead all dropped of the ground it is surrounded by a circular down into the water splashing and whistling and cement tank. After a wet autumn, despite the I went on and left them having the time of their

water which is piped to the house, it overflows lives.

and forms a little brook cvitting down through I have abo watched a flock of goldfinches bathe

the banks of isnow and keeping the ground in the middle of winter but it was in light feathery thawed. In this little brook and close to the snow. I saw the flock of small birds at the spring I saw some sort of a commotion going cones of a yellow birch tree but although I on one morning and it proved to be a bird in thought they were goldfinches I was not quite the water. I suppose it was the flash of the sure, for siiSkins are much more common with drops of water in the sun which drew my atten- us in winter, and this was February. I snow- tion for I could not really see the brook be- shioed very quietly through the soft snow to get cause of the snow on each side. Each time the near enough to them to be sure. Close to the bird flew up in the air and splashed down I birch was a stunted hemlock whose lower bran- could see head or wings and see the water ches were very wide and far-outreaching and on thrown. The spring water was not too icy and each branch was a miniature snowdrift of very the little bird was evidently enjoying itself all fluffy dry snow which had fallen the previoua alone. It was not until it flew up on the five- night. Just as I satisfied myself that the birds fingered ivy, which covers the rustic summer were goldfinches, they began to drop into the house over the spring, to preen its feathers, that snowdrifts on the hemlock. The snow was so

I saw that the bird was a chickadee. dry that they could throw it all about as they Another day I saw ten or a dozen pine gros- fluttered their wings up and down. When they beaks having a bath in the same little brook. It had finished they flew back into the birch again goes under the avenue which leads to the high- and resumed their interrupted task of dissecting way, in a culvert made with boulder sides and the cones.

SOME NOTES ON THE WINTER BIRDS OF YARMOUTH AND THE TUSKET ISLANDS OF NOVA SCOTIA By R. A JOHNSON

N SEARCH of an opportunity to ob- countered note was made of them. serve the Atlantic Murre in winter I During the eight days temperature ranged from made a visit to Yarmouth and the 29 to 44 degrees Fahrenheit, but was above Tusket Islands of southwestern Nova freezing point most of the time. There was Scotia during the latter part of December, very little wind so that many of the sea birds 1932. December 24th and 25th were spent which ordinarily live well off shore were rarely about the harbour at Yarmouth with a seen and doubtless some that were there and four mile trip along the coast in the vicin- might be blown in during a storm were not re- ity of Chebogue Point. The succeeding six days corded by me. The temperature of the water were spent on and about Spectacle Island, which at Spectacle Island ranged from 40 to 42 degrees.

is approximately fourteen miles from the main- A special fishing season for lobster was open land—one of the outer of the Tusket group. in Nova Scotia during the winter, consequently Particular attention was given to the study of the there was a population of several families of sea birds, yet, whenever land forms were en- fisheraien on Spectacle Island, Most of these 16 The Canadian Field Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

people were interested in my work and helped legs which they call an "inside" duck. The

me in any way they could. Besides the kind- method of hunting the black duck i.s, for the ness and hospitality which they extended to me, most part, by shooting from a blind at places they were always watching for birds which they where the birds come for fresh drinking water. reported to me at the end of each fishing trip. Two birds examined by me were in good flesh. Sometimes I traveled along in one of the boats They weighed 1276 and 1075 grams respectively. and thus made records of birds that were not Glaucionetta clangula. Golden-eye.—A flock seen near the islands. of thiity of these ducks was feeding in the inlet Observations on the feeding habits of certain to the Yarmouth harbour on December 24th, species with notes on the hunting methods used and again on the 25th. Other small flocks were in the region are presented in conjunction with seen among the Tusket Islands. One specimen those pertaining to the abundance of the species. examined by me was of the species americana. The hst of species which follows cannot be con- hyemalis. Squaw. sidered complete, for during my short visit some Clangula Old — The Old of the rarer forms would certainly escape notice. Squav; was one of the most numerous of birds A species of sparrow which seemed to be a res- found around the Tusket Islands. Flocks of ident was not identified. Grouse were reported four to twenty birds were put up eveiy few min- on the wooded islands which also support great utes as one travelled in a boat among the is- number of mice and likely different birds of lands. Due to the many boats which were going prey. about fishing for lobster the birds were wild, Gavia immer. Common Loon.—This loon was restless and flying a great deal. They seemed very common. It was often seen on the water to feed chiefly between the hours of nine in the and fljing in the region of Spectacle Island. morning and three in the afternoon, according to Fulmaribs glacialis. Atlantic Fulmar.—Indiv- the condition of the tide. I spent several hours iduals were seen at different times about Spec- watching their habits on one favoured feeding tacle Island. shoal, a shallow water bar which formed a con- nection between the two parts of Spectacle Is- Moris bassana. Gannet.—This bird was re- ported to me several times by the fishermen land at low tide. The birds seemed to be feed- exclusively the of small snails, but it was not observed by me. ing on abundance possibly taking also some of the coarse sand Phalacrocorax sp. Cormorant —This bird was and there. the tide well reported to me and was said to be common. I available When was up the bar small flock of birds would alight did not observe it. over a Branta canadensis. Canada Goose. — Canada there and soon be followed by others in singles or thirty geese were frequent visitors to the region of the or in small flocks until twenty birds Tusket Islands, but the total number of birds might be present. After all had inspected detect was small. I believe that there were not more the landscape thoroughly to any enemy, than two or three small flocks coming into the meanwhile swimming toward a compact group, region and they were very wild. one bird would dive and be immediately followed Branta bernicla. American Brant.—Three by all the others. For a period of from V2 to IVz birds of this species were reported, but not seen minutes all the birds would be down below the surface of the water. When the birds came up by me. The species is said to be comparatively rare in the region. they might be scattered several yards or rods Anas rubripes. Black Duck. — Large flocks apart, whereupon they would swim back toward point before another dive containing two to five hundred birds were seen a concentration would might join the feed- daily among the Tusket Islands. During the day be made. Additional birds time, some birds leave it, or the these birds were in the vicinity of the outer ing flock at any fly round in wide circles a few reefs. In the late evening and early morning entire flock before resuming the feeding. At times they seemed to go in among the islands and to times playful and. at the same time, the mainland for drinking and likely for food the birds become will flap about on the water in a also. At such times comparatively small flocks noisy. Some which time their peculiar were encountered. The native people believe short semicircle at heard at a great distance; a noise that there are two varieties of black duck in notes can be who is not familiar with the region; one, a large red-legged bird which which sounds to one somewhat like that of a flock of geese. they refer to as an "outside" bird, and another, the bird a smaller duck with orange and grey coloured This habit, which the species has, whereby I

January, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 17

the entire flock dives under water at the same vicinity as the fishermen know it well, and refer

time is a serious menace to it when considered to it as a "noddy". in relationshiij to man. The hunter is enabled Uria lomvia. Brunnich's Murre.—One speci- to run up on a flock which may be feeding men of this species was collected in the waters within gun range of the shore. When the birds outside Spectacle Island. I believe this species are up the hunter lies motionless on the ground spends most of its time well outside the waters and when they again dive he approaches closer. which surround the islands.

Thus he can usually make a good account of his Alle alle. Dovekie.—Eveiywhere along the coast effort, for sooner or later a bird will dive and of the mainland and also on the islands were to come up close enough to shore for a good shot. be found wings and parts of the carcasses of the Then the other birds can be depended upon to Dovekie. During the four mile walk along the circle back once or twice and hesitate over the shore of the mainland at Chebogue Point I ex- dead bird which may permit of another kill. amined the remains of six of these little birds. Somatei'ia mollissima. Eider.—Eiders were often The flesh had all been consumed by crows and seen in small flocks of four to ten birds flying gulls. The native fishermen on Spectacle Island in a line as they went about among the islands; >poke of a migration of great numbers of these but the total population was not very great. birds about December 1st. They stated that Two birds were found dead; both, I think many of the birds could not, or would not, fly resulting from shot injury. when approached, and so could be picked up or An interesting method of hunting the Eider, knocked over with an oar. At the time of my which is also sometimes used with the Old Squaw, visit to the island there were only a few indi- may be described here. At times a duck will viduals to be seen. One specimen collected was consume a quantity of small snails together with in good condition, weighing 127 grams. sand so that an accumulation of this heavy ma- Cepphus grylle. Black Guillemot.—One speci- terial fills up the neck and throat in such a man- men was taken in the waters outside Spectacle ner that the bird looses its balance and cannot Island. It was very fat, weighing 470 grams. fly for a time. Such a bird is called a "bedded Fraiercula arctica. Atlantic Puffin.—This duck", and is immediately pursued with a boat species was not observed, but I discovered the in which the gunner follows the diving bird head of a freshly killed specimen. I do not think persistently until it becomes so tired that it must that it is very common aboiit the islands. It finally appear on the surface at very close range. may be that there are greater numbers farther It is then shot with little Hkelihood of wasted out tc sea. ammunition. Cryptoglaux acadica. Common Saw-whet Owl. Melonitta deglandi. Scotep.—This bird was —One specimen of this owl was taken on the found to be comparatively rare among the Tusket wooded end of Spectacle Island and two others Islands. One specimen, a young male was taken. were seen. It was in good condition. Colaptes auratus. Flicker.—Two of these birds Larus marinus. Great Black-backed Gull. — were seen together on the mainland about two believe there were six birds staying around Yar- and one half miles east of Yarmouth. mouth harbour. Corvus corax. Northern Raven.—Two North- Larus argentatus. Herring Gull. — This bird ern Ravens were living in the vicinity of Spec- was very common around Yarmouth and often tacle Island. seen islands. among the Corvus brachyrhynchos. Eastern Crow. — Larus delawarensis. Ring-billed Gull.—The Everywhere on the mainland, and on the islands, species was noted among Herring Gulls around crows were to be found in large numbers; it was Yarmouth. a common thing to see thirty to fifty birds in a Rissa tridactyla. Atlantic Kittiwake.—One flock. immature bird was collected. The native fisher- Penthestes atricapillus. Black-capped Chick- men know this bird as the "Fall Gull". They adee.—This species was fairly common around say that it is very common in the fall but be- the conifers, both on the mainland and on the comes uncommon in late winter. islands. Alca torda. Razor-billed Auk.—One bird of Penthestes hudsonicus. Acadian Chickadee.— this speciea was seen at close range near Spectacle This bird was found in the dense growth of low fir

Island. I believe that it frequently occurs in the trees growing on Spectacle Island. — .

18 The C.A.NADIAN Fisld-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

As stated before, the main purpose of this trip severe storm, I had a letter from them saying- to southern Nova vScotia was to search for the that many "scribes" (local name) had been seen. Atlaniic Murre. No birds of this species were The question of accepting this as a record comes found. However, several of the men on Spec- when one considers the close resemblance be- tacle Island assured me that, from the descrip- tween the two species of Murre which may be tion I gave them, they knew the bird well, and found in this locality and that sometimes ornitho-

that it would be blown in when a good storm logist:? do not detect their distinguishing char- came. Consequently on January 15, after a acters.

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL STANDING, OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB, AT THE CLOSE OF THE YEAR, 1932-1933

ASSETS LIABILITIES Nil— Balance in Bank, Nov. 30, 1933. $ 4.27 Balance $48.83 Bills receivable 44.56

$ 48.83 $48.83

RECEIPTS DISBURSEMENTS Balance, November 26, 1932 .88 Printing and mailing "Naturalist"... $998.98 Fees—Current 905.83 Editor 90.00 " —Advance 58.05 Postage and Stationery 40.11 Advertisements 15.00 Separates and Illustrations 72.11 Single numbers 169.05 Bank discount 1819 Separates and Illustrations 62.58 Miscellaneous 18.61 Miscellaneous 30.88 Balance in bank November 30, 1933 . 4.27

$1242.27 $1242.27

*Exp!anatory statement by the Treasurer: Treasurer. During the year Nov. 26, 1932—Nov. 30, 1933. the total WiLMOT Lloyd, receipts of the Club were $1242.27. For the same period the expenditure for publishing The Naturalist was $1219.39. The receipts from membership fees amounted to $963.88 It took the total membership fees plus the amount of Audited and found correct: $255. 51 to issue The Na'uralisi. Attention is called to the fact December 4, 1933. that this last mentioned sum was almost entirely a contribu- tion to the present membership at large from resources accum- ulated by the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club when it was only G. Kingston, A. a local society, and before the Club undertook, fifteen years Harrison F. Lewis, ago, the national work of affording a place of publication for Canadian natural history. Auditors. WiLMOT Lloyd.

5 .

January, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 19

STATEMENT PUBUCATION FUND

ASSETS LIABILITIES Nil— Caradian Government Bonds. . . . 800.00 Balance 851.35 Cash in Bank November 30, 1933 51.35

$851.35 $851.35 DISBURSEMENTS RECEIPTS Purchase of $300 face value

Life membsrship fees 350.00 Canadian Government Bonds . . . . 299.14 Bond Interest 35.75 "Naturalist" 44.95

Bank Interest 9.69 Cash in Bank November 30, 1933 , 51.35

$395.44 $395-44

Audited and found correct: December 4. 1933 A. G. Kingston, Wilmot Lloyd, Treasurer. Harrison F. Lewis, Auditors.

55TH ANNUAL MEETING, OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB; COUNCIL REPORT

1. Meetings. Since the last annual meeting ing districts and partook of the subjects indi- three Council meetings have been held: at cated- McKay Lake, ornithology, led by Mr. the homes of the following members—Mr. E. Hoyes Lloyd; Ottawa River at Hintonburg, F. G. White, Dr. E. M. Kindle and Mr. C. M. ornithology, led Dr. H. F. Lewis; Fairy Lake, Sternberg, President. The attendance averged zoology, botany, ornithology, led by Mr. C. 12. E. Johnson, Dr. R. E. DeLuiy and Mr. Hoyes 2. Lectures. No lectures were given during Lloyd, Britannia, zoology, led by Dr. R. M. An- the year. derson; Carlsbad Springs, geology and 3. BiKD Census. The annual Bird Census zoology, led by Messrs. A. LaRocque and was carried out as usual in connection with C. E. Johnson; Dominion Experimental other societies in the United States and Canada. Farm, ornithology!, led by Mr. W. H. The local Bird Census, arranged by Dr. H. F. Lanoeley; Jones Falls, geology, botany, en- Lewis, was held on December 26th, 1932, 16 mem- tomology, led by Messrs. Arthur Crowson and bers going out in 9 parties. 2,108 individuals J. P. Henderson. The autumn excursions were were counted and 26 species identified, the larg- to Hog's Back, geology, led by Mr. C. M. Stem- est number of species to be counted in any berg; and Long Lake, botany and geology, Christmas Bird Census at Ottawa; notwith- led by Mr. F. J. Eraser. A full account of this standing the absence of some of the species excursion was printed in the October Naturalist.

usuallj' seen. 5. Council Representatives to Royal Society 4. Excursions. This year there were more OP Canada Meetings. Dr. E. M. Kindle was asked excursions arranged for than in some other years, by the President to represent the Club at the and these of exceptional interest. An early one Royal Society of Canada meetings held at Queen's in March, when the Club were guests of Dr. E. University, Kingston, in May, S. Archibald at the Central Ebcperimental Farm, 6. International Committef for the Protec- and visited the Dairy and inspected young live- tion GE THE Birds of the World. Mr. Lloyd stock under the leadership of Mr. George Muir, and Dr. Lewis have been the Canadian represent- was followed in May and in June by 8 more. atives of the International Committee for the Of the 4 planned for September only 2 were Protection of the Birds of the World during

held. The attendance in May averaged 30, in the year. June 13 and in September 5. The programme 7. Federation of Ontario Naturalists. Dr. H. for tiie excursions included visits to the follow- F. Lewis represented the Club at the meeting A I

20 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XL VII

at Queen's University of the Federation of Ont- ed in the Public Archives of Canada, where the

ario Naturalists on the King's birthday. Dominion Archivist promised to have it put

8. PiTBLiCATiONS. Mr. Hoyes Lloyd, Chairman in a glass case, for consulation by students. of this Committee reported that The Canadian 12. Fletcher Memorial Fountain. The Club Field-Naturalist had been issued on schedule drew to the attention of the Minister of Agri- time throughout the year with a reduced num- culture the fact that the inscription on this ber of pages. The Committee had sold a com- foimtain at the Central Experimental Farm was plete set of the Club's publications to the Prov- growing dim. The Minister agreed not only to ince of Quebec for the use of the Zoological have the inscription cleaned, but to have the Society. This Committee has also prepared bio- Fountain again put in working order. graphical articles on the lives of the late Nor- 13. Special Committee. The Special Finan-

man Criddle, the late W. T. Macoun and the cial Committee, of which Mr. Hoyes Lloyd is late M. O. Malte—three highly esteemed natur- Convenor, has had an active year in advertis- alists and valued members of Council—for pub- ing the merits of the Club. lication in The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 14. Council. Your Council in retiring from

9. Finance. As a result of the saving made office, desires to express its appreciation of the by issuing the Naturalist with a reduced number work done by members in the field of natural of pages, the Club has been enabled to reach historj' generally, as well as in co-operation with the close of the year with no apparent deficit. Council; also to express its faith in a brighter 10. Infx)bmation Service. The Information future, as can be hoped for from our financial Service, of which Mr. A. LaRoque has been statement. To the incoming Council and Ex- Chairman, has announced, through the columns ecutive we turn over the task of administration of the Naturalist, the availability to amateurs with every hope for successful promotion of an of the resources at the command of the members enterprise now about to begin the 56th year of the Club. of its history. IL Dr. H. M. Ami Scrap-book — 1899, 1900, C. M. Sternberg. Grace S. Lewis. 1901. During the year this scrap-book was plac- President Secretary

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

The Madeira Petrel, Oceanodroma castro— place it were hard to tell. Eveiy once in a New Bird for Canada.^—The latter part of Aug- while some lone wanderer turns up far from its ust, 1933, was notable for the terrific storm that native habitat but the few that come to the at- swept the Atlantic and did incalculable damage tention of ornithology must be onh' an infin- along the eastern coast of the United States. itesimal fraction of those that are blown to This storm seemed to have originated in hostile surroundings and drop on weary wing the eastern Atlantic in the neighbourhood to oblivion without informed observers being of Madeira and the Azores and, sweeping the wiser. westward, spent its force against the shores of It was probably this storm that added at this continent. Undoubtedly great numbers of least one species to the Canadian list,—a Mad- pelagic birds were blown far from their normal eira Petrel, Oceanodroma castro, which was pick- ranges by the tempest. Reports have come ed up living but helpless on the Rideau River in of various strange Petrels and Shearwaters within the city limits of Ottawa, on August found far inland in the days shortly after the 28th. The bird died in the night and was occurrence and the list of North American birds brought by some intelligent boys to the National has probably been increased by the first occurr- Museum, where it now reposes. The boys thought ence of several of these waifs that they had seen several similar birds flutter- Of course there is not the slightest chance ing about the river a day or so previous but of such deep sea species surviving inland or on though a search of the river and its shores was fresh water. They are truly pelagic in habit made immediately, no such birds could be found and habitat and their home is the vast expanse and no definite confirmatory evidence obtained. of tho salt seas. How often these disasters take The Madeira Petrel breeds on Madeira, the 1 Publshed with the permission of the Director, National Museum of Canada Department of Mincs.'Ottawa. Salvages, Azores and Cape Verde Islands and is — —

January, 1934] The Canad'an Field-Naturalist 21

usually confined to the eastern and southern At- eighth of an acre in extent. On it is a considerable

lantic. There are casual individual records for growth of salal and stunted cedar and fir. A soft the species in Pennsylvania, Indiana and the grass covers a large portion of the southerly end District of Columbia, all probably victims of of the rock and in this grass are numerous deep, similar meteorological disturbances. This speci- well worn runways running in every direction. men thus makes the fourth record of the species This grass is apparently the mainstay of these for North America and the first for Canada. voles and cuttings were everywhere in evidence. P. A. Taverner. At Aery low tide this small island can be reach- ed from Knocken Island over a mud flat and Meares Island can be reached from Knocken Island in the same manner, but only at very low Microtxis tetramerus Vancouver Island, On tide. B.C. During the summer of 1931 several in- — Another island lies about a mile further up teresting colonies of Microtus tetramerus were Disappointment Inlet and its vegetation coasists found on the west coast of Vancouver Island. of salal, small firs and various weeds and grass. Three of these were of particular interest. A small colony of microti lives on this small is- The first colony was situated in a grassy glade land and the runways through the thick grass on the outer reef off Chesterman Beach near were fresh and well worn. This island is entirely Tofino. This reef is a rugged mass of rock about separated from the surrounding islands by deep half a mile in length, and the width varying from water. a few feet to a couple of hundred yards. Clumps A resident of Tofino stated he had seen several of spruce and other trees and bushes grow here colonies of these mice on different isolated rocky and there and patches of grass and fern are in islands and had once captured one of these voles evidence where sufficient soil enables them to alive. gain a foothold. The reef is entirely separated The isolated colonies of Microtus tetrameru^'i from the main island except for a sand bar offer the curious problem as to how these small half a mile in width which is bare only at low rodents originally reached these out of the way tide. These voles had chosen a sheltered situation places. in a thick growth of grass and hay amongst rocks and stunted spruce. Here and there were many run- The specimens taken on Chesterman Beach ways diverging in every direction and while set- reef sliowed signs of severe fighting and in a few ting out the traps a young vole ran into one of hours they almost completely devoured a small these and was captured. bird which was unfortunately caught in one of The following day, May 19th, the traps pro- these traps.

duced six voles, three adult females, two adult Mink were common about here and it is strange males and one juvenile female. On May 20th that the small microtus colony was not completely two more were taken as well as two peromyscus. exterminated. One morning when examining the The other two colonies were on two small is- traps a large mink was seen running along the lands southwest of Meares Island. The larger rocks close by and on being secured was found of the two islands lies about a quarter of a mile to be an old male weighing four and a quarter

from Meares Island, is very rocky and about an pounds. Kenneth Racey.

BOOK REVIEWS

Birds and Mammals from the Kootenay Valley, student assistant. Department of Exhibits, of the Southeastern British Columbia. By California Academy of Sciences, in the region Joseph Mailliard, Curator emeritus Depart- around Oreston, B.C., a few miles north of the ynent of Ornithology and Mammalogy, Cali- British Columbia-Idaho International Boundary,

fornia Academy of Science, Fourth Series, from April 30 to June 5, 1928. Collections were

Volume 20, No. 8, January 8, 1932. San Fran- made principally on the east side of the Kootenay cisco: Published by the Academy, pp. 269- River near Creston (altitude 1985 feet) and on 290. Price 25 cents. benches at the foot of Purcell Range, but some This very interesting paper by Joseph Mailliard collecting was done by Mr. Tose on the west gives the results of field work conducted by him- side of the river at foot of Nelson Range from self and Frank Tose, chief, and Russell Hendricks, May 9 to 14, and at Kitchener (about 2435 22 Thb Canadian Field-Naturatjst [Vol. XLVIII

feet) approximately twelve miles east of Creston, ing, and spent much time in the natural fall and at Yahk (2817 feet), about twenty-seven migration route of Fringillidae along the fairly miles east of Creston, a few miles north of the open, weed and brush-grown tributaries of the British Columbia-Idaho-Montana corner. This Moyie valIe3^ region, in one of the comparatively dry interior Comparison of our birds lists showed that of valleys of British Columbia, shows considerable the total number of 81 species noted by the Acad- variety of habitats, from the broad, low, periodi- emy party, 78 were listed from the vicinity of cally overflowed bottom lands of the Kootenay Creston, and 15 at Kitchener and Yahk, although Flats to the heavily timbered benches and movm- as the notes are not veiy complete as to the tain sides of the Pureell and Nelson ranges on op- commoner species observed on the side trips, the posite sides of the Kootenay valley. The orig- number of species was probably larger than in- inal timber has been removed to a considerable dicated. The National Museum party recorded extent by logging and fires subsequent to the a total of 116 species of birds, of which 63 building of the Crowsnest branch of the Canadian speci33 were observed near Creston, 51 near Goat- Pacific Railway, and the immediate vicinity of fell, and 78 near Yahk. Species which might

Creston and neighbouring valley points is occupied be of questionable identity were generally col- to some extent by orchards and market gardens. lected. Fifteen species of birds noted by the

The list of specimens obtained by the party in- Academy party in 1928 and not by the Ottawa cluded 319 birds (of 73 species) notes being given party in 1929 include the following :i American en 81 species, and 108 small mammals (of 10 Merganser (C), Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker species). (C, K), Alaska Three-toed Woodpecker (K), Few notes have been published on the animal Black-chinned Hummingbird (C), Rufous Hum- life of this part of British Columbia, and as a mingbird (C), Calliope Hummingbird (C), Ar- field party from the National Museum of Canada, kansas Kingbird (C), Bobolink (C),. Bullock's consisting of R. M. Anderson, H. M. Laing, and Oriole (C), Lazuli Bunting (C), Tree Swallow E. R. S. Hall, worked in substantially the same (C), Rough-winged Swallow (C), Calaveras Warb- region during the following season, at Creston ler (C), Chestnut-backed Chickadee (C), West- (August 7-23), Goatfell, 2910 feet (August 23-30), ern Bluebird (C, K, Y). and Meadow Creek, 3500 feet, about seven miles Thirty-five species of birds were noted by the

south of Yahk (August 31-October 3, 1929), a National Museum party in 1929, but not includ- comparison of records may be of interest. ed in the list of the Academy party in 1928, as

The interior of southern British Columbia is follows: Pied-billed Grebe (Y), Great Blue Heron so much cut up by mountain ranges and valleys (Y), Pintail (C, Y), Gi-een-winged Teal (C, Y),

that mammals of different habitats and life zones Hooded Merganser (C), Turkey Vulture (C), may frequently be found within a few miles of Eastern Goshawk (Y), Western Red-tailed Hawk each other. The bird life is less static, and while (C, Y), Marsh Hawk (C, G, Y). Pigeon Hawk the breeding grounds of the species are fairly (Y), Sora (C), American Coot (C), Western well marked within certain zones, there is natur- Solitary Sandpiper (C), Greater Yellow-legs (C), ally much overlapping during migration. While Pectoral Sandpiper (Y), Gull, Lams sp. (C), the field of operations of the two parties did not Rocky Mountain Pygmy Owl (G, Y), Short- cover much more than thirty miles east and west eared Owl (Y), Night-hawk (C, G, Y), Say's and about ten miles north and south, the Cali- Phoebe (Y), Olive-sided Flycatcher (G, Y), Arc- fornia party worked mainly east of the Kootenay tic Horned Lark (Y), American Magpie (Y), River at foot of the Pureell Range, and the Northern Raven (Y), Slender-billed Nuthatch Ottawa party mainly west of the river while (G, Y), American Pipit (Y), Northern Water- near Creston. Kitchener is only a few miles Thrush (G, Y), Macgillivray's Warbler (G, Y), northwest of Goatfell, and in the Yahk region Northern Pileolated Warbler (C, G, Y), Pale the Ottawa party worked mainly along tributar- Goldfinch (C), Bendire's Crossbill (C, G, Y), ies of Meadow Creek, a tributary of the Moyie Western Vesper Sparrow (Y), Lincoln's Sparrow River, rising near the extreme northwestern corn- (Y), Swamp Sparrow (Y),2 Alaska Longspur (Y). er of the State of Montana. In the bird line, 1 C (Creston), G (Goatfell), K (Kitchener), Y (Yahk). the California party caught the spring migration - Second record of the Swamp Sparrow, Mtlospiza georgi- (Latham), from British Columbia, taken by H M. Laing and early breeding birds, while the Ottawa party ana on American Creek, 3800 ft , north of Flatiron Mountain near came in alx)ut the time the warblers were leav- Idaho-Montana-B.C. corner, Sept. 12, 1929. January, 1933] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 23

Among the points of interest was the apparent all from the foot of Nelson Range on the west lack of Marsh Hawks in 1928, while in 1929 side of Kootenay River near Creston, with 5 both adults and young were very common on specimens of luteiventris from the same region; the Kootenay Flats, hawking for meadow mice, the remainder of the luteiventris specimens being from Goatfell and Yahk(Meadow Creek). Through and frequently gorging on small young Western . Spotted Frogs (Rana pretiosn pretiosa). Mail- the kindness of the California Academy of Sciences liard notes the Osprey as occasionally seen in 21 skins and 12 skulls of the Creston chipmunks 1928, and speculated on the apparent scarcity recorded by Mailliard were sent to Ottawa for of food for this bird, but in 1929 the Osprey could study. They were carefully compared with 69 be called common, heard overhead at all hours fairly typical E. a. affinis, two of the females of the day, along the muddy side channels of the and 4 affinis x luteiventris from British Columbia, Kootenay River, and finding an abundant food 53 luteiventris from British Columbia and 35 in the Squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) , and from Alberta. Six males and 13 females in the possibly also capturing Large-mouthed Black Bass Academy collection from Creston proved to be {Micropterics salmoides), the latter said to have fairly typical E. a. affinis two of the females been a comparatively recent introduction into differ somewhat from the others and are apparent- the Kootenay River in northern Idaho and now fairly typical E. a. affinis, two of the females ibundafit in the side channels of the river in The typical affinis specimens have the general southern British Columbia. Several nests of grayish colour of this form with little rufous the Osprey were seen, one of them containing tinge. The two intermediates have considerable two young birds as late as August 15. The hum- rufous on the sides of neck and flanks, chest mingbirds and most of the Warblers had evident- faintly rufous, brighter on middle of belly, fad- ly disappeared from the Creston district before ing posteriorly, the back also showing more of

August 7. The presence or absence of both bird; a pinkish tinge than in the typical specimens. and mammals in certain areas was undoubtedly The Academy authorities were unable to give strongly influenced by the high water and spring the reviewer any information as to the altitude floods in 1928, and conversely by the prolonged at which the specimens were taken, or the pre- drought during the summer of 1929 driving them cise locality beyond that of Creston and one from the lower levels in one case, and attracting specimen labelled Kitchener. them later to the wet spots where vegetation These determinations do not disprove the gen-

was luxuriant and food abundant. eral opinion of mammalogists that it is illogical The Academj^ party collected ten species of to find two subspecies of the same species oc- mammals in 1928 the only species not taken by cupying the same ground, as in an area of as- the Museum party in 1929 being the British sumed or proved intergradation two different Columbia Woodchuck (Marmota monax petren- subspecific forms may occupy slightly different sis), one specimen being found dead near the habitats or ecological niches, or live at diffei'ent mouth of Goat River near Creston, supposed to altitudes. The importance of recording ecological have floated down with the spring freshet. Two conditions at all collecting stations and approxi- specimens of Wood Rat (Neotoma cinerea oc- mate altitudes when collecting in mountainous cidentalis) were listed in the report by mistake districts can not be overestimated. The writer as N. c. drummondi, and later corrected by Mail- is also convinced that in a district near an area liard (See Canadian Field-Naturalist, 46: 145, of intergradation one subspecies may predominate Sept. 1932). while on the same ground occasional specimens The reviewer's attention was attracted by the of the typical form of allied subspecies may fact that the only chipmunks taken by the also be taken and in fact are to be expected as Academy were referred to Eutamias ruficaudus throwbacks to the other form.

simulans Howell (Coeur d'Alene Chipmunk). The distribution of the several forms of chip- The Ottawa party in 1929 took 32 specimens munks in southern British Columbia is very ir- of chipmunks in the Cireston region, and these regular, and while the large number of geographic had been studied in Washington, D.C., by the races of chipmimks indicate that the species are writer and Mr. A. H. Howell of the Biological very plastic, it is hardly necessary to go back to Survey, and 8 specimens referred to E. r. simulans, evolut^'onary and environment hypotheses to ac- and 24 to Eutamias am,oenus luteiventris (Buff- count for some of the anomalies of distribution. bellied Chipmunk). The simulans specimens were The National Museum of Canada has spec- .

24 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

imens of luteivent'Hs from Trail, Rossland (6800 California badger {Taxidea t. neglecta) G,Y ft.), Elko, Fernie, Newgate', and Morrissey, as Lynx {Lynx sp.) Y v/ell as from Alberta and other points mentioned. Mountain coyote {Ca7iis latrans lestes) Y We also have afjinis from various points in the Northern mantled ground squirrel {Callosper-

Similkameen,' and Okanagan valleys, Rossland mophilvs I. tescorum)

(at 4000 feet), and as far east as Cranbrook and Buff-bellied chipmunk {Eutamias a. luteiventris) Newgate, B.C. In fact, at Newgate our collectors C,G,Y in 1930 found luteiventris to be the form on the Dusky flying squirrel {Glaucomys s. juligino- east side of the Kootenay River (Tobacco Plains), sus) C,G,Y and offinis occvipjang the west side of the river Coeur d'Alene pocket gopher {Thomomys j. at th9 foot of the McGillivray Range The Koot- katuratus) C, G to least enay RiA^er seems be at a temporary Pacific beaver {Castor c. leucodonta) C. barrier at this point. It is probable that there Rocky mountain meadow mouse {Microtus p. has been considerable extension and shifting modeslus) C, G, Y of the ranges of some of the small mammals in Rocky mountain muskrat {Ondatro z. osoyoo- the region along the Growsnet Pass line of sensis) C, G. Y the Canadian Pacific Railway within the past 25 or 30 years on account of the logging and Kootenay jumping mouse {Zapus princeps) big forest fires which have repeatedly swept Yellow-haired porcupine {Erethizon e. epixan- parts of the region. This is well known thum) C, Y to have occurred with some of the more notice- Rocky mountain snowshoe rabbit {Lepus b. able big game mammals. One form may be wiped bairdi) Y out of a district when forest fires sweep over Yellow-tailed Deer {Odocoileus virginianus and the deforested territory occupied by other ochrouriLs) Y forms as the bush grows up again, bringing dif- Rocky Mountain mule deer {Odocoileus hemi- ferent mammal forms into closer alignment than onus macrotis) Y at the period of their evolutionary development. , Other mammals taken by the Academy party The following species were ascertained from were the Mountain Wandering shrew (Sorex v. reliable testimony to be present in limited num- monticola), Columbian ground squirrel (Citellus bers in parts of the area: c. columhianus) , Richardson red squirrel (Sciurus Grizzly bear {Ursu^ sp.) C, G, Y h. richardsoni) , Sagebrush white-footed mouse Cougar {Felis concolor) Y

(.Peromysciis m. artemisiae) , Kootenay red-backed Okanagan hoary marmot {Marmota caligata mouse {Clethrionomys g. saturatus), Mountain okanagana) Y . long-tailed vole (Microtus m. mordax), and Vary- Pika {Ochotona.princeps) Y ing hare {Lepus bairdi cascadensisf) Mountain caribou {Rangifer montanus) C Twenty-six additional species were taken by the National Museum party in this region in Mountain goat {Oreamnos americanus) G, K 1929, as follows: Papers such as the one under review are very valuable in bringing light Cinereous long-tailed shrew (Sorex c. cinereus) to data on the wild G,Y life of a region comparatively little known bio- logically, showing the varied conditions that pre- Dusky Shrew {Sorex o. obsmrxis) C,y vail at different seasons, and the fluctuations in Mountain water-shrew {Sorex o. navigator) G,Y wild life from year to year, particularly where Little brown bat {Myotis I. lucifugus) C there are no active resident field-naturalists. We Grinnell Yuma bat {Myotis y. sociahilis) C shall never approach completeness in our natural Silver-black bat {Lasionycteris noctivagans) C historj'^ records until every collector and museum Pallid lump-nosed bat {Corynorhinus r. pall- worker does what he can to put his knowledge escens) C on record, even if it is nothing more than that a Selkirk marten {Maries a. abietinoides) Y certain number of species were taken at a certain Bonaparte weasel {Mustela c. cicognanii) Y place, so that investigators may know that speci- Pacific mink {Mustela v. energumenos) G,Y mens are at least extant in collections, to be Northern striped skunk {Mephitis hudsonica) examined in detail when desirable. — R. M. C,Y Anderson, National Museum of Canada, Ottawa. Affiliated Societies

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE MANITOBA PROTECTION OF BIRDS INC. 1929-30 OFFICERS & COMMITTEE: Pretident Emeritus: C.E. Bastin; Preaident: G. Shirley Past Presidents: Mr. L. McI. Tbrrill, Mr. Napier Smith. Brooks, Paat Presidents: H. M. Speechly, M.D., C. W. Mr. W. S. Hart; President: Mrs. C. L. Henderson; Vice- Lowe, M.Sc., a. A. McCoubrey, J. B. Wallis, M.A., Presidents: Mr. H. A. C. Jackson, Miss M. S. NicolsonJ V. W. Jackson M.Sc, A. M. Davidson, M.D.. R. A. Vice-President and Treasurer: Mr. Henry Mouslby; Secretary' Wardle, M.Sc; Vice-Presidents: Mrs. L. R. Simpson, Miss M. Sbath; Curator: Miss Hope McLachlan. Committee' C. L. Broley, W. H. Rand, Dr. R. S. Kirk, B. W. Dr. W. W. Beattie, Mrs. C. F. Dale, Mb. J. a. Decarie, Cartwright, a. Burton Gresham, Treasurer: A. G. Mr. W. S. Hart, Mrs. H. Hibbert, Miss K. D. Malcour- Lawrence; Auditor: R. M. Thomas; Social Convenor: ONNB, Miss P. B. Mattinson, Miss Edith Morrow. Miss Mrs. A. J. Sbari^; General Secretary: Norman Lowe, L. Murphy, Mr. R. A. Outhei, Mr. Napier Smith, Mr 317 Simcoe St., Winnipeg; Executive Secretary: J. Haddow. L. McI.Spackhan, Mr. L. McI. Terrill, Mr. G. J. C TiGAB, V. C Wynne-Edwards. Section Chairman Secretary Ornithological L. T. S. Norris-Elye, B.A. A. H. Shortt Address all correspondence to the Society at P.O. Box 1186 EHtomologieal A. V. Mitchener, M.Sc. Miss M.F.Pratt Montreal, P.Q., Canada. Botanical Mrs. I. M. Priestly Mrs. H. T. Ross Geological Miss C. J. Egan, P. H. Stokes Ichthyological Ferris Neavb, M.Sc G. D. Russell SOCIETE PROVANCHER D'HISTOIRE Mammalogical V. W. Jackson, M.Sc. J. P. Kennedy Microscopy NATURELLE DU CANADA Zoology R. A. Wardle, M.Sc Botany C. W, Lowe, M.Sc. H.CHAS. Pbarce Patron Honoraire: Son Excellence, LE Trbs Honorable CoMTB DB Bessborough, P.C, G.C.M.G., Gouverneur- Meetings are held each Monday evening, except on holidays G6n6ral du Canada; Vice-Patron Honoraire: Honorablb from October to April, in the physics theatre of the University, M. H. G. Carroll, Lieutenant-Gouvemeur de la Province Winnipeg. Field excursions are held each Saturday after* de Quebec; Bureau de Direction pour 19SS: President: W. noon during May, June and September, and on public holidays Stuart Atkinson; ler vice-prisident: Edgar Rochette, during July and August. C.R., M.P.P.; Sime vice-president: G. Stuart Ahern; Secritaire-trisorier: Louis-B. Lavoib; Chef de la section seientifique: Dr. D.-A.Dery; Chef de la section de Propagande THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION iducationnelle: Alphonse Desilets, B.S.A.; Chef de la section SOCIETY de protection: R. Meredith, N.P.; Chef de la section d'information seientifique et pratique: Dr. J.-E. Bernier; (Incorporated) Direeteurs: Adrien Falardeau, C.R.; Major Jos. Matte James F. Ross. Hon. President: W. E. Saunders, London, Ont.; President: Secritaire-trisorier: Louis-B. Lavoib Rbv, Calvin McQubsTon; Vice-President: R. Owbn Mbrri- MAN, M.A., Kingston, Ont.; First Vice-President: DR. H. G. 38, rue Sherbrooke. Qti6bec. AbnoTT; Second Vice-President: Mrs. F. E. MacLoghun; Recording Secretary: J. Roland Brown; Secretary-Treasurer: Miss Nina Duncan; Assistant Secretary-Treasurer: Miss E. FIELD-NATURALISTS' McEwin; Junior Committee: Miss M. E. Graham; Pro- THE TORONTO gramme Committee: Rbv. C. A. Heaven; Extension Committee: CLUB H. C. NUNN. OFFICERS FOR 1933-34.

Honorary President: Dr. A. P. Coleman; President: Arnott McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB, M.Patterson; Hon. Vice-Presidents: Hon. G. H. Challibs.

LONDON, ONT. . Mr. J. H. Fleming, Dr. N. A. Powell; Viee-Premdent: Mr. F. P. Ide, Secretary-Treasurer: J. P. Oughton, Chairman o) President: MB. Edison Matthews, 554 Central Ave., London Conservation Committee: Mrs. S. L. Thompson; Council— Ont.; Viee-Premdent: MB. E. D. Brand, 148 William Street, Dr. E. M. Walker, S. L. Thompson, Prof. J. R. Dymond London, Ont.; Recording Secretary: Mr. Vernon Franks, 195 C. S. Farmer, Prop. T. F. McIlwraith, Dr. Norma Duchess Avf., London, Ont.; Corresponding Secretary and Ford, Magistrate J. E. Jones, L. T. Owens; Rupert Treasurer: Mb. W. G. Girung, 530 English St., London, Davids, F. C. Hurst, Dr. T. M. C. Taylor, C. G. Brennand; Ont. Migration Secretary: Mb. E. M. S. Dale, 297 Hyman Db. p. E. Clarkson, S. B. McCready. Leaders: Birds— Street, London, Ont.; Members qualified to answer questions: Messrs. S. L. Thompson, L. L. Snyder, J. L. Baiuje, Jr. W. E. Saunders, 240 Central Avenue, London, Ont.; Prof. T. F. McIlwbaith, R. V. Lindsay, R. M. Speirs, C. G. Watson, 201 Ridout Street South, London, Ont.; F. H. Emery, T. Shortt, Hubert Richardson, R. J, J. P. Calvbbt, 461 Tecumseh Avenue, London, Ont.; E. M. S. RuTTER. Mammals—Prof. A. P. Coventry, Messrs. E. Dale, 297 Hyman Street, London, Ont. C. Cross, D. A. McLuuch. Reptiles and Amphibians— Meetings held the second Monday of the month, excep Messrs. E. B. S. Logibr, Wm LeRay. Fish— Prof. J. R. during the summer. Dymond, Prop. W. J. K. Harkness. Insects— Dr. E. M. Walker, Dr. N. Ford, Mr. F. P. Ide. Botany—Prof. R. B. Thomson, Dr. H. B. Sifton, Dr. T. M. C. Taylor; VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY Mb. W. R. Watson, Mr. L. T. Owens. Mollusks—Dr. E. M. Walker, J. P. Oughton. Geology—Dr. A. P. Coleman Honorary President. L. S. Klinck, LL.D., President Univer- Prop. A. McLean. sity of B.C.; President: John Davidson, F.L.S., F.B.S.E., University of B.C.; Vice-President: Prof. M. Y. Williams, Honorary Se-cretary: C. F. Connor, M.A., 3222 W. 36th Street, Vancouver, B.C.; First Assistant Secretary: Miss We would ask the Officers, and more Betty Herd; Snd Assistant Secretary: Mr. Vernon Wie- drick; Honorary Treasurer: A. H. Bain, 2142 Collingwood particularly the Secretaries, of all the Street, Vancouver, B.C.; Librarian: Mrs. McCrimmon; Members of Executive: Miss E. J. Smith, Mr. J. D. Turnbull, Affiliated Societies to assist us in our Mr. B. J. Wood, Mr. P. L. Tait, Mr. R. J. Gumming; Au- ditors; H. G. Selwood, W. B. Woods. task of building up the circulation of All meetings at 8 p.m.. Auditorium, Normal School, 10th Avenue and Cambie Street, unless otherwise announced. this magazine. By securing every member as a subscriber we can truly BRITISH COLUMBIA BIRD AND MAMMAL make this magazine into one of the SOCIETY leading Natural History publications President: Dr. M. Y. Williams; First Vieo-Presidenti Hamilton M. Laing; Second Vice-President: Dr. C. J. Bastin; of America. SeeretarvTreaaurer: Kenneth Racey, 3262 West 1st Ave. Vancouver, B.C. AUTOBIOGRAPHY o/ JOHN MACOUN, M.A.

These are attractively bound, and contain a wealth of information concerning Canadian Natural History and Exploration. The author was a former President of the Club and this is a Memorial Volume

PRICE $3.00. - 305 pp. WILMOT LLOYD 58? Mariposa Avenue Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa ^ i U IvJvJ-T

VOL. XLVIII, No. 2 FEBRUARY, 1934

^^^^l^^^^^^^^^^'^^^^fiS

. •..a.

..• *.

M^kHi/LiM

ISSUED FEBRUARY 7, 1934 Entered at the Ottawa Pott OfKce at tecond-eiatt matter —

THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB

patrons?: THEIR EXCELLENCIES THE GOVERNOR GENERAL AND COUNTESS OF BESSBOROUGH

/ j President: M. E. Wilson. 1st Vice-President: Herbert Groh 2nd Vice-President: P. A. Tavernbe Secretary: Grace S. Lewis, Treasurer: Wilmot Lloyd, 582 Mariposa Ave., 344 Lisgar Road, Rockcliffe Park. Rockciiflfe Park.

Additional Members of Council: F. J. Alcock, R. M, Anderson, M. E. Cowan, H. G. Crawford, Arthur Crowson, R. E. DeLury, F. J. Fraser, C. E. Johnson, A. G. Kingston, E. M. Kindle, W. H. Lanceley, a. LaRocque, Douglas Leechman, Harrison F. Lewis, Hoyes Lloyd, Mark G. McElhinney, A. E. Porsild, E. E. Prince, L. S. Russell, J.Dewey Soper, C. M, Sternberg, E. F. G. White, Peggy Whitehurst, R. T. D. Wickenden, W. J. Wintemberg, and the following Presidents of Affiliated Societies: G. Shirley Brooks, Calvin McQueston, Edison Matthews, John Davidson, M. Y. Williams, C. L. Henderson, W. Stuart Atkinson, Arnott M. Patterson. Auditors: A. G. Kingston and Harrison F. Lewis.

Editor: Douglas Leechman National Museum, Ottawa, Canada.

' Associate Editors: D. Jbnnbss Anthropology Clyde L. Patch Herpetology Botany R. M. Anderson Mammalogy P. R. Latchford Conchology A. G. Huntsman Marine Biology Arthur Gibson .Entomology P. A. Taverner Ornithology P. J. Alcock Geology E. M. Kindle Palseontology

CONTENTS pagb Recent Developments In Waterfowl Conservation in Eastern Canada. By Harrison F. Lewig 24 Christmas Bird Censuses, 1933 26 Pleistocene and Post-pleistocene Molluscan Faunas of Southern Saskatchewan. By Loris S.

. Russell With Description of a New Species of Gyraulus. By Frank Collins Baker 37

Notes and Observations: Some Vancouver Island Bird Notes. By Hamilton M. Laing 88

Holboell's Grebe in Nova Scotia. By R. W. Tufts ; 38 Do Caddis Fly Larvae Kill Fish? By A. L. Pritchard 39 White Herons in Southern Ontario. By P. A. T 39 The Hog-nosed Snake Heterodon contortrix in Parry Sound District, Ontario By Howard A. Kelly 39 Nova Scotia Gets Willow Ptarmigan. By R. W. Tufts 39 Note on the Range of Valvata lewisi ontariensis F, C. Baker. By A. La Rocque 39 Correction. By R. M. Anderson 40

Hi »' :|' The official publica;tions of The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club have been issued Iji 1:1 since 1879. The first were The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Cluh, 1879-1886, ilj next. The Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-two volumes; and these have Is Ijj two volumes; the iji been continued by The Canadian Field-Naturalist to date. The Canadian Field-Naturalist is 11! pi issued monthly, except for the months of June, July and August. Its scope is the publication iS

|:i of the results of original research in all departments of Natural History. in

ilj S

lli Price of this volume (9 numbers) $2.00; Single copies 2Si each ip

iij iii ^::::nH«::n::Hn::::HK::::H:n:::nH:::H::HH:::::H::^

The Membership Committee of The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club is making a special eflfort to increase the subscription list of The Canadian Field-Naturalist. We are, therefore, asking every reader who is truly interested in the wild life of our country to help this magazine to its rightful place among the leading Natural History publications in America. Subscriptions ($2.00 a year) should be forwarded to WILMOT LLOYD, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, 582 Mariposa Ave., Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa, Canadi The Canadian Field - Naturalist

VOL. XLVIII OTTAWA, CANADA, FEBRUARY, 1934 No. 2

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN WATERFOWL CONSERVATION IN EASTERN CANADA By HARRISON F. LEWIS*

N OUTSTANDING phenomenon which on the Atlantic coast of the United States has affected the situation relating to south of New York City some three or four waterfowl conservation in Eastern Canada years ago. E!xtending rapidly northward along

in recent years is the relatively sudden the seaboard it made its appearance in south- death of most of the individuals of the plant ern Nova Scotia in 1931, if not earlier. At the known as eel-grass (Zostera manna L.), which end of the year 1931 the scarcity of eel-grass was formerly very abimdant on sheUered tidal consequent upon this destruction was present fiats along the sea-coast from Labrador south- around most of the coast of Nova Scotia, along ward. This plant provided an important supply the south shore of Prince Edward Island, and of food for the American Brant and for those in southern New Brunswick. A year later, at Common Canada Geese and Black Ducks that fre- the close of 1932, most of the eel-grass had dis- quented maritime regions. The Brant ate the appeared from the north shore of Prince Ed- rootstocks of the plant and depended upon it ward Island, from the Magdalen Islands, and for the major part of their food when they were from the eastern coast of New Brunswick at within its range, that is to say, during all that least as far north as Tabusintac. When the ice part of the year, from autumn to early summer, cleared from the St. Lawrence estuary and from when they were south of Hudson Bay and Strait. the northern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence The Common Canada Geese also ate the root- in the spring of 1933, it was found that de- stocks of eel-grass but were not dependent upon struction of this plant had taken place along it to the same extent that the Brant were, as the the shores of that region, as far as the Strait Canada Geese, unlike the Brant, often obtained of Belle Isle, between Newfoundland and Lab- food in fresh water or on marshy or upland areas, rador. A recent report tells of dearth of eel- and maintained a more varied diet. Dependence grasa in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, also, and of Canada Geese upon eel-grass for food was most probably other parts of the coast of that isl- pronounced in the northern parts of their coastal and are affected. winter range, as in southern Nova Scotia, during Thus we have evidence tihat eel-grass is ab- late wmter and early spring, when food on land or normally rare at the present time throughout in fresli water was made inaccessible to them by practically its entire range in eastern North ice and snow. Black Ducks were accustomed to America from North Carolina to Labrador. The feed ID a large extent on the ripe seeds of eel- Canadian coast involved, from the Strait of Belle grass, which were obtained from the mud into Isle to the mouth of the St. Croix River, has which they ihad fallen. They were not partic- a length of more than 3,000 miles. A similar ularly dependent upon these, as other sources scarcity of this plant is reported from several of food were generally available to them. They parts of the coast of western Europe, where it seldom ate other parts of the eel-grass plant. was formerly abundant. Destruction of eel-grass on a large scale, from The degree of destruction of eel-grass varies some cause not readily perceptible, was observed at different times and in different localities, but in general is probably more than 90 per * Dr. H. F. Lewis is Chief Federal Migratory Bird cent. Along the north shore of the Gulf of Oflficer for Ontario and Quebec, National Parks Branch, Department of the Interior, Canada. This article is St. Lawrence in the summer of 1933 I estimated published with the approval of the Department of the Interior. It w^as presented, on November 16, 1933, it to be more than 99 per cent. In the Mag- before the American Ornithologists' Union, at its Fifty- Islands; in May, 1933, I did not succeed first Stated Meeting, which was held in New York City. dalen 26 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

in finding as much as one living plant of eel- ing food in unusual places. In two different areas grass. In areas such as estuaries, where the sea in Prince Edward Island and in one area in New

water is markedly diluted by inflow of fresh Bruns^vick flocks of American Brant were seen water, the eel-grass appears to survive better in the spring of 1933 to be feeding in upland than elsewhere. Probably the completeness of felds, which are most abno^-mal feeding-places

its disappearance in the Magdalen Islands has for them. a direct relation to the fact that these islands At the Bay of Seven Islands, at the north- contam no rivers or other large supply of fresh west angle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which

water. is a concentration area much used by Brant on Durmg the summer of 1932 extensive tidal their spring migration, annual counts of the num- flats on the coast of Nova Scotia became fairly bers of Brant observed passing northward through well covered with a dense growth of young eel- the bay are made by an officer of the Canadian grass plants, which attained a length of 5 or Department of the Interior who is stationed 6 inches. Most of this growth died subsequent- there to protect these birds. He reported that

ly. Similar growth appeared in the summer of 100,400 Brant passed through the Bay of 1933, both in Nova Scotia and in the St. Law- Seven Islands in the spring of 1932 and that rence estuary. The probability is that this will the number of these birds that passed the same die in a similar way. Growth of this kind point in the spring of 1933 was 79,500, indicating

probably springs from a stock of seeds of pre- a decrease of about 21 9^' in this species in the vious years, remaining viable in the mud of the year between these observations. flats. After growing for a few months it appears Reports received this fall, up to November to be destroyed by the same lethal agency that 4th, by the Department of the Interior from 36 destroyed the established adult stands of the observers in the coastal regions of eastern Canada plant. I know of no valid ground for thinking south of the mouth of the St. Lawrence River, that the scarcity of eel-grass in eastern North including Robie W. Tufts, the Chief Federal Mi- America will soon terminate or is being sens- gratory Bird Officer for the Maritime Provinces, ibly ameliorated. and the present speaker, are nearly unanimous Up to the present time the cause of this in indicating that both Canada Geese and Brant sudden and widespread destruction of eel-grass are much less numerous throughout those regions remains uncertain. There are a number of in- than the.y were in the fall two or three years dications that it may be a bacterial disease, ago. Because there is so much local shifting of and workers in France, Messrs. Fischer-Piette, the flocks in search of food it is very difficult Heim, and Lami, have published their state- to give anything like a definite statement of the menti of the discovery of what they take to be percentage of this reduction, considering the re- the causative bacterium, found in tissues of eel- gion as a whole, but there is undoubtedly a grass collected on the west coast of France. severe diminution. One observed, who is a fed- American Brant and Common Canada Geese eral officer whose duties cause him to travel over on the Atlantic seaboard of this continent have large areas in Prince Edward Island, and who been seriously affected by this scarcity of eel- is considered reliable, reported on October 21st grass. Reports obtained by the Canadian De- that the number of Canada Geese in the dis- partment of the Interior, which has been keeping trict surveyed by him was then less than 10% in close touch with the development of this of normal, and that Brant were present there situation, show marked diminution in numbers in small numbers only. of both of these species in the Maritime Prov- The destruction of eel-grass at Isle Verte, inces and in eastern Quebec Province in the fall on the south shore of the St. Lawrence estuary, of 1932 and the spring of 1933. Many of the has been so severe that none of the plant was Canada Geese and Brant taken by hunters in harvested commercially there this year, although these provinces in the fall of 1932 were very under normal conditions such harvesting is an thin and in poor condition. Some of them were important industry at that place. On October so emaciated that they were considered unfit 24, 1933, I found the extensive tidal flats north- for human food. The birds were observed to act east of the village to be about half covered abnormally, being very restless, moving frequent- with living young eel-grass, four to five inches ly from one feeding-ground to another, and seek- long, which showed B-igns of being diseased.

There seemed to be enough of it to furnish an 1 Comptes Rendus de I'Academie des Sciences, Tome least, to 195, No. 26, p. 1420, Paris, 27 decembre, 1932. abundance of food for some weeks, at February, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 27 the thousands of Canada Geese and Brant norm- spring. They subsequently had an excellent breed- ally to be expected at this place in late October. ing season, with much fine, dry weather. One

The birds were not there in anything approach- effect of this kind of weather is to reduce the icg suoh numbers. In a search lasting 3% hours number of black flies, which in some areas at I found only 4 Canada Geese and 60 Brant. least may fatally infect ducklings with the proto- Why were they so few? The most probable zoan, Leucocytozoon anatis Wickware. As a re- reason is that they are not now in existence in that sult of these favorable conditions, Black Ducks genera' region in large numbers. Reduction in have been very numerous this fall in most suit- their numbers may have been brought about able areas in eastern Canada, although there have by scarcity of food in other parts of their range, been some local exceptions. Despite their hav- or by over-hunting, or by disease or injury of ing been accustomed to feed to a large extent some kind that may possibly have affected them on the seeds of eel-grass along the coast, the as a result of eating dying eel-grass, or by some general failure of this plant has not produced a other cause. It is reported that the flocks of marked adverse effect upon them. This may be Brant contain birds of the year this fall, indicat- due to the fact that so many other foods, in ing a successful breeding season in the Arctic both salt and fresh water, are available and ac- last summer. ceptable to them. There is some evidence to This indication of suitable conditions for show that they still obtain a good many eel-grass the raising of young waterfowl in the eastern seeds from the tidal flats where this plant for- Arctic last summer is corroborated by the condi- merly grew abundantly. tion this fall of the large flock of Greater Snow Of other important game ducks in eastern Can-

Geese as it appeared on its feeding-grounds at ada, it maj^ be said that Ring-necked Ducks and

Cap Tourmente, near Quebec City, where it was Greater and Lesser Scaup Ducks appeared in seen lu the autumn of last year by the American fair numbers this fall, while a decrease of Ameri-

Ornithologists' Union. Mr. Henry des Rivieres, a can Pintail and Green-winged Teal is reported. member of the Cap Tourmente Fish and Game Protection of the American Eider Duck along

Club, on whose grounds this flock is protected, the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Mr. E. F. G. White, of Ottawa, who recent- entered upon a new phase this year when the ly spent two weeks at Cap Tourmente, agree local production of eider-down for commercial that this flock of Snow Geese contains a high purposes, which had been planned for some time, proportion of young birds of the year this fall was begun. Under the present law on the sub- and shows a marked increase in total number ject, this industry can be carried on only under of individuals, as compared with last fall. This permit from the Department of the Interior, and increase is estimated to be not less than 1,500 these permits are granted only when the De- to 2,000 birds. My own estimate of the size partment is assured that conditions favorable to of this flock of Snow Geese on October 21, 1932, the breeding and increase of the Eiders will be when this Union visited it, was 9,000 birds. If maintained. Each permit gives an individual that ii correct, then the present size of the flock, resident of the region the sole right to collect according to the estimates of increase just quoted, eider-down from the nests of Eider Ducks on should be between 10,500 and 11,000 individuals. certain islands, which are definitely indicated, and The flock has now reached the largest size in which are either owned by him or leased by him its known history. from the government of the Province of Quebec. The number of Blue Geese accompanjang the In this way individual control of and interest in

Greater Snow Geese at Cap Tourmente is also the Eider Ducks on each limited area covered greater in 1933 than it was in 1932. On October by a permit is assured. All the operations of the 21, 1932, I recorded 6 Blue Geese at the place permittee must be carried on in such a way mentioned. I believe 3 or 4 had been shot there as to cause no injury to these Ducks and to earlier that fall. The numbers of this species molest them as little as possible. A system of at this place this fall were estimated by Mr. des inspections ensures observance of the permit Rivieres as about 100. The principal concen- terms. tration-ground of Blue Geese in the fall is in the In 1933 twenty residents of the north shore southern part of James Bay, where they were of the Gulf of St. Lawrence held permits of this reported to be plentiful this year in mid-October. nature, although some of them failed to take any Black Ducks were present on their breeding- action under their permits. The operations of grounds in eastern Canada in large numbers last those who did gather eider-down were generally 28 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

very successful and encouraging, despite a gen- American Eiders in the region in question are eral and inevitable lack of practical experience. still receiving, as they have received for some It was clearly and repeatedly demonstrated that years past, the benefit of the protection afforded the necessary flushing of the Eiders from their by a series of ten bird sanctuaries established and nests, the handling of the eggs to permit the mainlained by the Department of the Interior, as clean down in the bottom of the nest to be well as of that given by a staff of patrolling of- removed and to be replaced by a pad of dirty, ficers enforcing a complete close season for these less desirable down from the nest-border, and birds. The establishment of leased areas under the final reduction of the amount of down in joint private and public control for the produc- the nest to such a pad did not prevent continued tion of eider-down outside of the sanctuaries, incubation and the ultimate successful hatching which has now been put into effect in the way of the eggs. In some cases, down was removed that I have just described, provides a very useful from a given nest as many as three times, yet supplementary protective agency, because it makes there was no observable injurious effect. vmauthorized or harmful molestation of these Ducks less likely and more difficult over these The total amount of down gathered vmder very considerable areas, including some of the authority of these permits this year was enough best breeding-grounds outside of the sanctuaries, to weigh about fifty pounds when thoroughly and because it gives the resident human popu- cleaned. Only a part of this has yet been market- lation a strong interest in Eider Ducks apart ed, but that which has already been cleaned and from their value for food or sport and a power- of offered for sale has been disposed without ful incentive to co-operat« as fully as possible difficulty. It is sold through ordinary commer- with governmental conservation forces in increas- cial channels and the present retail price is $5.00 ing the numbers of these birds. Experimental a pound. It is expected that the experience work, with a similar end in view, has been initiat- gained by the permittees this year will make ed by the Department of the Interior among the possible a much larger harvest of down in 1934. Eskimos of Baffin Island.

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUSES, 1933

Note on the Names Used in the Christmas certainty, and world-wide comprehension in scien-

Bird Census Reports .-The comments on this sub- tific publication makes it preferable to-day to use ject i)ublished by Messrs. W. E Saunders and for such publication names that conform strictly

Theed Pearse in The Canadian Field-Naturalist to a fixed and well-known standard list of such for December, 1933, have been read by the present names, with accompanying references to defini- writer with care and with much interest. The tions of the concepts that they represent. The following remarks relate to them. Fourth Edition of the "A.O.U. Check-List" is such

It is desirable that identifications of birds seen a lisc and has been officially adopted by The by census takers should be carried by these ob- Canadian Field-Naturalist as its standard in this servers as far as is practicable and no farther matter. It is this voluntary adoption of this and should be reported by them with precision, standard by The Naturalist and not the original which should include definite indication of doubt selection of names, either by usage or by a Com- when doubt exists. When this is done, there is mittee of the A.O.U., that calls for adherence to neither need nor opportunity for an editorial this standard in the pages of this journal. revision that may affect the original identifica- The statement that some editorial corrections tions in any way. Of course editorial revision by *^he present writer expressed his opinion of should not make identifications finer than the ob- the preferable form of the common name of a server was able to make them. Difficulty has species and that some of the names thus intro- arisen from the fact that in many cases in the duced are no better than those they replaced past the report furnished by the observer has not must be based on a misapprehension. Such done justice to his ability to make identifications changes were made, of course, in order to produce in the field. conformity to the standard adopted, namely, the Vernacular names wei^e originally formed largely English language nomenclature of the Founth by popular usage, but the need for conciseness, Edition of the "A.O.U. Check-Liat" and not be- . —

February, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 29

cause of personal preference. Personal prefer- intermission, continued until census day with ex- ences and local names, such as "Fish Crow" to ceptional severity. There was a heavy fall of indicate a form of Corvus brachyrhynchos in cer- snow a.=^; early as October 24th and, although this tain legions, are entirely out of place in the soon melted, subsequent snowfalls weie frequent nomenclature used in publications of this kind, and there was an unusual number of ice-storms, which, as has been stated before, must be un- making conditions of life very difficult for many derstandable with certainty at all places and in wild birds. It is estimated that the total depth all times. of snow and hail on the ground near Ottawa on This year no changes have been made in any December 24th was at least 18 inches on the aver- bird census reports without consultation by cor- age and perhaps more. November, 1933, was the respondence with the authors of those reports, coldest. November ever recorded at Ottawa, with whose co-operation is much appreciated. Con- a mean temperature of 20.4°, which is twelve sequently, the reports as published represent the degrees lower than the average mean for the agreed opinions of their authors and the editorial month. Sub-zero temperatures occurred several ^e^'iser and it is hoped that they may be found times in November and were frequent in De- acceptable also to those who read them. Har- cember. No doubt these meteorological condi- rison F. Lewis, Chairman, Bird Census Com- tions were largely responsible for the compara- mittee. tively small number of birds found by the census- takers. Montreal (and vicinity), Quebec, December 24, Attention may be called to the record of a 1933.—9.00 a.m. to 4.20 p.m., cloudy, temp, about Northern Barred Owl in the census report this 18°, 20 inches of snow. Observers together most year, as this species has not been included prev- of the time. Subspecies determined geographi- iously in a Cliristmas Bird Census at Ottawa. cally. The Eastern Screech Owl, which was found i^his American Golden-eye, 2; American Merganser, year, is also a rarity in our Christmas Bird Census S; Cariada Ruffed Grouse, 1; Eastern Screech Owl, reports, where it has not been recorded since 1923.

1 ; Northern Downy Woodpecker, 1 ; Eastern A number of species, which are usually present Crow, 1; Black-capped Chickadee, 24; Brown in reports of this nature from Ottawa, such as

Creeper, 4 ; Starling, 770 (estimated) ; English the Eastern Snow Bunting, Eastern Goldfinch, Sparrow, not estimated. Total, 10 species, 812 White-winged Crossbill, and Eastern Purple Finch, individuals (plus English Sparrows). are absent from our list this year. On the other Also seen recently: Herring Gull, Richardson's hand, the number of American Mergansers re-

Owl, Hairy Woodpecker (Northern or Eastern), ported in this census, namely, 20, is the largest Northern Shrike (W. J. Brown), White-breasted yet recorded in any Christmas Bird Census here, Nuthatch, Canadian Pine Grosbeak, Eastern Snow the rext largest number recorded being 12 in Bunting.—V. C. Wynne-Edw.\eds, Colin Nicol, 1931. The number of Eastern Hairy Woodpeckers H. A. C. Jackson, L. McI. Terrill (Members of included in the census, which was only 1 in 1931 the Province of Quebec Society for the Protection and the same in 1932, is 7, which is probably a of Birds) more normal number, in this census of 1933. An Eastern Robin was seen in the Arboretum Ott/.wa, Ontario, December 24, 1933.—On this at the Central Experimental Farm on December date sixteen observers, grouped in six separate 23, but was not observed during the taking of parties, took the annual Christmas Bird Census. the census. The sk}- was heavily overcast throughout the day The parties participating in the taking of the and the temperature ranged from 12° at 8.00 a.m. 1933 census and the routes followed, in North, to 15° at 3.00 p.m. There was a light wind which East, South, West order were: (1) Hoyes Lloyd, varied from north-east in early morning to south- 8.(X) a.m. to 3.00 p.m., south bank of Ottawa east or even farther south at dusk. During the RiATr. eastward from Rideau Gate to Ottawa morning there was no perceptible precipitation, including Village of Rockcliffe Park, but after noon there developed a misty condition, airport, District Commission, and with occasional light falls of fine snow and sleet, property of Federal and a steady fall of hail began at 3.30 p.m. and Beechwood Cemetery, 7 miles on foot; (2) R. M. contiTuied until after dark. Anderson, 9.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m., Ottawa East, Generally speaking, wintry conditions began at including refuse-dump, and north bank of Rideau

Ottawa unusually early this fall and. with slight River to Billings' Bridge, 4 miles on foot; (3) Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII 30 The Canadian

Christmas Bird Census, Ottawa, Ontario, December 24, 1933.

Route Nos. as in text. Species* of Birds 3 4 5 6 Total

23 American Golden-eye 7 4 American Merganser 4 Sharp-shinned Hawk 1 1 Canada Ruffed Grouse 5 Ring-necked Pheasant 1 1 Eastern Screech Owl 1 Northern Barred Owl Eastern Hairy Woodpecker 3 1 Northern Downy Woodpecker 2 1 1 Northern Blue Jay 1 Easteui Crow ^ 2 292 20 Black-capped Chickadee 17 10 12 White-breasted Nuthatch 6 4 Red-breasted Nuthatch 1 Brown Creeper . Northern Shrike 1 Starlinp 150 200 33 l;nglisa" Sparrow 71 40 200 220 19 Canadian Pine Grosbeak _• Redpoll {Acanthis linaria (subsp.?)) Northern Pine Siskin

Total individuals

Total species February, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 31

Christmas Bird Census of the Brodie Club—Toronto—December 24, 1933.

Species* Parties 8 Totals

Canvas-back 1 1 Greater Scaup Duck 400 400 Amierioan Golden-eye 17 88 4 109 Old-squaw 8 340 450 798 King Eider 1 1 White-winged Scoter 1 1 Hooded Merganser 2 2 American Merganser 2 52 1 55 Ring-necked Pheasant 1 8 8 40 4 61 Glaucous Gull 2 2 Great Black-backed Gull 7 g 13 Herring Gull 61 29 40 130 Ring-billed Gull 4 7 10 21 Eastern Screech Owl 2 1 2 5 Long-eared Owl 1 1 Eastern Belted Kingfisher 1 1 Easitern Hairy Woodpecker 1 1 Northern Downy Woodpecker 5 2 7 1 1 17 Horned Lark (subsp.?) 2 2 Northern Blue Jay 5 5 6 16 Eastern Crow 1 1 3 Black-capped Chickadee 57 13 27 14 3 118 White-breasted Nuthatch 5 2 11 18 Brown Creeper 3 1 4 Eastern Winter Wren 1 1 Eastern Robin 1 1 Eastern Golden-crowned Kinglet 2 2 Northern Shrike 1 1 Starling 22 221 505 17 6 11 782 English Sparrow (Abundant—seen by ail parties—not counted) Eastern Cardinal 2 2 Northern Pine Siskin 1 1 Slate-colored Junco .1 2 8 15 6 32 Eastern Tree Sparrow 8 15 15 38 White-throated Sparrow 1 1 Swamo Sparrow . 2 2 Eastern Song Sparrow 2 7 1 10 Eastern Snow Bunting 44 29 73

Total individuals: 106 255 745 1041 551 11 17 2726

Species totals : 14 13 28 15 12 4

Total number of species seen 38

* Subspecies determined geographically.

F. H. Emory and L. Owens; 8.-0. Devitt, S. light N.E. wind, and about 3 inches of snow .Downing, C. Maloney and H Richardson. covered the gi'ound. weather was The most unfaA'ourable. Low In spite of the weather, however, the total clouds made it very dull all day and fine a mist- of both species and individuals is quite up to like min, freezing as it fell, caused discomfort to the average, but it is interesting that 85 per both imman beings and birds. Several observers cent, of the total number of individuals were reported seeing Starlings and Blue Jays apparent- seen by parties 4, 5, and 6, who worked near ly suffering from having their plumage soaked the lake shore. Six species were listed that have the freezing with rain. Everything became coat- not appeared before on Brodie Club censuses, ed with ice and those using motor cars found namely: Canvas-back, King Eider, White-winged travelling very hazardous. The minimum tem- Scoter, Hooded Merganser, and Eastern Belted perature was 21° and the maximum 28°, with a Kingfisher. ;

32 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

The following additional species have been 65; White-breasted Nuthatch, 8; Brown Creeper, seen at Toronto during December, 1933. but all 1 ; Eastern Winter Wren, 1 ; Eastern Robin, 4 managed to elude the census takers: Horned Starling, 780; English Sparrow, 3O0; Eastern Grebe, American Pintail, Redhead, Buffle-head, Cardinal, 2; Slate-colored Junco, 120; Eastern Eastern Pigeon Hawk, Eastern Sparrow Hawk, Tree SpaiTow, 80; Swamp Sparrow, 1; Eastern

Wilson's Snipe, Great Horned Owl, Snowy Owl, Song Sparrow, 8. Total, 36 species, 4,588 individ- Northern Barred Owl, Short-eared Owl, Richard- uals. son's Owl, Northern Flicker, Eastern Meadowlark, Also seen recently: December 17 Red-breasted

Eastern Red-wing, and Canadian Pine Grosbeak. Merganser, 1 ; Eastern Red-tailed Hawk, 1 ; East- —^The Brodie Club, Per R. J. Rutter, Secretary. ern Belted Kingfisher, 2; Northern Pine Si-skin, 30. December 22, Eastern Crow, 5; Eastern Purple Finch, 3; Canadian Pine Grosbeak, 6; ViNELAND, OnTAMO, DECEMBER 27, 1933.—9.00 Eastern Snow Bunting, 15. December 26, Eastern a.m. to 1.00 p.m. Clear; wind south-west; temp. Golden-orowned Kinglet, 1; Carolina Wren, 2.—-W. 4° at start; snow 6 to 8 inches deep on ground. Brown, R. Haist, Dr. & Mrs. G. O. McMillan, About 7 miles were travelled on foot and 12 miles G. W. North, H. C. Nunn, R. Nunn, Miss E. by automobile. Part of the time observers to- Smith, J. H. Willl\ms. gether and part of the time in 2 parties. Scaup Duck (sp.?), 2; Golden-eye (sp.?), 4;

Duck (sp.?), 1; 'large Hawk (sp.?), 1; small Hawk London, Ontario, December 23, 1933.—^Com- (sp.?), 1; Ring-necked Pheasant, 3; Herring Gull, bined list of 11 parties, (18 individuals), some 3; Eastern Mourning Dove, 4; Eastern Hairy working in the morning, others in the afternoon,

Woodpecker, 1 ; Northern Downy Woodpecker, practically from daylight until dark. Temp. 24° 2; Northern Blue Jay, 11; Black-capped Chicka- at 8 a.m., 32° at noon, 29° at 8 p.m.; wind dee, 8; White-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Brown Creep- medium to firesh, north-east; ground covered er, 2; Eastern Robin, 1; Eastern Golden-crowned with an inch or two of snow; sky overcast; Kinglet, 10; Starling, 100-|-; English Sparrow, streams pretty well open. Names of species and

100-(- ; Slate-colored Junco, 15 ; Eastern Tree subspecies are those which, according to the Sparrow (subsp.?), 2. Total, 19 or 20 species, A.O.U Check-List, are supposed to be found here. 273-f individuals. Common Mallard, 1 ; Black Duck (probably Mammals: Red Squirrel, 1. Mouse and rabbit both Common and Red-legged varieties repre- tracks in snow. G. H. Rickson, W. J. K. Hark- — sented), 27; American Golden-eye, 107; American KESS, W. E. HURLBURT, DoUGLAS RoSS, FrANK Merganser, 302; Eastern Red-tailed Hawk, 4; Strong. American Rough-legged Hawk, 6; Eastern Spar-

row Hawk, 1 ; Eastern Ruffed Grouse. 1 ; Eastern

Hamilton, Ontario, December 27, 1933.—9 a.m. Bob-white, 40 (two coveys of 20 each) ; Ring- to 5.15 p.m. Clear, 6 inches of snow, bay frozen necked Pheasant, 56; Herring Gull, 39; Easitern over completely. Wind strong, south-west; temp- Screech Owl, 1; (jreat Horned Owl, 2; Short- erature, max. 12° at noon, min. 6° at 5 p.m. eared Owl, 1; Eastern Belted Kingfisher, 9; Four parties, totalling eight observers, covering Northern Flicker, 8; Eastern Hairy Woodpecker, part of Dundas Marsh, Burlington Bay, La Salle 6; Northern Downy Woodpecker, 25; Northern Park, Lake Medad, and Sulphur Springs. Blue Jay, 48; Eastern Crow, 585; Black-capped

Horned Grebe, 3; Common Mallard, 1; Red- Chickadee, 197; White-breasted Nuthatch, 40 legged Black Duck, 400; Canvas-back, 1; Greater Red-breasted Nuthatch, 2; Brown Creeper, 8 Scaup Duck, 2,000; American Golden-eye, 75; Eastern Golden-crowned Kinglet, 24; Starling, 78 Buffle-head, 1; Old-squaw, 12; American Mergan- English Span-ow, hundreds; Eastern Meadowlai'k, ser, 70; Eastern (joshawk (?), 1; American 1 ; Eastern Cardinal, 29 ; Canadian Pine Gros- Rough-legged Hawk, 1; Northern Bald Eagle, 3; beak, 58; Common Redpoll, 12; Eastern Gold-

Eastern Sparrow Hawk, 1 ; Canada Ruffed Grouse, finch, 12; Slate-colored Junco, 18; Eastern Tree 7; Ring-necked Pheasant, 12; Glaucous Gull, 10; Sparrow, 26; Song Sparrow (subsp.?), 5. Total, Great Black-backed Gull, 27; Herring Gull, 550; 35 species, 1779 individuals (plus English Spar-

Ring-billed Gull, 2; Eastern Screech Owl, 1; rows). Also seen recently, Eastern Robin, 1, and

Eastern Hairy Woodpecker, 1 ; Northern Downy Eastern Evening Grosbeak, S.^MoIlweaith Oe- Woodpecker, 11; (Northern) Horned Lark, 22; nithological Club, per E. M. S. Dale, Chairman Northern Blue Jay, 6; Black-capped Chickadee, Census Committee. —; — —

February, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturaust 33

Mitchell, Perth County, Ontario, Deicbmbek Eastend, Saskatchewan, December 24, 1933.

26, 1933.—10.30 a.m. to 5.15 p.m. Cloudy, even Valley of Frenchman River, four miles west of foggy at times, with some snow-fall, clearing at Eastend. 10.00 a.m. to 3.00 p.m. Fairly cleaT, 2.00 p.m. and becoming cloudy and stormy again light northeast breeze, about zero all day. A juat before dark. Visibility poor until about 2.00 light dusting of snow, earlier snow in hard-packed p.m., then good. Wind southwest in the morn- drifts. About 7 miles on foot. ing, changing to west at night; temp. 30° at Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse, 5; Sage Hen, 3; noon, 24° at 6.00 p.m. Eight inches of ice on river, European Partridge, 6; Horned Owl (subsp.?), 2; three or four inches of snow on the ground in the American Magpie, 9; Long-tailed Chickadee, 5; open and eight inches of snow in the woods. On Redpoll {Acanthis linaria (subsp. ?)), 12; Eastern foot in Fullarton Township, from Mitchell east- Snow Bunting, 2. Total, 8 species, 44 individuals. ward for about 3^4 miles, then south 2 miles, Seen on December 22nd : Evening Grosbeak then west SV2 miles to the Thames River, (subsp.?), 2. Laurence B. Potter. then following the Thames back to Mitchell; about 12 miles in all. Red Deer, Alberta, December 25, 1933.—dear; -30° -26°; Sharp-shinned Hawk, 1 ; Canada Ruffed Grouse, wind south, light; temp., to snow 12

6 ; Eastern Screech Owl, 2 ; Snowy Owl, 1 ; Eastern to 15 inches deep on the average. Observations

Hairy WoodpeckeT, 1 ; Northern Downy Wood- made in part at a feeding-station in my yard, in pecker, 3; Northern Blue Jay, 4; Black-capped part during a walk of 1^/^ miles on the border Chickadee, 98; Eastern Golden-crowned Kinglet, of the town, leaving 'home at 2.00 p.m. 23; Cedar Waxwing, 33; Northern Shrike, 1; Downy Woodpecker (probably Northern, pos- Starling, 17; English Sparrow, 26; Eastern Purple sibly Nelson's), 5; Northern Blue Jay, 3; Ameri- Finch, 27 (1 flock); Red Crossbill, 50±; White- can Magpie, 3; Long-tailed Chickadee, 15; Eng- winged Crossbill, 7; Eastern Snow Bunting, 500± lish Sparrow, 8; Western Evening Grosbeak, 8 (two flocks). Total, 17 species, 800 ± individuals. to TO; Pine Grosbeak (subsp.?), 1; Common The White-winged Crossbills and Red Crossbills Redpoll, 30. Total, 8 species, 73 to 75 individ- formed one flock, feeding from hemlock cones uals.—M. P. Cole. on the ground.—W. G. Nefp, Summerland, Okanagan Lake, British Colum- bia, December 20, 1933.—8 a.m. to 3 p.m. Cloudy AwEME, Manitoba, December 28, 1933.—8.00 and attempting to rain, very strong south wind a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Mostly cloudy; 14 inches of all day, temperature averaging about 35°, snow snow on the ground; wind light, S.S.E.; temp., varying from 19 inches in hills to slush and ice min., -35°, max., -10°. Subspecies determined on the lake front. By car along 12 miles of lake geographically. front, thence on foot over adjoining fruit benches

Eastern Goshawk, 1 ; Canada Ruffed Grouse, 41 back to pine-clad hills. Observers separate. Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse, 23; European Par- Common Mallard, 6; American Golden-eye, 4;

tridge, 11; Eastern Screech Owl, 1; Richardson's Goshawk (subsp.?), 1; Duck Hawk, 1; Pigeon

Owl, 1 ; Eastern Hairy Woodpecker, 2 ; Northern Hawk (subsp.?), 1; Hawk (sp.?), 1; Ruffed

Downy Woodpecker, 1 ; Northern Blue Jay, 3 Grouse (subsp.?), 2; California Quail, 480; Ring- Black-capped Chickadee, 7; Canadian Pine Gros- necked Pheasant, 152; American Coot, 200; Kill- beak, 4; Hoary Redpoll, 47; Eastern Snow Bunt- deer, 2; Wilson's Snipe, 3; Herring Gull, 11; ing, about 60. Total, 13 species, 202 individuals. Red-shafted Flicker, 36; Woodpecker (Dryobates The Ruffed Grouse come to be fed morning lyillosus (subsp.?)), 4; Batchelder's Woodpecker, and evening and some of them will feed out of 1; Black-iheaded Jay, 9; American Magpie, 61; our hands. Northern Raven, 3; Western Crow, 1; Clark's The small Owls are feeding very largely on Nutcracker, 2; Long-tailed Chickadee, 16; Moun- EInglish SpaiTows. The Richardson's Owl was tain Chickadee, 12; iSlender-billed Nuthatch, 4; found with a live Sparrow in its claws and made Red-breasted Nuthatch, 1; Dipper, 1; Westeim

no attempt to kill it, although watched for some Robin, 65; Western Golden-crowned Kinglet, 4; time. The Screech Owl had half a dead Sparrow, Bohemian Waxwing, 115; North-western Shrike, which it dropped when scared up. We have often 2; English Sparrow, 120; Western Meadowla/rk, noticed that these small Owls carry about with 3; Red-wing (Agelaius (sp.?), 40; Western Even- them food that they do not require at the time. ing Grosbeak, 8; Common Redpoll, 15; Pale Gold- Stuart Criddle. finch, 110; Red Crossbill, 14; Slate-colored Junoo, 34 The Canadian Field-Naturalist IVOL. XLVIII

16; Shufeldt's Junco, 523; Western Tree Sparrow, Total, 42 species, 2090 individuals.—Eric M. 5; Gambel's Sparrow, 1; Rusty Song Sparrow, 35. Tait, Herbert M. Simpson, S. A. Liddell.

PLEISTOCENE AND POST-PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSCAN FAUNAS OF SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN' By LORIS S. RUSSELL

WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OE GYRAULUS By FRANK COLLINS BAKERS

INTRODUCTION List op Mollusca from Interglacial Deposits

XTENSIVE investigations of the surface deposits in Saskatchewan by officers of the Geological Survey of Canada have had as one result the collection of num- interglacial and erous fossil moUusks from beds of « postglacial age. Some of this material was sub-

mitted to Mr. Allan Mozley, of Johns Hop- Pisdium cf. superius Sterki R kins University, who identified the species and /'. cf. rotundatum Prime R R description of a new variety. Later, publisl.ieda a P. sp R additional localities for these shells were dis- Stagnicola paluslris elodes (Say) . R covered, and a collection of the living mollusks S. palustris nuttalliana (Lea) of the region was also made. When the study R undertaken by of the combined collections was *S. saskatchewanensis (Mozley).. . .. M to submit a num-. the writer, he found it necessary S. e77im'ginata canadensis (Sower- ber of specimens to Dr. F. C. Baker, of the by) B . R University of Illinois. Dr. Baker, in turn, for-

1 mile east of Beaubier station. Wickenden. The particular stage or stages to which these interglacial deposits belong cannot be determined Published with the permision of the Director, Geo- 1 at present. Presumption favours correlation with logical Survey of Canada, Department of Mines, Ottawa. the last or Peorian interval. 2 Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111., U.S.A.

.T Amer. Midland Nat., vol. 13, pp. 236-240, figs. 1-5, 4 See Geol. Surv. Canada, Summ. Kept., pt. B, pp. 66, 1932. GV, 1931. 35 February, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist

List of Living Mollusca List ok M(MyLUSCA from Postglaciat Deposits

w Ji

§ s ^

Pisidivjn sp R Lymnaea stagnalis jugularis Say R R R R l^tagnicola palustris elodes Sphaeriuni simile (Say) R (Say) R . . R

Pisidium, compressum Prime R S. palustris nuttalliana (Lea) . R . R R Helisoma subcrenatum (Car- Stagnicola palustris elodes (Say) R penter) R R R R R S. palustris nuttalliana (Lea) R Gyraulus altissim,us (F. C.

Baker) R • • • Lymnuea stagnalis subsp. indet R G. cydostomus F. C. Baker, Siiccinea chrysis Westerlund R n.sp R Physa gyrina Say C Helisoma subcrenatum (Carpenter) B Aplexa hypnorum (L.) R H. antrosum striatum (F.CBaker) B Succinea chrysis Westerlund R 8. grosvcnori (Lea) B Gyraulus altissivius (F.CBaker) R R Euconulus fulvu^s (Miiller) ... B

Physa heterostropha Say , R Localities of Living Mollusca Invermay. Two miles west of Invermay. R. T. D. Wickenden. Postglacial Localities Wadena. North shore of Fishing lake. Wick- enden. Wood Mountain. Railway cut in silt about 4 Allan Hills. SE.V^, sec. 2, tp. 32, rge. 3, W. 3rd miles northeast of Mountain station. C. M. Wood merid. Wickenden. Sternberg. Melville. About 9 miles northeast of Goodeve. Beaubier. Road cut in silt near Canadian Paci- Wickenden. works. fic Railway, about 1 mile east of Beaubier station. Moosejaw. , Sandy Gteek water Wicken- Postglacial age not certain. R. T. D. Wickenden. den. Willoios. East side Lake of the Rivera, near south end. Wickenden.

10

12 13 X6

For figure references, see page 37 36 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

DISCUSSION be raised to the rank of a species until its affini- ties are more clearly understood. This species The genus Pisidium is well represented in the also is ab.sent from the recent faunas. Pleistocene fauna. Species of this genus are very The form listed as Stagnicola n. sp. is illustrated difficult to identify in the absence of type mater- in figure 5. It has an elongate shell, with some- ial. The shell represented in fig. 1 closely ap- what flattened whorls and few revolving lines; it proaches P. superius Sterki in form but differs in is absent from the recent collections. Dr. Baker the presence of straight, rather than curved, car- is not j'et prepared to define this species. dinal teeth. A second species is characterized by The most conspicuous among the living Lymn- a more abbreviated, convex, and nearly orbicular aeidae of this region is Lymnaea stagnalis jugu- shell (fig. 2), resembling that of P. rotundatum laris, represented by numerous specimens, some of Prime. Here again the cardinal dentition differs, which reach more than average size. In the post- especially the right tooth, which is straight, and glacial fauna L. stagnalis is represented only by a not noticeably expanded posteriorly. A relatively single immature specimen, which cannot be identi- shallow, moderately elongate shell (fig. 3) repre- fied as to subspecies. In the Pleistocene collection sents a third species, which the writer is unable to the species is entirely absent. identify. In this form the cardinal teeth are prom- The Planorbidae of the Pleistocene fauna are inent, the right one curved, and expanded behind, all small forms, belonging to the genus Gyraidus. the left two narrow, nearly straight, and close to- G. altissimus (fig. 11) is well represented in the gether. Pelecypods are not so important relative- interglacial, postglacial and modern collections. ly in the recent faunas. The three species of The new species, G. cyclostomus (figs. 12-14), is Pisidium mentioned above are replaced by other moder.'itely abundant in the Pleistocene, and ap- forms. The genus Sphaerium appears among the parentl.y survives in the modern fauna, where it postglacial fossils and doubtless is also present in is represented by a few specimens from Wadena. the living fauna. Shells of the genus Helisoma, so abundant in the Among the Pleistocene Gastropoda of this recent faunas, are conspicuously absent from the region the Lymnaeidae form the most conspicu- Pleistocene collection. H. subcrenatum, the com- ous element. Most of the specimens are referable monest living species, resembles the well known to Stagnicola palustris. These include only one H. trivolvis, but lacks the distinct keels above example of *S. p. elodes, which is represented in and below. H. anirosum striatum is represented figure 6. S. p. nuttalliana, in contrast, is abund- by two specimens in the postglacial collection. ant, although most of the specimens are somewhat specimens of Physa gyrina in the interglac- smaller than the average for this subspecies. A The

ial fauna are extremely small (fig. 10) ; those in broad, short-spired variety is represented by a larger, but few specimens, such as that shown in figure 8. the modern collection are somewhat well below average size for this species. P. S. palustris is even more abundant in the recent heterostropha is represented a single specimen faunas; here the specimens are of larger size, by in th'j postglacial fauna. The remaining species and both the subspecies elodes and nuttalliana are in the recent faunas are noteworthy only for their well represented. absence from the Pleistocene. Stagnicola emarginata canadensis is represented The general relationships between the mollus- in the Pleistocene by a number of specimens, all can faunas of the Pleistocene and the Recent in somewhat below average size, possibly slightly im- postulated with mature. This includes the specimens from Beau- southern Saskatchewan cannot be certainty from small collections such as those bier identified by Mozleys as the typical Lymnaea studied here. However, certain conclusions may vahlii. S. e. canadensis is not present in the post- offered tentatively, in the hope that they will glacial and modern collections from Saskatche- be stimulate further search for interglacial fossils in wan, but is known at other localities from Michi- gan to the Mackenzie district. The shell des- this area. The present material indicates that cribed by Mo'Zleye as Lymnaea vahlii saskatche- the Pleistocene fauna here was a reduced assemb- of small forms. This suffered severely from wanensis is illustrated here by a drawing of the lage of glacial conditions, being not only holotype (fig. 9). This is a small form, with at- the return also in tenuate spire. If, as here suggested, the shells driven out of the area, but part destroyed. identified by Mozley as L. vahlii do not pertain to The postglacial fossil moUusks are not survivors fore- that species, the subspecies saskatchewanensis may of the local interglacial fauna, but rather runners of the existing fauna. The latter is a 5 Amer. Midland Nat., vol. 13, p. 240, fig. 4, 1932. fairly rich assemblage, characterized especially by « Op. ct., p. 236, figs. 1-3. February, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 37

abundant examples of Lyintmcn staf/itdlis jugularis favourable to the molluscan fauna today than and HeUsoma subcrenaliim. Api^arently climatic durins interglacial time, conditions in southern Saskatchewan are more

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF GYRAULUS By FRANK COLLINS BAKER

Gyraulus cyclostomus, sp. nov. Figs. 12-14

Shell depressed, periphery rounded; colour dark This little Gyraulus differs from all American horn, surface dull, sculpture of coarse oblique species in the rounded aperture which is also a growth lines crossed by fine spiral lines; whorls notable character of young and immature speci- four, rapidly enlarging; spire fiat, whorls coiled mens. It differs from -parvus, altissimv^, and cir- in the same plane, rounded, sutures deeply im- cumstriatus in the rounded whorls of the base and pressed or even channeled; body whorl little de- in the absence of any appearance of reaming so pressed near the aperture; base flattened but conspicuous in these species. little concave, exliibiting all whorls to apex, the whorls flatly rounded with marked sutures, the body whorl well rounded; aperture rounded, rarely slightly oblique; outer lip simple slightly thickened within; parietal wall with distinct white callus rendering the aperture entire in most speci- mens.

Length .

Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII 38 The Canadian

tide—'the strain of a Fox Sparrow came out across 4000 feet the unmistakable note of thi'^ wood- water nearly half a mile from the north- pecker drew me off across the snow to find a the of erly cud of Hornby Island. The secret was out fine male "ladder-back" busy on the trunk and latter two adults and a fully fledged yoimg a mountain hemlock. He was examined at twen- were secured within a few yards of shore. These ty feet. Later in the season, on August 19, exceedingly dark birds with a complete ab- while en route to Paradise Meadows another are sence of yellow in the bill—the lower mandible of these elusive birds was found and secured. bluish. It is noteworthy that This proved to be a juvenile female doubtless being distinctly Sparrows referable to this form not far from the nest site. On three occasions of several Fox this species in the next four days the notes of (Passerelln i. fuliginosa) taken in winter at Comox, secured. were heard again but no adults were identified by H. S. Swarth, only one, of date observations cover As previous sight and sound April 2nd, shows the bluish lower mandible. All March, doubtless the bird is September and other forms show yellow in the bill. That this resident here and of the western form {Picoides is a seasonal change might be proved. That this jascialtis) a. form breeds "at high elevations (Canadian zone) The breeding of the Sooty Fox Sparrow, as ob- in southern Vancouver Island*' (Brooks and served in 1932 in the Comox area, would seem Swarth Distributional List of Birds of British noteworthy also. Though it had been felt for Columbia) would seem also to show that unless some time that the bird should breed locally, it the bird has wondrous diversity of breeding hab- was not till May 21st that it was located. On itat, there yet be confusion in the darkest that day while moving camp at dawn—such hours may being necessitated by the vagaries of wind and race of Passerella.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

Holboell's Grebe In Nova Scotia—Holboell's May 1, 1885: Mr. Harry Piers also supplies this Grebe (Colymbus grisegena holboelli) occurs in record, it being a bird taken in Halifax County. Nova Scotia with more or less regularity, and one October 24, 1915 : Three or four were seen by me records for the species are or more authentic on a small freshwater lake at Camperdown, Lun- August available for all months except June, July, enburg County. and September. These are as follows: October 4, 1919: One was taken by me at River- January, 1880: One was picked up dead by the port, Lunenburg County. roadside near Chester, Lunenburg County, and The was taken to a taxidermist for mounting. November 17, 1921 : One was taken at Clam Bay,

specimen is now in possession of Mr. G. L. Bish- Halifax County, by myself. The bird was in a small op, Greenwich, Kings County, Nova Scotia. fresh-water pond that was almost entirely frozen

February 3, 1933: Near Middletown, Anna- over. This specimen is in my collection at Wolf-

polis County, one of these grebes was picked up ville. and sent to me in the flesh for identification. December 16, 1899: A specimen taken in Halifax The bird was much emaciated. This specimen is County, according to the records of Mr. Harry now in the possession of Mr. R. W. Smith, Wolf- Piers. ville. addition to the foregoing I recorded three March 4, 1904: In the Provincial Museum In full breeding plumage on April 16, 1926, at Halifax is a specimen which was taken on this birds in is one of date at Three Fathom Harbour, Halifax County. along the shore of Kents Island, which group in New Brunswick and is April 9, 1891 and April 25, 1894: On these the Grand Manan Scotia coast. respective dates specimens were taken in Halifax less than fifty miles from the Nova County according to the records of Mr. Harry In discussing its occurrence with Mr. Allan Moses is reliable Piers, Curator of the Provincial Museum at Hali- of North Head, Grand Manan, who a tliat Holboell's Grebes are fax. observer, I was told regularly seen along the Grand Manan shores in Afai/ 13, 1917: One was seen at close range by Tufts myself at Sunken Lake, Kings County. both spring and fall.—R. W. — — — —.

February, 1934| The Canadian Field-Naturalist 39

Do Caddis Fly Larvae Kill Fish?—It is a well The adults are generally a dull sage, occasion- known fact that the larvae of caddis flies -form all}' lightlj' striped, not well-marked, rarely show- a parr of the diet of many species of fish. It ing the bright checked pattern seen farther south. may not be such common knowledge that these A specimen which I saw dead on the road some insects maj^ reverse the process and become the years ago near Deer Lake was larger than any means of killing the young of the fish them- I have found in any place, viz., about 32 inches. selves. In the spring of 1933, while the run of Clifford Bennett on whom I depend to secure seawaiT; migrating pink salmon {Oncorhynchus specimens of these snakes, says that they are gorbuscha) fry was being enumerated at Mc- found mostly in high, dry places, usually in areas Clinton Creek, Massett Inlet, British Columbia, covered by second growth. ^Howard A. Kelly. under the writer's direction, the counters drew attention to the fact that often the small fish, No\A Scotia Gets Willow Ptarmigan. 1% to 1% inches in length, were found inside —On 13th, 1933, fourteen Willow P^nr^-i-^an empty caddis cases. Upon the examination and March {Lag opus lagopiis albus) were liberated near Wav- observation it was decided provisionally that the erlj^ Halifax County, N.S. These were the sur- fish had chosen the case merelj^ as a means of vivors of a of seventeen birds protection. On April 24th, one of the type of shipment brought here northern result caddis larvae which construct a case of particles from Manitoba as a of neg- otiations which have been carried on Lt. of sand, was found with its head extended, tight- by Col. R. B. Willis of Halifax In releasing the ly grasping a fry which was still alive. There birds Col. Willis assisted Mr. L. Fen- was quite a definite ring round the fish behind was by H. the head where the legs of the insect had been nerty and other officers of the Department of Forests. crates taken, holding. Later se\'eral similar cases were observ- Lands and The were with considerable difficulty, to point six ed. In some of these the fish was drawn almost a about miles from the Old Guysboro and the birds whollv into the case and its head was apparently Road were there given their freedom. This constitutes the chewed. It appears, therefore, that there is no first attempt on record to introduce ptarmigan doubt that the insect and its case may on oc- casion become the means of death for some fry. in this province and the experiment is being A. L. Pritchard, Pacific Biological Station, Nan- followed with much interest. On April 20th, 1922, c male (sp.?) in winter (linio, B. C. ptarmigan plumage was shot near Elmsdale, Hants County, N.S., this be- ing the only record for the province. This speci-

White Herons in Southern Ontario.—There men was mounted and is now in the Provincial have been numerous reports of unusual numbers Museum at Halifax, Ace. No. 5090. It is gen- of white herons through July and August from erally believed that it came from Newfoundland, Toronto, Wheatley, Port Stanley, St. Thomas, possibly having been blown across by a storm. .Aylmer and Kingsville. The species in most cases R. W. Tufts. have not been very well determined and the numbers reported have been from two indivi- Note on the Range of Valvata lewisi ontar- duals to three hundred. Erven allowing for con- iensis F. C Baker. Valvata lewisi ontariensis siderable exaggeration it is evident that there has F. C. Baker was described in the Nautilits for been a quite considerable flight of white herons, April, 1931, the type locality being Shakespeare egrets or both into the more southern localities Island Lake. Ontario. In his remarks, Dr. Baker of eastern Canada this season (1933).—P. A. T. mentions Kimmewin Lake, north of Drayton, Ontario, as another locality and adds that "the The Hog-nosed Snake (Heterodon contortrix) shells mentioned by Whiteaves (Ottawa Naturalist

IN Parry Sound District, Ontario.—The hog- 19:65, 1905) from the Kawinogans River, Ont. . nosed snake {Heterodon controtrix (Linne)) is are probably this variety". not uncommon in the neighbourhood of Deer On looking up Whiteaves' specimens, I find Lake (Wah Wash Kesh), a lateral to the Mag- that they agree very well with Baker's variety. netawan River, Parry Sound District, Ontario. These are N.M.C. (Mollusca) Cat. No. 2180— It has been found in the vicinity of Magnetawan, Valvata lewisi ontariensis Baker, Kawinogans

Chapman township, and at Island Lake seven River, Attawapiskat ; Coll. W. Mclnnes, 14/7/04 miles north of Deer Lake. —4 specimens. 40 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

In the National Museum collections there is bia," page 23, 2nd column, beginning on line 9, another specimen of Valvata lewisi ontariensis should read as follows:

from Lac Seul, Ontario, collected by F W. Waugh They were carefully compared with 69 speci-

in 1919. mens of E. a. affinis (Columbian Chipmunk) and It is probable, therefore, that this variety will 4 intermediates (ajfinis x luteiventris) from Brit- be found over the greater part of northwestern ish Columbia, 53- luteiventris from British Colum- Ontario and possibly in Eastern Manitoba and bia and 35 from Alberta. Six males and 13 fe- northern Minnesota.—A. La Rocque. males in the Academy collection from Creston

proved to be fairly typical affinis. Two of the females differ somewhat from the others and are Correction.—In issue of January, 1934. Vol. apparently intermediates between affinis and

48, No. 1, under Book Reviews, "Birds and Mam- luteiventris, but none of them seemed to show mals from the Koofcenay Valley, British Colum- any approach to E. r. simulans.—R. M. Anderson. .

Affiliated Societies

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE MANITOBA PROTECTION OF BIRDS INC. 1929-30 OFFICERS & COMMITTEE: PreBident Emeritus: C.E. Bastin; President: G. Shirley Past Presidents: Mb. L. McI. Terbill, Mr. Napier SmTH. Brooks, Past Presidents: H. M. Spebchly, M.D., C. W. Mr. W. S. Hart; President: Mrs. C. L. Henderson; Vice; Lowe, M.Sc, A. A. McCoubrey, J. B. Walus, M.A., Presidents: Mr. H. A. C. Jackson. Miss M. S. Nicolson) V. W. Jackson M.Sc, a. M. Davidson, M.D., R. A. Vice-President and Treasurer: Mr. Henry Mouslby; Secretary] Wardle, M.Sc; Vice-Presidents: Mrs. L. R. Simpson, Miss M. Seath; Curator: Miss Hope McLachlan. Committee' C. L. Broley, W. H. Rand, Dr. R. S. Kirk, B. W. Dr. W. W. Beattib, Mrs. C. F. Dale, Mr. J. A. Decarie, Cartwright, a. Burton Gresham, Treasurer: A. G. Mr. W. S. Hart, Mrs. H. Hibbert, Miss K. D. Malcour- Lawrence; Auditor: R. M. Thomas; Social Convenor: onne, Miss P. B. Mattinson, Miss Edith Morrow, Miss L. Mrs. a. J. Searle; General Secretary: Norman Lowe, Murphy, Mr. R. A. Outhet, Mr. Napier Smith , Mr 317 Simcoe St., Winnipeg; Executive Secretary: J. Haddow. L. McI.Spackman, Mr. L. McI. Terrill, Mr. G. J. C TiGAR, V. C Wynne-Edwards. Section Chairman Secretary Ornithological L. T. S. Norris-Elyb, B.A. A. H. Shortt Address all correspondence to the Society at P.O. Box 1186 Entomological A. V. Mitchenbr, M.Sc Miss M.F. Pratt Montreal, P.Q., Canada. Botanical Mrs. I. M. Priestly Mrs. H. T. Ross Geological Miss C. J. Egan, P. H. Stokes lehthyological Ferris Neave, M.Sc G. D. Russell SOCIETE PROVANCHER D'HISTOIRE Mammalogical V. W. Jackson, M.Sc. J. P. Kennedy Microscopy NATURELLE DU CANADA Zoology R. A. Wardle, M.Sc Botany C. W. Lowe, M.Sc. H.Chas. Pbarce Patron Honoraire: Son Excellence, le Tres Honorable Comte de Bessborough, P.C, G.C.M.G., Gouverneur- Meetings are held each Monday evening, except on holidays G6n6ral du Canada; Vice-Patron Honoraire: Honorablb from October to April, in the physics theatre of the University, M. H. G. Carroll, Lieutenant-Gouvemeur de la Province Winnipeg. Field excursions are held each Saturday after- de Qu6bec; Bureau de Direction pour 1933: President: W. noon during May, June and September, and on public holidays Stuart Atkinson; ler vice-president: Edgar Rochette, during July and August. C.R., M.P.P.; Sime vice-president: G. Stuart Ahern; Secritaire-trisorier: Louis-B. Lavoib; Chef de la section scientifique: Dr. D.-A.Dery; Chef de la section de Propagande THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION idueationnelle: Alphonse Desilets, B.S.A.; Chef de la section SOCIETY de protection: R. Meredith, N.P.; Chef de la section d'information scientifique et pratique: Dr. J.-E. Bbrnier; ( I ncorporated) Directeurs: Adrien Falabdeau, C.R.; Major Jos. Matte James F. Ross. President: E. Saunders, London, Ont.; President: Hon. W. Secritaire-trisorier: Louis-B. Lavoib Rbv. Calvin McQueisTon; Vice-President: R. Owbn Merri- MAN, M.A., Kingston, Ont.; First Vice-President: Dr. H. G. 38, rue Sherbrooke, Quebec. Abnott; Second Vice-President: Mrs. F. E. MacLoghlin; Recording Secretary: J. Roland Brown; Secretary-Treasurer: Miss Nina Duncan; Assistant Secretary-Treasurer: Miss E. THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS' McEwin; Junior Committee: Miss M.' E. Graham; Pro- gramme Committee: Rbv. C. A. Heaven ; Extension Committee: CLUB H. C. NUNN. OFFICERS FOR 1933-34.

Honorary President: Db. A. P. Coleman; President: Arnott McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB, M.Patterson; Hon. Vice-Presidents: Hon. G. H. Challies. LONDON, ONT. Mr. J. H. Fleming, Dr. N. A. Powell; Vice-President: Mr. F. P. IDE, Secretary-Treasurer: J. P. Oughton, Chairman oj President: MR. Edison Matthews, 554 Central Ave., London Conservation Committee: Mrs. S. L. Thompson; ( oundl— Ont.; Vice-President: Mb. E. D. Brand, 148 William Street, Dr. E. M. Walker, S. L. Thompson, Prop. J. R. Dymond London, Ont.; Recording Secretary: Mr. Vernon Ff.anks, 195 C. S. Farmer, Prop. T. F. McIlwraith, Dr. Norma Duchess Av'^., London, Ont.; Corresponding Secretary and FoBD, Magistrate J. E. Jones, L. T. Owens; Rupebt Treasurer: Mr. W. G. Girung, 530 English St., London, Davids, F. C. Hurst, Dr. T. M. C. Taylor, C. G. Brbnnand; Ont. Migration Secretary: Mr. E. M. S. Dale, 297 Hyman Dr. p. E. Clarkson, S. B. McCrbady. Leaders: Birds— Street, London, Ont.; Members qualified to answer questions: Messrs. S. L. Thompson, L. L. Snyder, J. L. Baillie, Jr. W. E. Saunders, 240 Central Avenue, London, Ont.; Prof. T. F. McIlwraith, R. V. Lindsay, R. M. Speirs, C. G. Watson, 201 Ridout Street South, London, Ont.; F. H. Emery, T. Shortt, Hubert Richardson, R. J, J. F. Calvert, 461 Tecumseh Avenue, London, Ont.; E. M. S. Rutter. Mammals—Prof. A. F. Coventry, Messrs. E. Dale, 297 Hyman Street, London, Ont. C. Cross, D. A. McLulich. Reptiles and Amphibians— Meetings held the second Monday of the month, excep Messrs. E. B. S. Logibr, Wm LbRay. Fisft— Prop.— J. R. during the summer. Dymond, Prop. W. J. K. Harkness. Insects Db. E. M. Walker, Db. N. Ford. Mr. F. P. Ide. Botany—Prop. R. B. Thomson, Dr. H. B. Sipton, Dr. T. M. C.—Taylor; VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY Mb. W. R. Watson. Mr. L. T. Owens. Mollv^ks Dr. E. M. Walker, J. P. Oughton. Geology—Dr. A. P. Coleman Honorary President. L. S. Klinck, LL.D., President Univer- Prop. A. McLean. sity of B.C.; President: John Davidson, F.L.S., F.B.S.E., University of B.C.; Vice-President: Prof. M. Y. Williams, Honorary Secretary: C. F. Connor, M.A., 3222 W. 36th Street, Vancouver, B.C.; First Assistant Secretary: Miss We would ask the Officers, and more Betty Herd; 2nd Assistant Secretary: Mr. Vernon Wie- drick: Honorary Treasurer: A. H. Bain, 2142 Collingwood particularly the Secretaries, of all the Street, Vancouver, B.C.; Librarian: Mrs. McCrimmon; Members oj Executive: Miss E. J. Smith, Mr. J. D. Turnbull, Affiliated Societies to assist us in our Mr. B. J. Wood, Mr. P. L. Tait, Mr. R. J. Gumming; Am- dxtors: H. G. Selwood, W. B. Woods. task of building up the circulation of All meetings at 8 p.m.. Auditorium, Normal School, 10th Avenue and Cambie Street, unless otherwise annoiuced. this magazine. By securing every member as a subscriber we can truly BRITISH COLUMBIA BIRD AND MAMMAL make this magazine into one of the SOCIETY leading Natural History publications President: Db. M. Y. Williams; First Vice-President', Hamilton M. Laing; Second Vice-President: Dr. C. J. Bastin.' of America. Secretary-Treasurer: Kenneth Racby, 3262 West 1st Ave. Vancouver, B.C. AUTOBIOGRAPHY o/ JOHN MACOUN. M.A. CANADA NORTH OF FIFTY SIX By E. M, KINDLE These are attractively bound, and contain a wealth of information concerning Canadian Special profusely illustrated number of The Natural History and Exploration. The author "Naturalist", 86 pages, 31 illustrations. Every Was a former President of the Club and this is a Canadian should know this prize essay. Memorial Volume PRICE FIFTY CENTS PRICE $3.00. - 305 pp. WILMOT LLOYD WILMOT LLOYD 582 Mariposa Avenue Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa 582 Mariposa Avenue Roclccliffe Park, Ottawa WILMOT LLOYD, Treasurer, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, FOR SALE:^ 582 Mariposa Avenue, Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa. COMPLETE SET OF THE CLUB'S Enclosed please find $2.00 as membership in PUBLICATIONS The O.F.-N.C. and Subscription to the Canadian Field-Naturalist for the year 1933. 1879-1932 Name This is a rare opportunity. For particulars address the Treasurer— Address WILMOT LLOYD 582 Mariposa Avenue RockclifiFe Park, Ottawa City, Proa, or State..

FORM I do hereby give and bequeath to The Ottawa Field- Naturalists' Club of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada the sum OF \ of 100 Dollars BEQUEST Date Signature

3

A New PEST-PROOF INSECT BOX THE HOOD INSECT BOX

Special Features of the HOOD BOX:

1. Pest-proof 2. Wooden Frame 3. High shoulder, protecting specimens 4* Excellent pinning bottom 5. High quality box at low cost PRICE $1.25 EACH SPECIAL RATES IN QUANTITY

For full description ask for circular No. 298 WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT

84 College Avenue, ROCHESTER, N.Y.

3tx: SCIC 3CIC

Kindly mentian The Canadian Field-Naturalist to adsertiaers m^

VOL. XLVIII, No. 3, MARCH, 1934

f '• xlv » n \.~^! . x' V/'-. V !

ISSUED MARCH 1, 1934 Entered at the Ottawa Peat O0iee at 9wend*elan matter

If — .

THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB

patrons: THEIR EXCELLENCIES THE GOVERNOR GENERAL AND COUNTESS OP BESSBOROUGH

President: M. E. Wilson. let Vice-President: Herbert Groh 2nd Vice-President: P. A. Taverner Secretary: Grace S. Lewis, Treasurer: Wilmot Lloyd, 582 Mariposa Ave., 344 Lisgar Road, Rodkcliffe Park. Rockcliffe Park.

Additional Members of Council: F. J. Alcock, R. M. Anderson, M. E. Cowan, H. G. Crawford, Arthur Crowson, R. E. DeLury, P. J. Fraser, C. E. Johnson, A.G. Kingston, E. M. Kindle, W. H. Lanceley, a. LaRocque, Douglas Leechman, Harrison F. Lewis, Hoyes Lloyd, Mark G. McElhinney, A. E. Porsild, E. E. Prince, L. S. Russell, J.Dewey Soper, C. M. Sternberg, E. F. G. White, Peggy Whitehurst, R. T. D. Wickenden, W. J. Wintemberg, and the following Presidents of Affiliated Societies: G. Shirley Brooks, Calvin McQueston, Edison Matthews, John Davidson, M. Y. Williams, C. L. Henderson, W. Stuart Atkinson, Arnott M. Patterson. Auditors: A. G. Kingston and Harrison F. Lewis.

Editor: Douglas Leechman National Museum, Ottawa, Canada.

Associate Editors: D. Jenness Anthropology Clyde L. Patch Herpetology Botany R. M. Anderson Mammalogy P. R. Latchford Conchology A. G. Huntsman Marine Biology Arthur Gibson Entomology P. A. Taverner Ornithology P. J. Alcock Geology E. M.Kindle Palxontology CONTENTS page ^Interesting Bird Records for Southern Baffin Island. By J. Dewey Soper 41 Food of the American Merganser, (Mergus merganser americanus) in British Columbia. Paper No. 2. By J. A. Munro and W. A. Clemens 45 Nutritional Anaemia in Mink. By Ronald G. Law and Arnold H. Kennedy 47 Pycnogonida from the Coast of British Columbia. By L. Giltay, D.Sc 49 A New Mammal Record for the Riding Mountain National Park Jjist, By H. U. Green 50 Notes on the Alewife. By G. C. Toner 51 Additional Christmas Bird Census, 1933 52 Notes and Observations: Would a Muskrat Attack a Pike? By Harry Bernard 53 Regarding the Arkansas Kingbird. By Thomas A. Harper 53

Note on the Water Ousel, Cinclus m£xicanus. By A. L. Pritchard • 53 A Red-eyed Towhee near Quebec City. By Harrison F. Lewis 53 The Colour of the Bill in Roseate Terns, Sterna dougalli. By Charles W. Townsend ..... 54 ' Northern Occurrence of Hog-nosed Snake in Ontario. By Stuart L. Thompson ;. 55 The Massasauga {Sistrurus catenatus) in Welland County, Ontario. By W- E. Hurlbvyrt 55 Another Bird-eating Frog. By Daniel Smiley, Jr 55

'. Review . 56

III The official publicartions of The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club have been issued Hi

jjj since 1879. The first were The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, 1879-1886, ijj

III two volurnes; the next, The Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-two volumes; and these have jjj jj: been continued by The Canadian Field-Naturalist to date. The Canadian Field-Naturalist is ill

11? issued monthly, except for the months of June, July and August. Its scope is the publication |j|

jll of the results of original research in all departments of Natural History. ill

jj: Price of this volume (9 numbers) $2.00; Single copies 25^ each j:j

The Membership Committee of The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club is making a special effort to increase the subscription list of The Canadian Field-Naturalist. We are, therefore, asking every reader who is truly interested in the wild life of our country to help this magazine to its rightful place among the leading Natural History publications in America. Subscriptions ($2.00 a year) should be forwarded to WILMOT LLOYD, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, 582 Mariposa Ave., Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa, Canada The Canadian Field- Naturalist

VOL. XLVIII OTTAWA, CANADA, MARCH, 1934 No. 3 ^ INTERESTING BIRD RECORDS FOR SOUTHERN BAFFIN ISLAND'

By J. DEWEY SOPER

THE WRITER'S first orflithological inquir- In many respects the western tundra portion of ies in Baffin Island wpre made during the Baffi.n Island holds much greater interest for the course of the Canadian Arctic Expedi- ornithologist than the mountainous regions of the

tion of 1923; this was followed by a east, though each possesses a bird life which is residence on the island from the summer of 1924 both characteristic and peculiar. The migration until the autumn of 1926, The results of the and nesiting of geese and waders on the western wild life investigations on these occasions, for plain are particularly notable and to a large the Tv'ational Museum of Canada, were incor- degree unique. Recent penetration of the tundra poratsd in a report "A Faunal Investigation of lands there is directly responsible for the posses- Southern Baffin Island", published by that in- sion rf a fund of ornithological data not to be stitution in 1928. The subject matter of the pre- obtained elsewhere in the eastern Arctic. Bird sent paper has to do with new, or unusual, re- life is particularly rich in the Bowman Bay region cords of bird life which the writer has gathered of the southwest; there the best opportunities since that time on two expeditions to Baffin Is- were presented for studying the occurrence, mi- land, for the Department of the Interior, Ot- gration and bi-eeding habits of various species tawa, Canada. The first of these was to Foxf^ which do not breed, and appear but rarely if at Peninsula 1928-1929, and the second, to the Lake all during migration, in the more rugged country Harbour region, 1930-1931. to the eastward. All The results of the final investigations of these natural-history material collected on the two expeditions have been submitted to the various Baffin Island expeditions has been per- Department of the Interior. In the published manently deposited in the National Museum of report of 1928, 85 species of birds are listed for Canada. Phalacrocorax the ii-Iand, based chiefly on the observations of auritus auritus (Lesson). Double- crested Kumlien, Hantzsch and the writer. The field Cormorant.—In February, 1931, a skin work since done by the latter has added five new of this species was obtained through the Hudson's specie-5 to the island's avifauna, bringing the pre- Bay Company from an Eskimo in Frobisher Bay. The native sent list up to 90 species. who shot it stated that it was secured during the preceding summer while it was drink- The object in writing the present paper, re- ing on the margin of a small lake, near the sea, ferring to 16 species, is not only to draw atten- between Ward Inlet and Mingooktok. It is said tion to the species newly added to the Baffin Is- to be the first example of a cormorant that the land list, but to record other matters of interest Eskimos, or others, have ever observed in that and importance with reference to distribution, part of the country. During the course of breeding habits and rare material collected. Con- his investigations from 1923 until 1931, the siderable space has therefore been devoted to writer never saw a cormorant on Baffin Island, nor, several of the species herein segregated from the im- til the above occasion, had any report of it expedition manuscripts, with a view to making been secured from the natives. available observations that are deemed sufficiently This is the first record of the Double-crested unusual in character to justify the preparation of Cormorant for Baffin Island. According to a special paper. Kum- lien's report of 1879, the European Cormorant (P. c. carbo) was a regular breeder in Cumber- * Published by permission of the Dominion Lands land Sound; it did not appear to be common, Department of Interior, Administration, the Ottawa, but was said Canada. by the Elskimos to be plentiful in 1 This paper was written in February, 1932. J.D.S. some j'ears. There are evidently no records ex- .

42 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

tant to show that anyone, since Kiimlien's time, grown flightless young, and the following day has seen a cormorant in Cumberland Sound, or another pair was seen on the river near Ungmal- fclsewliere in Baffin Island, with the exception of uktuk Lake. In laite June, 1931, a number of the above record. migrants were observed at Lake Harbour. Cygnu3 columbianus (Ord). Whistling Swan. Chen caendescens (Linnaeus). Blue Goose.-— —Eskimo: Kuodjuk.—Until 1928 the Whistling Eskimo: Kungovik.—This species has long been Swan was known only as a migrant in Baffin Is- known as a migrant in Baffin Island. Only after land. While the writer was camped at the Eskimo years of search, however, was the breeding ground settlement of Nuwata on August 27. 1928, a native of the species finally discovered bv the writer on hunter brought to camp four nearly full-grown, the cundra of western Baffin Island, in the vicin- but flightless, immatures of this species which he ity of Bowman Bay. A full account of this was had killed with stones on the low. coastal plain publinljed in The Blue Goo^e, 1930, by the a few miles inland from the sea. The Eskimos Nortnwest Territories and Yukon Branch (now state a few breed in this region each year, but Dominion Lands Administration), Department of on the whole they are very rare in Foxe Pen- the Interior, Ottawa. insula. This is the first authentic record of the Dafila acuta tzitzihoa (Vieillot). American Pin- breeding of the Whistling Swan on Baffin Island. tail.—Eskimo: Adla.—A female of this species While the writer was living with the Eskimos was collected at Cape Alberta on July 25. 1929. at Nuwata, a hunter related to him that he had It constitutes, so far as known, the first record observed a nesting pair of kuodjuks a few years of this species in Baffisn Island The two Eskimos previously, near the mouth of the Kommanik accompanying the writer were greatly astonished River at Foxe Basin. Strangely enough, though at the appearance of this bird, as neither of writer, no swans were noted by the during the them had ever observed it or received any in- summer of 1929, about Bowman Bay, or along formation about the species from other natives, the south coast of Foxe Basin, a pair of adults even of the older generation. Consequently, large of the season with two young were encoun- no Eskimo name for it existed; at the sugges- tered on the Kommanik River, on August 13, tion of the writer they coined the name "Adla", about five miles from the sea. Probably these meaning "the stranger". Upon arrival at Cape were the identical swans which the Nuwata Es- Dorset further enquiries were made among the kimos had seen several years before. Eskimos there, but none of them had any know- Branta bernicla hrota (Muller), American ledge of the bird. The solitarv individual taken Brant.—Eskimo: Nedleokjuk.- -Until 1928 the was Irequenting a small lake in the lov»'Iands in American Brant was known only as a very sparing company with Old-squaws and female King Eiders migrant in Baffin Island along its south coast with broods of young. It was in a moulting from Amadjuak Bay to Cape Dorset. In the condition with all the wing primaries missing, spring of 1929 it was first observed at Camp as well as the longer feathers of the tail.

Kungovik on June 7, when a flock of 26 individ- Histrionicus histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus) uals passed over to the north. From this date Eastern Harlequin Duck.—Eskimo: Tungavia.— until June 24 the species was common in the PreViOUs to the expedition of 1930-31, this species locality as it migrated northward or tarried to had been observed in Baffin Island only at Cum- rest and feed on the surrounding tundra in com- berland Sound. Kumlien saw three and collected Hutchin's, Geese. pany with Blue and Snow After one m 1878, and the writer in 1924, collected the above date the Brant gradually diminished in an adult female and six partly fledged juveniles. vintually numbers until they disappeared from It was considered to be rare in Baffin Island. In the region in late June. the spring of 1931, however, it was observed on

For a period of nearly a moiith, following the numerous occasions from June 5. on into July, record of a small flock of four birds on July 1, from Lake Harbour southeastwardly to McKellar not a single individual was observed until July Bay. A female taken on June S possessed greatly 27, when a pair of adults was seen at Cape enlarged ovaries indicating a near approach to Alberta with two downy young about three days nesting. No nests were found, but the Eskimos old. Between Cape Alberta and the mouth of state that the species breeds in this disitrict each the Jiommanik River no Br.ant were observed year. It is undoubtedly much more common in during early August, but while ascending this river extre;vie southeastern Baffin Island than has hither- on the 13th, a pair was noted with two well- to beon supposed. March, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 43

Tli'i Eskimos say that the tungavia occurs One of the greatest surprises of the season, throughout the length of the south coast from howiH'er, was yet to come. No other Willow about White Strait to Gabriel Strait and is also Ptarmigan were met with after the above incident to be met with in Frobisher Bay The species until May 23, when travelling over the lowland

IS apparently wholly absent from the interior and near Bowman Baj', en Toute to Camp Kungovik, the coasts of southwestern Baffin Island. Where the party ran into an immense flock of these now known to occur it appears to be much more birds numbering several hundred individuala. common in the Lake Harbour district than else- Later in the afternoon another flock of 80 was where. The species probably' has a more or less passed, and at the night camp a group of over continuous breeding range in these parts along 100 strutted about and cackled with innocent the coast from about Crooks Inlet to, and about, stupidity. They appeared to take little or no Frobisher Bay, and north into Cumberland Sound. notice of men and dogs and the bustle incidenit Lagcpus lagopus albus (Gmelin) Willow Ptar- to a comparatively large party making camp for migan.*—Eskimo: Arkagevik.—Though the writ- the night. Several were taken for the collection er collected a large series of Ptarmigan from many with a small rifle. The number of these attrac- widely-separated localities in Baffin Island from ti\'e bu'ds throughout this locality was astonish- 1923 until 1926, not a single Willow Ptarmigan ing and easily constituted one of the rarest and was ?2presented, all proving to be rupestris. The most interesting ornithological episodes to befall form?r had, however, been recorded by several the writer in the Arctic regions. Subsequently a other observers, including Kumhen and Hantzsch. good series of specimens, which proved to be a The belief therefore gradually grew in the mind new lace,* was taken for the National Museum of the writer that the species was extremely rare, of Canada. an elusive feature of the island's life that had * In the annual report of 1930 (distributed April 4, apparently departed, not to return. Then on April 1932), National Museum of Canada, Mr. P. A. Taverner describes this bird in "A New Sub-species of Willow 12, 1929, the writ-er came upon a flock of 16 Ptarmigan from the Arctic Islands of America". The Ptarmigan at Ungenuk Lake in the heart of Foxe name proposed is the White-shafted Ptarmigan {Lago- Peninsula; three were collected and all proved pus lagopus leucopterus, subsp. nov.) Type. Nat Mus

of Canada, No. 24437, . May 28, 1928. Camp Kungo- to be alhus males with the necks .showing the J* vik, west coast of BafRn Island, latitude 6.5° 35' north. first rusty-brown feathers of the spring plumage. Collector, J. Dewey Soper.

:-:>'^

Willow Ptarmigan visiting camp. — — —

44 The Canadian Field Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

Upon establishing Camp Kungovik on May 24, in a bright scarlet. Except for this, the white, miany large flocks composed of both sexes were winter garb was worn throughout June and well in view on the tundra a short distance away. mto July, when the summer plumage gradually Their favourite resort was the banl^s of the Blue- appeared. In the case of the females, on the goose River, which were just beginning to emerge other hand, the change into summer dress had from the snow fields. Here they resorted in hun- taken place by the last days of June. dreds doubtless thousands for the region until — — The great abundance of Willow Ptarmigan nearly the middle of June. During this period was maintained around Camp Kungovik until flocks numbering from a few individuals, up to nearl)' the middle of June when there began to about 200, made a practice of sweeping in and be a pronounced decrease in the flocks and a tend- alighting noisily at the camp. Here, so long as no ency to segregation. By late June and early one appeared, and quiet was maintained, the birds July the species had shnmk in numbers to such held high carnival. They walked briskly about an extent that a walk of many miles on any day the tents, under the guy ropes, pecked at the would not reveal more than three or four indiv- canvas, flew to the ridge-poles of the tents, and iduals. Near the Blue Goose breeding grounds inspected boxes, cans, and the big canoe with the birds were not uncommon during the first consuming interest. The very existence of the week of July, w'here they resorted to the little camp appeared to be a magnet for their over- areas of grassy uplands among the low, granite whelming curiosity. Throughou^t such raids the hummocks of the Bswituk ridge. Here the males whole company maintained a running fire of exhibited a distinct predilection for well-defined conversation, while the males cackled with loud "stands" as is characteristic of the grouse family. and brazen persistence. On such occasions it was Thesfj stands were in the form of boulders, or commonplace to witness from 50 to 100 birds isolated and relatively high grassy tussocks on within a few feet of the tent, when their con- the tundra, where the birds would perch for long tinuous vocal efforts flooded the camp with a wave period?. The presence of large quantities of drop- of. discordant sound. A series of good photographs pings indicated clearly their purpose and use. was easily obtained by carefully "shooting" Their loud, brazen cackling, as they descended through a slit in the front flap of the tent, and touched ground after flight was still char- when individual birds were frequently within acteristic,—it is probably indulged in through- arm's reach. out the year. Females were rarely seen at this The loquacious males of this species are pos- time and were suspected of brooding, though sessed of a large and varied vocabulary. The long searching by every party failed to reveal famiha.r call is a deep, booming note, loho—who- a single nest. Unquestionably, however, the who, or how-who, how-who. Thoy sometimes cluck species breeds in this region. like barnyard fowls and emit many low sociable During the latter part of July, Willow Ptar- notes and mutterings. A frequent utterence is a migan were observed on only one occasion on rolling crescendo, tut-tut-tut-ta-ta-ta-ta-ta-a-a-a- the Bowman Bay plain. On the voyage along a-aaaa-ooooo. In general composition it is some- the south coast of Foxe Ba,sin, from July 24 what reminiscent of the drum-call of the Ruffed until August 12, not a single mdividual of the Girouse, but in this case the effect is produced species was encountered. While crossing the entirely in the throa>t. This is evidently a real Foxe Peninsula interior to Hudson Strait it was love song, as it was heard only in June. Upon observered only once; this was a pair, with six aligliting after flight the birds customarily utter young just on the point of flight, which was met a loud, confident cackle. Similar to contented with while making a portage below Crystal Lake domestic fowls, they give voice to various solilo- on August 13. On the expedition of 1930-31, to quies, like kuck-kiLck-kuck and how-it, uck-a- the Lake Harbour region, this species was not uck-a-uck-a-uck, which are practised both while observed, but the Eskimos report its occasional resting and feeding. The whole range of various occurence during the migration; it is also stated expressions of this species is singularly deep and that a few years ago a number of Willow Ptar- guttural, some of which may be heard to a con- migan young were Shot near White Strait. These siderable distance. are the only known breeding records of this By June 12, the whole head and neck of the species in Baffin Island. males had become a rich, dark rufous to rufous brown, while the wattles were greatly developed (To be continued) March, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 45

FOOD OF THE AMERICAN MERGANSER, (Mergus merganser americanus) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

PAPER No. 2 By J A. MUNRO Chief Federal Migratory Bird OfKcer for the Western Provinces, National Parka of Canada Department of the Interior, and W. A. CLEMENS, Director, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C.

N A PREVIOUS paper* it was stated contained fragments of a Salmo not less than the Migratory Bird Service of the 8 inches in length, the condition of the flesh National Parks of Canada, Depart- suggesting that the fish had partly decomposed ment of the Interior, and the Pacific before being taken by the Merganser. Biological Station of the Biclogical of Board May, 1932, (2) : One specimen contained the Canada have undertaken a studj' of the food vertebral columns of 36 salmonoid fry, aculpin habits of the American Merganser and the Red- eggs, at least 3 caddis larvae, mayfly nympha, breasted Merganser in British Columbia. The stone-fly nymiphs and midge larvae. The second paper referred to summarized results obtained contained 12 cc. of the insect remains compris- from the analyses of stomach contents of 157 ing blackfiy larvae, midge larvae and 1 caddis Amencan Mergansers taken on the coast and in larva. of British Columbia. the interior June, 1932 (1) : Bone fragments of salmon-,

oids and sculpins and several salmonoid fry. It was pointed out that mo?t of the months

September, 1932, (6) : Sculpins found in of the year were represented by specimens but 5, salmcnoids in 3, terrestrial insects, including that there was a lack with respect to the spring ants, in 1. months. This requirement has been met in part

October, 1932, (2) : Large number of small by t'le accession of 35 stomachs from specimens fish lepresented by scales and jaws with collecLed during March to June, inchisive, 1932. teeth, probably salmonoids; one specimen contained In addition to this there have been examined a lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus, 70 33 other stomachs taken at other months of the mm.

December, 1932, (2) : One specimen year. It seems advisable to present these ad- contained 96 salmon eggs, probably of Coho; one ditional data at this time. Acknowledgement specimen contained a small amount of gravel, plant debris is again made to the Dominion Department of and unidentified fish bones. Fisheries through whose courtesy, and the valued Big Qualicum River co-opi^ration extended by the officers of that

August 7, 1932, (3) : Food items comprised Department, this material was made available. 1 sculpin, Leptocottus armatus; shore crab, The authors wish to thank also Mr. R. T. Jack- Hemi- grapsus oregonensis ; blue mussel, Mytilus edulis; son, Vancouver, British Columbia, for specimens and fragments of an unidentified donated. gastropod. Courtenay River Stomach Contents of 32 Specimens from May, 1932, (3) : One specimen contained Vancouver Island. sculp'ns exclusively, two contained sculpins and Goldstream vertebral columns of salmonoid fry, in one case March 18, 1932 (1); 2 sculpins, approximately 15, in the other 18. Examination of the stomach 55 and 90 mm., 1 Salmo sp. approximately 150 contents from 2 of these sculpins revealed in one mm., 1 sand shrimp, Upogebia pugetensis, scul- case 2 salmonoid fry and 6 Crustacea, Asellus; pin eggs in large quantity in throat and gullet. and in the other 1 salmonoid fry, 2 midge larvae Cowichan River and several small Crustacea, Isopodi and Amphi- Apr.'!, 1932, (2): Vertebral columns of 12 poda. salmon oid fry, 3 caddis larvae, 1 mayfly nymph Campbell Lake

6 blackfiy larvae, 2 midge larvae, and 2 small May 25, 1932, (1): 1 sculpin, Cottus aaper, adult flies. The gullet of the second specimen 85 mm.; 1 stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus,

60 mm.; remains of at least 2 other small fish,

* Tke Canadian Field-Naturalist, i6: 166-168, 1932. one of which was a stickleback. 46 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

Tsable River m another a beetle, had been eaten ; one stomach

May 17, 1932 (1) : Bones and eggs of sculpins was empty except for sand, gravel and vegetable and 1 caddis larva in case. debris.

Puntledge River There are 5 specimens for which dates are not May 10, 1932, (1): Vertebral columns of 2 available. The contents of those were: salmonoid fry, at least 6 caddi? larva? in cases. 1. Vertebral columns of 40 salmonoid fry, Henderson Lake and Henderson River 1 Salmo sp. fry, 4 caddis larvae. May, 1932, (4) ; Sculpins, Coitus asper, found 2. Approximately 600 salmon eggs. in all four specimens; sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeaius, in one; salmonoid fry in three, in one 3. Sticklebacks, Gasterosteus acideatus, frag- case 01, in a second 24; insect=i,, including black- ment of salmon egg-case, insect fragments. fly lai vae, midge larvae and mayfly larvae, in three. 4. Sticklebacks, Gasterosteus actdeatus, at

Marble Creek Canyon Quatsino least 12.

June, 1932, (3) : All of these contained stickle- 5. 1 caddis larva in case, I salmonoid finger- backs, Gasterosteus nculeatiis. Other fishes rep- hn?, fragments of at least 6 sculpins. resented were smooth sculpin, Leptocottus armatus; blenny; perch, Cymatogaster oggregatus, and in Gullchuck River cne case fragments of two small Salmo sp. April, 1931, (6) : Contained bones of fishes,

includmg sculpins and 1 blenny. Shore crabs Stomach Contents of Specimens from were represented in 3 Another Mainland Coapt stomachs. con- tained 7 shrimps. The collector. Fishery Inspector Capilano River G. S. Reade, informs us that the migration of

January 13, 1932, (1) : 64 salmon eggs of which salmon fry was under way at the time these Mer- 7 were clear. gansers were taken. Squamish Flats Quackusdis River

January 13, 1933, (1) : 70 salmon eggs, opaque.

April, 1932, (5) : Fishes represented were scul- Owekano Lake and tributary streams pm, Oligocottus maculosus, (in one case 11 whole

March, 1932, (1) : Distended with decomposed fish and fragments of at least as many more scul- salmon flesh. pins), blenny, greenling, and in one specimen jaws

April, 1932, (1) : Several weathered salmon with teeth suggesting salmonoids. Traces of vertebrae that may have indicated an earlier shrimps, probably Spirontocaris sitrhensis Brandt, feeding of decomposed salmon, but, on the other, were found in 3 specimens and one stomach was hand, these bones may have been picked up with empty except for gravel. grav«)l. Sand and gravel in varying amounts form a

May, 1932, (3) : Contained vertebral columns considerable percentage of the material in Mer- fishes (the largest of small number being 6) ganser stomachs. Vegetable debris also is nearly in two cases identified as salmonoid fry; one always present, in the above cases including cedar etomach contained also 4 sculpins,. Cottus asper, twigs, madrona seeds, pieces of wood and un- at least, and 1 caddis larva. identiiied debris.

July, 1932, (8) : These were all juvenals and The number of specimens for each month aculeatus, contained sticklebacks, Gasterosteus the represented are as follows: January, 2; March, other fish represented being sculpin, Cottus only 2; April, 14; May, 15; June, 4; July, 8; August, asper, of which 35 and 60 respectively, two mm. 3; September, 7; October, 21; December, 7. Five All were in one stomach. of ihese young birds I'dditaonal specimens are not dated. The locali- had also taken quantities of vegetable matter, ties represented are Coldstream, 1 ; Cowichan unidentified, mixed with this were largelj' and River, 15; Big Qualicum River, 3; Courtenay numerous insect fragments som? of which mater- River, 3; Campbell Lake, 1, Tsable River, 1; ial may have come from the stomachs of the Puntledge River, 1 ; Henderson Lake and Hen- sticklebacks. derson River, 4; Marble Canyon Creek, 3; Capi-

; Squamish Flats, 1 ; Owekano Lake, December, 1931, (5) : Four contained salmon lano River, 1 eggs, and in one case 2 sculpins, Cottus asper, 23; Gull Chuck River, 6; Quakusdus River, 5. i ———————————————

March, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 47

Food Hems, tabulated. A total of 225 American Merganser stomachs

1 examined, the results of which present SalmoDoids (including Salmo and Oncorhyn- ave been chus fry) 22 a fairly clear picture of the food range of this Salmon eggs 9 species in parts of British Columbia. Neverthe- Decomposed salmon 1 less, lo complete this study more material is de- Sculpins (including C otitis aspcr, 18; Lepto- sired, both from the coast and the interior of the cottus armatus, 2; Oliogocottus maculosus, Province. 3; unidentified Cottoids, 8; eggs, 1) 32

Perch -Cymatogaster aggregatus 1 At the same time, it is ev'dent that before Greenling Hexagrammidae 1 conclusions are drawn as to 'the economic status

Blenny Blennidae 3 of the American Merganser it is necessary to ex-

Stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus cata- tend fomewhat the field of enquiry. In the first phractiLS 19 place, the results of the studies of stomach con- Lampiey Entosphenus tridentatus 1 tents of ithe birds have shown that the sculpdn, Shore Crab Hemigrapsm oregonensv^ 5 Cottm asper, forms the largest .«ingle item in the Shrimp Spirontocaris sitchensis 4 diet. It is generally stated that sculpins are des- Sand Shrimp Upogebia pugetensis 1 tructive to salmon and trout frj' bu* the data are Ant Hymenoptera 1 limited and accurate information as to the food Fly Chironomid (larvae and pupsR) 5 liabits of the sculpin should be obtained. So also Blackfly Simulium. (larvae and pupae) 4 it is desirable to enquire more fully into the food Fly—Misc. Diptera (adult) 1 habits of the squawfish. Beetle Coleoptera 1

Water Strider Hemiptera (adult) 1 In the second place, close field observations Water bug Corixid 1 should be made on the conditions under which Caddis Trichoptera (larvae) 11 Mergansers obtain salmon and trout fry and sal- Mayfly Ephemerida (nymph) 5 mon eggs. Stone-fly Plecoptera (nymph and larva) .... 2 Insect fragments unidentified 10 Finally, it is apparent that much additional

Snail Mollusca 1 information is desirable concernirg the life history,

Mussel—Afj/ii7i/s edulu 1 distribution and numbers of the Merganser.

NUTRITIONAL ANAEMIA IN MINK By RONALD G. LAW and ARNOLD H. KENNEDY Ontario Government Experimental Fur Farm Department of Game and Fisheriea

MONG the diseases of mink, which have true nature of the condition. The term acidosis is come to our attention during the past also open to criticism. Authorit'es on the subject few years, anaemia appeared to be are in no way agreed upon its real significance.

more commonly met with than any Acidosis is not a disease in itself but is a com- other. plication which may exist in conjunction with a wide variety of diseases. Therefore, the use of The symptoms appear to have been recognized the teim in describing a definite and established imder the somewhat loose and ambiguous terms disease in mink is not justified and should be of acidosis and sheath trouble, but the true na- dropped from the literature. '.ure of the disease does not appear to have been

established. The term "sheath trouble" is des- Symptoms criptive of one of the common symptoms of A decline in the general welfare of the mink

anaemia in the advanced stages of the disease, is the first noticeable symptom. The fiu* be- but a degree of anaemia may exist without comies brittle, harsh and dry and lacks the lustre, sheath trouble being apparent and the term is colour and sheen of the adequately fed animal. not applicable to the female. For these reasons In the regions of the neck and tail the fur has

the term is not satisfactory as applied to the dis- e moth-eaten appearance and is also open and ease in question as it does not give any clue to the short over the back. A decline in weight take* 48 The Canadian Field- Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

place as the disease progresses. Due to the con- tive effect of small quantities of liver in the stanit dribbling of urine the sheath becomes wet, diet during the earlier stages of the disease was the abdomen bare of fur, and the skin inflamed. also Eoted. The addition of half an ounce of In advanced cases the penis protrudes and the liver to the daily ration of a mink appears to sheath is swollen and tumou' like. The eyes be well within the necessary requirements. lose their bright beady appearance and became In the experiments carried ouit the symptoms somewhat sunken in the head As the disease varied in severity according to the proportion of progresses the mucous membranes, including the liver contained in the diet. Consequently, many lining of the mouth and eye, become pale. The mink are subjected to a state of nutrition fluc- t-ongue has a blanched appearance and the foot tuating between satisfactory and unsatisfactory pads are conspicuously white and bloodless. Short- nutritional requirements. Severe symptoms term- ly before death tJie mink may commence a ner- mating in death may very seldom be .encountered, vous weaving movement with his head and body, in some instances the disease going no farther the appetite fails and he becomes dull and than producing a somewhat dry and lustreless sleepy. In these later stages the eye has a pelt and a slight dribbling of urine in a few young squinted look. Twitching of the legs accompan- males. Notwithstanding the fact that the quality ied with convulsions and gasping for breath is and denseness of the pelt may be affected to mjanifest. Finally the animal dies in a comatose some extent the presence of h tendency to an- condition. aemia may not be suspected. Once the disease has reached a severe stage Causes and Prevention U'eatment is of no avail, as pathological changes In studies carried out at the Ontario Govera- have taken place in the liver, lung* and kidneys ment Experimental Fur Farm it was found that which are beyond repair. It is only in the early the disease could be produced experimentally stages that the addition of liver has a curative with regularity and certainty and that the symp- effect. toms and pathology were identical with the condi- Discussion tion as it prevails on mink ranches. The out- standing feature from the pathologist's point of In this paper the underlying cause of the dis- view is the presence of normoblast cells, and the ease and the fact that liver is a preventive and irregularity in size of the red blood corpuscles curative in the early stages have been pointed in the blood stream. When found in any number out. There are, however, a number of questions normoblast cells are always indicative of anaemia, which require further investigation For example, particularly the pernicious forms. In mink the the proportion of cereal which a young mink can red blood counts and hemoglobin may show a assimilate to advantage may possibly be connect- reduction as low as forty per cent, of the normal. ed with the proportion of liver in the diet. Young mink are usually fed a ration containing A large number of diets, considered adequate a high percentage of meat and fish, and such diets, from the nutritional standpoint, have been fed though not necessarily adequate to offset anaemia, on ranches where the condition has appeared are superior to a high percentage of cereal in the from time to time. For example, the following ration. There is a possibility that the addiition rations produced the earlier symptoms of the of liver to a ration containing a high percentage disease, namely sixty per cent, fresh meat, con- of cereals would supply the deficiencies which sisting of beef hearts, tripe, and muscle meat, exist in these foods. twenty-five per cent, cereals, ten per cent, bone Further investigations will no doubt reveal meal, five per cent, vegetables and small quanti- the most satisfactory combinations of cereals, tis of milk, wheat germ and yeast. A number of meat, fish and liver required for the optimum similar diets, all of which apparently contained nutrition of mink. a sufficient variety of food staples, did not give entirely satisfactory results. Where fish was Post Mortem Findings substituted for meat, the condition also appeared. The carcass is emaciated and upon opening It was not until the disease was recognized to the body cavities the tissues hp.ve a decided pal- be of anaemic origin that measures could be lor. The large blood vessels stand out promin- taken, to prevent its occurrence. It was found that ently. Their walls are thin and flabby and filled when small quantities of liver were added to the with watery, pale blood which does nat clot diet the anaemia did not develop The cura- readily. The intestines are thin, white and — ——

March, 19341 The Canadian Field-Naturalist 49

blanched, containing little or no ingesta. The A granular appearance of some of the epithelial

stomach and intestinal mucosa are usually coated cells in the upper portion of the villi was the

with a rather thick gelatinous exudate. The liver only significant change noted in the gastrointes- has a mottled appearance varying from a light tinal tract. Small areas were observed where the cellular structures of the villi tawny orange to a dark chocolate brown colour. were destroyed to some extent. The cells appeared pale and frayed. Small petechial hemorrhages are often present. The villi were often surrounded by mucin. The lobules may be quite prominent, especially A pronounced and generalized infiltration of near the borders of the lobes. The spleen is in- the liver cells was evident. In +he lesser damaged variably swollen and dark brown to purple in areas the cells had a granular appearance. In colour. The kidneys are pale and swollen and the more extensively damaged areas the cytoplasm frequently show light hemorrhagic areas. The ohowed small, round, clear areas surrounding the is dilated the musculature pale heart and and nucleus, giving the cell a vacuolated appearance. flabby. The lungs are often edematous and con- These vacuolated spaces enlai-ged, forming one gested. The body lymph glands are enlarged clear space in the cytoplasm, with the nucleus and frequently pale gray in colour. driven to the side of the cell. The capillaries were dilated. The sinusoides contained degen-

Microscopic Pathology erated and poorly stained red blood cells. Extensive damage took place in the kidney Th>j liver, kidney and lung-:^ show the most tubules. The cells lining the tubules were des- pronounced pathological changes The blood troyed and lost their identity. The tubules ap- vessels in all organs were only partly filled with peared as enlarged clear spaces, surrounded by blood, which stained poorly and was ill-formed. narrow ring-like bands of tissue. Blue staining Many of the cells appeared shrunken and broken. deposits and casts were often present in the lumen The individual cells in most cases stained a pale of the tubules. The lungs were emphysematous pink to a yellow colour and a few stained a dark with the characteristic structures of the alveoli blue. dest''oved.

PYCNOGONIDA FROM THE COAST OF BRITISH COLUMBIA By L. GILTAY, D. Sc, Royal Museum of Natural History, Brussels.

THE PYCNOGONIDA have been a rather 1842 Phapdchilidium, globosum Goodair, neglected group on the Pacific Coast Edinb. New Philos. Journ., XXXII, p. 136. of North America, particularly on the 1877 — Phoxichilidium jemoratum, Hoek, coast of British Columbia where up to Niederl. Arch. f. Zool., HI, p 240, PI. XV, the present there has not been a published record. fig. 8-10. In view of this fact, it is of interest and value 1878 Phoxichilidium maxillare Wilson, Trans. now to place on record three species. Two were Connect. Acad. Arts a. Sc. V. p. 12, pi. IV, taken at Race Rocks, near Victoria, in the Strait fig. 1 a - c. of Juan de Fuca, by M;r. Sherman R. Burbank 1878 Phoxichilidium minor Wilson, Ibid,, p. and forwarded to me for identification by Dr. 13, pi. IV, fig. 2 a - f. W. A. Clemens, Director of the Pacific Biological

Station, Nanaimo. The third was on file at the Ono individual, a female, taken at Race Rocka, Biological Station and also forwarded by Dr. July, 1933, in a bed of goose barnacles. Mr. Bur- Clemens. bank reports that several other specimens were seen but that this was the first time that this Phoxichilidium jemoratum (Rathke) species was observed. Syn: 1799 — Nymphon jevioratum Rathke, On the Pacific Coast, this species has previous- Naturh. Selsk. Ski-. V, p. 201. ly been reported from Alaska (Cole 1904) and 1837 Orithyia coccinea Johnston, Mag. Zool. from California (Hilton 1915, 1918). Dr. C. Mc-

Bot. I, p. 378, PL XII, fig 4-6. Lean Fraser states that he has frequently taken — ——

50 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII specimens in the Strait of Geo'-gia, especially on The synonymy of Nymphon grossipes mixtum good shrimp or general orustacean grounds. He (Kroyer) is rather complicated. Many authors grossipes (Fabricius) also obtained one individual ne

A NEW MAMMAL RECORD FOR THE RIDING MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK LIST By H. U. GREEN

N AUGUST 9th, 1933, while engaged on area, recovering from a recent burn, where O beaver research and collecting small Eutamias minimum borealis was quite abundant. mammals in the Riding Mountain Na- Every effort was made to secure further specimens tional Park, Manitoba, a specimen of the in this locality, but without result Gray Eastern Chipmunk, Tamias striatus grisev£ As I have collected small mammals in the Rid- ing Mountain and north-central Manitoba far Means* (R. M. No. 156 ^^ T.L. 235 T.V. 97.H.F.33), was captured on the eastern escarpment of the several years without previous field knowledge Riding Mountain above Norgate in a deciduous of this form, I worked the higher altitudes to the west and north with the object of taking • Dr. R. M. Anderson, National Museum, Determined by fcufficient specimens to make a representative Ottawa. March, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 51

group of study "skins" for the Riding Mountain but no further specimens were collected or seen. Park museum at Wasagaming. It was not, how- Tamias striatus griseus Mearns may, there- ever, until the north shore of Clear Lake was fore, be included in the list of "Mammals of the reached, 20 miles to the west, that, on Septem- Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba, ber 17th, 1933, a second specimen was collected (H.U. Green. Can. Field-Nat. 46:149, 1932) and

(R.M.No. 229 2 T.L. 251.T.V. 102.H.F.34), this it may be inferred, owing to its apparent scarcity, time in a dense spruce forest where again Eutam- that the district about Clear Lake, Riding Moun- ias minimum horeaUs was abundant. This loca- tain National Park, is about the north-western tion, too, was closeb^ trapped for several days. limit of its range.

NOTES ON THE ALEWIFE By G. C. TONER

that are not strongly anadromous. They MMENSE numbers of gaspereaux, or to fish 1832 in which year the canal alewives, Pomolobus pseudoharengus were built before (Wilson), have been present for years in was opened to traffic. Lake Ontario. The}' were noted by near- The theory that the alewife was planted in Lake ly all the authors who have studied the fish Ontario by mistake would seem to be untenable fauna of this lake. Periodically they die, in great when the present distribution is considered. The numbers and come ashore to pollute the beaches. presence of the alewife in the higher lakes might Wright (1891) mentions the difficulty of removing be accounted for in several ways. If the fish such a nuisance from the shore lines near the were planted in Lake Ontario they may also cities. C. W. Nash, Provincial Biologist, as re- have been planted in the Rideau Lakes. This corded by Pritchard (1929)^ found it on many is unlikely since very few plants were made in occasions in Toronto Bay. In the same paper such creas in the early days, and no records Pritchard has summarised the knowledge of the of later plantings have been found. Another fish as a member of the fauna of La,ke Ontario. possibility is that they may have migrated through They are supposed to have been introduced in the locks of the canal to the upper lakes, and the early days of fish culture by error when the from there downstream to the lakes of the Gan- intention was to plant shad. This theory has anoque Ri\'er system which receives part of its been maintained throughout the literature but flow from the Rideau system. As an example apparently never critically examined. of this type of migration, Dymond (1932) says

that it is probable that this species reached During the past few years the writer has taken Lake Erie by way of the locks of the Welland alewife in of the lakes of the Rideau the some Canal. In the spring of 1910 and 1911 many of Canal system and the Gananoque river system these fish were found dead along the edge of the in Leeds and Frontenac counties. Specimens canal at Washburn. Here the waters are 45 feet Charleston Lake, Leeds, from Red Horse Lake and above Lake Ontario with three locks interven- have been placed in the Royal Ontario Museum ing. They may have been migrating at that of Zoology. Others in the same institution were time to the higher waters of the region. The collected Mr. E. Ebersole Otter Lake, by O. from area has again been under observation since 1928 Leeds. They have been reported from Dog Lake in connection with other fisheries studies but Loughboro Lake in the and Frontenac and Bev- no alewives have been taken. erly Lakes in Leeds. Other reports indicate that The last possibility is that the species may these fish have a much wider range than was native the entire region. Formerly, Lake previously noted. be to Ontario was much higher and covered the en-

These lakes vary in height above sea level. tire area of the Rideau lakes. If the alewife The lower lakes are over 280 feet and the upper was present at that time, when the waters low-

lakes are about 450 feet, with the level of Lake ered it would be left behind, and where conditioM Ontario given on the Government charts as 245 were right, would remain as part of the native feet. Mill dams and navigation locks separate fauna. Koelz (1930) has shown that under sim-

the various lakes. These are almost impassable ilar conditions the fresh water herrings, Leuc- — ;

[Vol. XLVIII 62 The Canadian Field-Naturalist

settle the status of the ichih%H artedi, have split into a number of sub- and, while it might not throw some light on a debatable species. Thus, if the alewife is part of the orig- species, would inal native fauna, one might expect that it would question. of Lake Ontario differ slightly from the alewife LITERATURE CITED and both forms would differ from the forms of Dymond, J. R. 1932. Records of the alewife from slight the AUantic coast. Pritchard (1929) found Lake Erie. Copeia, 1932: 32. differences between fish of this species from Lake KoELz, W. 1930. Coregonid Fishes of North East- Ontario and others from Nova Scotia. It would ern America. Paper Mich. Acad. Arts 8c. Letters, 13: 303-432. be interesting to make some measurements of Pritchard, A. L. 1929. The alewife in Lake On- Uideau Lakes specimens and compare with the tario, Univ. Tor. Studies, Pub. Ont. Fish. the figures given by Pritchard. Definite know- Res. Lab. No. 38: 39-54. ledge of an interesting type would be gained Wright, R. R. 1891. Fishes of Ontario, p. 445.

ADDITIONAL CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS, 1933

Wood Buffalo Park, Alberta, Dexjember 26th, Common Mallard, 500± ; American Widgeon

sun- (Baldpate), 700 ; Canvas-back, 15; Scaup Duck 1933.—9.30 a.m. to 3.00 p.m. Calm, bright ± -35°; recent tempera- (probably both Greater and Lesser), 475 bhine, temp, from -28° to ^; by dog train American Golden-eye, 150; Barrow's Golden-eye, tures from -45° to -60°. Travelled Base 1; Buffle-head, 58; White-winged Scoter. 800 from Rocky Point, Peace River, to 30th ± ; covered on census, Surf Scoter, 220; American Merganser, 18; Red- Line at Slave River. Distance breasted Merganser, 8; Bald EsgJe (subsp.?), 1; 20 miles. Black Pigeon Hawk, 2; Oregon Ruffed Grouse, 2; Ptarmigan, 5; Arctic Horned Owl, 1; Willow Pheasant (Ring-necked?), 40; California Quail, Jay, Alaska Three-toed Woodpecker, 1; Canada 20; Coot (sp.?), 46; Killdeer, 12; Wilson's Snipe, Long-tailed Chickadee, 2; 2; Northern Raven, 1; 3; Glaucous-winged Gull, 220; Herring Gull, 5; Hudsonian Chickadee, 4; Pine Grosbeak (sub- Short-billed Gull, 16; Belted Kingfisher (subsp.?), Total, 9 species, ep.?), 2; Common Redpoll, 6. 2; Flicker (sp.?), 18; Pileated Woodpecker (sub- 24 individuals.—J. Dewey Soper. ep.?), 2; Harris's Woodpecker, 1; Jay (Oregon?),

1; Raven (sp.?), 50; Northwestern ("Fish") Crow, 300; Chestnut-backed Chickadee, 60^::; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 11; Wren (Nannus hie- malis (subsp.?)), 7; Seattle Wren, 10; Robin CouRTEN.\Y, Vancouver Island, B.C., December p.m. Overcast but {Turdus migratorius (subsp.?)), 35; Varied Thrush 24, 1933.—9.30 a.m. to 4.00 40°. Coun- subsp.?), 60; Hermit Thrush (Dwarf?), 4; clear and still, no wind; temp, around weeks. Mainly Golden-crowned Kinglet (subsp.?), 11; English try under snow for previous two in river (from Sparrow, 3; Western Meadowlark, 11; Brewer's road, Courtenay to Comox, taking from Comox Blackbird, 1; California Purple Finch, 65; Hep- Sandwick boundary) and foreshore ; of Comox Spit. buTn'.-5 Rosy Finch, 1; Pine Siskin (subsp.?), along foreshore to commencement

and ; Oregon Towhee, 34; Oregon Junco, 140; Including half mile on Little River Road 300 ± mainly open, Fox Sparrow (subsp.?, perhaps more than one), other short excursions. Country eight miles. 11; Song Sparrow (subsp.?, perhaps more than cultivated, with woodland. About Observers together most of time and on foot. one), 67. well, several hundred Ducks in Bay too Lesser Loon, 10; Pacific Loon, 4; Red-throated As Grebe, 9: far off to identify. Total, 55 or 56 species (3 Loon, 2; Hollboell's Grebe, 6; Horned White-crested Cormorant, introduced), about 4805 individuals, plus un- Weai-urn Grebe, 250± ; herodias (subsp.?)), 5; identified Ducks. ^Theed Pearsb, David Guthbib. 2; Blue Heron (Ardea — —

March, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 53

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

Would a Muskrat Attack a Pike?—It is a well and had come to the conclusion that they were known fact that pike, when they are large enough, Kingbirds of some kind. After identifying them will seize a muskrat in the water and make a with the aid of Taverner's Birds of Western Can- hearty meal of it. But will muskrats, on the ada, he informed me that a pair of these birds ether hand, attack young pikes when they have had been nesting in different places about the the chance? A strange happening I witnessed village for the past five years. This year's nest leads me to ask the question. A companion and I was behind an electric light transformer in front were sitting on the bank of the Riviere Noire, of the livery stable, the young having left the some eighteen miles from St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, nest for a higher position on the wires. Thomas in the early days of October. It was already dusk, A. Harper, Simpson, Saskatchewan. probably 7 p.m. We suddenly heard a great splash and saw a large muskrat that dived in a huiTy and disappeared on seeing us. We at- tached no importance to the matter until my Note on the Water Ousel, Cinclus mexicanus. companion suddenly asked: "What is that, on —An observation which may be of interest to the sand?" I looked where he pointed, almost naturalists was made during the spring of 1931 at our feet, and noticed a small "green pike, prob- while the writer was examining the runs of small ably twelve inches in length, which lay motion- salmon on Graham Island, the most northerly of less on the shore, his belly flat on the sand. He the Queen Charlotie group, British Columbia. It had his snout towards the water, about six inches was found that the fry of the pink salmon migrate from it, but did not move. Taking a handkerchief only at night and in the daytime seek dark plaoee in my hand, so that the slimy creature should beneath the bank or the bottom beneath the not escape from my fingers, I grabbed it firmly. stones apparently as a protection against their It was quite alive, apparently in the best of many enemies. On the morning of April 18, a health, and my friend took it home to eat. How Water Ousel was seen to alight on a log and did this fish get on the shore, and why did he proceed to eat eight fry which were at the time rot try to jump back into the water? Had he about IH inches in length. Four of these the been chased by the muskrat, and was he still bird picked from the water from the shaded too frightened to return to his natural element? area behind the log. The remaining four he I have already seen pike jump out of the water picked from beneath the rocks at the bottom of and land on a river's bank, when chasing min- the creek. Although there were other small fish nows, but in such a case they hastilj"^ make for in evidence the Ousel was apparently satisfied home and dear life. On this particular occasion, and Slopped eating. Later in the afternoon the the lish made no movement whatever and only same bird^ was seen taking another meal of reacted on realizing he was being caught. Would seven fry. Several such observations on succeed- a muskrat eventually prey upon a pike?—H.-iRRY ing days convinced us that the Water Ousel does Bernard. (.'at pink fry as a steady article of diet and that

fhe number taken at one time is seven or eight. A. L. Pritchard, Pacific Biological Station, Nan.' aimo. B. C. Regarding the Arkansas Kingbird.—In July, 1933, while in the village of Simpson, Saskatche-

wan, I had my first experience with Arkansas Kingbirds. While in Simpson, the owner of the livery stable asked me to identify these birds A Red-eyed Towhee near Quebec City.—On which were busily engaged in feeding their four the morning of May 18, 1932, R. Meredith, Angus young. He had been comparing their habits Graham, and I observed a male Red-eyed Towhee with those of our common or Eastern Kingbirds {Pipilo erythrophthalrmis erythrophthalmus) in —

54 The Canadian Field-Naturai.ist [Vol. XLVIII brushy second-growth on the bolder of the Gomin red, much as in the Common Tern." The bill Tern in experience and Wood, within three miles of Quebec City. We of the adult Common my in the description of authorities is predominantly first heard tlie bird singing, then lieard it.s call brighc red with more or less of the tip black, the several times, while it remained out of sight very end being pale yellow. among the shrubbery. Finally it resumed its years visited Ips- singiag, and we found it perched conspicuously Roseate Terns for some have wich Beach in many hundreds, if not thousands, on a small tree. The sun was behind us, making especially after the middle of July, sometimes light conditions excellent while we all observed outnumbering the Common Te'ns. The Roseate the bird in detail, noting its striking and char- is of course easily distinguished from the Common acteristic coloration for five minutes through x6 Tern by its long white tail and other marks, and binoculars at a distance of about thirty feet, and by its distinctive call-notes. Their bills are at making certain of the identification. This is a this time decidedly black, a good field mark, but species with which I have been familiar for many on close examination a very little red can gen- years. erallj' be seen at the base, a very different col- from that of the red bill with The late C. E. Dionne, in his well-known work, oration, however, black tip of the Common Tern. Roseate Terns "Les Oiseaux de la Province de Quebec" (Quebec, someiimes appear at Ipswich in May and I have 1906), recorded that Neilson saw a pair of birds watched them courting on the beach, but have of this species at Cap Rouge, about seven miles noted no difference in the colour of their bills at west of Quebec City, in the spring of 1879. I this time. have seen no other record of the occurrence of the Red-eyed Towhee in that vicinity. Harrison On July 19 and 20 of this year (1933) I spent F. Lewis. much time studying the large colonies of Roseate and Common Terns breeding at Penikese Island, Massachusetts. At this time nearly all the eggs had hatched and most of the young were able Thd Colour of the Bill in Roseate Terns, to fly. As to the colour of their bills, I quote Sterna dougalli.—Major Allan Brooks in the from my notes written at the time. The adult April, 1933, Canadian Field-Nnturnlist comments Roseates nearly all showed red plainly at the on the colour of the bill of the Roseate Tern as base of their bills, sometimes as much as half obsen-ed in a breeding colony in Nova Scotia, red and half black or possibly a little more red and states that "all authorities in American works in a few cases. Commonly there was less red had given the all black bill of this tern as its than black, perhaps one-third red, as well as diagnostic feature when in breeding plumage." some with scarcely any red, and that near the

This is hardly the case, for Ridgeway, Coues, commisure. One fine adult h.id a bill all black and For- Baird. Brewer and Ridgeway, Chapman but it showed a faint yellowish tint near the nos- all of the red base. Forbush says: bush speak trils. In some the bills looked all black, but it "bill usually more or less red (vermiHon) black, was much more common to have some red at at base (often about .50 of upper mandible and the base. The bills of adult Common Terns .33 lower). Under Field Marks he says: "Bill were vermilion red with black tips, generally largely black with red base." I also find that less than onenfourth of the bill in length. Young Howard Saunders in his Manual of British Birds, Roseate Terns had black bills and black feet saya, "Early in the breeding season the bill is and tarsi. Young Common Terns had straw- orange at the base, but soon becomes chiefly or coloured or, sometimes, pink bases to their bills, whollj' black". W. H. Hudson in his British legs pale flesh or straw- Birds says, "bill black, orange red at the base the rest black; the in the breeding season", and gives a coloured coloured. These birds were studied on the wing plate by Thorburn which shows nearly half the and close at hand on rocks or near their nests, bill red at the base. Bonhote in his "Birds of Bri- and the nearly full grown young handled. We tain" says, "The bill in the breeding season is are certainly indebted to Major Brooks for call- black.'' ing attention to the large amount of red in some nesting sea- Major Brooks states that in all the Roseate of the bills of Roseate Terns in the Terns he collected "the bills showed about half son.—Charles W. TOWNSEND. — —

March, 1934J The Canadian Pield-Naturalist 55

Northern Occurrence of Hog-nosed Snake in an American Egret was observed, on the northern Ontario.—On August 25th, 1929, while paddling border of the marsh. with W. E. Saunders and E. M. S. Dale up a Professor W. T. MacClement, of Queen's Uni- narrow ohaimel which connects Nogonosh Lake versity, and I revisited the exact locality where in Parry Sound district, On- with Smoky Lake the fii'st specimen had been seen and were for- tario, we were surprised to come upon a Hog- tunate enough to find another Massasauga in nosed Snake {Heterodon confrotiix) swimming praotjcally the same spot as that of five years leisurely across the channel. We lifted the rep- previously. It was of about the same size, also. tile into the canoe and brought it ashore. It This snake was captured by holding it down with appeared to be quite normal and active, coiling the handle of a butterfly net, while a quart and striking with the usual blowing sound. Ap- fruit jar was slipped over its head and gradually closed behind the body. It was shown to Mr. parently it had left the low-lying shore of the Leroy at Toronto, who said that the light mark- channel to cross to the higher rocky ground. Its ings or the back were of a much more yellow length was about 24 inches. This is, I believe, tint than those of specimens from other parts of a very northern occurrence for this species. the province and that this seemed to be charac- STUARr L. Thompson. teristic of those Massasaugas from Welland Coun- ty, which he had seen. The specimen was eventual- ly preserved at Queen's University Museum. W. E. HuRLBURT, Vineland, Ontario. — The Massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus) in V/el- In a subsequent letter Dr. Hurlburt says: "In I.AND County, Ontario.—There is a very exten- regard to my observations on the Milk Snake sive bog, variously known as the "Huckleberry vibrating its tail, contained in my article on the Marsh" and the "Big Peat Bog" lying about Massasauga, there is no doubt a noise was pro- 3V^ miles west of Port Colborne. This marsh duced. This may have been from contact with has a sinister reputation locally as the home grass, leaves, &c., but this long afterward I of rattlesnakes, which are apparently frequently cannot recollect the exact position of the snakes seen and killed by huckleberry pickers. Mention when I heard the noise. When I first saw these cf this place is made by Mr. W. J. Leroy in The snakes they were on a log. As I approached Canadian Field-Naturalist, 44:20, 1930. they went under the log and I turned it over and caught one of them. It may have been On June 12, 1927, the writer visited this bog after I turned the log over that they vibrated and sjiw a small rattler only about 200 feet north their lails. Such being the case, there would no of the highway. It was about 18 inches in doubt be enough loose material near by for length and was lying coiled on a tussock of grass. them to strike.—W. E. Hurlburt."—Ed. As it was approached it sounded its rattle and disappeared in the woods. This particular day was evidently a favourable one for observing snakes, being sunny, but with a cold wind. Within quite a small area several snakes were to be seen, Another Bird-eating Frog.—Mr. P A. Taver- sunning themselves on logs and tussocks. Neax ner's note in the November, 1933, Canadian Field- where the rattler had been seen v^ere two large Naturalist recalls another instance to add to the Milk Snakes and a Garter Snake. Under the log collection of Frog notes: on wiiich the Milk Snakes had been lying two On August 7, 1930j an immature Junco was more Garter Snakes were found. When these found fluttering against the inside of a window Milk Snakes were disturbed they vibrated the in the Lake Mohonk Mountain House, Mohonk tips of their tails rapidly, making quite a loud sound. Lake, N. Y. It was banded and released but re- peated six times in nearby trap? during the next The Marsh was explored, in company with Mr. two v/eeks. On August 21 the attention of some Leroy, on August 15, 1928, but only one Garter of the guests was attracted by a commotion in Snake was found. However, the particular spot a small stone-walled fountain pocl in front of

where I had seen the Rattler was inaccessible by it.he Mountain House. Investigation showed it Joad, which was under repair. On this occasion to be caused by the sti-uggles of a frog which had —

56 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

the head and neck of the above Junco in its ably a Bull Frog. The explanation offered at

mouth The bird was dead. I did not see the the time was that the bird either flew against struggle, but those who did paid the frog was some nearby windows and fluttered down into trying to swallow the bird at first, but later dis- the pool or else fell in, in trying to get a drink. gorged it. By the time that I arrived on the Daniel Smiley, Jr. scene, the frog had disappeared, but it was prob-

REVIEW

details locality, The "C.J.N."—At the first meeting of the A.C- (exact date of collecting, formation, F.A.S. (Association Canadienne-Francaise pour etc.), so often missing in amateur collections, will I'Avancement des Sciences), one of the highlights not be neglected. was the exhibition of natural history collections of And now, a word about the collections them- the C.J.N. (Cercles de Jeunes Naturalistes) . We selves. As might have been expected, the bulk now have before us the November, 1933, number of of them are botanical, but there are small zoological, the "Revue M.S.L." which is entirely devoted to a entomological, mineralogical and geological exhibits. description of the exhibits and a brief history of These promise well for the future and it is to be the C.J.N. hoped that more and more time will be devoted

This movement, which is barely three years old to them, for these fields have been less thoroughly has swept through the schools of Quebec and en- worked than has Botany. listed a host of students in scientific research. Might a conchologist add that very little collect- Since its foundation, it has spread to Ontario, ing of land and fresh-water shells has been done Manitoba, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, in Quebec? These shells are everywhere plentiful, Alaska, Yukon and even Bengal. But the bulk require very little preparation and storage space, of the membership is in Quebec where three and are therefore deserving of more attention from hundred and twenty-six clubs are actively engaged amateur naturalists. in studying and collecting the flora and fauna of Even from the more than sketchy outline of the as many different parts of the province. work of the C.J.N, given here, it will be seen that When one considers that these young people this movement is one of the most important in work under the watchful eye of such men as the popularizing natural history in Quebec, and one Rev. Bros. Adrien and Marie-Victorin and Mr. to be watched and enjoyed by all Canadian Jacques Rousseau, it will be realized that important naturalists—A. La Rocque. Affiliated Societies

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE MANITOBA PROTECTION OF BIRDS INC. 1929-30 OFFICERS & COMMITTEE: President Emeritus: C.E. Bastin; President: G. Shirley Past Presidents: Mr. L. McI. Terrill, Mr. Napier Smith- Brooks, Past Presidents: H. M. Speechly, M.D., C. W. Mr. W. S. Hart; President: Mrs. C. L. Henderson; Vice; LoWB, M.Sc, A. A. McCouBREY, J. B. Wallis, M.A., Presidents: Mr. H. A. C. Jackson, Miss M. S. Nicolson; Vice-President V. W. Jackson M.Sc, A. M. Davidson, M.D.. R. A. and Treasurer: Mr. Henry Mouslby; Secretary i Wardlb, M.Sc; Vice-Presidents: Mrs. L. R. Simpson, Miss M. Seaih; Curator: Miss Hope McLachlan. Committee C. L. Broley, W. H. Rand, Dr. R. S. Kirk, B. W. Dr. W. W. Beattie, Mrs. C. F. Dale, Mb. J. A. Decarie, Cahtwright, a. Burton Gresham, Treasurer: A. G. Mr. W. S. Hart, Mrs. H. Hibbert, Miss K. D. Malcoub- Lawrence; Auditor: R. M. Thomas; Social Convenor: ONNE, Miss P. B, Mattinson, Miss Edith Morrow, Miss Mrs. A. J. Searle; General Secretary: NORMAN Lowe, L. Murphy, Mr. R. A. Outhet, Mr. Napier Smith, Mr 317 Simcoe St., Winnipeg; Executive Secretary: J. Haddow. L. McI.Spackman, Mr. L. McI. Tbbrill, Mr. G. J. C Tigar, V. C Wynnei-Edwards. Section Chairman Secretary Ornithological L. T. S. Norris-Elye, B.A. A. H. Shortt Address all correspondence to the Society at P.O. Box 1186 Entomological A. V. Mitchener, M.Sc. Miss M.F. Pratt Montreal, P.Q., Canada. Botanical MRS. I. M. Priestly Mrs. H. T. Ross Geoiogieal Miss C. J. Egan, P. H. Stokes lehthyological Ferris Neave, M.Sc. G. D. Russell SOCIETE PROVANCHER D'HISTOIRE Mammalogieal V. W. Jackson, M.Sc. J. P. Kennedy Microscopy NATURELLE DU CANADA Zoology R. A. Wardle, M.Sc. Botany C. W. Lowe, M.Sc. H.Chas. Pbahcb Patron Honoraire: Son Excellence, le Tres Honorable Comte db Bessborough, P.C, G.C.M.G., Gouverneur- Meetings are held each Monday evening, except on holidays G6n6ral du Canada; Vice-Patron Honoraire: Honorable from October to April, in the physics theatre of the University, M. H. G. Carroll, Lieutenant-Gouverneur de la Province Winnipeg. Field excursions are held each Saturday after- de Quebec; Bureau de Direction pour 1933: President: W. noon during May, June and September, and on public holidays Stuabt Atkinson; ler vice-president: Edgar Rochette, during July and August. C.R., M.P.P.; Sdme vice-pr&sident: G. Stuart Ahern; Secritaire-trSsorier: Louis-B. Lavoie; Chef de la section scientifique: Dr. D.-A.Dery; Chef de la section de Propagande THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION iducationnelle: Alphonse Desilbts, B.S.A.; Chef de la section SOCIETY de protection: R. Meredith, N.P.; Chef de la section d'injormation scientifique et pratique: Dr. J.-E. Bernier; (Incorporated) Directeurs: Adrien Falahdbau, C.R.; Major Jos. Matte James F. Ross. Hon. President: W. E. Saunders, London, Ont.; President: Seeritaire-trSsorier: Louis-B. Lavoib Rbv. Calvin McQubsTon; Vice-President: R. OwpN Merri- UAN, M.A., Kingston, Ont.; First Vice-President: DB. H. G. 38, rue Sherbrooke, Quebec. ArnoTT; Second Vice-President: Mrs. F. E. MacLoghlin; Recording Secretary: J. RoiJlND Brown; Secrelary-Tr^a^urer: Miss Nina Duncan; Assistant Secretary-Treasurer: Miss E. THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS' McEwin; Junior Committee: Miss M. E. Graham; Prtt- gramme Committee: Rbv. C. A. Heaven; Extension Committee: CLUB H. C. NUNN. OFFICERS FOR 1933-34.

Honorary President: Dr. A. P. Coleman; President: Arnott McILWkAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB, M.Patterson; Hon. Vice-Presidents: Hon. G. H. Challibs. LONDON, ONT. Mr. J. H. Fleming, Dr. N. A. Powell; Vice-President: Mr. F. P. Ide, Secretary-Treasurer: J. P. Oughton, Chairman o} President: Mr. Edison Matthews, 554 Central Ave., London Conservation Committee: Mrs. S. L. Thompson; Council--- Ont.; Vice-President: Mr. E. D. Brand, 148 William Street, Dr. E. M. Walker, S. L. Thompson, Prop, J. R. Dymond London, Ont.; Recording Secretary: Mb. Vernon Franks, 195 C. S. Farmer, Prop. T. F. McIlwraith, Dr. Norma Duchess Av'., London, Ont.; Corresponding Secretary and Ford, Magistrate J. E. Jones, L. T. Owens; Rupert Treasurer: Mr. W. G. Girung, 530 English St., London, Davids, F. C. Hurst, Dr. T. M. C. Taylor, C. G. Brennand; Ont. Migration Secretary: Mr. E. M. S. Dale. 297 Hyman Dr. p. E. Clarkson, S. B. McCready. Leaders: Birds— Street, London, Ont.; Members qualified to answer questions: Messrs. S. L. Thompson, L. L. Snyder, J. L. Baillee, Jr. W. E. Saunders, 240 Central Avenue, London, Ont.; Prof. T. P. McIlwraith, R. V. Lindsay, R. M. Speirs, C. G. Watson, 201 Ridout Street South, London, Ont.; P. H. Emery, T. Shortt, Hubert Richardson, R. J, J. F. Calvert, 461 Tecumseh Avenue, London, Ont.; E. M. S. RuTTBR. Mammals—Prof. A. P. Coventry, Messrs. E. Dale, 297 Hyman Street, London, Ont. C. Cross, D. A. McLuuch. Reptiles and Amphibians— Meetings held the second, Monday of the month, excep Messrs. E. B. S. Logier, Wm. LeRay. Fi«A—Prof. J. R. during the summer. Dymond, Prof. W. J. K. Harkness. Insects— Dr. E. M. Walker, Dr. N. Ford. Mr. P. P. Ids. Botany—Prop. R. B. Thomson, Dr. H. B. Sipton, Dr. T. M. C.—Taylor; VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY Mr. W. R. Watson, Mr.L. T. Owens. Mollusks Dr. E. M. Walker, J. P. Oughton. Geology—Dr. A. P. Coleman Honorary President. L. S. Klinck, LL.D., President Univer- Prof. A. McLean. sity of B.C.; President: John Davidson, P.L.S., P.B.S.E., University of B.C.; Vice-President: Prop. M. Y. Wiluams, Honorary Secretary: C. F. Connor, M.A., 3222 W. 36th Street, Vancouver, B.C.; First Assistant Secretary: Miss We would ask the Officers, and more Betty Herd; Snd Assistant Secretary: Mr. Vernon Wie- drick: Honorary Treasurer: A. H. Bain, 2142 Collingwood particularly the Secretaries, of all the Street, Vancouver, B.C.; Librarian: Mrs. McCrimmon; Members of Executive: Miss E. J. Smith, Mr. J. D. Turnbull, Affiliated Societies to assist us in our Mr. B. J. Wood, Mr. P. L. Tait, Mr. R. J. Gumming; Au- ditors: H. G. Sblwood, W. B. Woods. task of building up the circulation of All meetings at 8 p.m.. Auditorium, Normal School, lOtb Avenue and Cambie Street, unless otherwise announced. this magazine. By securing every member as a subscriber we can truly BRITISH COLUMBIA BIRD AND MAMI^AL make this magazine into one of the SOCIETY leading Natural History publications President: Dr. M. Y. Williams; First Viee-Pr,esidenti Hamilton M. Lainq; Second Vice-President: Dr. C. J. Bastin; of America, Secretary-Treasurer: Kenneth Racby, 3262 West- Jst Ave. Vancouver, B.C. AUTOBIOGRAPHY o/ JOHN MACOUN, M.A. CANADA NORTH OF FIFTY SIX By E. M. KINDLE Theae are attractively bound, and contain a wealth of information concerning Canadian Special profusely illustrated number of The Natural History and Exploration, The author "Naturalist", 8S pages, 3t illustrations. Every Wat a former President of the Club and this it a Canadian should know this prize essay. Memorial Volume PRICE FIFTY CENTS PRICE $3.00. - 305 pp. WILMOT LLOYD WILMOT LLOYD 582 Mariposa Avenue Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa 582 Mariposa Avenue Roakcliffe Park, Ottawa WILMOT LLOYD, Treasurer, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, FOR SALE:— 582 Mariposa Avenue, RockclifTe Park, Ottawa. SET THE CLUB'S COMPLETE OF Enclosed please find $2.00 as membership in PUBLICATIONS The O.F.-N.C. and Subscription to the Canadian Field-Naturalist for the year 1933. 1879-1932 Name This is a rare opportunity. For particulars address the Treasurer— Address WILMOT LLOYD 582 Mariposa Avenue RodccIiffe'Park, Ottawa City, Prov. or Siate„

FORM I do hereby give and bequeath to The Ottawa Field- Naturalists' Club of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada the sum OF \ of. 100 Dollars BEQUEST Date Signature

liiiwi III iiiiiwrfTiOwi 3»c " A New PEST-PROOF INSECT BOX THE HOOD INSECT BOX

Special Features of the HOOD BOX:

1. Pest-proof 2. Wooden Frame 3> High shoulder, protecting specimens 4* Excellent pinning bottom 5. High quality box at low cost PRICE $1.25 EACH SPECIAL RATES IN QUANTITY

For full description ask for circular No. £98 WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT 84 CoUege Avenue, ROCHESTER, N.Y. S=>uc Kindly mention The Canadian Field-Naturalist to adverlisetB 1,1 i I s ICJC'H-

VOL. XLVIII, No. 4 APRIL, 1934

i.,.i-.

'^•» ft ,

II Wl'Vw*^^

ISSUED APRIL 2, 1934 Entered at the Ottawa Post Office an second-clasa matter —

THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB

^atrong: THEIR EXCELLENCIES THE GOVERNOR GENERAL AND COUNTESS OP BESSBOROUGH

President: M. E. Wilson. 1st Vice-President: Hekrer'^ pi^OH 2nd Vice-President: P. A. Taverner Secretary: Grace S. Lewis, Treasurer: Wilmot Lloyd, 582 Mariposa Ave., 344 Lisgar Ro^^, Rbckclifie Park. Rockcliffe Park.

Additional Members of Council: P. J. Alcock, R. M. Anderson, M. E. Cowan, H. G. Crawford, Arthur Crowson, R. E. DeLury, P. J. Praser, A. Halkett, C. E. Johnson, A. G. Kingston, E. M. Kindle, W. H. Lanceley, A. LaRocque, Douglas Leechman, Harrison P. Lewis, HoYES Lloyd, Mark G. McElhinney, A. E. Porsild, E. E. Prince, L. S. Russell, J. Dewey SopER, C. M.Sternberg, E. P. G. White, Peggy Whitehurst, R. T. D. Wickenden, W. J. Wintembbrg, and the following Presidents of Affiliated Societies: G. Shirley Brooks, Calvin McQuESTON, Edison Matthews, John Davidson, M. Y. Williams, C. L. Henderson, W. Stuart Atkinson, Arnott M. Patterson. Auditors: A. G. Kingston and Harrison P. Lewis.

Editor: Douglas Leechman National Museum, Ottawa, Canada.

Associate Editors: D. Jenness. Anthropology Clyde L. Patch Herpetology Botany R. M. Anderson Mammalogy

P. R. Latchford i .Conchology A. G. Huntsman Marine Biology Arthur Gibson Entomology P. A. Taverner Ornithology P. J. Alcock Geology E. M.Kindle Paleontology CONTENTS page ^: Marmota caligaia broweri, A New Marmot from Northern Alaska.. ..By E. Raymond Hall and Raymond M. Gilmore 67 Notes on the Distribution of the Hoary Marmots. By R. M. Anderson 61

Some Additions to the Vascular Flora of Anticosti Island. By J. Adams 63

f:dnteresting Bird Records for Southern Baffin Island. By J. Dewey Soper 65 Grasshoppers Routed by Gulls. By F. Bradshaw 68 Notes and Observations:

'^^ Two New Canadian Lymnaeas. By Prank C. Baker 69 Book Review. By H. P. L 70

ill III \a III The official publications of The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club have been issued

jj: since 1879. The first were The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, 1879-1886, B two volunies; the next, The Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-two these III volumes; and have ||j

III been continued by The Canadian Field-Naturalist to date. The Canadian Field-Naturalist is sjl

jlj issued monthly, except for the months of June, July and August. Its scope is the publication :j| |:l of the results of original research in all departments of Natural History. |:}

ill ill

i\\ Price of this volume {9 numbers) $2.00; Single copies 2Si each si

III::::::::::::::::::::::::::: t:::: :::: :::::::,:: ::::,::::::: ::::: :;:::; :: ;::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::: ;:::::::::::J-

The Membership Committee of The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club is making a speciail eflfort to increase the subscription list of The Canadian Field-Naturalist. We are, therefore, asking every reader who is truly interested in the wild life of our cotmtry to help this magazine to its rightful place among the leading Natural History publications in America. Subscriptions ($2.00 a year) should be forwarded to WILMOT LLOYD, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, 582 Mariposa Ave., Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa, Canada. The Canadian Field-Naturalist

VOL. XLVIII OTTAWA, CANADA, APRIL, 1934 No. 4

^ Marmota caligata hrowsri, A NEW MARMOT FROM NORTHERN ALASKA By E RAYMOND HALL and RAYMOND M. GILMORE (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California)

N THE YEAR 1928 when Mr. Charles RANGE.—Known definitely only from the D. Brower, of Point Barrow, Alaska, type locality and the vicinity of Cape Thomp- first began to build up, in the son. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, a DIAGNOSIS.—A Marmot of the caligata collection of mammals from northern Alaska group with black face and white feet. Re- (see Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 30 (No. 14), 419- mainder of coloration essentially as in Mar- 425, he obtained one skull- only of an immature mota caligata broweri (Eschscholtz) save for Marmot from Cape Thompson. The skull greater average tawniness on hinder back and presented certain features differentiating it flanks. Size apparently less than in M. c. from those of other American Marmots. caligata. SkuH: relatively (to condylobasal Knowledge of this fact led Mr. Brower to length) narrow across zygomata; nasals nar- make special efforts to obtain adult, and more rowest at point one-quarter of their total length complete, specimens from northern Alaska, from posterior ends; palate projecting behind since it was suspected that a heretofore un- last upper molars; anterior palatine foramina recognized race existed there, constricted anteriorly; angular process of Mr. Brower was successful in this effort; mandible projecting little if any behind arti- he obtained three additional specimens, each cular process. a skin, skull, and skeleton, from Point Lay, just south of latitude 70°, on the Arctic Coast COMPARISON AND RELATIONSHIPS.— of Alaska. Study of this material shows that The large size, black and white coloration, *nd though the Marmot of northern Alaska is general shape of the skull clearly show the allied to the Hoary Marmot of northwestern close relation of this Marmot to the Marmota North America, it, nevertheless, differs from caligata group. From Marmota caligata any of the described races in both external caligata, as known to us by Alaskan speci- and cranial features. Indeed, the striking mens from the Kenai Peninsula, localities black face, light-coloured underfur, black-tipped bordering on Prince William Sound, Savage overhairs, often with a tawny suffusion on River in the Mt. McKinley District, and Bri- the back and flanks, make it one of the most tish Columbia material from the Stikine handsome of American Marmots. River at Flood Glacier, M. c. broweri is found The name broweri is proposed as a token of constantly to differ in the following respects: recognition of Mr. Charles D. Brower, of face all black rather than marked by extensive Barrow, Alaska, whose industry in saving white area between and in front of eyes; feet natural history materials has contributed so mostly white rather than black or blackish greatly to the forwarding of our knowledge brown; skull relatively narrower across zygo- of the fauna of northern Alaska. mata; posterior two-thirds of nasals in longi- tudinal axis relatively straight rather than Marmota caligata broweri, new subspecies convex dorsally; nasals constricted, and nar- rowest, medially rather than tapering poster- TYPE.—Adult, unsexed, complete skeleton iorly; nasals extending farther posteriorly to with skin; No. 51675, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Point premaxillae; palate projecting farther pos- Lay, Arctic Coast of Alaska; collected in early teriorly to plane of last upper molars; anter- December, 1931; obtained from native resident ior palatine foramina constricted anteriorly by Charles D. Brower. rather than posteriorly; inferior margin of 58 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

lower mandible relatively straight rather than even to the species Marm ta caligrfa, v/e have distinctly concave (mandible markedly deeper no way of knowing. It is barely possible

below M2 and mT* ) ; angular process reduced that Marmoia moncx occurs at some of the

and projecting little if any, rather than far, mentioned localities. However, we think it posteriorly to articular process. probable that intergradation will be found to

If the type specimen, a fully adult animal, e^ist between M. c. froweri and M. c. caligata. is a male, as is suspected on account of the No external measurements were taken of lack of well-developed mammae, then broiveri the specimens in the flesh. The prepared

is judged to be a smaller animal than M. c. skeleton of the type specimen has the caudal cclig'ta. vertebrae intact. The vertebrae, 21 in num-

ber, posterior to the pseudosacrum ( two cau- Selected measure- MEASUREMENTS.— dal vertebrae fused with the two sacral units) ments, in millimeters, of the skull of the type measure 190 millimeters in length. The hind specimen, probably a male, are as follows: foot measures 80 millimeters on the dried condylo-basal length, 94.9; palatal length, 55.2; skin. If we are correct in supposing that the postpalatal length, 35.0; length of nasals, 40.1; absence of well-developed mammae upon the zygomatic breadth, 61.6; breadth across mas- skin of the type specimen marks it as a male, toids, 41.7; least interorbital breadth, 24.0; then the measurements indicate that broweri breadth of rostrum, 21.8; maxillary tooth row is a smaller animal than caligata, for even if an 21.0. allowance of five per cent for shrinkage due REMARKS.—Since practically every one c' to drying is made for the type it still is the comparative differences mentioned abov^ smaller than any adult male of caligata seen,

constantly distinguishes M. c. broiveri from M. or of which Howell (N. A Fauna, no. 37, p. c. caligata, the only described subspecies whose 60) gives measurements. geographic range adjoins that of broweri, it With respect to the taking of the type at a might be maintained with some justice that time as late as December, Mr. Brower, under broweri should be accorded full specific rank. date of January 29, 1932, writes: "This one However, the differences distinguishing the was taken in the early part of December; two forms are of much the same nature r somewhat late for him to be wandering those which distinguish other subspecies, of around. Mostly, they disappear in early No- the colijcta group, between which inter- vember." , gradation has been found to exist. Also, Two of the three specimens from Point Lay Marmots are known to occur in several parts are young; the temporal ridges have barely of Alaska which are geographically inter- fused posteriorly. The skull-only from Cape mediate with respect to the ranges as now Thompson is that of a subadult. However, known of M. c. caligata and M. c. broweri. despite the tender age of these specimens, Nelson, in his "Report upon the Natural each one of the three displays the characters History Collections made in Alaska between mentioned above as distinguished broweri from the years 1877 and 1881" (No. Ill, Arctic Ser. caligata. Publ., Signal Service, U.S. Army, 1887, p. SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Total number, reports that T 282) "At Kotzebue Sound saw 4; all from the Arctic Coast of Alaska; Point a great of their skins into many made up Lay, 3; Cape Thompson, 1. clothing and worn by the Eskimo from the It seems appropriate to record here a slight headwaters of the Kowak and Nunatog Rivers. extension of the known range of Marmota The people reported them to be abundant caligata raceyi. This marmot, recently named 68°." there among the hills in about latitude as new by Dr. R. M. Anderson (Ann. Rept., Also, in their "Notes upon the mammals of for 1931, Nat. Mus. Canada, p. 112, 1932) northwestern Alaska" Bailey and Hendee from the Chilcotin Plateau, latitude 52' 45' (Journ. Mamm., 7:20, 1926) state that: "Mar- north, longitude 125° west, was based on mots are fairly common throughout the hills eight specimens obtained at the mentioned of northern Alaska. The Eskimos told us locality by Mr. Kenneth Racey in 1931. they were numerous 50 miles inland from Roughly one year later, on May 30, 1932, Mr. Wainwright. They are found in the foothills Thomas T. McCabe and Mrs. Elinor Belles of the Endicott Mountains inland from Kot- McCabe, obtained an additional specimen (No. zebue Sound, and in the hills back of Nome." 52111, Mus. Vert. Zool.) of the Chilcotin Hoary Whether or not Marmots from these mentioned Marmot at a point 30 miles east of Bella Coola. to localities are referable M. c. broweri or This locality is near 55 miles southwest of tho April, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 59

type locality of M. c. raceyi. Nevertheless, Point Lay, Arctic Coast of Alaska; collected in early December, 1931; obtained from native the specimen displays the same narrow skull by Charles D. Brower. Dorsal view of skull. and black and white pelage characterizing topotypes of raceyi and suggests that the Fig. 2. Marmota caligata broweri, lateral view of left lower jaw, belonging to same subspecies has a more extensive geographic skull shown in fig. 1. range in southwestern British Columbia tha the two records of occurrence now show. Fig. 3. Marmota caligata broweri, ventral view of same skull shown in fig. 1.

Transmitted November 6, 1933 Figs. 4 to 6. Marmota caligata caligata, adult, male, No. 964, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Hinchin- brook Island, NE Bay Mt., 1500 ft., Prince William Sound, Alaska; June 27, 1908; collected LEGENDS FOR FIGURES by Edmund Heller. Views corresponding to those shown of M. c. broweri. Views of the skulls and left lower jaws of two subspecies of Marmota caligata. Draw- Note especially as between broweri and ca- ings are photographically accurate. Outlines igatv, difference in shape of the nasal bont were made on photograph; photograph then difference in shape of the anterior palatinr washed out. Figures V2 natural size. foramina; longer palate, and smaller angular process of the lower mandible and more nearly Fig. 1. Marmota caligata broweri adult, male straight inferior margin of lower mandible ? No. 51675, Mus. Vert. Zool., type specimen; in broweri. 1. M. ca igaia broWeri 2. M. ca igata caligata 3. M. ca igata sheldoni 4. M. ca igata oxytona 5. M- ca igata okanagana 6. M. ca igata niVaria 7. M. ca igata case ad ensis 8.M. ca igata raceyi

9,M. ca igata vigilis 10. M. olympus 11. M. VancouVererisis 12. M. caligata (race undetermined) April, 1934J The Canadian Field-Naturalist 61

NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE HOARY MARMOTS' By R. M. ANDERSON

^^-^ HE DESIRABILITY of publishing- a along the northern slope of the Endicott £ revised map of the distribution of Mountains, and saw at least one skin from the Hoary Marmots or "Whistlers" Hula-hula River in the foothills south of of the Mormnfa colincta group was Barter Island, and other parts of skins in the suggested to the writer by Dr. E. Raymond pcs:ession of Eskimos. They were known to Hall, Curator of MammaLs, Museum of Ver- the white traders as "badger" and to the tebrate Zoology, University of California, Eskimos as Tjik-tjik-puk or Sik-sik-puk Berkeley. The latest map showing the ranges (meaning "big ground squirrel" =big Citellus of the different forms of this group is in parryii ), the native diagnosis of its relation- Mr. A. H. Howell's "Redsijn of the American ship being much nearer the truth than that of Mormof^" in 1915'-, reprcduced without change the whites. Some of the Eskimos showed me by Mr. H. E. Anthony in 192S''. where they had taken specimens of the animal on the Hula-hula River, Since that time the writer has described a but it was too latr in the autumn to get new subspecies from the interior plateau re- any specimens ol the hibernating Marmots. gion of British Columbia, Mormofa coliyjnfa There is certainly a large area in the Endicott raceyi Anderson^ and Hall and Gilmore have Mountains (indicated by dotted range No. more recently described another new subspe- 12 on the accompanying map) where Marmots certainly occur, but cies from northwestern Alaska (see ante.) until specimens are brought out from this A considerable number of additional specimens area it is impossible to say whether the Hoary- of several forms have also been obtained from Marmots of the region belong to M. c. broweri, various localities in the region and a number or whether the range of typical Northern of additions and corrections can be made to Hoary Marmot, Marmora caligata caligata the 1915 map. (Eschscholtz), extends northward from the The Hoary Marmots are essentially upland Yukon valley side to the foothills on the inhabitants, living near timber-line in the north slope of the mountains. It is quite mountains, or in the vicinity of rock-slides probable that the Marmots do not range as and talus slopes where they may find shelter high on the mountains here as they do farther in connection with sufficient food. While the south, as the mountain-tops (from 3,000 to

species ( Marmot a caligata) is quite generally 8,000 feet) are rather barren and Arctic-Alp- distributed in the northwestern mountain re- ine conditions, as shown by the flora, extend gions, the ranges of the forms are by no practically to sea-level on parts of the Arctic means continuous as Marmots may be absent coast. from the valleys or from mountain areas The Chilcotin Hoary Marmot, Marmota ca- where conditions are not suitable. Consider- ligata raceyi Anderson, was described from able collecting and study will be necessary in 8 specimens obtained on Itcha Mountains, Chil- the future before the numerous gaps in our cotin Plateau, by Kenneth Racey in 1931. map are filled and the points of contact or Hall and Gilmore (see ante) report one spe- intergradation of the races are demonstrated. cimen taken in 1932 at a point 30 miles east The Northwestern Hoary Marmot, Marmofa of Bella Coola, 55 miles southwest of the type caligata broweri Hall and Gilmore, is based locality of raceyi. The National Museum of on 4 specimens from Point Lay and Cape Canada recently received a fine male specimen Thompson on the northwestern coast c" taken by Mr. John C. Shelford, June 16, 1933, Alaska. When I was working in Arctic Alaska near Bums Lake (a little south of Babine Lake, in 1908-1909 and 1913-1914, I heard many B.C.), extending the range of raceyi to about reports of Hoary Marmots from various poini^ 120 miles nearly north of the type locality and making a small indentation into the south- western boundary of the formerly ' Published with the p?rmis3ion of the Acting-Director, assumed National Museum of Canada, Department cf Mines, Ottawa range of the Robson Hoary Marmot, Marmota 2 North American Fauna, No. 37, Bureau of Biological Sur- caligata oxytona Hollister. My correspondent ey, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, 1915. Fig. 3, p. 58. ' Field Book of North American Mammals, G. P. Putnam's informed me that while the Hoary Marmots Sons, New York—London, 1928. Fig. 47, p. 191. had been reported in the neighbouring mount- • Annual Report. 1931, National Museumof Canada, 1932. pp. 112- 119, Plate V. ains, this was the first one that had been 62 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

known to wander down to low levels, and it at McGillivray Creek, some 30 or 40 miles north was taken in a small house where meat was west of Spence's Bridge. The best solution of stored. Two specimens (one melanistic) of the problem seems to be to treat the specimen the British Columbia Woodchuck, Marmota as intermediate or indeterminable, and cut monax petrensis Howell, were taken near the down the northward extension of the range of same place. M. m. petrensis is known to oc- cascadensis as shown in Howell's 1915 inap, cur within the range of M. c. okanagana far- leaving the space to be filled when more spe- ther to the south-east, and the Yellow-bellied cimens from the region in question are avail- Marmot, Marmota flaviventris avara, occupies able for scientific study. The National a similar relationship to okanagana in the Museum of Canada obtained 2 specimens of valleys farther west. drier cascadensis from Lihumitson Park, near the In studying the range of the Cascade Hoary U.S. Boundary, in 1927, and specimens secured Marmot, Marmota caligata casccdensis Howell, by Mr. Kenneth Racey and Mr. Ian McTag- I found seven records given by Howell (1915. gart-Cowan of Vancouver indicate that the p. 69) of British Columbia localities, namely: large indendation in the range of cascadensis Chilliwack, 1; Hope, 1; Howe Sound (near en western side of Howell's 1915 map may be head), 3; Mount Baker range (near U.S. filled in. Boundary), 8; Skagit River (mountains near The range of the Okanagan Hoary Marmot, head), Spence's Bridge, 6; 1; Tammi Hy (Ta- Marmota caligata okanagana (King), as map- mihy) Mountain, 2; and that all these records ped by Howell (1915, p. 58) on the basis of are from the west slope of the Cascade mount- the following specimens: (ALBERTA: Henry ains except Howe Sound (a little north cf House (mountains 15 miles south), 2; BRI- Vancouver) and Spence's Bridge, a station on TISH COLUMBIA: Field, 2; Glacier, 7; Spil- the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway limacheen River, 3; Toad Mountain (6 miles on the south bank of Thompson River about 30 south of Nelson, 4), is too narrow and does miles of north-east the junction of Fraser and not extend far enough to the westward. In Thompson rivers. As there are apparently no his description of okanagana (1915, pp. 64-66) other British Columbia records of cascadensis he discusses the original description by King ' on east side of Coast or Cascade mou»itains, and fixes the type locality as "Gold Range, and as the Spence's Bridge record is some British Columbia,"—"the first range to the distance from any other records of this s"'^ eastward of Shuswap Lake—where it is likely species, I thought it deserved further invcct- the type was secured" (Howell, 1915, p. 66). igation. The specimen (No. 20798, A. M. N King (ihid., 241) defines the type region as H.) collected by James Teit, in 1903, was re- follows: "In a small tract of country, on the ceived on loan through the o courtesy the borders of the Rocky Mountains, lying between American Museum of Natural History and the Columbia and Fraser Rivers, these animals proved to be a medium-sized subadult, i- are found in abundance, supplying with food faded and worn summer pelage, unsexed. and and clothing the Okanagan Indians, whose ter- without skull. It resembles all of our 14 ritory is bounded to the north by the Seech- specimens of M. c. ckanagana in having less wap Lake, and to the south by the Spokane blackish ." on head than any of our 13 speci- River . . Dr. H. S. Bostock and Dr. C. E. mens of cascadensis. Some of the specimen.-- Cairnes of the Geological Survey of Canada, being juveniles in poor coats, the comparisons who are familiar with southern British Colum- cannot be very detailed. Even with fairly bia, state that while "Gold Range" is not

good skins of adults in good pelage it is given on recent maps, in some of the older often quite difficult to separate specimen' of works "Gold Range" was practically synonym- cascadensis from okanagana with certaint^v ous with the present "Monashee Range" which as there is considerable variation in the consists of a group of small ranges. At one colours, and for a satisfactory determination time the name "Gold Range" was applied to the skull of the specimen is almost necessrry. the range now known as "Shuswap Range." With only a skin in the condition of the Spence's and this may properly be considered as the locality, Bridge specimen, it does not see:n justifiable type as fixed by Howell, although his to list of the range of okanagana hardly comes it as certainly cascadensis. In my map opinion the general resemblance is somewhat that far west. closer to okanagana, and this opinion is strengthened by the occurrence of okanaqani 1 Narr. Journ. Shores Arctic Ocean, Vo]. 2, 18'?6, p. 2"''?, April, 1934) The Canadian Field-Naturalist 63

In the collection of the National Museum Park, there is little doubt that these also of Canada are 6 specimens from Banff, Alberta belong to nivaria as well and that nivaria (Cascade Basin, 7,000 feet altitude), which also occurs on the British Columbia side of may be relerred to okanagana, also 6 British the mountain passes in that region. Columbia specimens taken farther west than The range of the Vancouver Island Marmot, any of Howell's records 4 — from Rossland Marmota vancouverensis Swarth, which al- Group of Monashee Range, near Rossland, B.C. though of uniformly brown colour, is clearly (Green Mountain and Old Glory Mountain, related to the mainland species of the Marmota 6,000 and 7,000 feet altitude) at edge of Co- caligata group, was recorded by Howell (1915, lumbia valley a few miles north of Stevens p. 72) from Eagle Basin, 1; King County, Solomon Washington; cmd 3 specimens from Basin, 3; and Mount Douglas, 7. The known McGillivray Creek (5,500 to 6,000 feet alti- range of this species is now known to extend tude), near Lillooet, which extend the range farther north on the eastern side of Vancouver of okanagana much farther west, including Island on the strength of 5 specimens from some country rather close to the northern end Green Mountain, Nanaimo River, secured by of the range of cascadensis as mapped by Mr. Kenneth Racey in 1931, and one specimen Howell in 1915. taken by Mr. Arthur Peake on Battle Mount- The Montana Hoary Marmot, Marmota ain in 1929 and presented to the National Museum of Canada caligata nivaria Howell, is mapped by Howell by Major Allan Brooks. The accompanying as inhabiting two separate regions: IDAHO: map is based on Howell's map Bitterroot Mountains (headquarters of Clear- "Distribution of the Marmota caligata group water River), 3; Elk Summit, Salmon River (1915, p. 58), with additions of the range of Mountains, 2; MONTANA: Upper St* Mary's M. c. broweri by E. Raymond Hall; to the Lake (mountains near), Glacier National Park, ranges of M. c. raceyi and M. van- 9. The National Museum of Canada has one couverensis by E. Raymond Hall and R. M. additional specimen taken on Mount Forget- Anderson; and revision of the ranges of M. me-not, about s. cascadersis, c. 40 miles WSW of Calgary, in M. okanagana, M. c. oxytona, southwestern Alberta (No. 452, female, July and m. c. nivaria, as well as of the range of 10, 1897, Wm. Spreadborough collector), which undetermined form in Arctic Alaska by R. M. is clearly referable to nivaria and may be Anderson. cited as the first Canadian record of this National Museum of Canada, Ottawa. subspecies. As large white Marmots are also reported from near timber-line near the west- MAP.—Distribution of the Marmota caligata group, as revised by R. em border of Waterton Lakes National Park, M. Anderson and E. Raymond Hall, 1934. Type localities shown by Alberta, just north of the border of Glacier circle and dot. (See page 60).

SOME ADDITIONS TO THE VASCULAR FLORA OF ANTICOSTI ISLAND' By J. ADAMS

N THE 9th edition of the "Encyclo- song ( Campanula rotundifolia ), Grass paedia Britannica" Anticosti is des- of Parnassus (Parnassia caroFniana), Lady's cribed as "a barren island situated Tresses (Spiranthcs RomanzotlMna) an orchid in the gulf St. Lawrence". The same state- with pure white, sweetly scented flowers, ment is repeated in the "Encyclopaedia Amer- Smooth Camas ( Zygadenus chloranthus) a icana" and might have been written by one bulbous plant with tall branching inflores- who viewed the island far out from the deck cence composed of greenish-white flowers, of some passing steamer. But is is very wide and various others too numerous to mention. of the mark as experienced during a visit by Of special interest to the dweller in the far the present writer in August, 1933. At this inland was a group of sea-coast plants includ- date many pretty plants were in full bloom ing the Beach Pea (Lathyrus maritimus), Sea such as the Harebell—the bluebell of Scottish Lungwort ( Mertensia maritima ) with its pe-

culiar bluish leaves, and Sea Ragwort ( Senecio

"1 Contribution No. 391 from the Division of Botany, E:r- Pseudo-nrnira ) with stout stem and heads of perimental Farms Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. bright yellow flowers. 64 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

Various other plants were in fruit such as work a total of 467 species of vascular jjlants (seed-plants, ferns, horsetails, lycopods and the Cloudberry or Baked-apple Berry ( Ruhus their anies) are enumerated under their res- Chamaemorus ,) with salmon-coloured cluster of fleshy fruits, the Creeping Snowberry pective families. The additions in the present list are simil- ( Chiogenes hispidula ) the pure aromatic arly grouped under their proper families. berries of which were mostly hidden beneath Those marked with an asterisk are introduced the crowded leaves, several species of Blueberry species doubtless their i,o the to ripen, and the which found way ( Vaccinium ) just beginning island in the form of or other imported palustris hay Trailing Cranberry ( Oxycoccus ). material. As the island is apparently not But perhaps the most striking object was the divided into tov\rnships it is frequently diffi- Bunchberry {Cornus canadensis) whose scarlet cult to indicate with precision the exact local- fruits occurred in endless profusion on the ity where some of the species occurred. cleared ground. An interesting sight was the presence of POLYPODIACE^ deer, black foxes, and wild gees3 almost Onoclea sensibilis L. Whitehead Lake. within a stone's throw of the observer. The tameness of the animals is doubtless due to GRAMINE^ dogs are permitted on the the fact that no Ammophila arenaria Link. Shore of Ellis Bay. island. Plenty of suitable habitats for these * Arrhenatherum ' latius Beauv. Port Menier. lakes and swamps and animals occur, such as *Bromus inermis Leyss. Port Menier. timber of commer- extensive areas covered by *Poa aymua L Port Merier. cial size consisting principally of white spruce and balsam. Various species of grasses and CYPERACE^ sedges, pondweeds, and water lillies were Enopfiorum viridicarinatum Fern aid. This plentiful. was probably recorded previously as In area the island is considerably larger E. polystachion L. than Prince Edward Island but belongs to a Scirpus validus Vahl. different geological formation, the underlying Probably recorded previously as rock being calcareous in nature and highly S. lacustris L. fossiliferous. According to the latest topo- LEMNACE^ graphical map (1929) issued by the Department minor L. Anse aux Fraises. of the Interior the centre of the island is for Lemna the most part still unsurveyed. Although no JUNCACE^ heights are marked on this map or on that Juncus arliculatus L. contained in Dr. Schmitt's monograph in all probability the greatest elevation does not ex- RANUNCULACE^ feet. ceed 1000 Ranunculus reptans L. Shore of Lake Simonne My visit was made in response to a request from the Consolidated Paper Corporation, Li- CRUCIFER.E mited, the present owners of the island, for *Thlaspi arvense L. Port Menier. the purpose of determining what were most suitable plants for the feeding of Muskrats LEGUMINOS^ and whether some other species not indigenous *Medicago lupulina L. Port Menier. to the island might be introduced for the CENOTHERACE^ purpose. The area covered during the short Epilobium lineare Muhl. time at my disposal embraced only the west- ern end of the island extending from Bale HALORRHAGACE^ Ste. Claire to Lake Simonne at the end of the Myriophyllum sp. Washed up on the shore logging railway. considerable A number of of Lake Simonne but too fragmentary to plants were collected some of which had not determine the species. been recorded previously as occuring on the island. UMBELLIFER^ Carvi Port Menier. A list of the fauna and flora so far as known *Carum L. L. Whitehead Lake. at the time of publication is contained in Dr. Cicuta bulbifera ' Joseph Schmitt's "Monographie de Vile d'An- LABIATE ticosti " published in Paris in 1904. In this Scutellaria galericulata L. Lake Plantin. April, 1934) The Canadian Field-Naturalist 65

PLANTAGINACE^ proved to be a scourge to certain members of the race Plantago Rugelii Dene. Port Menier. human and which have not so far been encountered on the island. These RUBIACE^ are Poison Ivy (Rhus Toxicodendron L.) and

Galium triflorum Michx. Port Menier. Common Ragweed ( Am6rosia artemisiifolia L.) COMPOSITE Four species which do not occur naturally in Anticosti were introduced during the year 1933 * Artemisia biennis Willd. Port Menier. on some of the swamps inhabited by the *Matricaria suaveolens Buchenau. Port Menier. muskrats. These were Wild Rice ( Zizania Senecio aureus L. Whitehead Lake. aquaiica L.), Nut Gi^ass (Cyperus esculentus Erigeron philadelphicus L. Port Menier. L.), Broad-leaved Arrow-head ( Sagittaria Solidago flexicaulis L. latifolia Willd. ) and Sweet Flag ( Acorus *Cichorium Intybus L. Port Menier. Calamus L.). It remains to be seen whether Prenanthes altiasima L. Baie Ste. Claire. any of these will survive and become There are two species of plants which have permanently established.

INTERESTING BIRD RECORDS FOR SOUTHERN BAFFIN ISLAND

By J. DEWEY SOPER

(Continued from page Jf.J^) During the past few years the writer has Crex crex (Linnaeus). Corn Cr.\ke.—A solitary collected a large series of Plovers in Baffin Island male Corn Crake was collected on the beach at principally at Pond Inlet, Cumberland Sound,

Dorsei; Harbour on September 24, 1928. This is Nett:llling Lake, Bowman Bay, Cape Dorset, the first record for Baffin Island, or the Canadian Amadjuak Bay, and Lake Harbour; with the Arctic regions. This individual was very thin exception of a pair of hiaticula collected at Pond and l\arely capable of sustained flight. The bird Inlet on August 29, 1923, all of these Plovers was not known to any of tho Dorset Eskimos, prove to be semipalmatus. On the last expedi- but when the specimen was later shown to a group tion of 1930-31, to the Lake Harbour region, the of Nuwata natives an old woman declared that effort was continued, in the collection of a series she had seen a similar bird on the coastal plain of specimens, to detect the presence of the Ringed south of Cape Weston a few years previously. Plover, but again all examples are referable to the Semipalmated Plover. The Corn Crake breeds throughout Europe and In the light of these more recent results, the Kumlien observations Western Asia, extending its nesting range 'to the at Cumlierland Sound appear most remarkable. vicinity of the Arctic Circle, while it migrates as far as Cape Colony in South Africa. On this Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus). Ruddy side of the Atlantic it has been recorded as an Turnstone. — Eskimo: Ayiuktau. — The Ruddy accidental visitor to Greenland, Newfoundland Turnstone was formerly considered very rare in

(?), and many points to the south on the Atlantic Baffin Island, as the only record of it here, up seaboard, and in Bermuda. to 192S, is that of two individuals in the Hantzsch collection taken Cho.iadrius hiaticula hiaticula (Linnaeus). by Eskimos at Blacklead Island, Cumberland Sound, in late August, 1910. Ringed Plover.—^This species is listed here, not The species is not noted in Hantzsch's because of important recent records but because diary, so it is l.'ighly probable that he never observed this of the interesting discrepancy between Kumlien's bird in Baffin Island. observations in Cumberland Sound in 1877-1878 and those of the writer in Baffin Island from 1923 It was first seen by the writer in Baffin Island to 1931. Regarding this species Kumlien (1879, at Nuwata (Foxe Channel) on August 20, 1928. p. 83'i says: "I am not aware that this species During the next two days several of the birds has hitherto been introduced into the North Amer- were noted feeding on the mud flats at low tide ican fauna, though long known on the Green- in the same locality, and on the 23rd a pair was land coast where ^. semipalmata is rare. It is seen at Cape Weston. In 1929, a flock of 10 apparently more common than the preceding individuals appeared at Camp Kungovik on June in Cumberland. Arrives about the same time, 6. The species was comimonly observed, there- and breeds in similar localities". after, until June 20, when it became decidedly 66 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

scarce-, t'hough a few pairs rem'iined to nest in the Phalaro-pus julicarius (Linnaeus). Red Phala- locality. In early Jiilj' Turnstoaes were compara- ROPE.—Eskimo: Shokga. — Previous to 1928 this tively common in the rough land of tiie Eswituk specie.s was observed but littlo in Baffin Island, ridge, bordering the breeding grounds of the Blue the few specimens collected boing secured during

Goose in latitude 65° 30' N. migraiion, spring and fall. Flocks observed were far from coasts. On July 3, a nest was found with four fresh eggs customarily at sea the Kumlien on a elight, rocky elevation of the tundra, after (1879"^ intimates that this species was breeding protracted searching on several occasions by the in Cumberland Sound; Hantzsch (1914) found entire party. The nest was the most slovenly them nesting sparingly at Tikerakjuak Point, one that the writer had ever .seen. It consisted of NettiJiing Lake, in July. p. barely perceptible depression in a patch of nak- According to the writer's experience the Red ed clay soil, in which the eggs lay directly in con- Phala'^ope is never common along the south coast 'tact with the wet ground. All about were dry of Baffin Island, during either spring or fall mi- areas, such as would normally have been chosen gration, though small flocks are occasionally met by other species, but these were ignored, while with during the third week of Jime. There are no effort was made to line th" nest with leaves, no breeding records, nor does the species appear or grasses, which were plentiful in the vicinity. to occur in summer, or as transients during the

This 's the first nesting record of the species in autumn. This is a particularly curious circum-

Baffin Island. stance in view of the fact tha! it is now known

The Ruddy Turnstone is extremely shy during to breed abundantly in northern Foxe Peninsula the bleeding season and deserts its nest while one and on the tundra along the coast of Bowman is still far off. Afterwards it gives no clue to its Bay and Foxe Basin, and that it appears as well whereabouts, but keeps up a constant chatter and in asionishing numbers, in late August, along the flies with aimless energy all over the locality. Foxe Channel coast at Nuwata.

Consequently, discovery of the nest is difficult, and Thii most interesting observations have to do achieved by accident more than good management. with the species in the Bowman Bay region, The common call of the species is a loud and clear, where the writer spent the summer of 1929. Here, wheat-a-tvheat-a-ioheat-a, given in a rapid, querul- at Camp Kungovik, the first pairs and small ous tone. flocks, put in an appearance on June 9. They While ascending the Bluegoose River in mid- steadily increased in numbers, by pairs and in July, the species was comimon on the limestone flocks, of as many as 50 to 60 individuals, until lowlands bordering the stream, as far as the latter June 39, when they then invaded the tundra by was followed into the interior. In late July and hundiods and thousands. This maximum abund- early August it was tolerably common everywhere ance persisted for six days, that is, until the 24th, along the coast from Bowman Bay to Cape Ketoria after which the birds gradually diminished in and Garnet Bay. It was not observed in the Foxe numbers, obviously to pass on to more northern Peninsula interior. breeding grounds. Large numbers, however, re-

Pelidna alpina sakhalina (Vieillot). Red-backed mained to nest in the region of Camp Kungovik

Sandpiper.—^The Red-backed Sandpiper is a spec- and continued common on the tundra through- ies which the writer had watched for in vain out the summer. during previous years in Baffin Island. At last, The first nest of the Red Phalarope was locat- however, it was detected at Camp Kungovik, ed on June 27. It held one egg. Within twenty- where a single individual was collected in June four hours of the discovery of this nest, more 9, 1929. It appeared to be the only example in than a dozen others were found, some with a a fiock of about 80 birds composed of White- single egg, but the majority empty. On the rumped, Baird's, and Purple Sandpipei'S. Another morning of the 28th several others were dis- specimen was obtained on June 17. Undoubted- covered, some empty, and still under construc- ly this is a very rare bird in the island, as the tion, others with one or two eggs, while one held above were the only examples of the species col- the full complement of four lected, or observed, at Camp Kungovik during The nest consists of a simple hollow in the the spring and summer, and these constitute moss find dead grasses of the open tundra, spar- the first records for Bafiin Island. The Eskimos ingly lined with the latter, and with a bottom pad had not previously seen this bird; consequently, of a few little dead leaves of the prevailing no naitive name is available. tundra willows, Salix herhacea and S. reticulata. Aprii, 19341 The Canadian Field-Naturalist 67

Nest and eggs of the Red Phalarope {Phalaropus fulicarius) on tundra plain near Bowman Bay. 29 June, 1929.

The finished receptacle for the eggs measures, has the habit of building many mimic nests be- on the average, 2^/4 inches wide and IV2 inches fore the actual egg-laying begins. Curiously

deep, and is almost invariably .overhung by droop- enough, the male of this species is entirely respon-

ing s^'.ems of old grass; this affords excellent con- sible for the incubation of the eggs and rearing of

cealment for the nest, as well as for the sit- the young. In temperament he is phlegmatic ting bird. So closely does the dorsal phimage and rather easy going.

pattei-n of the species resemble this partially This is a great breeding ground of the species, concealing screen that the incubating bird may probably one of the most important in existence; of easily defy detection at a distance a few doubtless it extends over most of the western feeit. The nests are easily found, however, tundra from Bowman Bay to the limit of the owing to the bird's habit of flushing ob- plain north of the Koukdjuak River and east- trusively from the nest only when al- ward to Nettilling Lake At Bowman Bay they most trodden upon. With the assistance of his nested so commonly over the lowlands for miles Eskimos, the writer had signa' success in locat- about Camp Kungovik and south to, and over, ing nests by arranging that the party should the b'-eeding grounds of the Blue Goose, that walk methodically over the tundra with an in- many nests were usually found on every tramp terval of a few yards between each two individ- that vras taken over the tundra. In the latter uals. Sometimes the nest of the Red Phalarope locality they were very plentiful and constituted is situated either on the crown, or on the side the commonest breeding bird therein, exclusive of a small grassy hummock, which may be en- of the Lapland Longspur. surrounded water. So many empty, but tirely by During the first week of July sets of eggs of newly constructed nests were found early in the the Piialarope were complete, and all those col-

season, many of which were subsequently as- lected were nearly, if not quite, fresh. At this per- certained never to have received eggs, that the iod numbers of nests with three and four eggs were writer came to the conclusion that this species found which had been inundfited by the .

68 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

overflow of the Bluegoose River .'ind were, of feet .showed no evidence, as yet, of the curious course, abandoned. Between July 9 and 11, sev- lobe's characteristic of the adults. eral £'?ts were taken which had been consider- While descending the Bluegoose Eiver- between ably iiicubated, and one contained well-developed July 20 and 24, large flocks of these birds were- embr^'os. r.oted on the tundra from latitude 65° 30' N, In a nest near camp, which was under daily along the loop of the rivef to its mouth at Bow- obser\'ation, the young hatched on the afternoon man Bay. At Cape Alberta, from July 26 until of July 16. They were exceedingly dainty and August 5, Phalaropes were very common, but beautil'ul little creatures with a uniform covering were ob-erved in' greater abundance during the of silky, golden-coloured down, speckled over last week of July. All observed were males, with brownish spots. youngsters remained The though females may have been present in flocks in hours after hatching the nest for several and that were seen beyorid the range of positive then walked away under the leadership of the identification. In all probability the great maj- male parent. At this time the females had al- ority of t'he females had departed to other regions totally the most disappeared from neighbourhood to be joined later by males and immatures. This having gathered in sociable flocks early after as as circumstance would seem to explain the presence •the 10th of July. of large flocks of Red Phalaropes in the North Th'j above family was again found on July 19. Atlantic off Hudson Strait and northern Labrador The male exhibited very marked anxiety as the m the latter part of July, which are probably fully young were approached, when they were found adult females and immature non-breeding birds crouched in the grass after a lengthy and minute of both sexes that congregate there immediately search. While held in the hand they continually after the nesting season. uttered a low "-peep", whieh the parent responded Based on tjie number of adult birds observed the characteristic grating half- to with and and the ideal character of the country at Cape whistled "sreest". the for So anxious was male Alberta, this section appears to be a fine breeding bold search the chicks that he made enough to resort of the species. Young were observed on for in the grass within a foot of the writer, them several occasions, and on August 4 one was en- baffled, finally settled in and then down a brood- countered which was just capable of well-sustained ing position and kept calling for the young to flight. While voyaging along the coast westward join him. releasing them on a level with Upon to the Kommanik River, many individuals were the the grass ground they toddled away through observed daily, but they were distinctly fewer in their amazingly legs, so tinj' and on long weak raimber than to the eastward. During the ascent still that they experienced marked difl[iculty in of the Kommanik River on .\ugust 12, 13 and pushing their way through the tangle of stunted 14, Red Phalaropes were observed in compara- vegetation. Yet in three days' time they had tive abundance on the grassy river plains of the succeeded in covering a distance of 120 paces Foxe Basin slope, together with numerous imma- from the nest where born. this they were At tures well a-wing. None, however were noted time their was somewhat more developed, down to the south of Ungmaluktuk Lake on the south- of a rich, dusky gold, with dark brown, to almost ern watershed to Hudson vStrait. jet black, streaks and spots. Most interesting was the fact that their disproportionately large {To he concluded)

GRASSHOPPERS ROUTED BY GULLS By F. BRADSHAW

O NE of the most spectacular demon- Dan McCowan, well-known naturalist, of Banff strations of systematic grasshopper Alberta, and Chas. F. Holmes, of Dollard, destruction by birds that it has been Saskatchewan, we were driving south when my privilege to observe, was witnessed on "Dan" called our attention to what at first Sunday, June 18, 1933, on the west side of Last looked like a cloud of smoke curling lazily Mountain Lake, east of Liberty, Saskatchewan. above tho horizon about two miles away. After spending the week photographing bird Upon closer approach the object of our atten- life in the Quill Lakes district, in company with tion began to take on an entirely new aspect. April, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 69

It was first black, then silvery, and the re- cannot portray the beautiful scene, nor ade- currence of these shadings soon convinced us quately convey any idea of its greatness. we were nearing one of the largest flocks of Two miles to the south-west could be seen birds any of us had ever seen. We paid another cloud of gulls, which, if anything, scant attention to some 500 Mallards feeding seemed even larger than the one under review. on burnt stubble, which sight, ordinarily, at Franklin's Gull is the bird commonly seen this season of the year, would have aroused following the plow, picking up insects from our curiosity, but pressed forward to solve the newly turned furrows. It is almost en- the mystery of the myriads of winged nomads tirely insectivorous in its habits. Fifteen ahead. kinds of insects have been found in the stom- ach of one specimen, including the Another mile and we overtook the object of nymphs of 327 dragon-flies; in another 82 beetles, our quest. We were surrounded by hundreds 87 bugs and 984 ants. When grasshoppers are of thousands of Franklin's Gull. These beauti- numerous, they constitute about of the total ful land gulls, with their black heads, pearly- 80% food of Franklin's Gull. grey backs, white breasts, delicately tinted Assuming these figures as a basis, pending more accurate information, with a rosy hue, black and white wing tips, which we hope to secure this season, one and reddish bills and legs, are named in honour may safely say that gull will of the arctic explorer, Sir John Franklin. each consume 500 grasshoppers daily. A very conservative es- By this time they had alighted in column timate of the gulls observed feeding on the formation, a mile in extent, averaging sixty crop in question would be 1,000,000 birds and birds in width, covering almost every foot one may readily see that such an army of of ground within this area. They were at- unliired help would quickly annihilate the tacking the devasting "hoppers" with army- grasshoppers in this area. like precision. Those in the rear after van- When the Mormons first settled in Utah, quishing the enemies in their immediate sector, their crops were on the point of being ruined would fly over the rest of the invading army by grasshoppers, but large flocks of gulls and take up the front line attack. Strange to invaded the territory and saved the crops from relate, when in this manner they arrived at destruction. As the Mormons prospered they the east and west cross-road of the field they remembered the good work of the gulls and did not pass over the highway, but wheeled erected a magnificent monument in comme- round and commenced work again on another moration of their feathered friends. After stretch of territory at the south end of the seeing Franklin's Gull at work one can the field. more readily understand the significance of Similar activities were in progress all round the Mormon incident, for any farmer who is us. Occasionally the birds would take to the so fortunate as to have these vast flocks of air in clouds so bewildering and of such mag- gulls visit his farm will have no cause to go nitude that one's normal sense of calculating to the trouble and expense of providing poi- numbers of birds seen in flocks was completely son to combat this menace. Birds are one of out of gear and could not be satisfactorily nature's ways of combating insect pests. adjusted to compute such an extraordinary Some authorities go so far as to say that spectacle. If one can visualize a well -filled "successful agriculture without their aid would sticky fly paper as a plan of the column re- be impossible. Let us remember that: "Insects ferred to, using a scale of fifty yards to each eat crops; Birds eat insects," and therefore fly paper one may have a faint idea of a the slogan of all public-spirited citizens should portion of this vast flock, but mere words be "Save the birds".

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

Two< New Canadian Lymnaeas.—A recent StagnicoJa yvkonensis Nov. Sp. This is the study of Canadian Mollusca has shown that species described as Galba vahlii ('Beck' Moeller) several species are masquerading under wrong in The Lymnaeidae of North and Middle names. These will be more fully discussed in a 11- America, p. 370, and figured on pi. 39, figs. paper in preparation but it is deemed important is to correct such mistakes as soon as possible. 18. Vahlii is confined to Greenland and 70 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

quite different from the species under dis- work refers mainly to johnsoni, the true cussion. The types are from a pond at Atlin, traskii being another form and confined to B.C., collected by Mr. J. Henderson. Types California. The type locality is Banff, in coll. F. C. Baker, No. 1569. The species is Alberta, collected by Dr. C. W. Johnson, now common throughout Alaska, Yukon Territory, deceased, to whose memory the species Ls de- and Canada. dicated. This is a ccmmcn species in tho mountain regions of Alberta and British Stagnicola johnsoni Nov. Sp. This species Columbia and probably occurs in other parts referred to Lymnaea traskii was erroneously of Canada. Types in Coll. F. C. Baker, No. Tryon in the Lymvaeidae Monograph, p. 368, 771.—Frank C. Baker. pi- 39, figs. 9, 10. The description in this

BOOK REVIEW biological Biological Ethics, an attempt to arouse a natur- In the last analysis, the maximum benefit consists of its preserv- alistic conscience. By Prof. Dr. Oscar De for humanity earth. Beaux, Curator of the Civic Museum of Natu- ation, pure and simple, upon As clearly that the question of ral History, Genoa. Edited by the Fascist research has showTi Association Sportsmen, Prov. of Trento, and existence is a question of surroundings, Man's matter of the utmost the Commission for Liguria of the Committee for surroundings must be a Civilized has freed him- the protection of Birds and for the distribution concern to him. Man self from many of the bonds that restrict of artificial nests. Milano. Translated from occupies an eminently the Italian by Florence Perkes. From 'The Primitive Man and life surroundings, Italian Mail and Tribune', Florence. 19-26 active position as to his March, 2 April 1932. Pages 3-11. which, indeed, are, at least potentially, the whole world, with all its vegetable, animal, and The Conservation Ethic. By Aldo Leopold, human life. Therefore "every substance, every kind of living thing that Man cannot create, University of Wisconsin. Reprinted from has some importance or other for the human Journal of Forestry, Vol. XXXI, No. 6, race, represent a reserve still to be October, 1933. Pages 631^-61^3. may utilized at the opportune moment, the last reserve at the last moment". These two reprints are recent outstanding Having thus presented his main argument. attempts, of diverse origin, to outline the ap- Dr. De Beaux proceeds to an expansion and plication of a deep-delving philosophy to the application of his subject. Since the founda- problems of inter-specific relationships. They tion on which his views are built is a moral are so excellent that it is greatly to be desired one, it is useless to attempt discussion of the that every one should read and comprehend question with any who may be amoral by them. The matter with which they are con- deliberate choice, but whoever feels himself cerned is of fundamental importance to hu- moral in biological fact, may consider Biolo- manity as a species. gical Ethics "The religion of respect to life After pointing out the indisputable fact that as in all its earthly extrinsic manifestations". we find ourselves existing in the field of bio- are stress- logy, which is knowledge of life. Dr. De Beaux Two precepts of first importance states that, in addition to the scientific and ed. One is a commandment derivable from economic aspects of biology, there is also the considerations already put forward: "Take moral aspect, which should form the basis of care that no animal or vegetable species dis- our thought, almost the fundamental, inform- appear from the face of the earth". The ative idea of all our action. He adopts as his second is presented as the fundamental definition of "moral" the "voluntary limitation biological law of Nature: "No species may of every individual or collective Will, by means emerge and dominate to the prejud^'ce of of a constant control of our own feelings, others". It is also pointed out that, while and of a constant moderation of our own Man can and does continually and profoundly actions", and proceeds to show that there is alter the natural equilibrium of his surround- really no antagonism between morals and ings, he cannot modify the laws that govern it, utilitarianism, that they even stand in recip- and that his wise course, the only ultimately rocal relation, and that that which is moral successful one, is to ally himself with all is that which is really useful to humanity. those species of the animal and vegetable April, 1934J The Canadian Field-Naturalist 71 kingdom not living immediately and exclusive- utilization of other species for commerce and ly at the expense of his culture and so to for hunting, but it does mean limitation of favour certain intensities of the rhythm of the such activities and their co-ordination to the life of wild things about him, in order to complex ethical and economic interests of all. maintain with them a natural biological Man thus becomes the wise administrator of equilibrium. Life on earth. "Biological Equilibrium is not for mankind Prof. Leopold's paper deals with a particular the absolute exclusive Good, which does not part of the field covered by Dr. De Beaux's, and exist and cannot exist upon earth, but it is a is more concerned with the application of fairly stable state of things that can be known biological ethics to consei-vation than with its pretty thoroughly, with which one can make derivation. Moreover, this paper, while having previsions and calculations more dependable much to say about other species of plants and perhaps than with phenomena purely meteor- animals as essential parts of Man's surround- ological, physical or chemical. Re-establish- ings, lays especial emphasis on the importance ing the equilibrium, when once it is suddenly of the soil itself in molding his environment. and profundly disturbed, is a work that By way of introduction, attention is drawn requires intelligence, patience and often to the fact that the extensions of the applica- sacrifice." tion of ethics to ever wider and wider fields,

It is held that it is already demonstrated, where it replaces expediency as the controlling in areas of high population density in Europe, principle, as mankind realizes the inadequacy as, for example, in Germany, that it is entirely of the latter to produce the best results, is practicable for wild creatures to live on the actually a process in ecological evolution — same territory Math the maximurn human it is biological as well as philosophical. population, and even to exist there in great The first ethics dealt with the relationship variety and in reasonable abundance. There- between individuals. fore it will be possible to preserve a varied Later accretions dealt with the relationship and abundant population of other species even between the individual and society. when the human population of the entire earth The time has come for a third step, the attains it maximum. extension of ethics to man's relationship to Finally, the practical position of Man in the land and to the non-human animals and plants face of the whole of Wild Life is held to be which grow upon it. that Man is the Cerebral Being T^crr exceVence A harmonious relation to land is of more and that his position with regard to any other consequence to civilization than the historians living being is therefore that of the Strong of its progress seem to realize. Civilization in face of the Weak. is not as they often assume, the enslavement "He must therefore be indulgent to the of a stable and constant earth. It is a state psychic inferiority of the Weak, to its slowness of mutual and interdependent co-operation or absolute impossibility of comprehension or between human animals, other animals, plants, of adapting itself to new surroundings. and soils, which may be disrupted at any "He must, as a rule, renounce taking ad- moment by the failure of any of them. Land- vantage of the state of psychic servitude to despoliation has evicted nations, and can on which the Weak, subject to the stimulus of occasion do it again. hunger, thirst, or love, is absolutely incapable "The swampy forests of Csesar's Gaul were of resisting. utterly changed by human use—for the better. "He must renounce persecution of the Weak Moses' land of milk and honey was utterly by technical means, with which muscles, lungs, changed—for the worse. Both changes are and heart of living organisms cannot possibly the unpremeditated resultant of the impact compete, before which the last ways of es- between ecological and economic forces. We cape are cut off, the last refuges violated: now decipher these reactions retrospectively. "Where defence of Man is necessary, the What could possibly be more important than Strong must eliminate entirely from his own to foresee and control them?" mind any idea of guilt of the Weak; he must We pride eurselves on our mastery of the try to keep watch over him, possibly to offer tricks of physics and chemistry, and our him some cheap compensation, rather than engineering has attained the pearly gates of proceed with unlimited force to suppression." a near-millenium, but our applied biology still Application of these deductions does not lives in nomad's tents of the stone age. If mean abolition of biological research, or of our system of land-use happens to be self- 72 The Canadian Field- Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII perpetuating, we stay where we are. If it Granted a community in which the combined chances to be self-destructive, we move, like beauty and utility of land determines the Abraham, to pastures new. social status of its owner, and we will see a "In short, the reaction of land to occupancy speedy dissolution of the economic obstacles determines the nature and duration of civil- which now beset conservation. Socie'^y may ization. In arid climates the land may be then paint a new and better picture of itself. destroyed. In all climates the plant succession Economic laws may be permanent, but their determines what economic activities can be impact reflects what people want, which in supported." turn reflects what they know and what they In this situation we have at our disposal are. three possible controls: legislation, self-inter- "The ultimate issue, in consei-vation as in est, and ethics. Legislation and self-interest other social problems, is whether the mass- have been tried in various fields for some time rnin- wants to extend its powers of compre- past and have proved disappointingly un- hending the world in which it lives, or, granted successful. Our valuable soils are being the desire, has 'he capacity to do so." wastefully eroded, our forests are being des- Although both of these papers are concerned troyed rather than cropped, and our migratory with the application of ethical standards to the game birds are diminishing in numbers. relations between Man and his environment, At this time, when our economic system is and although Dr. De Beaux makes use of being made the subject of experiment, do the explicit moral premises for his argument, their new economic formulae offer a short-cut to presentation of the results to be sought is harmony with our environment? limited mainly to the utilitarian and the "As nearly as I can see", says our author, anthropocentric. That these form only a part "all the new isms - Socialism, Communism, of the goal that should determine our attitude Fascism and especially the late but not lament- toward the other species on earth with us itself ed Technocracy—outdo even Capitalism and that it is logical to seek a composite per- in their preoccupation with one thing: The fection of all life as a system inclusive of distribution of more machine-made commodi- all specific perfections, the reviewer has al- on the ties to more people. They all preceed ready pointed out elsewhere.^ In these papers if can all keep warm and full, theory that we it is merely hinted at. and all own a Ford and a radio, the good life The public discussion of these questions by will follow. Their programs differ only in those interested in wild life conservation in ways to mobilize machines to this end. Though various nations of the globe is a most en- they despise each other, they are all, in respect couraging indication. That it will continue of this objective, as identically alike as peas and develop until fundamental ethical consider- in a pod. They are competitive apostles of ations actually direct our policies with regard a single creed: salvation by machinery." They to our relations to our fellow-species is great- lack any vital proposal for adjusting men and ly to be hoped.—H.F.L. macliines to land. In wild life conservation, our concepts are

1 general discussion of the subject, in both its utilitarian just reaching the stage where control of the A and its id^al aspects, was published by Dr. I^wis under the environment is recognized as the fundamental title, 'The Philosophy of Wild Life Conservation", in Rod and Gun and Canadian Silver Fox News, 29:206-207, August, 1927. requirement. —Ed.. C.P.-N. —

Affiliated Societies

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE MANITOBA PROTECTION OF BIRDS INC. 1929-30 OFFICERS & COMMITTEE: President Emeritus: C.E. Bastin; President: G. Shirley Past Presidents: Mr. L. McI. Terrill, Mr. Napier Smith- Brooks, Past Presidents: H. M. Speechly, M.D., C. W. Mr. W. S. Hart; President: Mrs. C. L. Henderson; Vice Lowe, M.Sc, a. A. McCoubrey, J. B. Walus, M.A., Presidents: Mr. H. A. C. Jackson. Miss M. S. Nicolson; V. W. Jackson M.Sc, A. M. Davidson, M.D., R. A. Vice-President and Treasurer: Mr. Henry Mousley; Secretary: Wardlb, M.Sc; Vice-Presidents: Mrs. L. R. Simpson, Miss M. Sbath; Curator: Miss Hope McLachlan. Committee: C. L. Broley, W. H. Rand, Dr. R. S. Kirk, B. W. Dr. W. W. Beattib, Mrs. C. F. Dale. Mr. J. A. Decarie, Cartwright, A. Burton Gresham, Treasurer: A. G. Mr. W. S. Hart, Mrs. H. Hibbert, Miss K. D. Malcour- Lawrence; Auditor: R. M. Thomas; Social Convenor: onne. Miss P. B. Mattinson, Miss Edith Morrow, Miss

Mrs. a. J. Sbarle; General Secretary: Norman Lowe, L. Murphy, Mr. R. A. Outhet, Mr. Napier Smith , Mr 317 Simcoe St., Winnipeg; Executive Secretary: J. Haddow. L. McI.Spackman, Mr. L. McI. Terrill, Mr. G. J. C Tigar, V. C Wynne-Edwards. Section Chairman Secretary Ornithological L. T. S. Norris-Elye, B.A. A. H. Shortt Address all correspondence to the Society at P.O. Box 1185 Entomological A. V. Mitchbner, M.Sc Miss M.F. Pratt Montreal, P.Q., Canada. Botanical Mrs. I. M. Priestly Mrs. H. T. Ross Geotogieal Miss C. J. Egan, P. H. Stokes lehthyological Ferris Neave, M.Sc. G. D. Russell SOCIETE PROVANCHER D'HISTOIRE Mammalogical V. W. Jackson, M.Sc. J. P. Kennedy Microscopy NATURELLE DU CANADA Zoology R. A. Wardlb, M.Sc. Botany G. W. Lowe, M.Sc. H.Chas. Pearcb Patron Honoraire: Son Excellence, le Tres Honorable CoMTE DE Bbssborough, P.C., G.C.M.G., Gouverneur- Meetings are held each Monday evening, except on holiday G£n6ral du Canada; Vice-Patron Honoraire: Honorable from October to April, in the physics theatre of the University, M. H. G. Carroll, Lieutenant-Gouverneur de la Province Winnipeg. Field excursions are held each Saturday after- de Quebec; Bureau de Direction pour 1933: President: W. noon during May, June and September, and on public holidays Stuart Atkinson; ler vice-prisident: Edgar Rochette, during July and August. C.R., M.P.P.; 2ime vice-prisident: G. Stuart Ahern; Secritaire-trisorier: Louis-B. Lavoib; Chef de la section scientifique: Dr. D.-A.Dery; Chef de la section de Propagande THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION iducationnelle: Alphonse Deisilets, B.S.A.; Chef de la section SOCIETY de protection: R. Meredith, N.P.; Chef de la section d'iriformation scientifique et pratique: Dr. J.-E. Bernier; (Incorporated) Directeurs: Adrien Falardeau, C.R.; Major Jos. Matte James F. Rosa Hon. President: W. E. Saunders, London, Ont.; President: Secrbtaire-trtsorier: Louis-B. Lavoib Rbv. Calvin McQubsTon; Vice-President: R. Owen Merri- MAN. M;.A., Kingston, Ont.; First Vice-President: Dr. H. G. 38, rue Sherbrooke, Quebec. ArnoTT; Second Vice-President: Mrs. F. E. MacLoghlin; Recording Secretary: J. Roland Brown; Secretary-Treasurer: Miss Nina Duncan; Assistant Secretary-Treasurer: Miss E. McEwin; Junior Committee: Miss M. E. Graham; Pro- THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS' gramme Committee: Rbv. C. A. Heiavbn; Extension Committee: CLUB H. C. NUNN. OFFICERS FOR 1933-34.

Honorary President: Dr. A. P. Coleman; President: Arnott McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB, M.Patterson; Hon. Vice-Presidents: Hon. G. H. Chalues. LONDON, ONT. Mr. J. H Fleming, Dr. N. A. Powell; Vice-President: Mr. F. P. Ide, Secretary-Treasurer: 3. P. Oughton, Chairman o) President: Mr. Edison Matthews, 554 Central Ave., London Conservation Committee: Mrs. S. L. Thompson; Council— Ont.; Vice-President: Mr. E. D. Brand, 148 William Street. Dr. E. M. Walker, S. L. Thompson, Prop, J. R. Dymond London, Ont.; Recording Secretary: Mr. Vernon Franks, 195 C. S. Farmer, Prop. T. F. McIlwraith, Dr. Norma Duchess Av- ., London, Ont.; Corresponding Secretary and Ford, Magistrate J. E. Jones, L. T. Owens; Rupert Treasurer: Mr. W. G. Girung, 530 English St., London, Davids, F. C. Hurst, Dr. T. M. C. Taylor, C. G. Brennand; Ont. Migration Secretary: Mr. E. M. S. Dale, 297 Hyman Dr. p. E. Clarkson, S. B. McCready. Leaders: Birds— Street, London, Ont.; Members qualified to answer questions: Messrs. S. L. Thompson, L. L. Snyder, J. L. Baillie, Jr. W. E. Saunders, 240 Central Avenue, London, Ont.; Prop. T. F. McIlwraith, R. V. Lindsay, R. M. Speirs, C. G. Watson, 201 Ridout Street South, London,^ Ont.; F. H. Emery, T. Shortt, Hubert Richardson, R. J, J. F. Calvert, 461 Tecumseh Avenue, London, Ont.; E. M. S. Rutter. Mammals—Prop. A. F. Coventry, Messrs. E. Dale, 297 Hyman Street, London) Ont. C. Cross, D. A. McLuuch. Reptiles and Amphibians— Meetings held the second Monday of the month, excep Messrs. E. B. S. Logier, Wm. LeRay. Pfsft— Prof. J. R. during the summer. Dymond, Prop. W. J. K. Habkness. Insects Dr. E. M. Walker, Dr. N. Ford. Mr. P. P. Ide. Botany—Prop. R. B. Thomson, Dr. H. B. Sifton, Dr. T. M. C. Taylor; VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY Mr. W. R. Watson, Mr. L. T. Owens. Mollusks—Dr. E. M. Walker, J. P. Oughton. Geology—Dr. A. P. Coleman Honorary President. L. S. Klinck, LL.D., President Univer- Prop. A. McLean. sity ot B.C.; President: John Davidson, F.L.S., F.B.S.E., University of B.C;; Vice-President: Prop. M. Y. Whjjams, Honorary Secretary: C. F. Connor, M,A., 3222 W. 36th Street, Vancouver, B.C.; First Assistant Secretary: Miss We would ask the Officers, and more Betty Herd; Znd Assistant Secretary: Mr. Vernon Wie- drick; Honorary Treasurer: A. H. Bain, 2142 Collingwood particularly the Secretaries, of all the Street, Vancouver, B.C.; Librarian: Mrs. McCrimmon; Members of Executive: Miss E. J. Smith, Mr. J. D. Turnbull, Affiliated Societies to assist us in our Mr. B. J. Wood, Mr. P. L. Tait, Mr. R. J. Gumming; Au- ditors: H. G. Selwood, W. B. Woods. task of building up the circulation of All meetings at 8 p.m.. Auditorium, Normal School, 10th Avenue and Cambie Street unless otherwise announced. this magazine. By securing every member as a subscriber we can truly BRITISH COLUMBIA BIRD AND MAMMAL make this magazine into one of the SOCIETY leading Natural History publications President: Dr. M. Y. Williams; First Vice-President; Hamilton M. Laino; Second Vice-President: Dr. C. J. Bastin; of America. Secretary-Treasurer: Kenneth Racby, 3262 West 1st Ave. Vancouver, B.C. AUTOBIOGRAPHY©/ JOHN MACOUN, M.A. CANADA NORTH OF FIFTY SIX By E. M. KINDLE Theae are attractively bound, and contain^ a wealth of information concerning Canadian Special profusely illustrated number of The Natural History and Exploration. The author "Naturalist", 86 pages, 31 illustrations. Every wa» a former President of the Club and this is a Canadian should know this prize essay. Memorial Volume PRICE FIFTY CENTS PRICE $3.00. - 305 pp. WILMOT LLOYD WILMOT LLOYD 582 Mariposa Avenue RockclifTe Park, Ottawa 582 Mariposa Avenue Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa WILMOT LLOYD, Treasurer, Ottawa Field-Naturalista' Club, FOR SALE:— 582 Mariposa Avenue, Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa. COMPLETE SET OF THE CLUB'S Enclosed please find $2.00 as membership in PUBLICATIONS The O.F.-N.C. and Subscription to the Canadian Field-Naturalist for the year 1933. 1879-1932 Name This is a rare opportunity. For particulars address the Treasurer— Address WILMOT LLOYD 582 Mariposa Avenue RockcIifFe Park, Ottawa City, Prov. or State^

FORM I do hereby give and bequeath to The Ottawa Field- Naturalists' Club of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada the sum OF I of 100 Dollars BEQUEST Date Signature

MK 3CSC "Site

I AXNeNew PEST-PROOF INSECT BOX THE HOOD INSECT BOX

Special Features of the HOOD BOX:

1. Peat-proof 2. Wooden Frame 3> High shoulder, protecting specimens 4> Excellent pinning bottom 5. High quality box at low cost PRICE $1.25 EACH SPECIAL RATES IN QUANTITY

For full description ask for circular No. 298 WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT 84 CoUege Avenue, ROCHESTER, N.Y. |

' 3IK Site -M^" '

Kindly mention The Canadian Field-Naturalist to advertisers iilHI O !y04

VOL. XLVIII, I

^yji^LisiJBajwr<

ISSUED MAY 1, 1934 Entered at the Ottawa Post Office aa second-class matter —

THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' aUB

Patronsc THEIR EXCELLENCIES THE GOVERNOR GENERAL AND COUNTESS OF BESSBOROUGH

President: M. E. Wilson. l8t Vice-President: Herbert Groh 2nd Vice-President: P. A. Tavbrner Secretary: Grace S. Lewis, Treasurer: Wilmot Lloyd, 582 Mariposa f Ave., 844 Lisgar Road, Rockcliffe Park. Rockcliffe Park.

Additional Members of Council: F. J. Alcock, R. M. Anderson, M. E. Cowan. H. G. Crawford, Arthur Crowson, R. E. DeLury, F. J. Eraser, A. Halkett, C. E. Johnson, A. G. Kingston, E. M. Kindle, W. H. Lancelby, A. LaRocque, Douglas Leechman, Harrison F. Lewis, HoYES Lloyd, Mark G. McElhinney, A. E. Porsild, E. E. Prince, L. S. Russell, J. Dewey Soper, C. M.Sternberg, E. P. G. White, Peggy Whitehurst, R. T. D. Wickenden, W. J. Wintemberg, and the following Presidents of Affiliated Societies: G. Shirley Brooks, Calvin McQuESTON, Edison Matthews, John Davidson, M. Y. Williams, C. L. Henderson, W. Stuart Atkinson, Arnott M. Patterson. Auditors: A. G. Kingston and Harrison F. Lewis.

Editor: Douglas Leechman National Museum, Ottawa, Canada.

Associate Editors: D. Jbnnbss Anthropology Clyde L. Patch Herpetology Botany R. M. Anderson Mammalogy P. R. Latchford Conchology A. G. Huntsman Marine Biology Arthur Gibson Entomology P. A. Tavbrner Ornithology F. J. Alcock Geology E. M.Kindlb Paleontology CONTENTS PAGE The Canadian Snowshoe Rabbit Enquiry, 1932-1983. By Charles Elton 73

5^ Interesting Bird Records for Southern Baffin Island. By J. Dewey Soper 79

Notes and Observations:

American Barn Owl {Tyto alba) at Ottawa. By C. E. Johnson 82

A Northern Record for the Starling, Sturnus vulgaris. By A. C. Lloyd 82

Members of The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club and Subscribers to the Canadian Field-Naturalist, May, 1934 83

Excursions of The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, 1934 88

11 H'

Sil The official publications of The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club have been issued §

llj since 1879. The first were The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, 1879-1886, two volumes; the next, The Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-two volumes; and these have Ijj | been continued by The Canadian Field-Naturalist to date. The Canadian Field-Naturalist is « IP Ijj issued monthly, except for the months of June, July and August. Its scope is the publication is

jll of the results of original research in all departments of Natural History.

Hj Price of this volume (9 numbers) $2.00; Single copies 25^ each

The Membership Committee of The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club is making a special effort to increase the subscription list of The Canadian Field-Naturalist. We are, therefore, asking every reader who is truly interested in the wild life of our country to help this magazine to its rightful place among the leading Natural History publications in America. Subscriptions ($2.00 a year) should be forwarded to WILMOT LLOYD, Ottawa Field-Naturalists* Club, 582 Mariposa Ave., Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa, Canada. The Canadian Field- Naturalist VOL. XLVIII OTTAWA, CANADA, MAY, 1934 No. 5

THE CANADIAN SNOWSHOE RABBIT ENQUIRY, 1932-33 Edited by CHARLES ELTON

Edited for the National Parks Branch, Department of the Mr. W. D. Taylor, National Interior, Ottawa, by CHARLES ELTON, Director of the Parks of Canada, Bureau of Animal Population. Department of Zoology who handled the details of the National Parks and Comparative Anatomy, Oxford University, England.) questionnaire, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Game Officers of the Provinces of Canada, Honorary Game Officers under the Mi- N 1931 the Commissioner of National gratoi-y Birds Convention Act, Holders of Parks, Mr. J. B. Harkin, authorized I Scientific Permits under the Migratory Birds an enquiry into the ten-year cyclical Convention Act, Taxidermists, Superintendents fluctuations of the Snowshoe Rabbit and Wardens of the National Parks of Canada Hare {Lepus americanus) or Varying which and other observers throughout Canada. My economic and biological are of such great wife. Rose Elton, has given very valuable economically, importance in Canada— through assistance during the work on this material. their influence on the fur-trade, conservation, This year it was fortunately possible to in- supply, and forest damage, and biologi- food clude also the information contained in the the scientific interest of cally through their annual zoological reports (176 in number) the fact that these fluctuations and form a from the Hudson's Bay Company's fur posts, of similar periodic useful index changes in which have been renewed after a short inter- the populations of other forest animals and val, owing to the interest taken in the enquiry of game-birds, which in turn have economic by the Governor, Mr. Ashley Cooper, and the implications. A questionnaire enquiry was Fur-Trade Commissioner, Mr. Ralph Parsons. carried out from Ottawa under the general The Governor and Committee of the Company supervision of Mr. Hoyes Lloyd, and the have kindly agreed to the publication of this at Oxford and results mapped published in information, which I have combined with that Field-Naturalist 47: The Canadian 63-69, 84- from the National Parks Branch enquiry in 86, 1933. The successful coordination of these the three maps shown in Figs. 1-3. Dr. A. G. continuance results justified the of the enquiry Huntsman has also obtained through the fish- as an annual one, and the present report covers ery organisation valuable information from the the twelve months ending May 31st, 1933, this Maritime Provinces, but this is not available forming a useful biological year which also in time for inclusion in the present survey. corresponds with the working year ("Outfit") Information about snowshoe rabbits is also of the Hudson's Bay Company. The question- promised from Alaska and Newfoundland, the naire was similar to the one used in the first former by courtesy of the U.S. Bureau of enquiry, the main feature being the compar- Biological Survey and the Alaska Game Com- ison of abundance with that of the previous mission, and the latter by the co-operation of year and not simply with some vague concept the Commissioner of Natural Resources in of the "usual". In this way a running record Newfoundland. It is hoped, therefore, in (up, level, or down) is obtained from year to future years to make these maps international year. Other questions dealt with habitats, in scope, so as to give an annual record of the disease, and former years of abundance and snowshoe rabbit cycle from Behring Strait to scarcity. Five hundred replies were received, the Atlantic. In carrying- out preliminary increase an of nearly 50%. Owing to the fact negotiations I have to thank Mr. Copley Amory that observers were in a better position to and Sir AVilfred Grenfell, both of whom gave know Avhat to look out for, the standard of me valuable advice and practical assistance. replies even was higher than before and It has been mentioned that one special rendered accurate mapping possible in most technical feature of this enauiry is the year- instances. I wish to express my appreciation to-year comparison of abundance. The .=!econd of services the rendered by the following: feature is the method by which the results are Fibld-Natukalist [Vol. XLVIII 74 The Canathan

replies to questions, this exag- mapped. The details of procedure were ex- studying the need geration of the original areas covered is not plained fully in the previous report and of the a serious matter. The area mapping method not be repeated here: the essence by each has the advantage of giving due weight to the method is that the area covered as possible widely different sizes of area covered by observer is plotted as accurately "more", different observers. on a large-scale map and noted as with "none" The gross area of the squares on the grid "no change", or "less". Areas overlapped by observers was, for the National (meaning "permanently none") are ignored the area is Parks enquiry, about 640,000 square miles^ for the present purpose. When of ten-miles and for the Hudson's Bay Company posts not accurately specified, a circle drawn round about a million square miles. There is, of radius (twenty miles across) is from the large- course, a good deal of overlapping between the central point. The data transferred to a smaller- the two systems, although the former tends scale maps are then means of a grid of to occupy the more settled regions of Canada scale map of Canada by miles each). and the latter the northern and more remote 30-mile squares (9{M> square m even when only forests. The total area covered by filled-in Since a square is marked in by an observer, the squares on the final joint map is 1,500,300 a part of it is covered greater area than the square miles, so that the overlap is seen final results occupy a the mam object to be about 140,000 square miles, or 9% of original observations. But as standard compar- the whole. It is thus apparent that the of the method is to make without introducing National Parks enquiry and the Hudson's isons from year to year the mapper who is Bay Company reports dovetail in a most the subjective opinions of

1932-33. Dotted areas are Figure I. State of the snowshoe rabbit population in increase groups of squares overlapped by areas of observers reporting relative posts in 1932-33 over 1931-32. Larger black dots are Hudson's Bay Company etc. Broken lines show main vegetation zones. —

May, 1934J The Canadian Field-Naturalist 75

valuable manner and between them cover It was considered advisable to try to es- most of the inliabited regions of Canada timate the degree to which the grid system south of the tree limit and north of the prairie. does exaggerate the actual area of ground A number of reperts do, in fact, cover a covered by observers, who do not, of course, further portion of the settled belts in which form a completely overlapping system of "ter- rabbits are scarce or absent: these have been ritories." This was done by measuring the omitted from the present analysis. In map- actual original areas plotted on the large ping- the Hudson's Bay Company results a scale maps of the provinces, by means of an conventional area of fifty miles radius (a Amsler planimeter. The technique is a good circle a lumdred miles across) was allotted deal more laborious than the grid method but to each post, following the advice of the com- the results have a high degree of accuracy pany's officials. In most instances this is much higher than the actual plotting of areas admitted to be an underestimate. The in- from observers' descriptions. Only the formation is supplied by the post manager, National Parks were examined in this way. on the basis of his own observations and those In carrying out this special test I wish to of trappers and other visitors to the post. acknowledge the assistance kindly given by Where overlapping occurs between neighbour- Mrs. M. J. Baden-Powell who also copied a ing posts, any difference in record is mapped number of large scale tracings for the Bureau. by dividing the territories in a simple geomet- Prince Edward Island was omitted owing to in- rical manner. In future years it will be pos- sufficient data. The total area covered by the sible to obtain more precise information about National Parks results was for the grid about the exact regions to which observations for 512,000 square miles, and for planimeter mea- each post refer. surements about 275,000 square miles, the latter ^-\

Figure 2. State of the snowshoe rabbit population in 1932-33. Vertically hatched areas are groups of squares overlapped by areas of observers reporting relative decrease in 1932-33 over 1931-32. Horizontally hatched areas, no change. Larger black dots are Hudson's Bay Company posts etc. Broken lines show main vegetation zones. 76 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

being 54% of the former. Thus the grid if all the recorded overlaps were apparent method about doubles the apparent area cover- (e. g. "more" in one corner of a square and ed by the network of observers. The second "less" in another, with no real overlap). The point that can be tested by the planimeter true figure lies somewhere" between the two. work is whether the relative amounts of It is clear that rabbits were still on the in- "more", "no change", "less" and "overlaps" crease in most parts of Canada in 1932. It are the same by the two methods. Analysis will be remembered that the percentage re- shows that the grid is quite a reliable guide cording increase in 1931-32 over 1930-31 was to the ratios between these different categories. 85-92: almost the same. It is hoped to publish the details of this The increase areas have been shown on one analysis at some other time, together with map (Fig. 1) and the decrease and no change another analysis which would enable the figures on another (Fig. 2). The third map (Fig, reliability of observers to be tested statistically 3) shows that a most important change had (by the frequency of agreement among ob- taken place in the snowshoe rabbit population servers covering the same territories). during 1932, for the previous year had shown We now have to analyze the results of the increase with little evidence of widespread main map (Figs. 1-3). Of the 1667 squares disease, while the reports for 1932 show the covered, 1508 (=90%) recorded more, 159 onset of important epidemics over a large (=9%)) no change, and 189 (=10%) less. part of the West and in some other parts of The amount of overlap by the squares record- Canada, in almost all cases in areas which ing more, on others, was 8%. Thus the percent- showed continuous increase during the summer age of the whole area recording more snowshoe of 1932. Most of the epidemics took place rabbits in 1932-33 than in 1931-32 was between during the winter of 1932-33 and spring of 1933. 82 and 90. The higher figure would be correct There is not space to enter into a detailed

Figure 3. Epidemics among snowshoe rabbits. Dotted areas are groups of squares overlapped by observers reporting epidemics and decrease in 1932-33. Most of these epidemics took place in winter and spring 1932-33 after continued increase in previous summer. (See Fig. I.) May, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 77 description of the numerous reports dealing personal knowledge. The tularaemia bacillus with these epidemics. It may be remarked can be recovered from infected ticks, and the that spotted liver disease (coccidiosis or presence of the disease thus proved. tularaemia) occurred in several instances, that The maps can be further analyzed according the usual increase in tapeworms [Cestodes] to the different provinces, and the results for and in ticks [Ixodidse] was recorded commonly, the whole grid are given in table No. 1. and that in some places the epidemics were Where two percentages are given, the higher very severe while in others they did not seem is that obtained without allowing for over- to have seriously affected the numbers. The laps with other categories (less, no change), examination of these epidemic reports will the lower after subtracting the percentage have to be done by a pathologist with ex- overlap. The variation in overlapping is great perience of snowshoe rabbit disease, since in different regions. It is most marked in the symptoms described are rather varied. the Maritime Provinces and the settled parts From recent work that has been done in of Ontario and Quebec. (Prince Edward Is- Canada, it appears probable that tularEsmia land has been omitted from the table owing may be much more widespread in the north- to incomplete data). ern forests than has been generally supposed, The regional distribution of the epidemic and that the snowshoe rabbit fluctuations ma.y is of interest. The results are shown in assume an important medical aspect. Any table No. 2, as percenta.ge number of squares observer finding snowshoe rabbits infested with relative to the whole and to those reporting ticks, whether the animal be alive, dying, or increase (no allowance has been made for recently dead, can be of service by keeping overlaps). The main incidence was in the some of the ticks alive and posting them Middle West, and here the epidemics were with suitable covering information to any of almost entirely confined to the northern the pathologists who are at present studying forests. The high figures for New Brunswick this problem: Dr. Eric Hearle, Entomological and Nova Scotia may or may not be of Laboratory, Kamloops, British Columbia; Dr. significance in the ten-year cycle: we have yet R. G. Green, Medical School, Minnesota Uni- to prove for certain that the Maritime Pro- versity; Dr. R. R. Parker, Spotted Fever vinces take part in the regular fluctuation. Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana; or the It has also to be remembered that the rabbit Alberta investigation under the direction of population is in these provinces much more Professor William Rowan, Department of Zoo- split up into small colonies, and this is prob- logy, Alberta University, Edmonton,—to men- ably the cause of the very great overlap in tion some of those of whom the writer has opinions which makes the high epidemic fig- .

78 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

TABLE No. 2

No of squares reporting % of squares reporting % of squares reporting epidemics (out of total epidemics (out of increase epidemics 1932-33 covered squares) squares)

Yukon 2 7 7

Northwest Territories 19 10 12

British Columbia . . . 31 17 18

Alberta 118 38 39

Saskatchewan 31 22 27

Manitoba 9 6 6

Ontario 13 4 5

Quebec 33 11 12

New Brunswick 6 30 35

Nova Scotia 9 36 64

TOTAL 271 16 18

ures of less importance than those for the evidence of decrease through disease in 1932 in West where the opinions are much more un- the northern part of the Northwest Territories. animous. The 1932 epidemics are the first wide- The main regional incidence of the epidemics spread sign of the periodic decline of snow- is in line with that noticed in previous cycles, shoe rabbits in Canada, and we may expect where decrease usually began in the West and to find decrease setting in in other areas until spread eastwards, and started first in the the map is covered with practically 90% de- northern forests, only coming to the grove crease in a few years' time. The main epidem- belt and southern forests of the eastern part ic in Alberta and Peace River is independently of Canada a year or two later. confirmed by the National Parks and Hudson's On the practical side, it may be safely fore- Bay Company enquiries which here overlap cast that the decline in fine fur began in 1932- to a considerable extent. In Alberta the 33 and will continue to an increasing extent epidemic area runs across to the east side of during the next four years {e.g. Lynx [Lyrvx Lesser Slave Lake and mainly north of the canadensis] Coloured Yo\,[Vulpes sp.] and also Wolf, 55th parallel, and in Saskatchewan it runs [Canis lycaon] Coyote, [ Canis lairans] , etc.) The across to a definite point at which there is a parallel cycle in game birds now well substantiated, belt of high density with no further increase will also begin to show a decline, so that but no epidemic, and east of this again high sportsman may expect fewer Ruffed Grouse, density and increase with no epidemic. In the [Bonasa umhellus], etc. next few years it may be possible to construct Much further work remains to be done in a fairly good contour map showing the devel- analysing the abundant material obtained from opment of these epidemics. There is a report the enquiry, but it seemed desirable to present of local disease in the Mackenzie River Delta the preliminary results as soon as possible. and also somewhere in the region of Fort Copies of the questionnaires, the large scale Providence west of Great Slave Lake. These tracings, and the final maps, are being deposit- have not been mapped owing to lack of exact ed at the National Parks Branch in Ottawa, localities. Apart from these two reports and and in the Bureau of Animal Population at those from Liard River, there was no definite Oxford. May, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 79

INTERESTING BIRD RECORDS FOR SOUTHERN BAFFIN ISLAND

By J. DEWEY SOPER

(Concluded from page 68) Baffin Island, the writer has never seen it inland, Laros kumlieni Brewster. Kumijen's Gull.— or nesting in other than the immediate vicinity Eskirrio: Nowyva; Neivcupelu Nowya.—A special of the sea. In summer their movements appear interest attaches to this bird in view of recent ob- to b-3 so local that individuals are seldom en-

servations in BafRn Island and the fact that it is countered at any great distance from nesting now legarded by the American Ornithologists' places. Union as no longer of specific rank, but a hybrid In the spring of 1931 it was learned that a between leucoptenis and thayeri. As the latest breeding colony of Kumlien's Gull existed on a information seems to discredit this conclusion small island in Soper Lake, near the entrance to

and OS very little was previouslj'' known of the Pleasant Inlet. This was visited by the Eskimos

distribution and habits of this bird, it appears on June 7, when a considerable number of fresh worthy of somewhat extended treatment based eggs were taken. On the 10th the Amter, with

on the latest information from the breeding an Eskimo assistant, visited the spot when it was range. found that the colony consii'ted of about 80 So lar as known this gull breeds only in south- individuals of the present species and one or two ern Baffin Island; available records indicate that breeding pairs of Glaucous Gulls The birds

it has never been observed north of Cumberland were nesting on the grassy ledges of an almost Sound, which was the only known breeding place sheer cliff about 75 feet high overlooking the until investigations were recently made along sea. At this time the surrounding sea was still the south coast of the island. It has now been coverod with ice, and deep snow-banks persisted ascertained to inhabit the Davis Strait coast to on the adjoining mainland. the south of that, and the entire north side of The nests were rather shallow structures re- Hudson Strait westward to King Charles Cape. In sembling those of the Herring Gull and composed 1926. and again in 1928-1929, the writer found of old vegetable matter. Some, obviously several the species common in the Tegion of Cape Dorset years old, had been repeatedh^ renewed and the with breeding colonies on the mainland north of old outer parts of the structures were now welded the west end of OkoUiltuk Island and on the together and overgrown with living grasses and Foxe Islands near Andrew Gordon Bay. Kum- other lowly plants. The greater number of these lien's Gulls were seen commonly to the westward were quite inaccessible without the aid of ropes.

liS far as King Charles Cape, in mid-August 1928, Owing to the recent activities of the Eskimos, the but none were noted to the north as far as the nests were now empty, or contained but one egg. coast was followed to Cape Dorchester. This appears to be a very early record for gulls During the autumn of 1928 and again in the in Baffin Island, as fresh eggs of this species were

spring and summer of 1929 it was not observed collected by the writer near Cape Dorset on anywhere in the interior north of Andrew Gordon June 24, 1926. The Eskimos assert that gull nest- Bay or along the coasts of Bowman Bay, or Foxe ing dates are earlier to the southeast and pro- Basin. The birds were frequently seen about gressively later to the northwest along the south Cape Dorset in early September, but after that coast of Baffin Island. becanr.e very scarce. The last record for the Tho above colony was revisited on June 27,

fall is a queried entry at Cape Dorset on October when a single set of Kumlien's Gull eggs was se- 11, for a small flock observed under unfavourable cured; these were considerably incubated. Despite

circumstances. The species is more local in dis- the ravages of the natives here early in June, the tribution than the Glaucous and Herring Gulls gulls had not deserted, but nested again. Such and unquestionably migrates from the region in nests as could be seen contained two or three the autumn much earlier than either of the above eggs. In colour they are practically indistinguish- fipecies. able from these of the Glaucous Gull, but in

In the Lake Harbour region the species is local- size are much smaller, while they appear quite ly common and nests in a number of localities insepirable from those of the Herring Gull of from at least Soper Lake (Pleasant Inlet) east- coiTesponding size. Owing to the very limited wardiy to Itivirk Bay. The birds appear to be number of Kumlien's Gull eggs available and the strictly maritime; unlike several other gulls in great variability in the eggs of gulls, no definite 80 The Canadian Field Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

statememt can be made, but it appears probable Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LII, Art. 3, that the eggs of kunilieni wiU average smaller Dec. 31, 1925, 254) and transfen-ed to the Hypoth- than those of the Herring Gull. The Kumlien's etical List". Gull eggs collected are ovate and finely granular In the writer's opinion this change appears un- with little or no sheen; ground colour is deep, warranted in view of the assembled facts. An ex- dark brown, and more obscure purplish spots. amination of the specimens alone may admittedly The markings on one egg are lar«;e and roundly lead to the above conclusion of hybridism, but bold, and merge to some extent with an area of conditions in the field support the earlier concept deversified blotches about the larger end ; on the of kii-'inlieni as entitled to specific standing. In the other end the spots are small, irregular, and first place the known breeding raaige of Kumlien's evenly distributed. Sizes: 2.46 x 1.86 inches (62.5 Gull does not coincide with that of either the X 47.5 mm), and 2.55 x 1.88 inches (65.0 x 48.1). Iceland Gull, or Thayer's Gull; the two latter In mid-July while following the coast south- species are rare in southern Baffin Island even east of Lake Harbour to Philpot Bay, large num- during migration and no nesting records exist for bers of birds were met with at various times. On either in that territory, while the only known the east side of the northernmost extremity of nesting places for Kumlien's Gull .are in southern Itivirlc Bay a large nesting colony of about 300 BaflSn Island. As earlier mentioned, this species individuals were observed. The nests were placed is not known to occur north of Cumberland Sound on shelving, grassy ledges of high cliff rising dir- and until the writer made wild life investigations ectly from the sea. At this time the nests held along the south coast of Baffin Island (1926, 1930- young still being tended by the adults. Contrary 1931) the former localitj' was bhe only breeding to conditions which not uncommonly obtain, no place known. As Kumlien found it nesting in other gulls were seen associating with Kumlien's Cimiberland Sound, and the writer at various Gulls of this colony. The Eskimos stated that the places from Itivirk Bay to Cape Dorset, it would present species nests in scattered groups farther now appear to have a more or less unbroken breed- to the eastward along the coast and north into ing range from Cumberland Sound to Foxe Pen- Frobisher Bay. insula.

Kumlien's Gull was described by Brewster In the writer's Baffin Island report of 192S (1883) from a specimen secured by Ludwig Kum- appears the following in respect to leucopterus .*^ lien in Cumberland Sound on June 14, 1878. When "This species is so scarce about Baffin Island Kumlien found this gull breeding there he first that the only evidence of its existence secured by referred it to glaucesens, but it was subsequently the writer is an adult and a juvenile, collected recognized as a new species. Kumlien also collected on August 18, 1924, near Blacklead Island, Cum- f single egg of this species, which appears to have berland Sound. Kumlien (1879, p. 98) merely existence been the only authentic one in up to the remarks that it is far less common in Cumberland time of the collection of the above set at Lake Sound than the Glaucous Gull This species was Harbour. Bent (1921) remarks: "Several sets of not noted by Hantzsch". In regard to argentatus eggs were collected by Mr. J. S. Warmbath on and thayeri are these remarks: "Specimens col- one of the Peary expeditions, which have since lected by the writer indicate that Larus thayeri of found their way into collections as eggs Kum- is confined to a northern area extending from lien's Gull. These eggs were taken in Ellesmere Ponds Inlet to southern Ellesmere Island, and tha>t Land on June 15, 1900, and are probably eggs L. argentatus occurs only in the southern part of of a new species of gull, to be known as Larus Baffin Island. Larus thayeri was observed only thayeri. Probably the only authentic egg of Larus while on the 1923 Canadian Arctic Expedition when kumlieni in existence is the on-Ei referred to above specimens were collected at Oaig Harbour, Elles- as taken by Kumlien. This egg is now in the United mere Island; Beechey Island; Dundas Harbour, States Museum; it is a miserable specimen, too Devon Island; and Pond Inlet, Baffin Island. badly broken to measure accurately, and is tied The species seemed to be particularly numerous together withh thread". in Lancaster Sound. It seems probable that the In the new fourth edition of the American breeding ranges of L. argentatus and L. thayeri Ornirhologists' Union Check-List, Kumlien's Gull overlap somewhere between Cumberland Sound has been transfeiTed from the regular List to the and Pond Inlet". Though much work has been Hypothetical List with the following comment: "Now regarded as a hybrid between Larus leuc- * Mr. P. A. Taverner informs me that the National Museum of Canada has no substantiated records of opterus Faber and Larus argentatus Brooks (cf.. leucoplervs breeding in the American Arctic. May, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 81

done in that country since the above was written, discovered on the 2nd of the month, when nine the remarks on the scarcity of ithe two above additional sets were secured; all were considerably species still hold good. In fact, on the expeditions incubated, with the exception of four sets, which of 1928-1929, and 1930-1931, to southern Baffin were fresh. The prevailing habit of building nests Island, the writer failed to observe a single ex- on small hummocks and islands in the ponds ample of either leucopterus or thnyeri. prob8,bIy arises from the necessity for protection

Along the south coast of Baffin Island kumlieni from prowling foxes. No nest of this dashing little has been found nesting in pur^^- colonies at Cape gull was found ravaged in any way, which seems Dorset and Itivirk Bay, and also in several other to indicate that the eggs of this species, unlike localities, more or less in association with Glaucous those of the Herring Gulls and the geese, escape and Herring Gulls. In view of the above facts it the pernicious attentions of the Parasitic and appears incredible that Kumlien's Gull could Long-tailed Jaegers.

exist as a hybrid between Thayer's and Iceland After leaving the Blue Goose plain on July 24, Gulls, Iwo species with which it does not associate Sabine's Gull was commonly observed about Bow- in any way during the nesting se.ison. It is be- man Bay and on the pool-sprinkled, rocky low- lieved that the circums'tances in nature go to dis- lands about Cape Alberta during late July and prove hybridism and again entitle Kumlien's early August. It was also me*: with daily along Gull to full specific standing. the Foxe Basin coast as far as the mouth of the Xema sabini (Sabine). Sabine's Gull.—-Eskimo: Kommonick River, after which the species was Nowyaluga.—Up to 1928 this beautiful little gull not again observed. was considered to be very rare in Baffin Island, Oenanthe oenanthe leucorhoa (Gmelin). Green- hs no observer had seen more than a few straggling land Wheater.—Eskimo: EkuUqak —The writer's individuals. In the region of Bowman Bay, how- experience in Baffin Island since 1923, indicates

ever, the writer, in 1929, found them in large num- that this bird is one of the rarest of the island's bers and breeding freely on the tundra. At Camp avifauna. Previous to the expedition of 1930-1931

Kungovik it first put in an appearance on June 14. to the Lake Harbour region, authentic records of The lirst spring migrants were solitary birds, but its occurrence in Baffin Island existed only for on June 16 the birds began to arrive in fiocks Cumberland Sound and westward at Nettilling varying from 10 to 25 individuals. Their numbers Fjord and Amittok Lake, where it had been ob- were steadily augmented until the 26th of the served by Kumlien, Hantzsch and the writer. month when they became one of the commonest Kumlien (1879) stated that the species breeds on birds of the district. A series of specimens sec- both shores of Cumberland Sound. This evident- ured shortly after the species' arrival, in which ly is the only record extant of its nesting on the males and females were about equally represented, islana. indicared that the two sexes came together. Upon arriving at Lake Harbour in late July,

On July 2, a small colony of 20 pairs of Sabine's 1930, the writer was told of a small bird which Gull was located at a tundra pond near the Blue- had nested in the crevice of a rock near the post goose River. More than a dozen nests were found £-,bouL a month earlier. The nest was at arm's in a state of apparent compl?tion, though the lengtli in a natural fissure, composed of moss and majority as yet contained no pggs: four that did grasses and contained four eggs. From the general

held three, two, one, and one, respectively. The description it appears certain that this bird was a nests are built directly upon the low moist ground Greenland Wheatear. During that season the on t!ie margin of pools, or on little hummocks species was nowliere observed by the writer. and islets a few feet from shore. They are con- In 1931, a single Wheatear was observed per-

structed of mosses common to pool-side areas sonally on June 12, and another on the 14th. On

of the lowlands and lined with .q few dead grasses. the 27th of the month a nesting pair was located

The species is very demonstrative and excitable on the property of the Anglican Mission. The when their nests are approached, after the manner nest was finally discovered in a stone wall sup- of Arctic Terns, which were ass(jciating with them. porting an earthen terrace about the house. The

Several additional solitary ne^ts were found on nest was difficult of access, as it had been built July 3 and 4 on the margin of various small ponds, in a cavity among the stones fully 20 inches or on moss-grown hummocks therein, which were from the face of the wall. Permission was kindly scattered about over the nesting range of the Blue given to collect the nest and eggs The former

Goose. All sets collected at this time were fresh. is a bulky structure, composed of moss and dead A return was made on July 10 to the colonj^ grasses—the latter predominating—with a lining — —

82 The Canadian Fieuj-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIll

of fine grasses and small feather?. The eggs, REFERENCES six in number, are perfectly plain in colour, be- American Ornithologists' Union (1931) : "The tween etain-blue and pale Nia<:ara green (Ridg- Check-List of North American Birds". Fourth way), or bluish white; the average size is .84 x .65 Edition, pp. I-XIX; 1-526. Lancaster, Pa. 1931. inches. Judging from the condition of the eggs, "Life Histories it appeared that egg-laying had begun sometime Bent, A. C. (1921): of North American Gulls and Terns." U. S. Nat. Mus. between the 20th and 22nd of the month. Bull. 113, pp. 1-345, 1921. Aft/;r the female bird had been collected the

Hantzsch, Bernhard (1914) : "Ornithologisches male lingered about for a day or two and then Tagebuch. Aufzeichnungr^n Wa^hrend einer disappeared. Early in July, Mr. Bailey, the mis- Reise in Baffinland" (Ornithological Journal. sionary, informed me that a pair of Wheatears Notes during a Journey in Baffin Island). Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturfor- were again nesting in preciseb^ the same crevice schender Freunde zu Berlin, Jahrgang 1914, Irom which the earlier nest had been removed. Nr. 4, pp. 129-165. (MS 'ranslation by M. This was verified personallj'^ on July 7, when the B. A. and R. M. Anderson, 1927). second nest was almost completed. Hfissii;, EiRiCH (1915): "Bernhard Hantzsch 's orni- thologische Ausbeute in Buffinland" (Bernard Junco hyemalis hyemalis (Linnaeus). Slate- Hatzsch's Ornithological Results in Baffin Is- JuNCO. 2, 1931, the writer col- coloured —On June land) Journal fiir Ornithologie, 63 Jahrgang, lected a specimen of this species half a mile north Nr. 2, April, 1915, Leipzig, pp. 137-228. (MS. of the Lake Harbour settlement It was first translation by M. B. A. and R. M. Anderson, 1927, in library, National Museum of Canada). detected as it flitted under some boulders of a talus slide below a precipitous granite hillside. Kumlien, Ludwig (1879) : "Contributions to the Natural History of Arctic America, made in At first glance it was thought to be a female connection with the Howgate Polar Expe- Snow Bunting, but when it reappeared and flitted dition, 1877-1878", U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 15, away with flashing outer white tail feathers it 1879, pp. 1-179. was ijistantly recognized as something new. This RiDGWAY, Robert (1912) : "Color Standards and eonstitutea the first record of the species in Color Nomenclature", privately published, Baffin Island. The bird seemed singularly out pp. 1-43, Plates I.-LIII, Washington, D.C. 1912. of place so far north of the tree line, with Hudson

Strait intervening, and surrounded by such a SoPER, J. D. (1928) : "A Faunal Investigation of Southern Baffin Island". Nat. Mus. of Can., bleak, rocky environment. None of the Eskimos Bull. No. 53, Biological Series, No. 16, pp. 1- to whom it was shown had ever seen it before. 143, 1928. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

under the leadership of Mr. John B. Semple, American Barn Owl ( Tyto alba ) at Ottawa.—During the latter part of the month Mr. Hugh Conn, Manager for the Nelson River me, in detail, an Owl held captive at the fruit District of the Hudson's Bay Company, gave of October, 1933, my eldest son described to me a Starling. Dr. George M. Sutton of and vegetable farm of Mr. H. L. Bailey Cornell University and I examined the situated on the Bowesville Road, about one specimen but were unable to determine its mile from the southern limits of Ottawa. sex. Nor were we able to save it as a skin. The Owl was sent to a local taxidermist to Mr. Conn told me that he had found the mount so I did not see the bird alive. However, bird dead in an old, unused building at York on January 2, 1934, Mr. Bailey's son brought Factory, on May 11th, 1931. When picked up the mounted Owl to my residence and I was it was still warm, as if it had just killed itself able to verify my son's identification of it as by flying into a window. an American Barn Owl. I am informed that York Factory is situated at the mouth of the bird was captured in a neighbouring barn the Hayes and Nelson Rivers along the west not far from the farm of Mr, Bailey. coast of Hudson Bay, and is about sixty-five C. E. Johnson. miles from the nearest point along the Hudson Bay Railway. A Northern Record for the Star- The weather was mild at the time the bird ling, Sturnus vulgaris'—During the spring was found. There was some snow on the of 1931, while I was at Churchill, Manitoba, ground and the rivers were frozen shut. collecting birds for the Carnegie Museum A. C. Lloyd. May, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 83

MEMBERS OF THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB AND SUB- SCRIBERS TO THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST, MAY, 1934.

American Museum of Natural His- Bowers, Henry, PATRONS tory, 79 IBellwoods Ave., 77th Street and Their Central Park W., Ottawa. Ont. Excellencies the Goveunor New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Boy Scouts' Association, General and Countess of Ames, J. H., Bessborough Canadian General Council, Milton, Ont. Wellington Street, Ami, Mrs. H. M., Ottawa, Ont. MEMBERS 464 Wilbrod Street, Bradshaw, F.. HONORARY Ottawa, Ont. Director of Provincial Museum, Gibson, Arthur, Anderson, R. M., Normal School, Entomological Branch, 58 Drivewajj, Rpgina, Sask. Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont. Breakey, Ian Ottawa, Ont. Angus, W. F., The Cottage, Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, 307 Craig Street West, Breakeyville, P.Q. 1919 16th Street, Montreal, P.Q. Brigdkn, F. H.. Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Archives, Public 1 5 Oswald Crescent, Dominion of Canada Toronto, Ont. SUSTAINING LIFE MEMBERS Ottawa, Ont. Brimley, J. F., Ashbury College Library, Wellington, Ont. De Lury, Ralph E., Rockclifle Park, British Columbia Provincial Mu- Dominion Observatory, Ottawa, Ont. seum, Ottawa, Ont. Atlantic Biological Station, The l^ibrary, Halkett, Miss M., St. Andrews, N.B. Victoria, B.C. 216 Lyon St., Auk, c/o Dr. Witmer Stone, British Museum, Ottawa, Ont. Academy of Natural Science, General Library, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A. Cromwell Road, LIFE MEMBERS Austin, O. L., London, S.W. 7, England. Tuckahoe, Brooklyn Museum Library Groh, H., Westchester Co. New York. Eastern Parkway and Washington Botanical Division, Ave. Central Experimental Farm, Brooklyn, N. Y. Ottawa, Ont. Brooks, Major Allan, Philipp, p. B., Bailey, Vernon, Okanagan Landing, B.C. Broadway, 220 k-'an Marco, Brooks, B. L., New York, N.Y., U.S.A. California 19 Noel Street, Robertson, C. N., Bakrr, Frank C, Ottawa, Ont. 805 I^ewis Building, Natural History Building, Brooman. R. C, 465 St. John Street, Urbana, III., U.S.A. c-o Bank of Montreal, Montreal, P.Q. Baldwin, S. P., Waterloo, Ont. 11025 East Boulevard, Brown, Mrs. R. D.. Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. 388 Main Street, Balm, H., Ottawa, Ont. 1336 Country Club Rd., Brown ,W. J, St. Petersburg, 4129 Dorchester St. Academy of Natural Science, Flonda. U.S.A. Apt. 14, 1900 Race Street, Bell, H., Montreal. P.Q. Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A. P.O. Box 1077, Buckle, E. R., Adams, John, Pembroke, Ont. Entomological Laboratory, Central Experimental Farm, Bennett, W. H. Vernon, B.C. Ottawa, Ont. 34 Dinrick Cresent, Buckle, J. W., Agriculture, Department of. To'onto. 262 Craig Street West, Province of Alberta, Bent, A. C, Montreal, P.Q. Game Commissioner, 140 High Street, Buffalo Museum of Science, Edmonton, Alta. Taunton, Mass., U.S.A. Research Library, Agriculture. Department of. Bernard, H., Buffalo, N.Y., U.S.A. Division of Botany, Library, Editor, "Le Courier", Buller, Prof. A. H. R., Experimental Farm, St. Hyacinthe, P.Q. Department of Botany, Ottawa, Ont. Bbrnigaud, J. P., University of Manitoba, Aqkiculture, Department of. P.O. Box 229, Station B., Winnipeg, Man. Entomological Branch Library, Montreal, P.Q. Burwash, E. M., Ottawa, Ont. Biggs, Miss M., Department of Mines, Aoriculturb, Department of. Beynon, Alberta. Toronto 5, Ont. Library, Confederation Block, Bill, J. Philip, Ottawa, Ont. 64 Carling Ave., Aohiculture, Department of. Ottawa, Ont. The Entomologist, Biology, Library of, Quebec, P.Q. Mont Saint-Louis, California Academy of Sctbnob*, Aobiculture, Department of. 224 Sherbrooke Street East, c/o The Librarian, Library, Montreal, P.Q. San Francisco, Cal., U.S.A. Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Bird. Ralph D., California Bureau of Educatiom Ahbrn, G. S., Box 250, and Research Library, 20 St. Antoine Street, Brandon, Man. Division of Fish and Game, Quebec, P.Q. Bishop, Louis B., 510 Russ Building, Alcock, F. J., 450 Bradford Street, San Francisco, Cal., U.S.A. Geological Survey, Pasadena. Cal., U.S.A. California, University of. Ottawa, Ont. Black, Hon. George, Library, Allbn, Dr. a. a., Speaker, House of Commons, Berkeley, Cal., U.S.A. McGaw Hall, Cornell University, Ottawa, Ont. Calvert F. W. Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. Blizzard, W. H., c-o Fred Hart Allin, A. E- 70 Duggan Avenue, R.R. No 3 Riverdale Isolation Hospital, Toronto, Ont. Omemee. Ont. Toronto, Ont. Boston Society of Natuiial History, Calvert, J. F., American Journal of Science, 234 Berkeley Street, Collegiate Institute, New Haven, Conn.. U.S.A. Boston, Mass., U.S.A. London, Ont. S4 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

Camerle, a. C, Dbam, Chas., "More Game Birds in AmericA, BlufTton, Ind., U.S.A. Inc.", Denmark Zoological Museum, Gardnbr, G. C, 580 Fifth Avenue, Copenhagen, Denmark. Manager, Bank of Toronto, New York, N.Y., U.S.A. DBS Rivieres, H., Sparks Street, Campagna, Prof. E., Grande Allee, Ottawa, Ont. Department de Botanique, Que'bec, P.Q. Geological Survey Library, Ecole d'Agriculture, Devitt, O. E.. C/o Mrs. Forsey, Ste Anne de la Pocatiere, P.Q. :^1 Willowbank Boulevard, N at io ". al M useam, Cardinal, V. Toronto, Ont. Ottawa, Ont. 5781 Cote des Neiges Road» Dingman, RI'SSBLL O. Geological Survey Library. Montreal, P.Q. 217 Bay Street, Department of Interior, Carnegie LiBRArv, Toronto, Ont. Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Ottawa, Ont. Dobbie, Mrs. W. J., Ghrfaut, Le, Carter, J. B., Glenwyld, c/o Ch. Dupond, Department of Labour, Buttonwood Ave. Square Prince Charles 21, Ottawa, Ont. Toronto. Lachen, Bruxelles, Belgium. CA3SELS, Mrs. W. A., DoBiE, Dr. W. H., Gleerupska, a. B., Red Deer, Alta. 2 Hunter Street, University Bokhandeln, Catheron, R. S., Chester, England'. Lund, Sweden. 178 Marlborough Street, Dominion Press Clipping Agency, Goodhand, B. C. Boston. Mass., U.S.A. 74-76 Church Street, Dauphin, Man. Chicago University Library,. Toronto, Ont. Gordon, H. K., Chicago, IH., U.S.A. Dymond, J. R. 35 Hillsdale Ave , East. Clark, G. C. Roya! Ontaiio Museum, Toronto, Ont. 295 Manor Rd. , Toronto. Ont. Gotkborgs Stadsbibliotbk, Rockliffe Park. Gotsborg, Sweden. Ottawa, Ont. Gould, Harry, Clarke, Thomas H^ High River, Alta. Peter Redpath Museum, Green, H. W. Montreal, P.Q. Vermilion Park, Clarke, C. H. D., Eastham, J. W., Dauphin, Man. Department of Biology, Court House, Green, Morris, University of Toronto, Vancouver, B.C. 39 South Wyoming Avenue, Toronto, Ont. Edmonton Public Library Ardmore, Pa., U.S.A. Clemens, W. A., Edmonton, Alta. Greenwood, W. B., Director, Pacific Biologi cat Station, Edson, J. M., 40 Bourke Street, Nanaimo, B.C. 90 Marietta Drive, North Bay, Ont. Collegiate Institute, Bellingham, Wash., U.S.A. Grinnell, J., St Catherines, Ont. Edwards, D. Kemp, University of California, Columbia University Library,. 494 Lansdowne Road, Berkeley, Cal., U.S.A. New York, N.Y., U.S.A. RockciiiYe Park, Grist, Miss Mary L., Condor, The, Ottawa, Ont. 251 Laurier Ave. East, c/o J. Grinnell, EiFRiG, Prof. C. W. G., Ottawa, Ont. University of California, 1029 Monroe Avenue, Gross, Dr. A. O., Berkeley, Cal., U.S.A. River Forest, III.. U.S.A. Bowdoin College, Conners, J. L., Ellis, Ralph, Brunswick, Me., U.S.A. 347 Island Park Drive, 2420 Ridge Road, Guelph Public Library, Ottawa, Ont. Berkeley, CaL, U.S.A. Guelph, Ont. Cornell University Library, Elton, C. S., Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. Bureau of Animal Population, Covell, Corporal E. S., University Museum, R.C.M. Police, 6 Museum Road, Moose Factory, Ont. Oxford, England. Coventry, A. F., Emery, F. H. Halkett, Andrew, Department of Biology, 6-20 EucHd Ave. 216 Lyon St., University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. Ottawa, Ont. Toronto 5, Ont. Hall, E. R., Cowan, Miss M. E. University of California, 97 Stanley Ave. Berkeley, Cal., U.S,A. Ottawa, Ont. Hamilton, Dr. A. B., Cranbrook Institute of Sc]sbnce» Highland Park, 111., U.S.A. Bloomfield Hills, Mich., U.S.A. Fargo, W. G., Hamilton Bird Protection Socihty, Crawford, H. C, 506 Union Street, Miss Duncan, Secretary, Entomological Branch, Jackson, Mich., U.S.A. 114 Sanford Avenue East, Department of Agriculture, Farley, F. L., Hamilton, Ont. Ottawa, Ont. Camrose, Alta. Harkness, W. J. K., Crbrar Library, Fauvel, B. a., Department of Biology, Chicago, 111., U.S.A. 263 McLeod Street, Toronto University, Crete, F. V., Ottawa, Ont. Toronto, Ont. Director Musee Educatif des Sourds Field, Miss C, Harper, Francis, Muets, 1461 Mountain Street, 206 Dickinson Avenue, 7400 St. Laurent, Montreal, P.Q. Swarthmore, Pa., U.S.A. Montreal, P.Q. Fleming, J. H., Harrington, Paul, Crickmay, Colin H., 267 Rusholme Road, 813 Bathurst Street, 235 17 th. St. E. Toronto, Ont. Toronto, Ont. N. Vancouver, B. C. FOERSTER, R. E., Harris, W. E., Griddle, Stuart, Biological Board of Canada, 3 Wendover Ave., Treesbank, Manitoba Veddar Crossing, B.C. Ottawa, Ont. Crowson, Arthur, Fournier, Rev. O., Hart, Capt. E. W., 151 Goulbourne Street, Department of Botany, Division of Botany, Ottawa, Ont. St. Hyacinthe College, Central Experimental Farm, St. Hyacinthe, P.Q. Ottawa, Ont. Fraser, Prof. C. McLean, Hart, J. L., University of British Cohimbia, Pacific Biological Station, Vancouver, B.C. Nanaimo, B.C. Fraser, F. J., Hart, N. C, Dale, E. M. S., Geological Survey, Western University, 297 Hyman Strett, Ottawa, Ont. St. George Street, London, Ont. Frith, Rowley, London, Ont. Darcus, S. J., 65 Butternut Terrae*, Hart, W. S., Penticton, B.C. Ottawa, Ont. Province of Quebec Society (or Davis, Eli, Furniss, O. C, Protection of Birds, R.R. No. 7, 2203 First Avenue W***, P.O. Box 1185, London, Ont. Prinoc Albart, Saifc. Montreal, P.Q. May, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 85

Harvard University, Kbaley, Miss Lulu, Lloyd Library, Arnold Arboretum, 14 Blackburn Avenue, Jamaica Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A. Plains, Mass., U.S.A. Ottawa, Ont. Lloyd, Wilmot, Harvard University, Kblley, N. p. Gray Herbarium, 582 Mariposa Avenue, 625 Oriole Pa'"kway, Rocklciffe Park, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. Toronto, Ont. Harvard University, Ottawa, Ont. Kennard, F. H., LoGiER, Harvard Forest, Shelly, Dudley Road, Royal Petersham, Mass., Ontario Museum. Newton Centre, Mass., U-S.A Toronto, Ont. U.S.A. Kindle. C. H. Harvard University, Los Angeles Museum, Dept. of Geology, Exposition Park, Museum of Comparative Zoology City College, Los Angeles, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. Cal., U.S.A. New York .N.Y. Lowe, C. W., Heming, W. E., Kindle, E. M., University of Manitoba, Ontario Agricultural College, Geological Survey, Guelph, Winnipeg, Man. Ont. Ottawa, Ont. LUNN, Hoabe, E. C. W. H., Kingston, A. G., Hillier, Ont. 68 Pembroke St. W, 120 Gilmour Street, Lyon, I., Pembroke, Ont. W. Ottawa, Ont. 124 Washington Street, HOLDOM, Rev. M. W., Kitto, v., Waukegan, 111., U.S.A. The Rectory, 36 Patterson Ave., Chilliwack, B.C. Ottawa, Ont. M Hope, C, Kurata, T. B., Royal Ontario Museum 359 Ellis Park Road, Macaulay. of Zoology. T. B., Toronto, Ont. 109 Queen's Park. Westmount Boulevard, Toronto, Ont. Westmount. P.Q. HowiTT, MacDermid, Miss A, Dr. Henry, Box Empress Hotel, 383, Renfrew, Ont. Victoria, B C. MacDonald College, HuBER, Wharton, Laing, H. M , Institute of Parasitology, 225 St. Mark's Square, Comox, B.C. Quebec, P.Q. Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A. Lambert, Mrs. A. J. F., Macintosh, Claire H.. Humphrey, S., 2821 Halifax Street, 263 Unity, Sask. Robie Street, Regina, Sask. Halifax, Hunter, E. R., N.S. Lanceley, W. H"., Mack, H. 8 Kensington Gardens Square, G., 23 Flmdale Avenue c/o Gibson Manufacturing Co., London W2, England Ottawa, Huntsman, Ont. Guelph, Ont. A. G., Langelier, Gus., MacLoghlin, University of Toronto. Miss A. E. R. R 1. 43 Inglewood Toronto, Ont. Drive, Fauburg St. Jean Baptiste, Hamilton, Ont. Hurlburt, Dr. E., W. Quebec, P. Q. MacLulich, Vineland, Ont. D. a.. Lapoirette, Paul, Royal Ontario Museum College de Saint-Jean, of Zoology, St Jean-sur-Richelieu, P.Q. Queen's Park. La Rocque, a.. Toronto 5, Ont. National Museum, MacNamara, Chas., Ibis, The, Ottawa, Ont. Arnprior, Ont. Dr. C. B. Ticehurst, Latchford, Hon. F. R. Magee, M. J., Saxon House, Osgoode Hall, 603 South Street, Appledore, Kent, England. Toronto, Ont. Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., U.S.A. IDE, F. p.. Lathe, Q. H., Manitoba Natural History Society Department of Biology, 180 Cartier Street, 317 Simcoe St., University of Toronto, Ottawa, Ont. Winnipeg, Man. Toronto, Ont. Laval Universitb, Manitoba University Library, Illinois University Library Bibliotheque, Kennedy Street, Urbana, 111., U.S.A. Quebec, P.Q. Winnipeg, Man. Indiana University Library Lawrence, A. G., Manitoba University, Bloomington, Ind., U.S.A. City Health Department, Science Library, Inoersoll, E., Winnipeg, Man. Port Garry Site, 417 W. 114 St., Leechman, D., Winnipeg, Man. New York, N.Y., U.S.A. National Museum, Marcotte, Abbe Leon, Ottawa, Ont. St. Charles Seminary, Lees, W. A. D., Sherbrooke, P.Q. P.O. Box 138, Martin, N., Wetaskiwin, Alta. 274 St. Clarens Avenue, Lefebvre, O., Toronto, Ont. Jackson, H. A. C, Quebec Streams CommiBsion, Massachusetts, Commonwealth or. 35 Campbell Avenue, New Court House, State Library, Montreal State House, West, P.Q. Montreal, P.Q. Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Jbnnbss, D., Leim, a. H., McCabe, T. T., National Museum, 58J^ Larch St. Barkerville P.O., B.C. Ottawa, Ont. Halifax, N.S. McDonald, D., Jennings, Otto E., Lemon, E., Deputy Minister of Carnegie Game and Museum, We.=it Lome, Ont. Fisheries, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A. Leonard, Mrs. R. W., Johansbn, Parliament Buildings, p.. Springbank, Toronto, Ont. Zoological Museum, St. Catherines, Ont. McDougall, E. G. Copenhagen, Denmark. Leopold, Aldo, Royal Johnson, Ontario Museum, C. E., New Soils Building, Toronto, Ont. Geological Survey, University of Wisconsin, McElhinnby, Dr. M. Ottawa, G., Ont. Madison, Wis., U.S.A. 252 Lisgar Johnson, Street, Mrs. G. E., Lewis, Grace L., Ottawa, Ont. 70 Flora Street, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, McFadden, R. W. E., St. Thomas, Ont. Ottawa, Ont., 4 Hart Street, Johnson, R. A., Lewis, Harrison F., Brantford, Ont. State Normal School, c-o National Parks of Canada McGahey, Miss Peabl, Oneonta, N.Y., U.S.A. Ottawa, Ont. 193 O'Connor Street, Lindsay, R. V., Ottawa, Ont. 61 Brookfield Street, McGee, Mrs. T. D. Toronto, Ont. 12 Marlborough Ave. Lloyd, Hoyes, Ottawa. Ont. Kansas University, 582 Mariposa Avenue, McGiLL University Libraby, Periodical Department, Rockcliflfe Park, 3459 McTavish Street, Lawrence, Kan., U.S.A. Ottawa, Ont. Montreal, P.Q. 86 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIIl

MclLWRAiTH Ornithological Club, Newton, H. E., PORSILD, A. E., c/o Wm. Girling, P.O. Box 935, Aklavik, N.W.T. 530 English Street Victoria, B.C. PoRSiLD, Dr. M. p.. London, Ont. New York Botanical Gardew, Director, Den Danske Arktiske McIi.WRAiTH, T. F., Bronx Park, Station, 50 St. Leonard's Avenue, New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Disko, Greenland. Toronto 12, Ont. New York State College of Forest, PORPILD, R. T. McKechnie, S. W. C, ry, 1516 Trafalgar Street, 765 Granville Street, Syracuse, N.Y., U.S.A. Vancouver B.C. Vancouver, B.C. New York State Library, Potter, Lawrence B.,

McKiNNON, Mrs. J. S., . Albany, N.Y., U.S.A. Gower Ranch, 24 Jeanne d'Arc Street, New York Zoological Society, East End, Sask. Hull, P.Q. 185th Street, Bronx,' Preble, E. A., McLaine, L. S., New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Biological Survey, Entomological Branch, Nichols, C. K., Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, 31 Ethelbert Place, Preussikche Stats-Bibliothek, Ottawa, Ont. Ridgewood, N.J., U.S.A. Unter den Linden 38, McMaster University Librasiy, Nichols, D. A., Berlin, N.W. 7, Germany. Westdale, National Museum, Prince, Prof. E. E., Hamilton, Ont. Ottawa, Ont. 321 McLeod Street, McNairn. N. a., NicoL, Colin, Ottawa, Ont. 332 Bay St., South, 152 Woisey Avenue, Princeton University Library, Hamilton, Ont. Montreal West, P.Q. Princeton, N.J., U.S.A. Memorial College Library, Normal School, Pritchard, A. L., St. J&hn's, Newfoundland. c/o The Librarian, Pacific Biological Station, Meredith, R., London, Ont. Nanaimo, B.C. 46 Dalhousie Street, Normal School, Quebec, P.Q. Elgin Street, Mbrriman, R. O., Ottawa, Ont. 101 Clergy Street Wesrt, Normal School, Quebec Society Protection of Birds, Kingston, Ont. Peterborough, Ont. c-o Mrs. C. L. Henderson, Msohigan State Collhgh, Norton, Mrs. Harry A., 1536 St. Mathew Street, Library, Edgewater Farm, Montreal East Lansing, Mich., U.S.A. Ayers Cliff, Que. Queens University, Michigan University Library^ Douglas Library, Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A. O Kingston, Ont. Millen, Miss C, 190 Coltrin Road, RockclifTe Park, Oberholser, H. C, R Ottawa, Ont. 2805 ISth Street N.W., Miller, G. A., Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Rabbits, Gower, 180 Belmont St., O'Connor, J., L.> P.O. Box 5358, Ottawa, Ont. Dominion Observatory, St. Johns, Newfoundland. MiLNES, H., Ottawa, Ont. Racey, Miss. H. S., 22 Bay Street, Ohio State University, 30 ebert Street, Woodstock, Ont. Library, Quebec, P.Q. Minard, Miss R., Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. Racey, Kenneth, 154 Pretoria Avenue, Ontario Agricultural College, 3262 First Avenue, Ottawa, Ont. Library, West Vancouver, B.C. Minnesota University Library, Guelph, Ont. Racey, Thomas, University Farm, Ontario Legislative Assembly, 193 Walnut Street, St. Paul, Minn., U.S.A. Library, Winnipeg, Manitoba Mitchell, Mrs. O. S., Toronto, Ont. Rand, Austin L., 24 Wychwood Park, Oslo Zoological Museum, 74 State St., Toronto, Ont. Library, Seneca Falls, N.Y., U.S.A. Montreal Mechanics' Institute, Oslo, Norway. Rawson, Dr. D. S., Atwater and Tupper Streets, Department of Biology, Westmount, P.Q. University of Saskatchewan, Montreal University, Saskatoon, Sask. Botanical Laboratory, Parliamentary Library Raynes, G. W., St. Denis Street, Ottawa, Ont. 209 Miller Ave., Portsmouth, U.S.A. Montreal, P.Q. Paton, H., N.H., Morris, Dr. Robert T., P.O. Box 2646, Richardson, H., Box 554. Montreal, P.Q. 182 Rusholme Road, Toronto, Ont. Stamford, Conn., U.S.A. Paulson, C. W. G. RiCKER, Miss H. S., MOUSLBY, H., c-o Sir R. G. Ellis, Bart., 4073 Tupper Street, 10 King's Bench Walk,. 94 Park Street, Westmount, Montreal, P.Q. Temple, London, Truro, N.S. Ricker, Wm. E., MUNRO, J. A. E, C. 4. Okanagan Landing, B.C. England. Pacific Salmon Research Station, MURIE, A. Pearse, Theed, Veddar Crossing B.C. Ridley College, University of Michigan. P.O. Box 158, Ann Arbor, Mich., U,S.A. Courtney, B.C. Upper School, Catherines, Ont. Murphy. Miss L., Pearson, Dr. T. GiLBESf, St. 1535 Summerhill Avenue, 1974 Broadway, Roberts, T. S. of Minnesota, Montreal, P.Q. New York, N.Y., U.S.A. University Pennsylvania Biological Abstracts, St. Paul, Minn. Ronaynb, John, University of Pennsylvania, Pemberton Meadows, B.C. Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A. Pennsylvania University, Library, Ross, F. D., P.O. Box 370, 34th Street & Woodland Avenue, Quebec, P.Q. Canada, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A. National Parks op Royal Canadian Institute, Department of Interior, Pennsylvania Game Commission, 198 College Street, South Office Building, Ottawa, Ont. Toronto, Ont. Nature, Harrisburg, Pa., U.S.A. Russell, Loris S., Peters, Robert, c/o Macmillan & Co. Limited, National Museum, Red Willow, St. Martin Street, Ottawa, Ont. London, W.C. 2, England. Alberta. Needler, A. W .F., Petrolia High School, Ellerslie, P.E.I. Petrolia, Ont. Newcombe, W. a., Phelps, Frank M., 138 Dallas Road, 312 Fifth Street, Sanson, N. B., Victoria, B.C. Elyria, Ohio, U.S.A. BanfT, Alta. New Liskeard Public Library, Phillips, John C, Sarnia Collegiate Institute, New Liskeard, Ont. Wenham, Mass., U.S.A. Sarnia, Ont. May, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 87

Saunders, W. E., Sternberg, Chas. M., Vancouver Public 240 Central Avenue, Geological Library, Survey, Main and Hastings London, Ont. Ottawa, Ont. Ave., Science Library, Vancouver, B.C. Stewart, Dr. D. A. Victoria Public Science Museum, Manitoba Library Sanatorium, Victoria, B.C. South Kensington, Ninette, Man. London. S. W, 7. Swedish Royal Academy of Science, Scott, E. N., Stockholm, Sweden. Box 955, W Port Colborne, Ont. Scott, W. L., Walker, Bryant, 383 Stewart Street, 1306 Dime Bank Ottawa, Tait. C. C. Building, Ont. Detroit, Mich., SbNCKENBERG 4134 Old U.S.A. BlBLIOTHEK, Orchard, Walker, Dr. E. M., Victoria N. D. AUee 8, G. 67 Alcina Avenue, Frankf Montreal, urt-on*M ain, P. Q. Toronto, Ont. Germany. Taverner, p. a.. Walsh, M.j. Sbton, Ernest T., National Museum, 167 Queen Street, Seton Village, Ottawa, Ont. Ottawa, Ont. Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A. Taylor, B. W., Wanless, Mr Shaw, Clifford, Director of Fish Culture, 6 Teraulay Street, Bulyea, Sask. Room 206, Biological Building, Toronto, Ont. Shaw, T., Montreal, W. P.Q. Warren, E. R., 1002 Terrill, Cambridge Avenue, Lewis M., 1511 Wood Avenue, Fresno, Cal., U.S.A. 24 Prince Arthur Avenue, Colorado Springs, Col., Sheppard, R. St. Lambert, U.S.A. W., P.Q. Warren, Miss. K., 1805 Moreland Ave., Thacker, T. L. "Rlmhurst" Niagara Falls, Ont. Little Mountain, Warren, Ont. Sherman, Hope, Miss A. R., B.C. Warwick, F. W., National, Thextun, H., 36 Blenheim Street, via McGregor, Iowa, U.S.A. 10 Regent Street, Gait, Ont. Sherwood, E. S., Ottawa, Ont. Washington Thompson, State College Librart 140 Wellington Street, Stuart, Pullman, Wash., Ottawa, U.S.A. Ont. 286 Wychwood Avenue, Washington University, Shiras 3rd, Geo., Toronto, Ont. Puget Sound Biological 4530 Klingle Thomson, M. Station. Street, M. Seattle, Wash., U.S.A. Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Dominion Observatory, Weems, F. C, Shutt, Dr. Ottawa, p. T.. Ont. 23 Wall Street, Warrington Drive, Thomson, Prof. R. B., New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Ottawa, Ont. Botanical Laboratories, Wenzel, John. Sifton, Dr. University H. B., of Toronto, 5 Water Street, 10 Rathnally Ave., Toronto, Ont. Stratford, Ont. Toronto, Ont. Thorne, H. M., Westmount Public Skinner, c/o Library, M. P., B. L. Thorne. Westmount, P.Q. 1316 3027 Harding Street, 6th Street West, Whelen, R. v., Long Calgary, Beach, Cal., U.S.A. Alta. Smoky Falls, Small, Dr. H. B., Toronto Field Naturalists' Club, via Kapuskasing, Ont. 150 Laurier Treasurei, Avenue West, White, Mrs. E. F. G., Ottawa, Ont. C. G. Brennand, Smart, 185 Wurtemburg Street, Miss E., 229 Forman Avenue, Ottawa, Ont. 300 Acacia Ave., N. Toronto, Ont. White, Ed. F. G., Rockcliffe Park. Toronto University, 185 Wurtemburg Ottawa, Street, Ont, Department of Geology, Ottawa, Ont. Smiley, A. K.. Jr., Toronto, Ont. Whitehead, A. B., Mohonk Lake, N.Y., U.S.A. Toronto University Library, 302 Grande Smith, Miss A116g, E. A. Toronto, Ont. Quebec, P.Q. 136 Stanley TowNSBND, Dr. Avenue, Chas. W., Whitehurst, Miss K. E., Ottawa, Ont. Ipswich, Mass., U.S.A. 110 Prospect Smith, Avenue, Frank, TowNsoN, John, Westboro, Ont. 79 Fayette Street, 2104 Queen Street East, Whitehurst, Miss P., Hillsdale, Mich., U.S.A. Toronto, Ont. Westboro, Smith, Tuck, Ont. Napier, John R., Wickenden, R.T.D. 153 Westminster Avenue North, 1112f5-90th Avenue, 6 Pretoria Ave., Montreal West, P.Q. Edmonton, Alta. Ottawa, Ont. Smithsonian Tufts, Institution, R. w., Wicksteed, Miss W., U.S. National Wolfville, Miaseura, N.S. 412 Sparks Street, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Turnbull, J. F., Ottawa, Snell, Ont. C. H., R.R. No. 3, Willey, Prof. Arthur, Red Deer, Alta. Orillia, Ont. R.R. No. 1, Snyder, L. L., Turner, Dr. G. H., Mille Isles, Royal Ontario Fort Museum of Zoology, Saskatchewan, Alta. St. Jerome, P.Q. Toronto, Ont. Tyrrell, J. E., Williams, Dr. M. Y., 930 Canadian Societe Provencher d'Histoirb Na- Bank of Commero* University of British Columbia, turelle du Canada, Building, Vancouver, B.C. 25 King 38 Sherbrooke Street, Street West, Wilson, Miss Alice E., Quebec, P.Q. Toronto 2, Ont. Geological Survey, SOPER, J. D., Ottawa, Ont. Department of Interior, U Wilson, Miss E., N.W.T. & Yukon Branch, Acacia Avenue, Ottawa, Ont. Rockcliffe Park, Ussher, Speechly, R. D., Ottawa, Ont. Dr. H. M., Nancy Lake 609 Farm, Wilson, Dr. M. E., Medical Arts Building, King, Ont. Winnipeg, Man. Department of Mines, Speirs, J. M., Ottawa, Ont. 17 Wolfrey Avenue, Winnipeg Public Library Toronto 6, Ont. Main Branch, Spencer, G. J., William Avenue, Van Cleave, H. J., Department of Zoology, Winnipeg, Man. Department of Zoology University of British Columbia, WiNSON, J. W., University of Illinois, Huntingdon, B.C. Vancouver, B.C. Urbana, 111., U.S.A. Wintemburg, W. J., Squires, Mrs. Nathan C, Vancouver Natural Fredericton, History So- 16 Grosvenor Avenue, N.B. ciety, Stephens, Dr. T. Ottawa, Ont. C, c-o W. F. Connor, Morningside College, Wnipo Bolotnaja, 3222 W. 36th Street, Sioux City, Iowa, U.S.A. 14. Maskwa, Vancouver, B.C. U.S.S.S., Russia The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

Wood, Dr. C. A., Wright, H. H., Authors' Club, Royal Military College, 2 Whitehall Club, Kingston, Ont. Yale University Library, London, S.W.I., England Wright, J. Frank, New Haven, Conn., U.S.A. Wood, Col. Wm., Geological Survey, Ybomans, Miss a., 59 Grande Allee, Ottawa, Ont. 212 Coronation Bldg. Quebec, P.Q. Wright, Miss S. E., Montreal. P.Q Wright, Dr. A. H., 88 Victoria St. Young, C. H., Zoological Laboratory Ottawa, Ont. National Museum, Cornell University, Wylie, Mrs. T. C, Ottawa, Ont. Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. Lisgar and O'Connor Sts. Wright, G. M., Ottawa, Ont. 213 Hilgard Hall, Wynne-Edwards, V. C, Zoological Society, London University of California, McGill University, Regents Park, Berkeley, Cal., U.SJt.. Montreal, P.Q. London, N.W. 8, England.

^•^a>"^MBl^«C^H^^^_^^^2^a^H^M^^^^C^^^^^^aB^SC^^^^^^V^^SC^^^^M^HB^$C^B^MMi^^^{c^ ixk: 1 EXCURSIONS OF THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB, 1934

MAY 5—McKay Lake and vicinity. Take Lindenlea 0. E. R. car and meet at Butternut Avenue and Maple Lane at 3 p. m. Leaders—Mr. HoYES Lloyd and others.

MAY 12—Ottawa River, Hintonburgh. Take Somerset 0. E. R. car to Parkdale Avenue, walk to north end of Parkdale, and meet at riverside at 3 p. m. Leaders—Dr. Harrison F. Lewis and others.

MAY 19—Fairy Lake. Take Hull E. R. car at Chateau Laurier for Wright- ville, and meet at Wrightville terminus at 3 p. m. Leaders—Mr. C. ^ E.Johnson, Dr. Ralph DeLury, Mr. Hoyes Lloyd and others.

MAY 26—Britannia, Take Britannia 0. E. R. car, and meet at terminus at 3 p. m. Leaders—Dr. R. M. ANDERSON and others.

JUNE 2—Richmond — Franktown — Perth — Carleton Place. Route will follow old stage road to Perth. Meet National Museum 2. 30. Bring lunch. Leader—Dr. M. E. WiLSON.

JUNE 9—Pink's Lake. Meet Old Chelsea 3 p. m. sharp. Bring lunch. Leaders—Miss Peggy Whitehurst and others.

JUNE 16—McKay Lake. Microscopic aquatic life. Meet at outlet bridge on Driveway, McKay Lake, 3 p.m. Leaders—Messrs. W. E. Harris, Douglas Leechman, and others.

JUNE 21—Dominion Experimental Farm. By invitation of the Director, Dr. E. S. Archibald. Meet at Observatory 4.20 p.m. Tea on lawn at 6 p.m. This is a joint meeting with the Ottawa and Westboro Horticultural Societies.

JUNE 23—Hiawatha Park. Meet Laurier Ave. E., at Goulburn Ave. 3 p.m. Leaders~MR. ARTHUR Crowson and others.

JUNE 30—Long Lake, Buckingham. Meet at Printing Bureau 3 p.m. Bring lunch or eat at Daly's Inn, 50c. Bring Bathing Suits. An excellent opportunity to study nocturnal animal habits. Leader—F. J. ERASER.

Give your active support on the above dates by bringing your car along with you.

F. J. ERASER. Phone: Office Q. 2742. Res. R. 281 ?

XK ^tK: :>i}c IXiC ZXiC :>tKi ^K Affiliated Societies

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE MANITOBA PROTECTION OF BIRDS INC. 1929-30 OFFICERS & COMMITTEE: Pretidenl Emeritus: C.E. Bastin; President: G. Shirley Past Presidents: Mr. L. McI. Terrill, Mr. Napier Suite: Brooks, Past Presidents: H. M. Speechly, M.D., C. W. Mr. W. S. Hart; President: Mrs. C. L. Henderson; Vice- Lowe, M.Sc, a. A. McCoubrey, J. B. Walus, M.A., Presidents: Mr. H. a. C. Jackson, Miss M. S. Nicolson; V. W. Jackson M.Sc, A. M. Davidson, M.D., R. A. Vice-President and Treasurer: Mr. Henry Mousley; Secretary: Wardle, M.Sc; Vice-Presidents: Mrs. L. R. Simpson, Miss M. Seath; Curator: Miss Hope McLachlan. Committee: C. L. Broley, W. H. Rand, Dr. R. S. Kirk, B. W. Dr. W. W. Beattie, Mrs. C. F. Dale, Mr. J. a. Decarib, Cartwright, a. Burton Gresham, Treasurer: A. G. Mr. W. S. Hart, Mrs. H. Hibbbrt, Miss K. D. Malcour- Lawrence; Auditor: R. M. Thomas; Social Convenor: ONNE, Miss P. B. Mattinson, Miss Edith Morrow, Mieb Mrs. a. J. Sbarle; General Secretary: Norman Lowe, L. Murphy, Mr. R. A. Outhet, Mr. Napier Smith, Mr 317 Simcoe St., Winnipeg; ExecMttpe Secretary: J. HaddoW. L. McI.Spackman, Mr. L. McI. Terrill, Mr. G. J. C Tigar, V. C Wynne-Edwards. Section Chairman Secretary Ornithologiedl L. T. S. Norris-Elye, B.A. A. H. Shortt Address all correspondence to the Society at P.O. Box 1186 Entomologieal A. V. Mitchener, M.Sc Miss M.F.Pratt Montreal, P.Q., Canada. Botanical Mrs. I. M. Priestly Mrs. H. T. Ross Geological Mias C. J. Egan, p. H. Stokes lehthyologieal Ferris Neave, M.Sc. G. D. Russell SOCIETE PROVANCHER D'HISTOIRE Mammalogical V. W. Jackson, M.Sc. J. P. Kennedy Microscopy NATURELLE DU CANADA Zoology R. A. Wardle, M.Sc. Botany C. W. LowE, M.Sc. H.Chas. Pearcb Patron Honoraire: Son Excellence, le Tres Honorable Comte de Bessborough, P.C., G.C.M.G., Gouverneur- Meetings are held each Monday evening, except on holiday G6n6ral du Canada; Vice-Patron Honoraire: Honorable from October to April, in the physics theatre of the University, M. G. H. Carroll, Lieutenant-Gouvemeur de la Province Winnipeg. Field excursions are held each Saturday after- de Qu6bec; Bureau de Direction pour 193^: President: Edgar noon during June and September, and on public holidays Maj', Rochette. C.R., M.P.P.; ler vice-president: -G. Stuart during July August. and Ahern; Ziime vice-prisident: Dr. J.-E. Bbrnier; Secritaire- trisorier: Louis-B. Lavoie; Chef de la section scientifique: HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION Dr. D.-A.Dery; Chef de la section de Propagande iducation- THE nelle: Alphonse DBSilets, B.S.A.; Chef de la section de SOCIETY protection: Adrien Falardeau, C.R.; Chef de la section (Incorporated) d'information scientifique et pratique: James F. Ross: Directeurs: A. W. Ahhrn. R. MEREDITH, N.P., U. G. Tessier. Hon. President: W. E. Saunders, London, Ont.; President: Rbv. Calvin McQubsTon; Vice-President: R. OwgN Merri- Secritaire-trisorier: Louis-B. Lavoib MAN, M.A., Kingston, Ont.; First Vice-President: Dr. H. G. 38, me Sherbrooke, Quebec. ArnoTT; Second Vice-President: Mrs. F. E. MacLoghun; Recording Secretary: J. Roland Brown; Secretary-Treasurer: Miss Nina Duncan; Assistant Secretary-Treasurer: Miss E. McEwiN; Junior Committee: Miss M. E. Graham; Pro- THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS' gramme Committee: Rbv. C. A. Heaven; Extension Committee: H. C. NUNN. CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1933-34. McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB, Honorary President: Dr. A. P. Coleman; President: Arnott LONDON, ONT. M.Patterson; Hon. Vice-Presidents: Hon. G. H. Challibs. Mr. J. H Fleming, Dr. N. A. Powell; Vice-President: Mr. President: Mr. Edison Matthews, 554 Central Ave., London F. P. IDE, Secretary-Treasurer: 3. P. Oughton, Chairman o) Ont.; Vice-President: Mr. E. D. Brand, 148 William Street, Conservation Committee: Mrs. S. L. Thompson; Council— London, Ont.; Recording Secretary: Mr. Vernon Franks, 195 Dr. E. M. Walker, S. L. Thompson, Prop. J. R. Dyuond Duchess Ave., London, Ont.; Corresponding Secretary and C. S. Farmer, Prop. T. F. McIlwraith. Dr. Norma Treasurer: Me. W. G. Girling, 530 English St., London, Ford, Magistrate J. E. Jones, L. T. Owens; Rupert Ont. Migration Secretary: Mr. E. M. S. Dale, 297 Hyman Davids, F. C. Hurst, Dr. T. M. C. Taylor, C. G. Brennand; Street, London, Ont.; Members qualified to answer questions: Dr. p. E. Clarkson, S. B. McCready. Leaders: Birds— W. E. Saunders, 240 Central Avenue, London, Ont.; Messrs. S. L. Thompson, L. L. Snyder, J. L. Baillie, Jr. C. G. Watson, 201 Ridout Street South, London, Ont.; Prof. T. P. McIlwraith, R. V. Lindsay, R. M. Speirs, F. H. Emery, T. Shortt, Hubert Richardson, J. F. Calvbbt, 461 Tecumseh Avenue, London, Ont.; E. M. S. — R. J, Dale, 297 Hyman Street, London, Ont. RUTTER. Mammals Prop. A. F. Coventry, Messrs. E. C. Cross, D. A. McLuuch. Reptiles and Amphibians— Meetings held the second Monday of the month, ezcep Messrs. E. B. S. Logier, Wm. LeRay. Fish—Pnor. J. R. during the summer. Dymond, Prop. W. J. K Harkness. Insects— Dr. E. M. Walker, Dr. N. Ford, Mr. F. P. Ide. Botany—Prop. R. B. Thomson,- Dr. H. B. Sipton, Dr. T. M. C. Taylor; VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY L. — Mr. W. R. Watson. Mr. T. Owens.— Mollusks Dr. E. M. Waijcer, J. P. Oughton. Geology Dr. A. P. Coleman : Honorary President. L. S. LL.D., President Klinck, Univer- Prop. A. McLean. sity of B.C.; President: John Davidson, P.L.S., F.B.S.E., University of B.C.; Vice-President: Prof. M. Y. Williams, Honorary Secretary: C. F. Connor, M.A., 3222 W. 36th Street, Vancouver, B.C.; First Assistant Secretary: Misa Betty Herd; Snd Assistant Secretary: Mr. Vernon Wie- We would ask the Officers, and more drick; Honorary Treasurer: A. H. Bain, 2142 CoUingwood Street, Vancouver, B.C.; Librarian: Mrs. McCrimmon; particularly the Secretaries, of all the Members of Executive: Miss E. J. Smith, Mr. J. D. Turnbull, Mr. B. J. Wood, Mr. P. L. Tait, Mr. R. J. Gumming; Au- Affiliated Societies to assist us in our ditors: H. G. Selwood, W. B. Woods. All meetings at 8 p.m.. Auditorium, Normal School, 10th task of building up the circulation of Avenue and Cambie Street unless otherwise announced. this magazine. By securing every BRITISH COLUMBIA BIRD AND MAMMAL member as a subscriber we can truly SOCIETY make this magazine into one of the President: Dr. M. Y. Williams; First Vice-President; leading Natural History publications Hamilton M. Laing; Second Vice-President: Dr. C. J. Bastin; Secretary-Treasurer: Kenneth Racby, 3262 West 1st Ave. of America. Vancouver, B.C. AUTOBIOGRAPHY o/ JOHN MACOUN, M.A.

These are attractively bound, and contain a wealth of information concerning Canadian Natural History and Exploration. The author was a former President of the Club and this is a Memorial Volume

PRICE $3.00. - 305 pp. WILMOT LLOYD 582 Mariposa Avenue Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa VOL. XLVIII, No. 6 SEP? 1934 SEPTEMBER, 1934

M.I..

iS:yAi-isH^SJP(2^<

ISSUED SEPTEMBER 1, 1934 Entered at the Ottawa Post OtRee as second-class matter —

THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB

patrons;: THEIR EXCELLENCIES THE GOVERNOR GENERAL AND COUNTESS OF BESSBOROUGH

President: M. E. Wilson. tsi Vice-President: Herbert Groh 2nd Vice-President: P. A. Tavernbr Secre'ary: Grace S. Lewis, Treasurer: Wilmot Lloyd, 582 Mariposa Ave., 344 Lisgar Road, Rockcliffe Park. RockclifEe Park.

Additional Members of Council: P. J. Alcock, R. M. Anderson, M. E. Cowan, H. G. Crawford, Arthur Crowson, R. Ej DeLury, F. J. Fraser, A. Halkett, C. E. Johnson, A. G. Kingston, E. M. Kindle, W. H. Lanceley, A. LaRocqub, Douglas Lebchman, Harrison F. Lewis, HoYES Lloyd. Mark G. McElhinney, A. E. Porsild, E. E. Prince, L S: Russell, J.Dewey SOPER, C. M.Sternberg, E. F. G. White, Peggy Whitehurst, R. T. D. Wickenden, W. J. WiNTEMBERG, and the following Presidents of Affiliated Societies: G. Shirley Brooks, Calvin McQueston, Edison Matthews, John Davidson, M. Y. Williams, C. L. Henderson, W. Stuart Atkinson, Arnott M. Patterson. Auditors: A. G. Kin.gston and Harrison F. Lewis.

Editor: Douglas Leechman National Museum, Ottawa, Canada.

Associate Editors: * D. Jbnness Anthropology Clyde L. Patch Herpetologv

Botany R. M . Anderson Mammalogy P. R. Latchford Conchology A. G. Huntsman Marine Biology Arthur Gibson Entomology P. A. Taverner Ornithology F. J. Alcock Geology E. M. Kindle Palseontology

CONTENTS PAGB Malte Oscar Malte 89 M. O. Malte as a Systematic Botanist. By M. L. Fernald 91 An Ontario Sand-Fall. By Hoyes Lloyd 93 Some 1931 Bird Notes from London, Ontario. By E. M. S. Dale 95 Some Notes on the Praying Mantis. By C. B. Hutchings 97 Notes on Birds of the Labrador Peninsula in 1931, 1932 and 1933. By Harrison F. Lewis 98 Notes and Observations: Ajuga gefievensis L.—Erect Bugle, in Canada. By Herbert Groh 102 Was the Introduction of the Muskrat to Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Island Unwise? By A. L. Pritchard 103 The White-Tailed Jack Rabbit in Manitoba. By J. R. Dymond 103

Black Crappiesin British Columbia. By John Lawson Hart. - 103

H!!HK:n:K:H:::U::HHHn:::H:n:H;H:HnnH::n:nn:Hr::::Hn:H::::::H;:::H

publicajtions Field-Naturalists' been issued I The official of The Ottawa Club have il since 1879. The first were The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, 1879-1886, Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-two volumes; these have j: two volumes; the next, The and been continued by The Canadian Field-Naturalist to date. The Canadian Field-Naturalist is ""g issued monthly, except for the months of June, July and August. Its scope is the publication of the results of original research in all departments of Natural History.

;i Price of this volume (9 numbers) $2.00; Single copies 25^ each H gi ^i:;HlU:U::::::H:H:nn:H:u::£EH:::nH»::nH::::::::H:::i::::::n:n

The Membership Committee of The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club is making a speciaJ effort to Increase the subscription list of The Canadian Field-Naturalist. We are, therefore, asking every reader who is truly interested in the wild life of our country to help this magazine to its rightful place among the leading Natural History publications in America. Subscriptions ($2.00 a year) should be forwarded to WILMOT LLOYD, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, 582 Mariposa Ave., Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa, Canada.

"^iceijiuujc:^ The Canadian Field - Naturalist

VOL XLVTII OTTAWA, CANADA, SEPTEMBER, 1934 No. 6 MALTE OSCAR MALTE

OSCAR MALTE was born in Skillinge, Sweden working at Svalof, wrote as follows: Sweden, on March 8, 1880, his father "From these people (the scientific men of being a merchant of that town. His Sweden) I was able to learn that Dr. Malte early education was received from a occupied an unusually high place as a scientist, private tutor. When he was twelve years teacher and citizen. He was exceedingly pop- old he entered the collegiate school of Ystad ular among both young and old, a fact which and in 1899 he became an undergraduate was demonstrated in no uncertain terms at the of the University of Lund, where he obtained farewell banquet which was tendered him at the degree of B.A. four years later with the University of Lund". especially high honours not only in his On his arrival in Ottawa Dr. Malte was botanical subjects but also in zoology, chem- attached to the Seed Branch, Dominion Depart- istry and physics. In 1910 he received the ment of Agriculture. During this period he degree of Licentiate of Philosaphyt, again spent the winter months reviewing the collect- carrying honours in systematic botany and ion in the Herbarium of the Department of plant physiology. In the same year he success- Mines, then in charge of Professor John fully defended a thesis for the degree of Ph.D. Macoun. The summer of 1911 was spent in This paper was entitled Embryological and studying the flora of Canada in the field and Cytological Investigations in Mercurialis annua in making large collections of plants in all the and comprised 96 pages with 3 plates. From provinces of Canada. In 1912 he received his the time Dr. Malte received his B.A. degree appointment as Dominion Agrostologist with until he left Sweden for Canada his time must headquarters at the Central Experimental have been very fully occupied. For six years he Farm, Ottawa. The duties of the Dominion acted as "amanuensis" at the Botanic Garden of Agrostologist are considerably wider than the Lund, being responsible for the correct naming title might indicate, since the division of which of the plants growing in the garden, which he is in charge is responsible for the improve- was no mean undertaking. During the same ment and development of all forage crops period he was Curator of the herbarium of the suitable to Canadian conditions, which, owing Botanical Exchange Club of Lund, and was one to the size of the country, must necessaiily of a committee responsible for the correctness vary enormously. In addition to the field work of the names of all plants exchanged. The which was conducted at the Experimental number of species and varieties exchanged Farm at Ottawa, Dr. Malte was responsible was large, as many as 3,000 passing through for conducting experiments and trials at the the hands of the committee in a year. experimental farms and demonstration stations He obtained in 1903 a special grant for the which are operated by the Department of study of the marine flora of the west coast of Agriculture in every province of the Dominion. Sweden, and the following year he was again This naturally entailed a vast amount of cor- successful in obtaining a grant for studying respondence, travelling, supervision of staff, the myxomycetes of Sweden. During the handling of finances and other executive work. summer vacations of 1905-1907 inclusive, and One of the first, and perhaps the most im- again for part of the summer of 1910, he acted portant piece of work which Dr. Malte under- as Assistant at the Plant Breeding Station, took, was the study of the natural hay and Svalof. pasture resources of Canada from a botanical In 1910 Dr. Malte decided to join the staff point of view. He was particularly interested of the Dominion Department of Agriculture. in the genera Poa, Agrostis and Agropyron. Mr. L. H. Newman, who, as Secretary to the Many of the projects which were initiated by Canadian Seed Growers' Association, was in Dr. Malte are still being carried on. To use —

90 The Canapian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

his own words, "vast collections of all kinds small industry growing and harvesting th« of flowering plants have every year been made, seeds of Agrostis tenuis, A. canina and A. particularly in the Prairie Provinces and stolonifera var. compada, in the provinces of British Columbia". In addition to the work eastern Canada. actually pertaining to the position of Agrostol- He was never too busy to give generously ogist, Dr. Malte undertook the determination of his time and attention to the numerous of large numbers of plants from all over the serious students of botany who sought his aid Dominion, These plants were received from in matters relating to their science. other Departments, both federal and provincial, He was an active member of a number of from universities, schools and private indivi- societies listed below: spring of 1920, on the death of duals. In the The Linnean Society of London, England. Macoun, he was appointed Honorary Professor The Botanical Society of America, Cam- Curator of the National Herbarium. He held bridge, Massachusetts, U.S. this position until November 1, 1921, when he The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. was officially appointed as Chief Botanist, Fifth International Botanical Congress, Cam- National Herbarium, Department of Mines. bridge, England. During this short period he classified and Fourth International Congress of Plant named large collections of plants from the Sciences. Hudson Bay region. Lesser Slave Lake, Coast Canadian Forestry Association. of British Columbia, Rocky Mountains and the Professional Institute of the Civil Service of Canada. adjacent plains. While still Dominion Agros- Canadian Society of Technical Agriculturists. tologist he co-operated with Professor J. Canadian Geographical Society. Macoun and Mr. J. M, Macoun in the prepar- Glenlea Golf Club atfon of the Flora of Ottawa, and with J. M. & Country (Honorary Member). Macoun in the compilation of the Flora of W. R. W. & H. F. . 1915. In addition, in co- Canada published in BIBLIOGRAPHY operation with Mr. G. H. Clark, Seed Commis- Investigations on peculiar bodies found in sioner, he published the revised edition of the cells of orchidaceous plants. (Appendix to Pasture Farm Weeds (1909) and Fodder and the Proc. Royal Academy of Sweden, Stock- Plants (1913). holm, 1902.) When the position of Chief of the Division Epilobium hirsutum L. x montanum L. A. of Biology, Department of Mines, was made new hybrid (Botanical Notices, Lund, Sweden, 1903.) vacant by the death of Mr. J. M. Macoun, it Alchemilla pratensis L. in Sweden. was decided, since the work was entirely of a (Botan- ical Notices, Lund, 1908.) botanical nature, to change the classification The Structure of the Nucleus in the Family of the position to Chief Botanist, National of Euphorbiaceae. (Botanical Notices, Lund, Herbarium. The appointment of Dr. Malte to 1908.) this position met with the undoubted approval Embryological and Cjrtological Investiga- of all the interested people in Canada, for his tions in Mercurealis annua L. (Lund, 1910.) reputation as a botanist, in particular as a Synopsis of his lecture on "Variation in systematist, had spread far and wide. His Plant Life, its Biological Significance and Practical Value." ( Ottawa Naturalist 26: 26, old friend Professor J, Macoun, father of the 1912.) man into whose shoes Dr. Malte had stepped, Seed Types in Forage Plants. (Reprint from wrote, consider "I from every standpoint that Proc. American Breeders' Association, 8: 528- you are the only man in America fitted to take 536, 1912.) charge of the work that my son has left behind Report of the Agrostologist, M. 0. Malte. him. As regards fitness for the position, it is (Canada. Experimental Farm. Reports for 1913-1921.) so plain to the public that it leaves me nothing to say, but knowing your scholastic attainments Awnless Brome Grass versus Western Rye Grass. 3 pp. (Canada. Experimental Farm. and your knowledge of Canadian field botany; Exhibition Circular 10. Ottawa, 1914.) I am free to say that no other man in America Sweet Clover—The Truth. 4 pp. (Canada. is so well fitted for the position as you are". Experimental Farm. Exhibition Circular 14. As Chief Botanist Dr. Malte made each year Ottawa, 1914.) collecting expeditions to different parts of Summary of Results: Forage Plants, 1913. 32 (Canada. Experimental Farm. Bulletin Canada, even to the Arctic Circle. He was pp. 76, Ottawa, 1914.) especially interested in the Graminese and was Growing field, root, vegetable and flower largely responsible for the commencement of a seeds in Canada. By M. O. Malte and W. T. September, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 91

Macoun. 13 pp. (Canada. Experimental Farm. Epipactis Helleborine (L.) Cr. found at Ot- Bulletin 22, 2d series. Ottawa, 1915.) tawa, The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 47: 12, 1933.) Hybridization in the genus Viola. By M. O Arctic America Malte and J. M. Macoun. ( Ottawa Naturalist Critical Notes on Plants of 28: 145, 161, 1915.) Rhodora 36: 172, 1934.) Summary of Results: Forage Plants, 1914. 25 pp. (Canada. Experimental Farm. Bulletin 84. Ottawa, 1915.) M. O. MALTE AS A SYSTEMATIC A Summary Review of the Results of BOTANIST Alfalfa Experiments. (Agr. Gazette of Canada, By L. Fernald, Fisher Professor of Natural June, 1915, pp. 518-520.) M. University. Flora of Canada. By J. M. Macoun and M. History, Havard O. Malte. (Canada Year Book, 1915, pp. 43-55.) To me the death of Dr. Malte, just as he was Alfalfa Growing in Eastern Canada. 4 pp. reaching the point of great promise in his (Canada. Experimental Farm. Exhibition Cir- tragedy. Coming to Can- cular 10. Ottawa, 1916.) botanical work, is a Botany Fodder and Pasture Plants. By G. H. Clark ada with a ground-work in Systematic and M. O. Malte. 14 pp. (Canada, Department which all educated Swedes so early acquire and of Mines, Museum Bulletin 26. Biological series with a special training at the University of 6. Ottawa, 1917.) Lund (where he had been Assistant in the Macoun and M. Flora of Canada. By J. M. Herbarium) which had fitted him for work on O. Malte. 14 pp. (Canada. Department of the floras of northern regions, Malte began his Mines, Museum Bulletin 26. Biological series 6. Ottawa ,1917.) career in Canada at the Central Experimental Farm Weeds. By G. H. Clark and M. O Farm. Malte. Ottawa, 1919. Illustrated. His doctor's thesis at Lund had been a study Obituary of James Melville Macoun, C.M.G. in embryology and cytology (published in The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 34: 38, 1920. 1910) and as early as 1902 he had published in Breeding Methods in Forage Plants. (Proc. Western Canadian Society of Agronomy, Dec, Sweden a paper on cytology. Consequently 1920, Vol. 1, pp. 64-75.) the change, when he took up work at the Variation and Inheritance in Red Clover. Central Experimental Farm, was a rather (Scientific Agriculture 2: 79-83, 125-132, 157- drastic one, for his publications there had to do 167. 1921.) primarily with forage plants, and especially The 1000-Kernel Weight of Seed in Relation with the grasses of Canada. to Experimental Error. ( Scientific Agriculture, 3: 69-71, 119-122, 1922.) Malte had scarcely established himself in the Report of the Chief Botanist, M. 0. Malte, field of agricultural botany when the untimely Geological Survey of Canada. (National Mu- death of the late J. M. Macoun made it ad- seum of Canada, Annual Report, 1922 to 1931.) visable to transfer him from the Experimental The First Fifty Years of the Arnold Arbor- to the National Museum at Ottawa, etum. (The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 37: Farm 28, 1923.) where he started on a third career. The RevieAv of "Les Lycopodinees du Quebec traditions of the Botanical Section of the Mu- leurs formes mineures". {The Canadian Field- seum (formerly the Botanical Section of the Naturalist, 4.1:1%, 1927.) Geological Survey) were those of exploration Review of "Sur Quelques Composees nou- and work upon Geographic and Systematic velles rares ou critiques du Quebec oriental". Ectany, primarily of the vascular plants. The Ccnadian Field-Naturalist 41: 19, 1927.) Malte's training in Sweden and his natural Review of "Etudes floristiques sur la region contacts with the active group of Scandinav- du lac Saint-Jean". (The Canadian Field-Nat- uralist, 41: 20, 1927.) ian botanists led him to concentrate his studies subarctic floras of Canada. Commercial Bent Grass ( Agrosfis ) in Can- upon the arctic and ada. Ottawa, 1928. (Reprinted from Annual Although his field work extended from New Report of the National Museum of Canada for Brunsv.'ick to Vancouver and he took over from 1926. pp. 105-126. Plates.) J. M. Macoun the work upon the Flora of the Review of "Grasses of Indiana". (The Can- Ottawa District, his heart was in the arctic adian Field-Naturalist, 44: 96, 1930.) work and he seized every opportunity to go on The so-called Agropyron caninum (L.) government boats on their cruises about Hud- Beauv. of North America (National Museum Archipelago. of Canada, Annual Report, 1930, pp. 27-57. son Bay and through the Arctic Plates.) Collaborating with the late Prof. Ostenfeld, Review of "Flore-Manuel de la Province de who, at the University of Copenhagen, had Quebec" {The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 46: 96, 1932.) himself been a pioneer in drawing together the 92 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII vast scattered material on the arctic flora, and ship of others whose work in his special sub- also engaging the co-operation of the distin- ject had reached the same degree of technical guished Greenland scientist, Dr. Morten P. detail. In the second place, Malte was forced Porsild, Malte plunged into the work on arctic at times to be his own servant. This is a floras with a zeal and unflagging industry common condition in too many scientific which all his friends at Ottawa quickly establishments, but, surely, when a man of real recognized. It soon became evident that, intellectual genius is forced to do the routine although some others might feel that the work which should fall to the lot of a work on the natural vegetation and the technical assistant, it must be said that agricultural possibilities of more habitable he is being handicapped in a way which regions of Canada might well be stressed, would not be tolerated in a successful business Malte had found the field in which his greatest house. Vast sums are spent by our govern- interest lay. For many years, partly with ments and our educational institutions on sub- Ostenfeld and partly alone, he studied, revised jects which have a practical appeal, but it is and monographed the technical groups of certainly a very short-sighted policy which vascular plants in the arctic regions of North loads upon a man of scholarship, ability, America, a work in which his native language industry and genius the routine work which and his facility in other languages of Europe demands no special intellectual training. were invaluable aids. In spite of the tremendous disadvantages under which worked, Malte The pioneer work on arctic floras carried on he retained a cheerful and lovable spirit which all his friends chiefly by expeditions from European centers recognized. It is possible that the temper- and the very extensive literature on technical ament which could be always sweet and un- groups of the North in the works of Russians, resentful is just which Scandinavians, English and other European the one upon imposi- tions could be forced. One very important scientists made it necessary to check with pre- lesson should be drawn from Malte's willing- cision the diverse results and to establish a ness to load himself with routine co-operation by correspondence with the bot- when the important scientific work for which he was anists at the centers where these older collec- trained and which he yearned to do being tions were preserved. Trips to the botanical was negledted; this is the imperative of museums of Europe and of the United States lueed providing and thoroughly train- were made when possible for exact checking of the competent ed specialist with sufficient routine help. identities, and the great files of manuscript which Malte had worked out give indubitable Although Malte's scientific publications are evidence of his industry and of the precision few, while the potential scientific results were and caution of his work. many, his quick insight into the possibilities and the limitations of conditions in the North As I stated at the opening of this note, gave us a new technique in the collecting and Malte's death is peculiarly tragic: the critical preparation of specimens which is invaluable. scholarship which he had developed and the Formerly, expeditions into remote territory very accurate notes on and revisions of north- found it necesary to burden themselves with em plants which he had worked out had not vast bulks and weights of drying papers or reached completion at his death. Approx- "blotters" with which to prepare specimens. imately one-half the manuscript on the arctic These bibulous papers had to be removed from flora seems to have been completed except for the presses with clock-like regularity, and it minor details. Such matter in this extensive often required 1 to 2 weeks of time-consuming manuscript as proves to be entirely new and routine properly to dry out a press of spec- original is being drawn into final form so that imens. This cumbersome method was radically at least a portion of Malte's scholarly con- changed, for in his arctic trips Malte devised a clusions can be salvaged. short-cut which reduced the weight carried and From what I knew of him and his intense the fruitless drudgery required and materially zeal in his work, I cannot help feeling that he improved the specimens. Landing at a port was severely handicapped by two primary con- for a short period, his technique was to gather ditions which might have been altered. In the everything in sight, putting each species into first place, he was isolated from others work- a separate paper or other separator and throw- ing in the same vast field, and it was only ing all the collections into large burlap bags. rarely (when he visited the larger botanical When these were brought back to headquarters centers) that he came in touch with the fellow- they were quickly sorted, laid out in the thin September, 1934] The Canadian PiBLo-NATURALiar 93

specimen-sheets and dried between corrugated This vast improvement over the old tech- pasteboards (cut to size) without any of the nique has been rapidly adopted by those who driers or blotters which convention has pres- are looking for advance, and it is mentioned cribed. Care was necessary in the original here merely as an indication of the direct laying out of the specimens, but after that methods and the keen imagination which Malte nothing was needed but to stack the presses displayed in all his work. of specimens between corrugated boards in a His loss is not to the dry and warm place, preferably in a current merely a personal one friends of warm air, and leave them until it was con- many who loved him and who delight- venient to remove the specimens which, in 12 to ed in his genial personality, but also to the 24 hours, were thoroughly dried, compactly science of Botany in Canada and throughout pressed and usually with natural, rather than the northern countries where his work strongly altered, colouring. overlapped that of many contemporaries.

AN ONTARIO SAND-FALL By HO YES LLOYD

N Friday evening, December 15, 1933, Analytical data on extraction with acid at 4.30 p.m., it being then almost and microscopic appearance identify this dark and snowing heavily I went material as very fine weathered sand." from my office to the National The loss on ignition would include natural Museum. Upon arrival there I mentioned to organic matter as well as soot from fuel burned the editor of The Canadian Field-Naturalist in the locality. that the sleety snow which was falling looked "like sand. He asked if it really was a fall of The whole question was referred to the sand and, since I was not sure, his query Dominion Meteorological Service, Department made further observation desirable. of Marine, and through the Director, Mr, J. Patterson, I have received the following state- On Saturday, December 16th, the icy crust ment prepared by Mr, Andrew Thompson of of the snow was obviously pink or reddish that Service. pink in colour, its strange appearance being particularly marked in the open woods at my "The fall of dust occurring at Ottawa in home, near Ottawa, and especially where paths the late afternoon of December 15, 1933, bad been shovelled exposing the pure white of was probably part of the dust fall that the snow beneath. The colour was entirely in observers have reported taking place on the the uppermost inch. same day at Copper Cliff, Sudbury, North Bay, Sault Ste. Marie, Sparrow Lake, Mus- On Sunday, December 24th, a square foot koka, and at Montreal and Beauceville, Que- of crust was cut from an open space in my bec. garden and was taken to the chemical lab- oratories of the Central Experimental Farm "Although dust has been reported now, for examination. Mr. C. H. Robinson, Acting over an area extending 600 miles from east to west and 75 miles north to south, it is Dominion Chemist, has reported on it as fol- lows: quite probable that the notes in the Dec- ember reports from our climatological sta- "Pounds per acre suspended matter 9.16 tions in Northern Ontario and Quebec will Pounds per acre suspended matter indicate dust fell over a considerably great- after ignition 7.27 er area. However at the present time a conservative estimate of the surface covered Pounds per acre mineral matter by dust would be 35,000 square miles. As- insoluble in hydrochloric acid 5.91 suming that this surface was covered with Pounds per acre mineral matter dust at the rate of 9 pounds per acre as soluble in hydrochloric acid 1.36 found at Ottawa, the total amount of dust Microscopic appearance—yellowish, very would weigh approximately 100,000 tons. "fine sand, becoming white and transparent "Mr. C. D. Ferguson, Copper Cliff, Ont., on extraction with acid. has given the following account of the dust 94 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

fall occurring there. 'On December 15th been, just previous to this, tornadoes, last a hail and snow storm commenced about in Louisiana, Texas and other Southern eight a.m. and continued off and on until States. It seems probable, therefore, that shortly after twelve noon. Up until nast the dust was picked up by one of these mid-forenoon the hail and rain was white and carried north by the southerly winds and clean. There then fell a very thin layer at a high elevation, until it was precipitat- of mud-covered snow and hail. The hail ed with snow in eastern Canada. which in fair-sized ice crystals was was 'The suggestion that the dust is of distinctly stained a clay-like or mud colour. volcanic origin does not seem tenable. Also layer the of coloured snow was dis- Volcanic dust consists largely of glass, and tinct and was not intermingled with the the fragments are typically angular. Al- clear newly-fallen hail and snow beneath.' though a little glass does occur in the Mr. E. D. Clipsham of Sparrow Lake, Mus- sample in question this is subordinate to koka, sent me the mud collected in a square the other minerals. The glass may have yard of snow falling about noon December been volcanic originally but has probably 15th. chemical and microscopic analysis A formed part of a sand since its expulsion. of this has sample been made by Duncan Finally the presence of diatoms, which R. Derry of the Geological Department of live in bodies of water, and the tests of the University of Toronto, who has kindly which occur in many sands and clays, is given a short report of this analysis. an almost certain proof that the material could not be of volcanic origin.' "Microscopic Appearance. — 'The material consists of a very fine dusty sand most of "An examination of the weather maps the fragments of which lie between .03 to and especially the winds on the previous day .003 mm. diameter. Most of the grains indicates the probable direction from which are well rounded considering their small the dust came. The synoptic map for 8 size. p.m. December 14, 1933, shows there had Minerals. — Quartz is the commonest of been strong southerly winds over Texas the larger grains, in some cases stained and the Gulf states with several destructive or coated with iron oxide. Feldspar also tornadoes reported in this region in the occurs but less commonly. Glass occurs newspapers. The northern limit of the warm but forms only a small proportion of the air was a line from Lincoln, Nebraska, east- whole. A green mineral may be chlorite. south-east to Knoxville, Tenn. In the synop- A yellowish brown mineral occurring tic maps for December 15, 8 a.m. just 12 rather commonly has not been identified. hours later, the warm air at the earth's The finer material probably consist mainly surface had advanced about 500 miles north- of clay particles. easterly to a line through London, Ont., Organic Remains. — Diatoms of at least Cleveland, and the midpoint of Lake Mich- two species were seen. These are not igan. At heights of five to twenty thous- common but a few have been found in and feet above the earth's surface, warm nearly every examination. Other micros- air extended considerably north of this line copic organic fragments are suspected causing snow at many stations in Ontario but not positively identified. Some plant and Quebec. This warm air current appears fragments, including part of the seed case to have carried with it a large amount of of a grass, have been found. Not much dust which could easily have been carried weight is placed on these, however, as up to great heights in the tornadoes reported they might have been of local derivation, from southwestern United States." could not the which be case for any of "Such falls of earth and dust are not the other materials. uncommon in America and Europe. On November 1933, a considerable fall of Conclusions as to Origin.—From the above 13, dust was reported at Buffalo, N.Y., and on examination it would appear that the January 23, 1933, dust was reported falling material which fell with the snow is dust picked up by high winds or tornadoes with snow by numerous observers from Co- balt, Ont., Lake St. John, Quebec." in some district beyond the limits of the to snow-covered area where it fell. On the It occurs to me that this widespread fall day in question (December 15, 1933) involving the dispersal of surface soil of one southerly winds prevailed. There had part of the continent over a distant section, September, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 95 aside from the facts themselves, contains many of bacteria, seeds, spores, and other living interesting natural history implications. If plant materials be scattered similarly miles seven or eight pounds of soil per acre could from their home locality at the same time? be scattered over a wide section in Ontario Definite indication that this could occur is after having been picked up by the wind in contained in the report of the findings of the Southern States could not great quantities Duncan R. Berry.— 5 March, 1934.

SOME 1931 BIRD NOTES FROM LONDON, ONTARIO

By E. M. 5. DALE

N The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 46:106, The Gadwall is another of t*he rarer ducka, May, 1932, we gave an account of the in fact one which has been on the county list interesting and unusual records made for only a very few years. On April 9th a flock by the Mcllwraith Ornithological Club, of fiv3 was found at the "Ponds". They were London, Ontario, during the year 1930. In view rather wild and we had difficulty in getting close of the fact that the succeeding years have also enough to them to observe them satisfactorily.

produced some interesting events, it is proposed The white speculum, pointed wings, swift flight, to deal, in this article, with those occurring dur- colour and size, left little doubt, however, as to their ing 1931, to be followed, perhaps, at a later date identity. On April 11th there were three, and on April one, at the place. This is by those in 1932. Some of these happenings 12th same the greatest number of occasions, also the largest have already been recorded in the pages of the number of birds of this species observed to date. Naturalist. In such cases it will not be necessary to give particulars again and only reference will On April 10th we had a splendid view of two pairs of Shovellers at be made to the note with the date of the num- the "Ponds". They were side the intervening ber in which the article appeared. at the north and shoulder of hill concealed our approach so that they did In order of date the first unusual record was a made on March 22nd when a Glaucous Gull and not see us until we were very close. They did then an Iceland Gull were observed at Port Stanley, not become greatly alarmed even but swam on the north shore of Lake Erie, some thirty quietly out into the open water giving us every miles south of London. A note on this was opportunity to observe them at leisure. This published in the Naturalist, 46:49, February, ifl only the fourth or fifth occasion that thia from 1932, "Iceland Gull on Lake Erie", by W. E. species has been reported Middlesex county.

iSaunders. Although early April is, as has been already the time of the main flights, smaller Eiai'ly April is the time we look for migrating mentioned, drift in to ducks, and owing to the fact that there are no numbers continue to from time time, bodies of water large enough, or sufficiently pro- sometimes even up until the end of May. One rarities this tected, to make them feel safe, they usually keep of the that arrived during period tlie White-winged Scoter. Two birds were pretty well on the move and it is necessary to was the "Ponds" 7th, be very alert to see and identify all the species found at on May by C. G. which pass through. Some ten or twelve varie- Watson, constituting our first spring record for ties are fairly regular and are noted in larger or the species. The next day he saw one at the smaller numbers each spring even though the ponds same place also, but whether it was one of the of the previous or a different one we •and rivers are rather too small to be very at- birds day course, tell. tractive. One of the rarer ducks listed in 1931 cannot, of was the Greater Scaup, one -having been observed The next bird to be mentioned is the Pectoral lit the "Ponds" on April 5th. It was in company Sandpiper which appeared in most unusual num- with a Lesser Scaup and the difference in the bers during the spring migration. While fairly colour of the head was seen in splendid light with common in the autumn these birds have been the aid of a telescope. On April 7th another rarely noted in spring, we understand, at any

ords of Pectoral Sandpipers at London, Ontario", Warbler by A. A. Wood at Strathroy the next, which appeared in The Canadian Field-Natur- day. May 25th. There are only three Canadian alist, 46:190, November, 1932. specimens of this bird, two of them having been Henslow's Sparrow, which we had found along taken in Middlesex County. An account of this the lake shore near Port Bruce in 1930, was appealed in The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 46: found in 1931 in quite a number of localities 209, l.Vecember, 1932, "A Kentucky Warbler at in our own county. First noted near Komoka on Strathroy, Ontario", by A. A. Wood. May 16th, they were, later in the season, seen 1 ne next rare warbler was the Yellow-breasted or heard at some four or five other places in Chat on May 27th. One of these is recorded various directions from the city. Although the about every second or third year, usually re- song of this species is insignificant and might maining for a day or two and then passing on. very easily be overlooked, we hardly think this The 1931 bird, however, was again seen on June has been the case but rather that the numbers 15th evidently having decided to stay. The wood noted in 1931 indicate an extension in the range. where it was found is locally known as the "Gold- 1930-1931 During the winter of a Carolina en-wing Woods" and with one exception all the Wren was reported by a correspondent in Inger- Chats from the London district have been found

soll and we went down several times to see within its confines. (and hear) it. Later in the season, on May 17th, The Prairie Warbler is a very rare and irregular one was in full song at Wonnacott's farm, about visitoi- never having been known to nest or even 14 miles west of London. It is several years spend the summer here, although, as in this since one of these birds has been reported from particular instance, one is occasionally seen at our district. a date rather late for a migrant. The 1931 vi.sitor

On May 19th a Black Tern visited the "Ponds". was first heard on June 19th and again on July

This is also a species that favours us with only Ist. Subsequent trips to the locality, however,

& passing visit once in everj^ two or three years. failed to produce the bird, whose song is quite

It is a 'handsome bird and the unusual and characteristic and easily recognized. striking colours make it a very welcome sight. On June 26th a Clay-coloured Sparrow was The warbler season usually produces something located just outside the south-eastern boundary bridge. Its pres- of interest and 1931 was a year of very special of the city beyond the Vauxhall note. On the morning of May 24th we went ence was immediately made known and as it vicinity for of to the "Golden-wing Woods", about five miles remained in the a number days majority of the active field of the Bird west of the city, (London), arriving about 7 the men to see it. "Clay-colour" o'clock. It was fine and bright although there Club were able The nearly year from was a cold north wind blowing. We found birds is now reported every some it is possible in good numbers, however, towards the south point in Western Ontario and in time increase its and east where they received some shelter and that this species, too, may warmi/h. After going pretty thoroughly over range spreading eastward until it is of reg- the bushes there we struck north and while ular occurrence. following a path through an open piece of woods After some rainy weather, W E. Saunders trying to get a satisfactory look at a small fly- found, on August 11th, a small pool at which catcher, we happened upon a male Hooded Warb- some waders had gathered. Included in the ler. The species was one that two of the party number was one Stilt Sandpiper, a very rare had never seen before but we were familiar with bird in our vicinity, or at any rate one that its appearance from coloured plates and one is very seldom identified or reported. Unfort- look at the striking head pattern left no doubt unately the pool was a very temporary one and as to what it was. It remained in the low did not yield any other records of interest. branches of the trees where we found it, for five As an "extra" at the Bird Club corn roast on minutes or more, and gave us every opportunity September 19th an adult Black-crowned Night of examining it thoroughly. It sang several times, Heron flew along the the river near Byron bridge finally flying uttering away a loud chip aa it alighting in a tree on the opposite shore a few so. is the did This second record for this species hundred yards up-stream from our camp fire. for the county. This was the only record of this bird for the Our find of the "Hooded" was however, de- year, in marked contrast to 1930 when quite a cidedly outclassed by the taking of a maleKentucky number were noted at about the same locality. September, 19341 The Canadian Field-Naturalist 97

SOME NOTES ON THE PRAYING MANTIS By C. B. HUTCHINGS Assistant Entomologist, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont.

HE FOLLOWING INQUIRY was receiv- predacious in habit. From a point of size, they ed at Ottawa in August from a farmer are large insects, some species attaining a length at Ameliasburg, Prince Edward Coumty; of four inches. The head is so attached as to "Will you please identify the enclosed be capable of being moved freely from side to insect? Is it harmful and what are its habits? side. The prothorax is very long and bears the My son found it in the garden and another one grasping legs, the fore ends of which double on the binder-table. The boys saj' they have over on to a row of spines on the underside of noticed quite a number about. I do not remem- the thighs, something after the style of the ber ever seeing one before". folding blade of a pen knife, forming a very efficitnt instrument for holding In reply, he was informed that the specimen the prey. The eggs are deiiosited in masses and overlaid was a Praying Mantis, Mantis religiosa L., and with a thick silky material which quickly was a beneficial insect. While not a native of dries and hardens. The cases are usually found attached Canada it had been reported previously from to twigs and small branches of shrubbery. Kingston and that district. On account of their peculiar attitudes and Shortly after this the Belleville newspaper In- motions they have earned for themselves odd telligencer of August 19th, gave an account of names such as soothsayers, camel crickets, devil several m-antids being picked up on the streets horses, prophets, mule killers, rear horses. The at the lights; and on that same day nobice ap- term "mule killer" has been given on account peared in the Peterboro Examiner that a strange of the absurd superstition that the dark coloured insect, identified as the Praying Mantis, had been saliva they eject is fatal to the mule; that of found on one of the city streets. "rear horse" because of the long slender prothorax

About this time a letter came from Mr. A. B. which gives them a resemblance to tiny giraffes.

Baird, in charge of the Parasitic Laboratory at Their most popular name is "praying mantis" on Belleville, offering me specimens of the Praying account of the strange habit of clasping the front Manti? for exhibition purposes. He said "this legs together before their meek-looking faces, insect has become increasingly abundant during and raising these as in an attitude of prayer, the past four or five years, and two years ago which makes them appear very pious fellows. it was so numerous in Prince Edward County that Such, however, is not the case. They are exceed- one farmer brought in over 100, which he collected ingly ferocious, stealthy and hard fighters, and while putting on a load of hay. This year it was will engage in mortal combat with any insect again reported in large numbers there and also that comes their wav. the lower part of Hastings County, particular- in The mantis are mainly found in the Tropics Belleville large numbers could ly around where where they reach their greatest development and be collected in a single evening feeding on May- include some remarkable forms. flies and other insects around the lights and light- In the United States there are about 15 or 20 ed windows of garages and stores on Front Street." species, for the most part found in the South.

It would appear from the foregoing that this The common species, Stagomantis Carolina L., species of Mamtis is able to withstand the On- is native to the states of New York, Pennsyl- tario winters and has now become well established vania and Ohio. It attains a length of 2V3 to 3 in that province. inches, and is often to be seen about barna, sheds and houses, quietly waiting for some unwary I understand that attempts have been made to insect to come within its reach Then with one breed the Mantis in the Eastern States of Ameri- quick motion it seizes its prey and devours it ca, but without success, these insects not being greedily. Another species is Paratenodera sinensis shle to survive the winters there. Saus., the Chinese mantis, which has become

The Mantidae are classified under the raptorial established near Philadelphia. It is one of the or grasping Orthoptera. They are exclusively larger kinds and reaches a length of 4 inches. 98 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

A European species, Mantv^ religiosa L., was I recently camje across an extract from a book introduced into New York State in 1899. It has written this year by Leon Binet, Professor of since become well established near Rochester and Physiology, of the Faculty of Medicine in one

is quite common there. It is this same species of the universities of Paris. Under the heading

which is now being found in Prince Edward Dramatic Nuptials he writes, ''The males of cer- Counr.y and, in all probability, it became original- tain spiders and insects are devoured by the fe- ly from New York State from where it gained male during the last stage of nuptials. Typical in entrance into Canada likely with the traffic this respect are the habits of th? praying mantis", across Lake Ontario. and he goes on to quote seve'"al interesting ex- The Mantis feeds on caterpillars, flies, crickets, periments he made: —A female mantis was put grasshoppers and other insects. It prefers to into a small cage and a male then introduced. take its prey alive rather than eat dead insects. As he approached the former she immediately I had a large specimen under observation for attacked him and snapped off his head. Behead- three months this summer. We kept her in a ed but not discouraged the gallant male continued glass jar where she remained quiet most of the his courting. Marriage took place, but on the time, resting on some small twigs. She was fed morrow he was devoured by his wife. on house flies, moths and an occasional cricket. In another case, a second female was intro- When these were introduced into the jar she duced into a cage with a male and female already became very alert and soon pounced upon them 'there. The intruder immediately separated the and despatched them greedily, nipping off the couple, engaged in a fierce struggle with her wings before starting to eat It made no differ- rival and subdued her. The terrified male retired ence what end of the unfortunate victim she be- into a corner from where he watched the intruder gan on, it was all the same. After the meal she calmly devour his mate. When she had finished would clean herself, carefully preening the spines she turned her attention to the male. The ogress of the front legs and removing any small bits of forced him to come out of his retreat, snapped food that remained there. Sometimes we put off his head, married and then devoured him. her out on the table near a fly and watched her impale it with a lightning-like blow. She had The famous French naturalist, Henri Fabre, the habit of scratching her bead with her front reports a case of a female Mantis which killed and feet. This was very comical and caused ua ate no less than seven males, one after the other. much amusement. Towards the last it was diffi- of the species is more deadly cult to find flies for her and after ten days with- Truly the female out food she gradually weakened and died. than the male!

NOTES ON BIRDS OF THE LABRADOR PENINSULA IN 1931, 1932 and 1933

By HARRISON F. LEWIS

iHE PERIODS that I spent on the south- The names of species which have not hitherto T— ern shore of the Labrador Peninsula, I been recorded in the Labrador Peninsula are mnimiiJ or north shore of the Gulf of St. I^aw^- marked herein with a *. i«^M| rence, betw^een Shelter Bay and Blanc In the summer of 1932, particularly in the Sablon, in Saguenay County, Quebec, during latter part of July and in August, there was a the years mentioned in the title of this paper very pronounced and unusual scarcity of small follows: were as fish, especially of the capelin (Mallottis villo- 1931~June 19th to August 1st. sus L.), alone much of the coast referred to.

1932—June 10th to September 1st. As a result, presumably, of this scarcity, the Gulls of the region, which are 1933—June 10th to August 31st. accustomed to use these small fish to a large extent as food Daily records of ornithological observations for adults and young, suffered severely. They were kept during these periods, in accordance could not substitute offal from the cod-fishery with my usual custom. From these records for the small fish, as they sometimes do, be- the following notes have been extracted and cause the cod, which are themselves feeders prepared for publication. upon capelin and other small fish in these .

September, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 99

waters in summer, were also scarce and few into the territory of other adult Gulls in the were being taken by the fishermen. At every same colony, the birds on whose territory they low tide in daylight hours adult Herring Gulls thus trespass frequently drive them away, and,

(Larusa rgentatus smithsonianus ) and Great in so doing, strike them recklessly on the back Black-backed Gulls (Larus marinus) were to be of the head, with a severity that is often fatal. seen on sheltered shores, seeking sea-urchins, When food is scarce, the hungry young Gulls winkles, and other shell-fish, whose shells they are probably tempted to trespass on their broke open by dropping the creatures upon neighbours' territories far more often than bare rocks from a height of a few feet, so that usual and to beg food from adults other than they might secure and devour the contents. their own parents, while, at the same time, Apparently they obtained enough food by this the adults may be more irritable than usual means and by eating wild berries of various in preventing trespass on their territories and kinds to keep themselves from starving, but in guarding for their own yojmg whatever not enough for the needs of their growing food they succeed in bringing home. These young, which died in large numbers, as did conditions, together with a lessening of the al.so the young of Ring-billed Gulls (Larus powers of resistance of the young as a result delawarensis) and Caspian Terns (Hydro- of insufficient nourishment, may bring about progne caspia imperator) a great increase in the mortality of young About the end of the first week in August Gulls that is incidental to their being struck conditions for these birds had become so bad for trespassing. It is also possible that the on the coast between Harrington Harbour and young birds may strike one another severely Fog Island, where I was at the time, that when quarreling over their slender supply of very few living young of Herring Gulls and food. Great Black-backed Gulls could be found on In the summer of 1933 capelin were abund- the numerous islands on which these birds dant along the coast in question and the Gulls had nested, while dead young of these species that nested there raised large numbers of were scattered over the islands everywhere. young with little loss from any cause. In a colony of 400 or more adult Ring-billed The spring of 1933 was unusually late and Gulls on a small island near Pointe au Maurier, cold on the north shore of the Gulf of St. which is in the region just refered to, large Lawrence and in consequence the termination numbers of dead young were seen lying about of the spring migration was delayed. The on August 6th, although more than 100 young observation of an Eastern Yellow Warbler

of this colony were still alive on that date. ( Dendroica sestiva sestiva ) and a Yellow- From the little piles of fresh berries which bellied Flycatcher (Empidonax flavivenfris) on the parent birds had just brought to their June 24th on Cove Island, a bare sub-arctic young, as well as from the nature of the island about 13 miles southwest of Harrington excrement of the latter, it was evident that Harbour and 4 miles from the mainland, is these young Ring-billed Gulls were at that believed to indicate that the migration was time being fed chiefly on ripe fruits of bog still incomplete on that date, as these individ- bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L., varieties). uals were presumably transients, since this The dead young Gulls of all three species island has no environment suitable for the mentioned usually showed many severe wounds nesting of these species. on the back of the head, apparently caused Phalacrocorax carbo carbo. European Cor- by blows from the beaks of other Gulls. morant.—The privately protected colony of Similar marks were frequently seen on those this species on the cliffs of Lake Island, near young Gulls that remained alive. Residents Cape Whittle, continues to show an encourag- of that coast commonly believe that, when, ing increase. The following is a record of the owing to a general scarcity of their staple numbers of occupied nests of these birds that food, the parent Gulls find themselves unable I counted in this colony on the respective to provide sufficient nourishment for their dates stated. young, they deliberately kill some or all of the June 15, 1930' 63 latter by striking them on the back of the June 29, 1931 70 head with their beaks, thus lightening their July 7, 1932 97 oviTi labours in supporting a family and putting June 23, 1933 112 their off-spring out of misery. It is, however, well known that if, at any time, young Gulls 1 See Can. Field-Nat. A^-1'19, stray from the territory of their where, owing to a typographical own parents error, the year is written "1900". lao The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIll

A new colony of this species has begun on that returned when adult to nest in the colony Cliff Island, in St. Mary Islands Bird Sanct- in which it was hatched. The founding and uary, 20 miles northeast of the Lake Island early growth of the colony on Cliff Island colony, of which it is probably an off-shoot. provides instances of a different course of The nests in the new colony are placed on action by individuals of this species. ledges on a vertical cliff about 50 feet high. Clangula hyemalis. Old-squaw. — On July European Cormorants were first observed to 10, 1933, I saw, on a pond on Grande Passe nest at this place in 1930, when several nests Island, near St. Augustin, two adult females of were built. These, being too far down on the this species and an adult male in the so-called face of the cliff, were all destroyed by the sea "winter" plumage. Residents of the vicinity during a storm. They were not replaced that tell me that the Old-squaw nests frequently year. The poor judgment shown in placing on this island, but I have yet to obtain proof these nests where they could be destroyed in that it does so. this way suggests that this new colony was Somateria mollissima dresseri. American founded by inexperienced birds, which had just Eider. — This species continues to be an abun- reached breeding age and were nesting for the dant breeder on this coast, although, on ac- first time. They could not have nested on count of a scarcity of small fish in the Cliff Island previously, as the island is ob- summers of 1931 and 1932, especially in the served closely at frequent intervals during the latter year, unsually large numbers of downy summer by the caretaker of the bird sanctuary young Eiders were eaten by Great Black-back- in which it lies. ed Gulls, which are driven by hunger to prey In 1931 there were 4 occupied nests of upon these young Ducks when their usual food European Cormorants on Cliff Island. All of supply of capelin and other small fish is scarce them were built high above the sea, where or wanting. In the summer of 1933 capelin they were safe from the waves, but accessible were plentiful and both Gulls and Eiders to man. They received the protection of the throve. bird sanctuary and were not disturbed in any way, and the young in them were reared safely. A commercial eider-down industry was be- The next year this colony contained 5 oc- gun on a small scale under government super- cupied nests, which were in positions similar vision, in this region in 1933. One important to those used in 1931, and which young were feature of the system adopted is the leasing successfully raised. As individuals of this of groups of islands by the provincial govern- species do not breed in the first year after ment to private individuals, resident locally, that in which they are hatched, the additional for the purpose of attracting Eider Ducks and pair of birds that nested here in 1932 could gathering eider-down on such leased areas. not have been hatched in this colony on Lake It is bglieved that this arrangement wiill Island, which is the only other colony of this provide increased protection for breeding Eider species known to be on this coast. Ducks along this coast. Actual experience In 1933 the Cliff Island colony contained 13 with these new conditions in 1933 gives occupied nests, in which young were raised. support to this view. The increase in the colony in this year, as An unusual display of courage and combat- compared with its size in 1932, was 8 pairs, iveness by a mother Eider was observed near or 16 breeding birds, and, as less than that Pointe au Maurier on July 17, 1931. An adult number of young were reared in this colony Great Black-backed Gull succeeded in seizing in 1931, it is evident that in 1933 the increase a small young Eider Duck from a family again included birds not hatched in the colony group, consisting of an adult female duck with It may be pointed out that the colony of her young, that had been scattered in a shelter- European Cormorants on Lake Island is still ed channel by the pasage of the motorboat far below its size of a century ago and that in which I was traveling. He alighted with there are still many unoccupied ledges on the his prey on the summit of a gently-sloping cliff on which it is built, so that the establish- insular rock which was about ten feet wide ment of the new colony on Cliff Island cannot and rose about a foot above the water. After be due to over-crowding in the older colony. such an occurrence it is usual for the mother I have published elsewhere^ a record of a of the victim to turn her attention to gather- European Cormorant, banded as a nestling, ing her remaining young together and sheph- erding them away from the vicinity, while • Bird^ Banding, 2: 33 and 128. she utters a series of indignant croaks, but A

September, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 101

this particular mother duck seemed to be filled Fulica (sp. ?). Coot.—On August 8, 1932, with fury. Without an instant's hesitation, I flushed Coot on she splattered over the water to the edge on the a from a pond Fog Island. The bird flew rock on which the marauding Gull stood and to the salt water and alighted on it near the shore of the island. I tan at full speed up the slope, with head studied it for about ten minutes at short range with lowered and beak outstretched, to attack it. X6 binoculars, but, as it was in a bird The Gull did not defend itself, but immediately sanc- tuary, I could not collect it. It was easily iden- flew away, and the Duck followed it no further tified without question As our motorboat was rapidly drawing from as a Coot, the dark head, neck, and shoulders, the gray wings and the scene of action, I was unable to observe body plumage, the white line whether or not the mother duck's attack caus- on the rear edge of the spread wings, and the white bill ed the Gull to release the duckling that it had and frontal shield being seen very seized. clearly, but it must remain uncertain whether this bird was Oideniia americana. American Scoter.— an American Coot {Fulica americana americ- flock of Scoters that were feeding on sandy ana) or a European Coot {Fulica atra aira), bottom close to shore at Musquarro on July as none of the slight difference between these 4, 1932, was studied carefully at leisure with two very similar species were observed. Both X6 binoculars and the individual birds in the of them have been recorded with certainty, flock were identified without difficulty. There based on specimens collected, from eastern were about 50 American Scoters, most of Labrador, the American Coot by Wells W. which were drakes, although several were Cooke * and the European Coot by Dr. O. L. females. Eight White-winged Scoters (Mela- Austin, Jr. ° nitta deglandi) and about 20 Surf Scoters In June, 1928, Mr. Frank G. Jones, and other (Melanitta perspicillata) , which are much more residents of Wolf Bay, near Cape common species than the American Scoter Whittle, on the north shore of the Gulf of St. along this coast in summer, made up the rest Lawrence, described carefully to Dr. Arthur A, Allen of the flock. and me a strange bird that had been found at Circus hudsonius. Marsh Hawk—One was Wolf Bay in the late autumn or early winter seen by me at the Agricultural Illustration of 1927. Unfortunately, this specimen, which Station at the mouth of Cross River, about 7 had been saved in the flesh to show to me miles west of Harrington Harbour, on August in the spring, had been found and destroyed 22, 1933. I was also shown the decaying rem- by the dogs of the settlement a short time ains of one that had been killed with a stick before my arrival, but the description given at the same place about two weeks earlier. us was so clear that Dr. Allen and I agreed This Hawk had struck down an adult Plymouth that the bird must have been a Coot, although Eock hen. When a woman with a stick in we received no information that would enable hand, rushed up to it, as it guarded its prey, us to decide whether it was the European bird it kept one foot firmly planted on the hen's or the American. It should be noted, however, liead and defiantly stood its ground, with the that it was found at about the time when the result that it was slain at the first blow. The two specimens of European Coot recorded by hen, it may be noted, recovered from the Austin were taken on the eastern coast of attack, except that it lost the sight of one eye. Labrador, which is the time of the great and The Marsh Hawk has apparantly not been extraordinary flight of Lapwings {Vanellus recorded hitherto on this coast east of Natash- vanellus), with a few other Europeon Birds, to quan, where it was found by Dr. C. W. Towns- Labrador and Newfoundland. end in 1912,' and where I frequently observed Apart from this Coot found at Wolf Bay it in May, 1928. The mouth of Cross River is late in 1927 and the one that I saw about 100 miles east of Natashquan. on Fog Island on August 8, 1932, I know of no other Lagopus lagopus alius. WiLLow Ptarmigan occurrences of any Coot on the north shore —On Grande Passe Island, near St. Augustin, of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. two cock birds of this species were seen, some Charadrius melodus. PfPiNG distance apart, on July 10, 1933. Residents Plover. — A pair of Piping of the vicinity told me that Willow Ptarmigan Plovers which, by their notes and actions of nest annually on this island. distress, indicated that they

* Auk, 33: 164. ' Auk, 30: 6. 6 Auk, 46: 208. —

102 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

had a nest or young in the vicinity, were seen my view of it, when it flushed as described by me on a sandy flat southeast of Natas- above, was brief, the bird was close to me in quan village on June 29, 1932. It Mrould appear favourable light and its shape, colour, size, that the small breeding group of this species long bill, and manner of flight were all so first discovered at Natashquan by Dr. C. W. clearly observed and are so distinctive that Townsend and A. C. Bent in May, 1909, is I have no doubt at all as to its identity. still maintaining itself. This is the first definite record of the Amer- *Philohela minor. American Woodcock — ican Woodcock in the region of the Labrador As I was walking slowly and carefully through Peninsula, although Townsend and Allen in- a dense growth of waist-high vegetation, made clude this species hypothetically in their list up chiefly of angelica (Angelica laurentiana of "Birds of Labrador". '^ Fernald), cow parsnip (Hcracleum lanatum Calidris canutus rufus. American Knot.— Michx.) and nettle (Urtica viridis Rydb.), A group of three individuals of this species that hid the mouths of many Puffin burrows on was seen on June 13, 1933, on the shore of the upper part of Bald or Gun Island, in Bald Island, in Betchouane Bird Sanctuary, Betchouane Bird Sanctuary, about 17 miles mentioned above. These birds were clearly east of Havre St. Pierre (formerly Esquimaux observed with X6 binoculars at a distance of Point), on July 27, 1933, an American Wood- 30 feet, and their size, clear rufous under- cock suddenly sprang straight up out of the parts, light-coloured upperparts, and bills es- mass of vegetation, some 6 or 8 feet from timated at the time to be between 1^4= and IVs me, in the direction away fi-om the sun. On inches, in length, were carefully noted. When whistling wings it flew about 50 yards at a they flew their dark-barred upper tail-coverts height of about 10 feet, then dropped down and a light streak along the middle of each- into the dense cover. Efl'orts to flush it a wing were seen. second time were futile, as might have been expected, for in that dense plant growth, This species is rare on the north shore of the hiding rough and uncertain footing, the Wood- Gulf of St. Lawrence, and this is my only cock could move about on foot much more observation of it in that region,

rapidly than I could, and would remain un- « Proc. Boston Sec, Nat Hist., 33: 347.

seen while it travelled in this way. Although To be Concluded

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

Ajuga genevensis L. — Erect Bugle, in Each plant in these few square yards possessed Canada — Two straggling patches of this un- its own tuft of roots. The stems measured familiar plant were found on June 15, 1934, only a few inches in height, but in the other in an old pasture adjoining the building of Mr. colony clustered closely along a stone fence, Wilfred Cass, L'Orignal, Ont. In company with were nearly a foot high. Mr. John McLeod, District Weed Inspector for In Eastern Ontario, an extensive infestation of the botanical manuals the range of this adventive European species is given as Maine Leafy Spurge believe to have originated in a or New England to York and Pennsyl- neighbouring garden, was being visited. The New vania. presence in this pasture also, of such escapes Another species, Ajuga reptans L. is from cultivation as Purple Columbine and known from Quebec, where it was reported, Moneywort lends colour to the suspicion that "Sparingly introduced in fields near Montreal. all alike were introduced through the horti- (MacLagan)", in Macoun's Catalogue of Can- cultural efl'orts of the same enthusiast. adian Plants, 18S4. If other localities are The strict upright habit, bright blue spikes known in Canada for either of these species, of flowers, and distinctive leaves at once pro- any report on them for incorporation in the claimed something new. The colony formation Canadian Weed files, would be gratefully suggested spread by creeping rootstocks, which received. Herbert Groh, Central Experimental on digging was found not to be the case. Farm, Ottawa. —

September, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 103

Was the Introduction of the Muskrat to An Escaped Red-Breasted Goose, Bernicla Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, ruficollis FROM James Bay.—An interesting Unwise?— In the spring of 1933, during an investi- specimen came in to the National Museum gation of the seaward migrating fry of pink salmon, of Canada this summer (1933), forwarded Oncorhynchus gorbiischa, an occasion arose which by Corporal E. S. Covell of the Royal Canadian drew the writer's attention rather forcibly to Mounted Police, in the shape of a high plum- the question of the introduction of Muskrats to aged Red-breasted Goose, one of two, reported Graham Island. Apparently these animals as male and female, taken about May 30, near were first brought to a place near New Moosonee (ne Moose Factory) at the bottom Massett by Mr. A. D. Hallett. Since he has of James Bay, Ontario. From a "record" left the area, no definite data can be found standpoint a disappointment lay in the fact as to the exact time and number of the that upon its leg was a numbered aluminium initroduotion. Fairly reliable linformiationj, band asserting that it came from the Kellog however, shows that about fifteen individuals Bird Sanctuary, Augusta, Michigan. On in- were released in late 1924 or early 1925. quiry at the Sanctuary it appears that it can- Since that year other persons have made not be determined just when these birds es- introductions in a purely private capacity. caped from the enforced tenancy of their About the latter it is difficult to obtain spe- Michigan home to wander freely over the wilds cific details. The important feature in any of the continent but they were known to have event is that from comparatively small be- remained there at least until the April previous ginnings, the species has spread widely and to capture and had enjoyed something over a increased greatly in numbers. month of freedom. On the night of April 25, the men in The bird received was in perfect plumage charge of the fence which had been established with feathers unbroken, unworn and clean, by the Biological Board of Canada for the without apparent trace of domestication and enumeration of pink salmon fry, reported that seemed to be a perfectly normal, healthy wild a Muskrat m^ade five or six sallies from be- bird. If it had not been for the band on the neath the river bank to the fence, rested leg this specimen would certainly have been against the screens and ate ravenously of the considered as basis for an addition to the small fish. This behaviour was continued al- American bird-list.— P. A. TavernbR, National most every night for several weeks in spite Museum of Canada, Ottawa. of the efforts which were made to frighten the animals away. Our surprise was great that these animals The White-Tailed Jack Rabbit in Mani- should have spread in such a comparatively toba. — The Royal Ontario Museum of short time over rough country at least thirty Zoology has received from Mr. Sam Waller miles from the nearest point of introduction of Gypsumville, near Lake St. Martin, Mani- known to us. That they should resort to toba, a specimen of the White-tailed Hare, fry as a regular article of diet was interesting Lepus townsendii campanius Hollister. Mr. in that it showed that unmttingly another Waller reports that these animals have been name had been added in this area to the list working their way northward during the last of salmon enemies which was already long. few years. About three years ago they were It might be noted as well that reliable re- reported at Faii'lord, twenty-two miles south ports have been forthcoming of damage to of Gypsumville and this year appeared in the dykes in the Tlell River area. These stnac- latter area. In January, 1934, they had reach- tures were raised by the farmers to prevent ed a few miles north of the latter place. inundation of their meadows by salt water. In view of the observations reported herein, J. R. Dymond. the question naturally arises as to w^liether the introduction of Muskrats to this new area was wise. Perhaps if the behaviour reported Black Crappies in British Columbia. is general throughout the new environment, — The present record of Pomoxis sparoides the revenue received from the exploitation of (Lacepede) from Hatzic Lake, a backwater the species for its pelts, will not compensate of the Fraser River near Mission, is believed for the damage done in the various respects. to be the first from British Columbia. —A. L. Pritchard, Pacific Biological Station, On June 14, 1933, three specimens Nanaimo, British Columbia. were submitted to the Pacific Biological —

104 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

Station for indentification by Mr. A. G. central States (Hile R. 1931. Rate of Growth Bolton who reports them to be abundant in of Fishes in Indiana. Dept. Conservation State of Indiana, Pub. 107. Luce W.M. 1933. that body of water. They probably represent A survey of the Fishery of the Kaskaskia River. the result of transplantation, although no 111. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. Vol. XX, art. Ill, record of the introduction is at hand. The (White Crappie). This appearance may be in following particulars confirm the identification part the consequence of no growth having slight retarda- and indicate that there may be a taken place during the season in which the tion in growth rate in Crappies in the Fraser fish were captured.^ John Lawson Hart, Pacific sloughs as compared with those from the Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C.

Total length A Affiliated Societies

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE MANITOBA PROTECTION OF BIRDS INC. 1929-30 OFFICERS & COMMITTEE: Prenidenl Ejneritus: C.E. Bastin; PreaidenU G. Shirley Past Presidents: Mr. L. Brooks, Past Presidents: H. M. Speechly, M.D., C. W. McI. Terrill, Mr. Napier Smith, Mr. W. S. Hart; President: Lowe, M.Sc, A. A. McCoubrey, J. B. Walus, M.A., Mrs. C. L. Henderson; Vice- Presidents: V. Jackson M.Sc, Davidson, M.D., Mr. H. A. C. Jackson. Mb. V. C Wynne- W. A. M. R. A. Edwards, Wardle, M.Sc; Vice-Presidents: Mrs. L. R. Simpson, Vice-Presi'den/ and Treasurer: Mr. Henry Mouslby; Secretary: Miss C. L. Broley, W. H. Rand. Dr. R. S. Kirk, B. W. M. SeaIH; Committee: Cartwright, a. Burton Gresham, Treasurer: A. G. Mrs. C. F. Dale, Mr. J. A. Decarie, Mr. W. S. Hart, Lawrence; Auditor: R. M. Thomas; Social Convenor: Mrs. H. Hibbert, Db. A. N. Jenks, Mr. E. L. Judah, Mr. Frazeb Keith, P. Mrs. a. J. Searlb; General Secretary: Norman Lowe, Miss B. Mattinson, Miss L. Murphy, Miss S. Nicoi-son, Zn Sixracoe St., Wmn\pe%; Executive Secretary: J. Haddow. M. Mr. H. Sait, Mb. L. McI.Spackman, Mr. L. McI. Terrill. Section Chairman Secretary OrnHhologieal L. T. S. Norris-Elyb, B.A. A. H. Shortt Address all correspondence to the Society at P.O. Box 1186 Entomological A. V. Mitchbner, M.Sc Miss M.F. Pratt Montreal, P.Q., Canada. Botanical Mrs. I. M. Priestly Mrs. H. T. Ross Geological Miss C. J. Egan, P. H. Stokes lehlhyologieal Ferris Neave, M.Sc. G. D. Russell SOCIETE PROVANCHER D'HISTOIRE Mammalogical V. W. Jackson, M.Sc. J. P. Kennedy Microscopy NATURELLE DU CANADA Zoology R. A. Wardle, M.Sc. Botany C. W. Lowe, M.Sc. H.Chas. Pearce Patron Honoraire: Son Excellence, lb Tres Honorable CoMTB DB Bessborough, P.C, G.C.M.G., Gouverneur- Meetings are held each Monday evening, except on holiday G6n6ral du Canada; Vice-Patron Honoraire: Honorable froro October to April, in the physics theatre of the University' M. G. H. Carroll, Lieutenant-Gouverneur de la Province Winnipeg. Field excursions are held each Saturday after- de Qu6l.ec; Bureau de Direction pour 193U: President: Edgar noon during May, June and September, and on public holidays RocHETTE, C.R., M.P.P.; ler vice-president: G. Stuart during July and August. Ahern; Ziime vice-prisideni: Dr. J.-E. Bernieb; Secrltaire- trtsorier: Louis-B. Lavoie; Chef de la section scientifique: Dr. D.-A.Dery; Chef de la section de Propagande iduration- THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION nelle: Alfhonse Desilets, B.S.A.; Chef de la section de SOCIETY protection: Adribn Falardbau, C.R.; Chef de la section d'information scientifique et pratique: James F. Ross: (Incorporated) Directeurs: A. W. Ahern. R. MEREDITH, N.P., U. G. Tessieb. Hon. President: W. E. Saundebs, London, Ont.; President: Seeritaire-trisorier: Louis-B. Lavoib Rhv. Calvin McQubston; Vice-President: R. Owen Merri- Man, M.A., Kingston, Ont.; First Vice-President: DR. H. G, 38, rue Sherbrooke. Quebec. ArnoTT; Second Vice-President: Mrs. F. E. MacLoghlin; Recording Secretary: J. Roland Brown; Secretary-Treasurer: Miss Nina Duncan; Assistant Secretary-Treasurer: Miss E. McEwin; Junior Committee: Miss M. E. Graham; Pro- THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS' gramme Committee: Rbv. C. A. HeavbN; Extension Committee: CLUB H. C. Nunn. OFFICERS FOR 1934-35. McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB, Honorary President: Db. A. P. Colejman; PregidenJ; Abnott M.Patterson; Hon. Vice-Presidents: Hon. G. H. Challies, LONDON, ONT. Mr. J. H; Fleming, Dr. N. A. Powell; Vice-President: Mr. P. P. iDB, Secretary-Treasurer: H. M. Halliday; Council— President: Mr. Edison Matthews, 554 Central Ave., London Dr. E. M. Walker, S. L. Thompson, Prof. J. R. Ont.; Vice-President: Mr. E. D. Brand, 148 Williani Street, Dymond, Farmer, Prof. T. F. McIlwraith, Dr. London, Ont.; Recording Secretary: Mb. Vernon Franks, 195 C. S. Norma Magistrate J. E. Jones, L. T. Owens, Duchess Av., London, Ont.; Corresponding Secretary and Ford, Rupert Davids, F. C. Hurst, Dr. T. M. C. Taylor, C. G. Brennand, Treasurer: Mb. W. G. Girling, 530 English St., London, R.M.Saunders; Chairman of Cnnserration Committee: Mrs. Ont. Migration Secretary: Mb. E. M. S. Dale, 297 Hyman S. Li. Thompson; President of Junior Club: Mubbay Speirs; Street, London, Ont.; Members qualified to answer questions: Junior Club: Hubert Richardson. W. E. Saunders, 240 Central Avenue, London, Ont.; Vice-President of Leaders: — S. L. Thompson, L. L. Snyder, J. C. G. Watson, 201 Ridout Street South, London, Ont.; Birds Messrs. L. Jb., Pbof. T. F. McIlwbaith, R. m. Speirs, J. F. Calvert, 461 Tecumseh Avenue, London, Ont.; E. M. S. Baillie, —Prof. F. Coventry, Dale, 297 Hyman Street, London, Ont. F. H. Emery. Mammals A. Messrs. E. C Cross, D. A. McLuuch. Reptiles and Amphibians— Meetings held the second Monday of the month, excep Messrs. E. B. S. Logibb, Wm LeRay. Fish— Prop. J. R. the summer. during Dymond, Prof. W. J. K. Harknbss. Insects— Br. E. M Walkeb, Db. N. Fobd. Mb. F. P. Ide. Botany—Prop. R. B. Thomson, Dr. H. B. Sifton, Dr. T. M. C. Taylor; VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY Mr. W. R. Watson. Mr. L. T. Owens. Geology— Dr. A. P. Coleman: Prof. A. McLean. Honorary President. L. S. Klinck, LL.D., President Univer- sity of B.C.; President: John Davidson, F.L.S., F.B.S.E., University of B.C.; Vice-Presideni: Prof. M. Y. Williams, Honorary Secretary: C. F. Connor, M.A., 3222 W. 36th Street, Vancouver, B.C.; First Assistant Secretary: MiS3 We would ask the -Officers, and more Betty Herd; 2nd Assistant Secretary: Mr. Vernon Wib- drick; Honorary Treasurer: A. H. Bain, 2142 Collingwood particularly the Secretaries, of all the Street, Vancouver, B.C.; Librarian: Mrs. McCrimmon; Members of Executive: Mias E. J. Smith, Mr. J. D. Turnbull, Affiliated Societies to assist us in our Mr. B. J. Wood, Mr. P. L. Tait, Mr. R. J. Gumming; Au- ditors: H. G. Selwood, W. B. Woods. task of building up the circulation of All meetings at 8 p.m.. Auditorium, Normal School, lOtb Avenue and Cambie Street unless otherwise announced. this magazine. By securing every member as a subscriber we can truly BRITISH COLUMBIA BIRD AND MAMMAL make this magazine into one of the SOCIETY leading Natural History publications President: Dr. M. Y. Williams; First Vice-President; Hamilton M. Laing; Second Vice-President: Dr. C. J. Bastin; of America. Secretary-Treasurer: Kenneth Racey, 3262 West 1st Ave. Vancouver, B.C. SIX AUTOBIOGRAPHY o/^ JOHN MACOUN, M.A. CANADA NORTH OF FIFTY By E. M. KINDLE These are attractively bound, and contain a wealth ot information concerning Canadian Special profusely illustrated number of The Natural History and Exploration. The author "Naturalist", 86 pages, 3t illustrations. Every Was a former President of the Club and this is a Canadian should know this prize essay. Memorial Volume PRICE FIFTY CENTS PRICE $3.00. 305 pp. WILMOT LLOYD WILMOT LLOYD 582 Mariposa Avenue Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa 582 Mariposa Avenue RockclifTe Park, Ottawa WILMOT LLOYD, Treasurer, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, FOR SALE:— 582 Mariposa Avenue, Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa. COMPLETE SET OF THE CLUB'S Enclosed please find $2.00 as membership in PUBLICATIONS The O.F.-N.C. and Subscription to the Canadian Field-Naturalist for the year 1933. 1879-1932 Name ______„_____.___. This is a rare opportunity. For particulars address the Treasurer— Address WILMOT LLOYD 582 Mariposa Avenue RockcIifferPark, Ottawa City, Prop, or State

FORM I do hereby give and bequeath to The Ottawa Field- Naturalists' Club of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada the sum OF of 100 Dollars BEQUEST Date Signature

:>iiC rxsc 3

A Complete Set of THE HOOD INSECT BOX LIFE HISTORIES OF

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS ^ I Special Features of the HOOD BOX:

BY 1. Pest-proof 2. Wooden Ftame A. C. BENT 3* High shoulder, protecting specimens 4f Excellent pinning bottom 5. High quality box at low cost The very scarce "Diving Birds" volume pi is newly bound in red buckram, top edge PRICE $1.25 EACH gilt lettered id gilt, other edges uncut, spine. SPECIAL RATES IN QUANTITY

The other volumes are in the original ? For full description ask for circular No. 298 paper wrappers, edges uncut as issued. WARD^S Apply—101 CLERGY STREET, W. NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT KINGSTON, ONT. 84 College Avenue, ROCHESTER, N.Y.

L :^!c DiiC one Dnc ixic :>iic 3

'M'^'/it' Kh

ISSUED OCTOBER 1, 1934 Entered at the Ottawa Post Office as second-class matter —

THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' aUB i

THEIR EXCELLENCIES THE GOVERNOR GENERAL AND COUNTESS OF BESSBOROUGH

President: M. E. Wilson. let Vice-President: Herbert Groh 2nd Vice-President: P. A. Tavbrnek Stcr^ary: Grace S. Lewis, Treasurer: Wilmot Lloyd, 582 Mariposa Ave., 844 Lisgar Road, Rockcliffe Park. Rockcliffe Park.

Additional Memhets of Council: P. J. Alcock, R. M. Anderson, M. E. Cowan, H. G. Crawford, Arthur Crowson, R. E. DeLury, P. J. Frasbr, A. Halkett, C. E. Johnson, A. G. Kingston, E. M. Kindle, W. H. Lanceley, A. LaRocque, Douglas Leechman, Harrison F. Lewis, Hoyes Lloyd, Mark G. McElhinney, A. E. Porsild, E. E. Prince, L. S. Russell, J. Dewey Soper, C. M.Sternberg, E. F. G. White, Peggy Whitehurst, R. T. D. Wickenden. W. J. WiNTEMBERG, and the following Presidents of Affiliated Societies: G. Shirley Brooks, Calvin McQuESTON, Edison Matthews, John Davidson, M. Y. Williams, C. L. Henderson, W. Stuart Atkinson, Arnott M. Patterson. Auditors: A. G. Kingston and Harrison F. Lewis.

Editor: Douglas Leechman National Museum, Ottawa, Canada.

Associate Editors: D. Jbnnbss Anthropology Clyde L. Patch Herpeiologn Botany R. M. Anderson Mammalogif P. R. Latchford Conchology A. G. Huntsman .Marine Biology Arthur Gibson Entomology P. A. Taverner Ornithology F. J. Alcock Geology E. M.Kindle Palseontology

CONTENTS pagb !2>WiId Life in the Thelon River Area, Northwest Territories, Canada. Notes by the late John Hornby 105 Animal Parasites of North-East Canada. By I. W. Parnell, B.A., (Cantab.) Ph.D Ill Notes on Birds of the Labrador Peninsula in 1931, 1932 and 1933. By Harrison F. Lewis 115 Note on the Age of Land Shells in the Marl Deposits of McKay Lake near Ottawa, Ontario. By G. E. Fairbairn- 119 Notes and Observations: Unusual Migration of Willow Ptarmigan in Central Alberta during the Winter of 1933-34. By Frank L. Farley 120

The official publications of The Ottawa Fibld-Naturausts' Club have been issued since 1879. The first were The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Cluh, 1879-1886, two volunies; the next. The Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-two volumes; and these have been continued by The Canadian Field-Naturalist to date. The Canadian Field-Naturalist Is issued monthly, except for the months of June, July and August. Its scope is the publication of the results of original research in all departments of Natural History.

Price of this volume (9 numbers) $2.00; Single copies 25^ each

iiislllilsSiilililiVzUiislliliK^^

The Membership Committee of The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club is making a speciall effort to Increase the subscription list of The Canadian Field-Naturalist. We are, therefore, asking every reader who is truly interested in the wild life of our country to help this magazine to its rightful place among ] the leading Natural History publications in America. Subscriptions ($2.00 a year) should be forwarded to WILMOT LLOYD, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, 582 Mariposa Ave., Roekdiffa Park, Ottawa, Canada. —

The Canadian Field-Naturalist

VOL. XLVIII OTTAWA, CANADA, OCTOBER, 1934 No. 7 ^ WILD LIFE IN THE THELON RIVER AREA, NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, CANADA Notes by the late JOHN HORNBY

The late Mr. John Hornby was well known since they swim across lakes and rivers at as a traveller in Canada's northern lands for the swiftest points, go up and down steep about two decades. On one of his trips in the places and even cross lakes on glare ice. Thelon River country, lasting from the early summer of 1924 until the autumn of 1925, he Unlike most other species of deer the male was employed by the Department of the and female Caribou may be seen together at Interior as a part -time investigator, in order many times of the year but it is only because that his observations, especially respecting they happen to be moving in the same direc- wild life, might be placed on record. In liis report Mr. Hornby did not confine himself to tion. As a rule it is the third week in August the period above mentioned but in some cases before the skins are good and the animals recorded what he had observed as far back as fat. The young Caribou are very small but 1908. The portions of this report deahng with can swim perfectly and travel very quickly. wild life ai'e here published with the _ Black Flies permission of the Department of the Interior. [Simidium sp.] at this season are in myriads and keep the Caribou constantly on the move when they may be seen travelling NOTES WILD LIFE ON for days in small bands ranging from ten to Barren Land Caribou Rangifer arcticus. several hundreds. During the summer, bull (Richardson) Caribou are always to be found along the barren points of the lake and high ridges and N summer, Caribou to a great extent on the islands close to Hunter's Bay, Great feed on any available grasses Bear Lake, where they get some respite from and in winter chiefly on moss. the flies. Evidently the latter is not 'entirely cleaned up in any special area for the follow- In July the Mosquitoes [Culicidse\ are bad and ing year or even later in the same year at the beginning of August the Black Flies Caribou may again be seen feeding on the troublesome. By ;the end of August Mosqui- the Black Flies last same area. Although these mam.mals still toes have disappointed but wander in herds their habitat is now becom- well into September, although they are not ing more restricted. The largest bulls, when so bothersome as the nights are drawing in at the peak of their condition at the end of and the weather is colder. During the first September, weigh about 300 pounds. The real cold spell about the beginning of October back fat, which is the fat cut from the back, the mating season commences. The Caribou weighs 25 pounds. at that time congregate in countless herds at The migrations of the Caribou appear to be the edge of the woods on the barrens and irregular and these irregularities are caused the bull Caribou, which are magnificient look- by interferences with instinctive migrational ing animals, come out of the woods. After courses, by natives, by large lakes not being- a little fighting and the consequent clipping frozen over, or by sections of the country of the horn tips they generally move off in having been burnt; otherwise I find that the a north-easterly direction in small bands migrations would be as regular as the seasons. of one bull and from 2 to 20 cows following. On one occasion I noticed that thousands of Towards the end of October and the beginning Caribou had halted at the edge of Dease River, of November the bull Caribou go into the Great Bear Lake area, and then turned back woods either singly or in small herds. Shortly on account of glare ice. However there are the old bulls cast their horns. At the end very few places where the Caribou cannot go. of November most of the Caribou, especially 106 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

the females and young, move southwards by November many circles back into the barren lands and 3 Caribou extremely numerous along again in December large bands are moving shore of Artillery Lake, southwards to southwards into the woods. The females edge of timber; the ice not yet strong. and young in large numbers remain outside Caribou apparently waiting to cross the woods all winter but most of the bulls go and go southeast. into the woods, although during very stormy 4- 7 Caribou in large numbers turned and weather they cannot detect strange sounds went north. and, being frightened, they leave the woods 10-20 Caribou in very large numbers fi'om for large lakes or open places. By the month the edge of the timber to north of of May there are no Caribou in the woods and Artillery Lake, thousands in the ag- the bulls travel northwards in bands of 2 gregate. to 20 or larger, scattering out for the summer 21-26 Many Caribou travelling southwards; when they may be seen wandering about aim- at times several hundreds were to be lessly in ones and twos. Winter or summer seen on the ice moving towards Crystal they are constantly on the move. The wounded Island. and sick endeavour to pass the summer on 26-30 Caribou moving northwards either

islands or close to water in order to escape > turned by the Indians who were hunt- pursuit from the Wolves [Canis lycaon tundrarum]. ing them or else by other Caribou I do not think the Caribou move north and coming from the south. south in one large continuous mass, but that, DECEMBER there are many distinct immense herds, which 1-30 Cai'ibou seen feeding and moving in in their north and south migrations, according northerly direction, chiefly females and to seasons, scatter out in the different local young, although occasionally a band of ities. bulls. In 1909 Caribou came in large numbers JANUARY, 1925 very close to the Mackenzie River betv/een 1-10 The movement noted in December Norman and M'^rigley and at the same time continued. were exceptionally numerous at Fort Rae and 10-31 Caribou were plentiful on the north- were close to Fort Smith. east side of Artillery Lake, for the In the Thelon Area in 1924 and 1925: most part females and young. The bulls have gone to the woods and at September this time they were in large numbers in the wooded country southeast of 1-12 No Caribou seen between Great Slave Lake Artillery and Artillery Lake. of Lake. 13 Two bull Caribou seen on east side of FEBRUARY Artillery Lake opposite Timber Bay. 1-26 Along Hoarfrost River, Caribou ex- 14 About four females seen on east shore ceedingly plentiful. Along Artillery above Beaver Lodge. Lake, Caribou very scarce. 16-28 A few bulls and also females with 8-28 Female Caribou and young always to young were seen in separate bands be seen moving generally eastward. between Trout Creek and Casba River. 30 Plenty of Caribou, both bulls and cows, MARCH north of Artillery Lake. 1-17 Female Caribou passing eastwards in small numbers. October 17 Female Caribou very plentiful between Artillery Lake and Casba River, 1- 4 A few Caribou seen close to Casba River 18-20 Female Caribou always to be seen on Casba River. 5 Two bands of Caribou, each band con- 22 Female Caribou very plentiful. Wolves sisting of one bull, three or four fe- plentiful. males and young. 25-28 Female Caribou very plentiful, small 17 Saw about fifty Caribou going south- bands going east. west, cows and calves. 29 A few bulls were seen. 18-29 Bull Caribou travelling slowly south- 31 Females and young continually passing west. and going east. October, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 107

APRIL 7 East of Beverly Lake on the islands J.0-22 Female and young moving northwards saw several Caribou. They were all in large numbers. young females and also young cows. 22-30 Occasionally saw bulls travelling north. All were poor and many were crippled. MAY 19 At the nari-ows of Aberdeen Lake at the south side saw one bull Caribou and 6 Saw twenty bulls going north. two very young Caribou. One young 8-24 Between Casba River and Campbell Lake Caribou was very reluctant to leave the occasionally saw few bulls going north. camp. JUNE 21 Below Aberdeen Lake and south shore 4- 5 Close to Campbell Lake saw plenty of of river one crippled Caribou followed Caribou going north. by two small Caribou was seen close 6 Saw forty-six bull Caribou bunched up to the river. ready to cross the ice and go north; 23 Below Schultz Lake at the head of the also saw two other bands. river saw one bull Caribou. It was 7 Saw few bull Caribou close to Smart about three years old and in very good Lake going north. condition. 8 On Smart Lake saw a few bull Caribou 25-29 Saw plenty of Caribou along the banks going north. the river. They were chiefly females 10 Saw few bull Caribou a along south and young. shore. 12 Saw plenty of bull Caribou around SEPTEMBER south shore of Sifton Lake. 7 Caribou were fairly numerous on the 16-19 Saw a few bull Caribou going north. south side of Baker Lake just at its 21 Below Sifton Lake saw a few bull outlet. About two weeks previously I Caribou. was informed that large numbers of 28 On a small lake below Sifton Lake saw Caribou had been seen crossing the one bull Caribou. River close to Baker Lake.

JULY MusK-Ox — Ovibos moschatus (Zimmermann)

2- 3 South of Lake Dubawnt saw three bull 1908 I saw seven Musk-oxen north of Fort Caribou. Confidence, Great Bear Lake. 3 Below the fourth portage on Hanbury 1910 I got two which Indians had killed on River saw one bull on south shore. Caribou Point, which lies between Dease 23 About five miles below the forks of the River and McTavish Bay. About this Thelon and Hanbury Rivers we met the time Musk-oxen were fairly plentiful to Caribou migrating southwest, chiefly the north of Great Bear Lake. females and young. 1911 I observed fifty-three Musk-oxen east of 24 Large number of Caribou passed on the Coppermine River. west shore while at the same time 1922 When at Artillery Lake there was a bands of Caribou were passed on the small herd close to Walmsley Lake. east shore, many of which were bulls. During the two days there were 1925 IN THELON AREA between 5,000 and 10.000 at the least. JULY 25 26 We passed Caribou singly and in small 19 Saw eleven Musk-oxen close to Helen numbers following up the river driven Falls south of Hanbury River. They frantic by the flies. were a long way off and it was difficult 27 Large numbers of Caribou passed to determine how many cows there during the night and early in the morn- were among them. ing following the east shore of the 20 Saw herd of eleven which passed at river or going south. Cows and young some distance south of the river and and also bulls. went in a northerly direction. AUGUST 24 Camped above Grassy Island—saw 1 Just below Lookout Point saw one three bull Musk-oxen on Grassy Island. small bull Caribou. 25 Saw two bull Musk-oxen on north shore 5 Just before reaching Beverly Lake saw above Grassy Island and three on is- one Caribou. land. .

108 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIIl

26 Saw sixteen Musk-oxen above Grassy were killed oflF, would the Caribou increase or Island. First of all saw fourteen Musk- would they die off through weakness? The oxen with which was one large bull and Wolves must undoubtedly kill off the weak and the rest were cows, yearlings and four sick Caribou and consequently only the hardy calves. Shortly after, two more came ones are left to reproduce. In summer Wolves along, one was a young bull and the can be met with almost everywhere in the other a yearling cow. barrens. After the mating season they go 26 Also saw one bull on Grassy Island and off in pairs. They have their young in any another a short distance below on the suitable spot, generally facing south on the north shore. side of a ridge in a sandy place in a den about one yard from the entrance and 28 Saw two large bull Musk-oxen on north some- times only under a small spruce shore about forty miles from the forks tree. In winter when Caribou are of the river. numerous Wolves are also fairly plentiful. 30 Opposite Lookout Point at the mouth of and up the valley of Finnic Creek I have never found the Tundra Wolves (this hitherto unnamed creek I have travelling in larger packs than seven. Once, named in honour of Mr. 0. S. Finnie) however, after a large slaughter of Caribou I saw signs of Musk-oxen. I counted 41 wolves but they had only collect- ed in passing and were eating up the remains. 29 About ninety miles from forks of Han- In that country, expecially in winter, there is bury and Thelon Rivers saw one bull Musk-ox. nothing that a Wolf will not eat but they are not dangerous, for on several occasions I have AUGUST had Wolves come v/ithin a few inches during

3 About six miles above the place that the night. Tyrrell calls the "crossing place of In the winter of 1924 — 1925 Caribou were deer" I saw one bull Musk-ox slowly very plentiful and Wolves were scarce. Prob- walking along the shore. The "crossing ably most of the latter had followed the larger place of deer" is at the edge of the bands of Caribou into the woods. Their mat- timber, especially Grassy Island. The ing season begins at the end of April and grazing was plentiful and the willows their young are born about the first of June. thick and high. It appeared to be an During the months of March, April and May, ideal place for the Musk-oxen which there were many Wolves seen going north hitherto seemed to be undisturbed for and although only one den was found we saw they showed no fear, only curiosity. many Wolves along both the Hanbury and This area would make an ideal Thelon Rivers. Most of them were white in sanctuary for wild animals and birds. colour but I saw one dark specimen at the Not only white men but also natives edge the on the Thelon River. No should be prevented from entering this of woods food district. Musk-oxen feed entirely on the doubt Wolves procure ample in summer grasses, dwarf birches and saxifraga. They by following river banks. are not moss eaters. Back from the river, Wolverine— Gulo luscus (Linnaeus). although grazing is plentiful, it is ex- Only three were seen around Casba River. ceedingly short and could never be call- ed a grassy prairie. Red Fox—Vulpes fulva (Desmarest) There were a few Red Foxes along Artillery Moose — Alces americana (Clinton). Lake in the woods to the west and one, which No signs of Moose on the Thelon was caught on the east shore, was given to River. me. Tundra Wolf—Canis lycaon tundrarum Miller. White Pox— Alopex lagopus innuitus iMernam) The Tundra Wolves vary greatly in colour very plentiful all fall from pure white to dark and the latter rarely White Foxes were and belong to the timber. Large and not fero- winter around Casba River. It was possible to cious, they are among the finest animals we see them almost daily during the longer days. have, but unfortunately they have a bad name The last White Fox seen was on Smart Lake. and there is every desire to slaughter them On the Thelon River we only saw one track all. Now it is a question if all the Wolves of a Fox. —

October, 1934! The Canadian Field-Naturalist 109

Mackenzie or Northern Varying Hare— Whitefish—[Coregonus spp.] Lepus americanus macfarlani Merriam. October—A few Whitefish caught at north These Hares are very plentiful at the edge west end of Artillery Lake. of the timber and also to the north of Artillery July 9—On Hanbury River below the 4th Lake. On Hanbury Lake we saw one young portage caught one Whitefish, weight 2 Arctic Hare, [Lepus arcticus andersoni Nelson, pounds. 1934]. July 11—In same place caught two more Ground Squirrel— Citellus parryii parryii (Ri- Whitefish. chardson). August 18—In river below Aberdeen Lake There were a few around Artillery Lake but caught twenty Whitefish. very plentiful on the Hanbury and Thelon Rivers. August 22—Above Schultz Lake two White- Two specimens were procured on the Hanbury fish. River. TuLLiBEB [Argyrosomus tullibee (Richardson.)] Back's Lemming—Lemmus trimucronatus (Ri- October Plenty of Tullibee caught at north chardson). — west end of Artillery Lake. They were very plentiful north of Artillery Lake and on the Thelon River they were very Suckers—[Northern Sucker Catastomus caiastomus scarce. (Forster),or Gray Sucker Moxostoma lesueuri (Richardson)l. Grizzly Bear— Ursus richardsoni Swainson. October One Sucker caught at north-west I saw in two places signs of where one of — end these bears had eaten a Musk-ox. None, how- of Artillery Lake. July 14-17 Several large Suckers caught in ever, was seen during my stay on Great Bear — Hanbury River below Dickson's Canyon. Lake. I procured several of these bears. They were not at all uncommon to the east and Back's Grayling— [Thymallus signifer (Ri- south Bay. of McTavish chardson)]. FISH— 1924-1925 July 14—Caught a few below Dickson's Canyon. Trout—[SaJmo spp.] July 18—Below Helen's Falls these Grayling October—Both the Lake and Salmon Trout are very plentiful. were caught in nets at the northwest end of Artillery Lake. BIRDS—1924-25 July 9—On Hanbury River below the 4th portage caught three Trout weighing respec- 1925 Common hooa—Gavia immer (Brunnich) lower reach- tively 6, 1% , and 8 pounds. Very scarce, only seen twice on of River and also below Grassy July 11—Again in same place caught four es Hanbury Trout, of which one weighed 12 pounds, in a Island. net and two Trout on hooks. June & July 1925 Yellow-billbd Loon—Gavia July 13—Below McDonald Falls we caught adamsi (Gray) three small Trout. These Loons very common from Campbell Lake. Several nests were July 14-17—Caught five Trout below Dick- Lake to Schultz found. r^on's Canyon.

July 18—Below the small falls past Helen Pacific Loon—Gavia arctica pacifica (Lawrence) Falls (Hanbury River) we caught a few large Very plentiful both on the Hanbury and Trout, two of which weighed twelve pounds Thelon Rivers. each. Red-throated Loon— Gavia sfei?ata(Pontoppidan) July 21—Caught two small Trout five miles Fairly common on both Hanbury and Thelon below the forks of the Thelon and Hanbury Rivers. Nest and eggs procured east of River. Sifton Lake. August 18—Caught one Trout just above Aberdeen Lake. 1924 Red-breasted Merganser—Mergus ser- August 22—Just above Schultz Lake caught rator (Linnaeus) two Trout, one of which was a Sea Trout. These were seen both on the Hanbury and Below Schultz Lake and in Baker Lake plenty Thelon Rivers during the months of June and of Trout were seen. Julv. —— . — —

no The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

Mallard—Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus. to the end of the month we almost daily saw I thought I saw some Mallards about ninety these Ptarmigan going south. A few flocks miles from the forks of the Hanbury and stay till late in the winter wherever there Thelon Elvers. are large willows. At the beginning of May they appeared again at the head of Artillery Pintail Duck—Dafila acuta tzitzihoa (Vieillot) Lake and were daily to be observed passing One pair seen on Sifton Lake and another in large numbers. Along the banks of the on the Hanbury River. Hanbury and Thelon Rivers they nest but never in large numbers. Long-Tail or Old-Squaw Duck — Clangula hyenialis (Linnaeus) Rock Ptarmigan— Lagropit.s rupestris rupestris This is a very common Duck in the north (Gmelin) country but few were seen between Artillery Lake These are smaller birds than the Willow and Baker Lake, some were seen just before Ptarmigan, in summer they are generally to we reached Campbell Lake. Along the Han- be seen on the higher ground. They are not bury and Thelon Rivers and the small lakes quite so numerous as the others. They mig- adjoining these Ducks were occasionally seen I'ate about the same time but always during during the months of June and July. the winter can be seen in the barren lands. They feed chiefly on the dwarf birches on the Snow Goose—Chen hyperboreus (Pallas) ridges close to the banks of Hanbury and May—A few flocks seen going north between Tlielon Rivers. In the summer we occasion- Artillery Lake and Campbell Lake. ally saw a few pairs.

July 25, 1924 White-fronted Goose—Anser Both Willow and Rock Ptarmigan are white albifrons gambeli (Hartlaub). in winter but few obtain their beautiful sum- From Smart Lake to Hanbury Lake they mer plumage. were often seen in pairs and above Sandy 1925 Marsh Hawk— Circus hudsonius (Linnaeus) Lake, young were seen. Seen in October northeast of Artillery Lake. Common Canada canadensis Goose — Branta 1921-1922 Golden Eagle —Aquilla chrysaetos canadensis (Linnseus) canadensis (Linnaeus) On the lower reaches of the Thelon River I found a pair nesting north of Fort Reli- they are not uncommon. ance on the Lockhart River.

July 28, 1924:—Hutchins's —Branta can- Goose Northern Bald Eagle—Haliseetus leucocephaliis adensis hutchinsi (Richardson) alascaniis Townsend. These geese are very plentiful along the On the islands in Hornby Channel in Great Thelon River from Grassy Island to Baker Slave Lake, 1921-1922, i saw two nests. No Lake. They breed there in large numbers. Eagles were seen on Hanbury or Thelon

May 30, 1924 Whistling Swan—Cygnus co- Rivers. lumbianus (Ord). 1925 Gyrpalcon—Falco spp. Between Artillery Lake and Campbell Lake Both the White Falco islandus and also the saw a few Swans going north. Gray Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus were seen in July 28, 1924 About forty miles below the — the late fall and early spring north of Artill- forks of the Hanbury and Thelon Rivers saw ery Lake. Some of these birds stay all winter. two Swans with young. Duck Hawk—Falco peregrinus anatum Bonaparte. May 24, 1925~-Little Brown Crane— Grus can- These hawks were plentiful, from below adensis canadensis (Linnseus) Sifton Lake, they were found nesting in the Saw one Crane, either a Sandhill or else clifi's and high banks along the Hanbury and Little Brown Crane between Casba and Camp- Thelon Rivers. bell Lakes. — August 4—Saw close west of Beverly five 1921-1922 Snowy Owl Nyctea nyctea (Linnseus) Sandhill Cranes, Grus mexicana. To the north of Artillery Lake these were very plentiful and remained till December. 1924 Willow Ptarmigan—LagropMs lagopus albus fGmelin) Hoyt's Horned Lark—Octocoris alpestris hoyti About the first snowstorms these birds Bishop begin to go south. Travelling along the east Also numerous in the same districts as the shore of Artillery Lake from September 16 Longspur, Calca,rius lapponicus. —

October, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 111

Canada Jay — Perisoreus canadensis canadensis Lapland Longspur—Calcarius lapponicus lap- (Linnaeus). ponicus (Linnaeus) They are numerous up to the last woods on In the summer these were found in large the Artillery Lake. Few were seen on the numbers nesting in all the open country Thelon Eiver. between Casba Lake and Baker Lake. Western Savannah Sparrow — Passerculus Northern Raven — Corvus corax principalis sandwichensis alaudinus Bonaparte Ridgway. Not uncommon throughout the barrens. In winter the Ravens were scarce. In Gambel's spring a few were seen, most of them going White-crowned SPARKOW—Zonotrichia north. Below Dickson's Canyon there was leucophrys gambeli. (Nuttall) one pair nesting. During the trip they were These were plentiful during the first week in June occasionally seen. at the north of Campbell Lake on the islands. Redpoll—Acanthis linaria (Linngeus) 1921-1922 American Robin— Turdus migratorius Many of these birds were seen nesting in migratorius Linnaeus. the vicinity of Hanbury River. A few of these noisy birds were seen in the woods along the Thelon River. Snowflake — Plectrophenax nivalis (Linnaeus) In these woods it was impossible to note In the early spring and in the summer these what birds there were as, owing to the late- are to be seen everywhere throughout the ness of the season, we were compelled to barrens. travel rapidly.

ANIMAL PARASITES OF NORTH-EAST CANADA

By I. W. PARNELL, B A., (Cantab.) Ph.D., The Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal

THE Institute of Parasitology in 1933 cipitate with cold, and containers which would commenced a survey of the internaJ withstand the pressure of liquid freezing in parasites of domestic and wild them. With the help of the National Re- animals in Canada with the object search Council and Standard Chemicals of of finding what species of parasites are pre- Montreal, who made up a special mixture for sent, important, what they which are damage us, the first problem was solved. The East- are doing, suggesting steps which and may ern Steel Company of Montreal built a special be taken to prevent this damage. This is corrugated and shaped container, in the test- the fir^t comp''ehensive, planned survey of ing of which we received generous help from internal parasites, which has been undertaken the Managers of the Ice Manufacturing Com- in any country. The following notes relate pany and Purity Ice Cream Company. One of to that part of the survey which was carried the General Steel Wares stock garbage cans out in north-eastern Canada last summer. also passed the freezing test. Previous to this practically nothing was known of the parasitological conditions in A passage on the Hudson's Bay icebreaker the north, since, except for a few isolated Nascopie was arranged through the co- observations by scientists who had gone to opei-ation of the Department of the Interior. collect other material and were therefore, Fifty-four gallons of formalin, packed in half- in more or less uninterested internal parasites gallon tins, together with 41 ten and twenty —no survey had been attempted. gallon garbage cans were taken on board, Owing to the climatic conditions difficulties together with a supply of labels, string, cheese were encountered and several problems had cloth and typed instructions. Supplies of to be solved before going north. The first preservative and containers were left at two of these were to obtain a preserving Police and Fur stations in Northern Quebec fluid, such as formalin, which would not pre- and the north-eastern Arctic islands. 112 The Canadian Field -Naturalist (Vol. XLVIII

The collectors at the different posts were nails short and clean. It may also be that asked to dilute the formalin with eight times some of the deaths, which are generally put its volume of water in the garbage cans, then down to "constipation," may really be a form to deposit either the entire carcass of small of appendicitis caused by this worm. animals (with a hole made in the abdominal Rather more in the realm of speculation is wall) or the entrails, of large animals, into the part the Trichina worm may play in those the can; when they were ready to be shipped deaths of whole families which are periodically back to the Institute, the formalin was to be repoited among the Eskimos. These whole- drained off, the contents covered with moss or sale deaths are always ascribed to "ptomaine"" sacking to prevent excessive drying. poisoning: without, however, any real evidence. Many of the cans have not yet been received The Trichina worm has a life history which by the Institute of course, but the Nascopie is somewhat unusual. The adults — which and C.G.S. N. B. McLean brought back some are only a few millimetres long—live in the material in ithe fall. This, together with my small intestine and produce living larvae. But own observations and specimens collected instead of passing out of the host in the faeces, during the trip, form the basis of the notes these develop within the host's body, and which follow. migrate to all parts of the muscle tissue; there they encyst and may live for years, no Many of the men travelling on the Nas- further development taking place until the copie, who knew the North, considered that flesh which contains the encysted larvas is the incidence of appendicitis during the last eaten by another mammal, when they become few years had been high, and since many mature. The adult forms live only about surgeons consider that a small worm, the so- two months, but during that time they produce called seat-worm or Oxyuris vermicular is, is a very large number of larvas—so that even one of the many causes of appendicitis, steps in a mild infection, in a piece of flesh the size were taken to find out whether this worm of a ten cent piece, there will be dozens of was common among the Eskimos who may larvae. Naturally the migration and encyst- easily contaminate the food when cooking for ment of all these larvae causes great dis- white men. This worm has a direct life comfort and even death. The disease in man history. The female, which lives in the latter is often diagnosed as ptomaine poisoning, part of the large intestine, lays only one batch rheumatism or typhoid. For a considei-able of eggs and dies; to do this she emerges from time it has been a by no means uncommon the host, almost always at night, and deposits parasite on the American contirent and the her eggs in batches on the skin. With the present evidence suggests that it is increasing. eggs is some irritant substance which causes It is, however, not a normal human para?ite itching; scratching follows and the eggs get but one essentially of flesh-eating mammals, on to the host's finger nails; from these, food and a large variety of wild carnivores are can be easily contaminated. With the help infected. The parasite is holarctic in its dis- of the R.C.M.P., and the ship's doctor, we were tribution and we have found it already in able to examine a number of nail scrapings Arctic Foxes and Polar Bears. Whether or taken from Eskimos who were being medi- not seals and walrus are natural carriers is cally examined for various causes. The a matter still to be decided. There is no incidence of this worm seems to be high. theoretical reason why they should not be. Although it is usually found chiefly in young In children and very old people, and although the north, the dog is the all important the nail scrapings were taken from Eskimos animal, but this preliminary survey has made of all ages, we saw eggs in scrapings from it obvious that their power to work must be Pangnirtung and Lake Harbour in Baffin considerably decreased and death not infr&~ Island and from most of the posts on the quently caused by internal parasites. south side of Hudson Straits and the east We have been able to examine some dog side of Hudson's Bay. While the finding of fasces from East Baffin Island and Moosonee, the characteristic egg in the nail debris is Ontario; two dogs from north east Baffin definite evidence of infection, its absence there Island and two and a very young puppy from dees not necessarily mean that the host is the north coast of Quebec. Among this limit- free from the worm. It would be desirable ed material we have found Hookworms, a fish- therefore for white man to make sure that carried tapeworm find fish-carried flukes, the Eskimos who cook for them keep their amonf? other worms. October, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 113

This life history shows how successful control The Dog Hookworm ( Dochmoides or Un- of this worm may be undertaken, since i*: is cinaria stenocephala ) belongs to that family almost certain that no development of the of worms which has caused the most loss to free living stages could take place after man: Hookworm disease in man is regarded October or before June during which time as one of the four greatest diseases in the — the dogs could be put on a careful fish ration world, and the Rockefeller Foundation alone for few days and then dosed. If this were has spent literally scores of millions of dollars a done two or three times for all the dogs, on hookworm research and control in man in being very careful that none was left undosed, the tropics and sub-tropics. The life history this parasite could be practically wiped out of the Hookworms shows interesting biological except for infections which may adaptions to the host's habits. Each female in the north, occur in foxes. We have not yet been able worm produces many thousands of eggs per see any fox carcases from the far north day. These pass out in the faeces, where, to although they probably harbour the under suitable conditions of temperature, air and parasite, it is possible that their lack of con- and moisture, development takes place. Under tact with dogs in the summer would prevent optimum conditions the eggs hatch in two cross-infections. The dog we saw from Bur- days and there emerge small larvse which feed well was suffering from very typical hook- on bacteria and fascal debris; after another disease with pronounced anaemia. It two or three days, they moult and again start worm is of interest to note that a very closely to feed and grow; in a few more days the related species of hookworm is found in seals larvae again moult. Until this stage, during and the relationship between it and the dog- which they do not feed outside the host, is fox hookworm is not only a question of great reached they are unable to infect the host scientific interest but one of considerable animal. They are now much more resistant to practical importance from the point of view unfavourable outside influences than in the of both hosts. Other parasites of land consider- earlier stages and they can withstand carnivores have been reported from seals and attracted able freezing. They are and ac- their relatives in the past but they are still .tivated by heat—and if they get on to the very incompletely understood and form a pro- active skin of a mammal they become very blem still to be solved. and, attracted by the warmth, bore into it From Stupart's Bay we received a dead dog until reach blood or lymph vessel; they they a which belonged to an Eskimo, and apparently passively through the are then carried along had died from an infection of ascarids; eggs of heart to the lungs where they break through this species have also been found in faeces the small blood vessels, ascend into the throat, from Baffin Island. The life history of this are swallowed and thus reach the intestine. worm is somewhat like that of hookworms, If they are originally swallowed with food, except that the eggs do not hatch from their however, they do not migrate through the highly protective shell until they are swallow- body of the host, but reach maturity directly ed by the host animal; the larvae then in the small intestine. There they feed on penetrate the stomach wall and, entering the the tissue and blood and when present in any blood stream, follow the same migratory nu^ibers cause anaemia and even death. Luck- course as Hookworms. In the case we saw, received heavy in- ily, there are two or three efficient anthelmin- the dog had evidently a course of the larvae's tics against hookworm. One is carbon tetra- fection and during the the lungs, they had set up chloride, but this, in the north, raises another migration through Owing to the habit of local problem, since, although usually a safe a fatal pneumonia. migrating through the host's blood stream, medicine, in the presence of fat it is poisonous, prenatal infection of puppies can, and fre- and most of the dogs are fed on seal meat, quently does, take place. Oil of chenopodium which, of course, contains a lot of blubber. with castor oil, as mentioned above, is a very Tetrachlorethylene is another drug which efficient medicine against ascarids. These might prove useful as it is much less toxic: worms should be removed in early fall, and it but a fat diet makes it relatively inert, and is probable that in north-east Canada, the it is comparatively expensive. Oil of cheno- cold will be sufficient to prevent many eggs podium is probably the most practical as, surviving the winter ovit of doors, and the mixed with castor oil, it is comparatively safe snow should prevent dogs picking up an in- for both adult dogs and puppies. fection during the winter. Using these med- Field-Naturalist [Vol. XVLIII 114 The Canadian

are again passed icines carefully, we believe a considerable snail and a fish. The eggs fall into water, amount of loss in energy and life among that out in the fajces, and if they takes place until they are all important animal, the dog, can be pre- no development swallowed particular species of snail. vented, but it must be remembered that they by a egg hatches and bores into are poisonous under certain conditions. In the snail the its body; there it asexually multiplies, giving The tapeworm eggs we have found belong rise to a motile larval form which has either to the Broad Tapeworm or to a species to leave the snail and find a fish. Should it closely related to it. This worm, which is do so, it encysts on it, usually on a scale, and becoming increasingly common in man in not until the fish is eaten by a suitable ma- southern and mid-Canada, can produce millions mal, is the life cycle complete. Against this of eggs every day and live for several years. parasite, when harboured by man or dogs, The eggs are passed from the host in the there is as yet no very efficient treatment, but faeces and only if they fall into water, does in any district where this parasite may be, further development take place. The next cooking is a safe preventive, while skitming necessity is that they be eaten by a species of the fish reduces the risk very considerably. Diaptomous or Cyclops. A metamorphosis takes place in these animals, which in turn So far the number of wild animals we have has limited, have to be eaten by fish. In the fish the first been able to examine been and intermediate host is digested and the larvse insufficient of any one species to give many become free in the intestine through which definite facts concerning their fauna and its they burrow, and encyst in its flesh. If this distribution. fish which is eaten by happens in a small It is important to remember that many through another, the larvae can again bore parasites of man and domestic animals may this second intestine and encyst. The final be carried by wild animals. Morever there is reached when this fish is eaten by stage is evidence that in many parts of the world man, or an omnivorous or carnivorous mammal; parasites of wild animals are gradually being the encysted larva then becomes attached by acquired by domestic ones. This has been well grows to its head to the host's intestines, a illustrated in Africa, and even in Canada we This large size, and becomes mature. tapeworm have the familiar example of the large liver immigrant into is probably a fairly recent fluke of our native ruminants being passed over here with Europ- Canada, having come to cattle and sheep. eans from the Baltic regions, where it is very It is a general rule that parasites are common. But it may have been imported by exceptionally severe in unusual or "new" hosts the Norsemen nearly a thousand years ago, and this makes it the more important to know or by E.skimos even earlier. Owing to the what wild fauna contains. impossibility of preventing wild animals from our will eating fish, it seems doubtful it ever Our general experience has shown that at can be done to be eradicated, but much least three quarters of all wild animals har- and domestic animals from be- prevent man bour parasites and it is seldom realized how Thorough cooking of fish coming infected. large a number of parasites they may contain. kills all worm infections, and two of course, For instance, we examined two adult snow- alternate freezings and thawings or three shoe rabbits from the Moose River area this kill this tapeworm in its larval probably summer, each with a fairly heavy, but typical, form. infection of parasites. We attempted to The other important dog parasite we have estimate the number in one of them. In the identified is a liver fluke; so far we have only small intestine there were three species of found it in dog fgeces which we obtained parasites, none numerous; in the large intes- rather south, about latitude 48°. Its close tine there were two or three more different relations are common in the Baltic regions, species which were more numerous—some 400 Japan, China and Siberia, and there it is often worms; in the stomach still another species a parasite of man, as well as of domestic predominates—a blood-sucking worm about cats and dogs and their wild relatives. In an inch long, there were between 1,500 and

man, it is often associated with cancer of the 1,600 of these, making a total of about 2,000 liver; even when cancer is absent, it often worms in a single rabbit. It is not difficult, causes a fatal disease. To complete its life therefore, to imagine the drain on that rabbit's history, it needs two intermediate hosts: a health. —

October. 19341 The Canadian Fieli>-Naturalist 115

At present no satisfactory method has been (1) To find what parasites occur in devised of treating wild animals and birds. domestic animals, the localities in which But it dees not seem impossible for man to they do or can occur, and which are of devise some method which may reduce the actual or potential importance, not only incidence among wild animals. The use of to animals but to man. medicated licks for example, holds out much (2) To find what parasites occur in promise, even although not yet practicable. fur animals, game animals and the animals So far as other wild forms are concerned, on which they feed. To ascertain which we have only been able to examine a few birds, of these are actually or potentially im- chiefly ducks, geese and seagulls; the majority portant to domestic animals and to the have been parasitized. In addition we have economically important wild animals. been able to examine about 20 lemmings and (3) To find the importance of parasites they also harbour parasitic worms especially in the causation of fur cycles. in the large intestine. These are still under This survey will take considerable time to investigation. complete but it will place our knowledge of of Without the cooperation the Royal Can- parasites in Canada on a sound and scientific adian the MountedPolice, Hudson'pBay Company, basis. Parasitology is rapidly being re- and Eevillon Freres, who wholeheartedly help- cognized as being of the greatest importance ed, this survey would not have been possible. in connection with all forms of animal life As an example, the case of the Hudson's Bay and it is important that the Dominion with its Factor in Chimo may be quoted. Mr. Watson important live stock and fur industries, its of the Hudson's Bay Company asked him to national parks and animal preserves and its collect for us, and I asked him how many cans irreplaceable wild fauna should be in a position he would till during the year—I had allowed to utilize the growing volume of information two for each post in my estimate of the which is accumulating or the insidious effects number required—and he offered to fill twelve; of internal parasites and the methods of pre- he sent one back full when the Nascopie called venting their enormous losses. It is impossible at Burwell a few weeks later. The Hudson's for the Institute of Parasitology to complete Bay Post at Stupart's Bay also had an op- this survey — even imperfectly — without the portunity of sending back matei'ial by the C. co-operation of all interested in animal life in G.S. N. B. McLean, and a really carefully Canada. We have already received most en- collected and labelled selection was received. thusiastic assistance from many quarters but As stated earlier in this article, the survey we hope that all students of natural history of North Eastern Canada is only part of a will help. We shall accordingly be pleased to planned Dominion-wide survey which has a send full instructions to any who will assist in three-fold object: securing material.

NOTES ON BIRDS OF THE LABRADOR PENINSULA IN 1931, 1932 and 1933 By HARRISON F. LEWIS

(Concluded from Page 102) Larus delawarensis. Ring-billed Gull. — I have previously published' a statement of the Stercorarius parasiticus Parasitic Jaeger.— colonies of this species on the north shore A male in the light phase, judged from its of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, with the ap- plumage to be a little more than a year old, proximate population of each, as known to me was shot by a fisherman near Blanc Sablon in 1925. Many changes in the distribution of 1933. It was seen by less on August 12, me the breeding population of these Gulls in this than an hour after it was taken and, in ar- region have taken place since then and in 1933 cordance with the Migratory Birds Convention it was approximately as follows: Act, was forfeited to His Majesty. The specimen has been deposited in the National ' Auk, 4.4: 61. Museum of Canada. 116 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

Colony Adult Population wakes nested in 1924, for the first time, as far Kegashka River and vicinity 1500 as known, on ledges on the face of a low Pointe au Maurier 650 cliff on Bald or Gun Island, in Betchouane St. Augustin 612 Bird Sanctuary, about 17 miles east of Havre St. Pierre. In that year 23 nests were found, Total 2762 and on July 28, 15 large young were seen in In 1925 the total population of all known the nests and about 35 adult Kittiwakes were colonies in the region was 1190. Probably in the vicinity. The strange history of this some small nesting groups escaped observation nesting group of Kittiwakes in the nine years in both 1925 and 1933. that followed is briefly recorded here. The colony near the mouth of Kegashka 1925. June 4 and 27, about 70 adults, many " River, which is usually concentrated on one nests, no eggs or young.

island for nesting purposes, was scattered 1926. July 8, two adults, no nests seen. over several islands, in a territory several 1927 June 6, three adults, six nests, no eggs miles in diameter, during all except the early or young. part of the nesting season of 1933, because 1928 June 3, one adult, three nests, no eggs the colony was robbed of most of its eggs or young. early in June, and the birds separated into groups on various islands for the second lay- 1929 June 15, four adults, three nests, no ing. Only about 700 adults remained to lay eggs or young. again on the original site, but 1500 is consid- 1930. June 8, one adult, no record of nests or ered a fair estimate of the number of adult contents. Ring-bills in the colony before it was dis- 1931 June 24, one adult, two nests, no eggs or turbed. young. The colony at Pointe au Maurier was larger 1932 June 20, three adults, two nests, no in 1933 than in any previous year in my eggs or young. experience. 1933 June 13. four adults, three nests, one The colony at St. Augustin is situated in with 1 egg and 1 with 2 eggs. July 27, the government bird sanctuary at that place. three adults, one nest with 1 egg (ap- Ring-billed Gulls were first known to nest parently deserted), one nest with 3 there in 1930, and the population of this colony large downy young, 1 nest with 1 large from that year to 1933 has been approximately young, partly feathered. as follows: Whatever may be the explanation of the history 1930 300 of this little colony, as recorded above, I am con- 1931 418 (209 nests) fident thatthe robbing of nests by man has no part 1932 500 in it, for Kittiwake eggs are small and not 1933 612 (306 nests) sought after, and the few that might be laid The Gulls in this colony have not always used on this overhanging cliff would be so difficult the same nesting site in successive years, but to reach that the special effort necessary would I can give no reason for their changing from far outweigh, in an egg-gatherer's mind, any one site to another. In some cases the change temptation they might have for him Besides, made has been from one island to another, there is no lack of larger and more accessible although the distance from one site to the eggs in the vicinity, which would divert atten- next one selected was less than a mile in each tion from any Kittiwake eggs. instance. In 1933 the nests were grouped on two islands, not far apart, on each of which, If there were a large colony of Kittiwakes in accordance with the usual custom of this in the neighbourhood, this small colony might species, they were crowded into a restricted be an overflow, in which abnormal conditions area, while a large part of the space available might be caused by the shifting of birds from on the island was not occupied at all. one colony to the other, but the nearest The small colonies that existed in Aylmer colonies to this one, as far as I know, are Sound and Mecattina Sanctuary in 1925 are those at Carosel Island, Seven Islands (140 found there no longer. miles west) and at Gull Bay, Anticosti (92 Rissa tridactyla tridaetyla. Atlantic Kitti- miles southeast). wake.—As I have recorded previously,^ Kitti-

• Auk, 42: 279. 9 4uk, 44: 60. October, 19341 The Canadian Field-Naturalist 117

Hydroprogne caspia imperator. Caspian On July 9, 1933, in ascending the St. Paul's Tbrn. —The small colony of this species on Fog or Esquimaux River, which is the easternmost Island appears to be increasing slowly in size. large river on the north shore of the Gulf of On July 13, 1932, I counted in it 48 occupied St. Lawrence, to a point about 12 miles above nests and one pair of large young running its mouth, I saw 2 Belted Kingfishers several about, so that it would seem that there must miles apart. They probably represented two have been at least 49 nesting pairs in the breeding pairs. A local man familiar with colony at that time. the river told me that these birds nested regularly along its course. On June 21, 1933, I counted in this colony Colapies auralus luteus. Northern Flicker.— 35 nests with eggs and 30 nest-hollows without A Flicker was heard calling several times, but contents. The deposition of eggs in the colony was not seen, near the mouth of Cross River, had not terminated at that time and no doubt 7 miles west of Harrington Harbour, on Aug- many, though perhaps not all, of the nest- ust 14, 1932. I have no record of any other hollows that I found empty held eggs later in observation of a Flicker on this coast east of the season. Natashquan. Uria aalge aalge. ATLANTIC Murre. — The Iridoprocne bicolor. Tree Swallow.—A nest population of the colony of this species on a of this species, on which one parent was in- rock in Fog Island Bird Sanctuary, which was cubating, was found on June 21, 1932, only recorded as 2586 breeding birds in 1930", was 3 or 4 feet above the ground, in a dead, up- estimated at 2800 breeding birds on July 19, right tree trunk less than 5 inches in greatest 1931, when an exact count of eggs was impos- diameter, standing alone in the open, about a sible, because most of the young had hatched quarter of a mile inland from the mouth of and were running about. On July 6, 1932, I the Little Watshishu River, and about 9 miles counted 1866 eggs and 3 young birds of this east of Bale Johan Beetz. As far as I have species in this colony, indicating a population been able to ascertain, this is the easternmost of 3738 breeding birds. Shortly before the nesting record of the Tree Swallow near the middle of June, 1933, the colony was robbed of coast in this region. all eggs laid up to that date, but on June 21 Sitta canadensis. Red-breasted Nuthatch.— of that year I counted in it 1786 eggs, repre- The summer of 1933 was marked by another senting breeding birds. It is highly prob- 3572 invasion of the sub-arctic coastal strip of the able that adults in the colony were not many eastern part of the north shore of the Gulf represented by eggs on the last-mentioned of St. Lawrence by birds of this species. My date, because of the short time that had notes show the following records of their oc- elapsed since the robbery, and that the actual currence there: population of the colony was therefore greater August 6. Harrington Harbour, 1. than the number stated. August 11. Lourdes de Blanc Sablon, 1 Crypfoglaux funerea richardsoni. Richard- on woodpile. son's Wolf Bay, near Cape Whittle. Owl.—At August 12. Greenly Island, 4 alive and T wa." July 1931, an adult female shown, on 17, 1 that had been dead but a Richardson's Owl in the flesh. It had been short time. sl^ot there on that date by R. A. Johnson, August 18. La Tabatiere, 1. cf Onconta, New York, who has kindly given August 22. Between Harrington Harbour his permission for the publication of this and Etamamu River, 3. record. The bird was found on an exposed, August 23. Between Etamamu River and rocky point, a mile or more from the nearest Washikuti, 3, of which 2 were trees. on the small island on which Megaceryle alcyon alcyon. Eastern Belted Cape Whittle lighthouse Kingfisher.—On August 10, 1932, I saw, at stands. the harbour in St. Mary Islands Bird Sanc- The keeper of Cape Whittle light told me on tuary, an individual of this species that, ac- August 23rd that birds of this kind had been cording to local residents, had been there for frequent visitors to his island for some time several days. prior to that date. Similar occurrences of Red-breasted Nut- hatches in this sub-arctic coastal strip were 1" Can. Field-Nat, 45: 74. 118 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

observed by me in 1921, 1923, and 1929, and Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris. Starling. —A flock the records of them have been published of five Starlings was seen about sunset on previously.il The manner of these occurrences June 13, 1933, in conifers at the border of a is such as to make it seem probable that, for grassy clearing at Betchewun. They seemed some reason unknown, the birds have sallied very shy and wild. Apparently they had gone forth to the bare hills and islands of the to roost for the night, but when I appi'oached outermost coastal region after the conclusion them they flew a short distance to another of their breeding season in the partly forested tree, then, after a pause, flew away out of interior north of this shore. sight. wharf at The records for Lourdes de Blanc Sablon One Starling was seen near the 1933." and Greenly Island, as given above, are the Natashquan on June 17, easternmost records for this species on the Vermivora ruficapilla ruficapilla. Nashville north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Warbler.—One was observed on June 28, 1932, According to Dr. O. L. Austin, Jr.," there is near the second falls of the Big Natashquan no certain record of the occurrence of this River. This is the easternmost record for the Nuthatch in Newfoundland Labrador, but, species in this region, for it had not previously since Lourdes de Blanc Sablon and Greenly been definitely recorded on this coast east of Island are only 4 miles west of the boundary Bale Joahn Beetz (Piashte Bay), where I of that region, it is quite probable that records noted two individuals on June 16, 1921." of the occurrence of this species in it might Dendroica lestiva sestiva. Eastern Yellow have been made easily in August, 1933, had Warbler.—This species was observed at Blanc any competent observers been present then Sablon on July 14, 1931 (2 individuals) and on the northwest shore of the Strait of Belle July 18, 1932 (1 individual). Isle. Dendroica castanea. Bay-breasted Warbler.-—

*Sialia sialis sialis. Eastern Bluebird. — On the north side of the Big Natashquan About 7.00 a.m. on June 22, 1931, in the village River, near its mouth, in a rather open growth of Havre St. Pierre (formerly Esquimaux of medium-sized white spruces, I heard, on

Point), I heard the gentle call-note of a Blue- June 29, 1932, the song of a Bay-breasted bird and, a moment later, saw two Bluebirds Warbler. I traced it to its source and found in flight. They alighted near me and spent a handsome male of this species feeding near several minutes in the vicinity and I had the tips of the branches of a spruce in such plenty of time to observe them in excellent a way as to display his elegant markings light, with X6 binoculars, at a few yards' unusually well, and repeating his song at distance, and so to confirm the identification. frequent intervals. I observed the bird most They were both in the dull plumage of the satisfactorily for about one minute at a dis- female. The reddish-brown breast, blue lower tance of 30 feet with X6 binoculars. back, gray wings, tail and head, and character- This is the fourth record of this species in istic bill were all seen distinctly. the Labrador Peninsula and the easternmost one for the north shore of the Gulf of St. This is the first record of the Eastern Blue- Lawrence. It was found by L. M. Turner bird in the Labrador Peninsula. at Hamilton Inlet, July 9, 1882'6, by the Bombycilla cedrorum. — Cedar Waxwing. present writer at Bale Johan Beetz (Piashte Two Cedar Waxwings were seen at Matamek Bay), June 16, 1921," and by P. A. Taverner on July 30, 1931. Two individuals of the same at Matamek, June 11, 1928." species were seen at Natashquan, in woodland Setophaga ruticilla. American Redstart — between the village and the mouth of the Big In a letter dated September 1, 1931, Mr. Fred Natashquan River, on June 29, 1932. W. Osborne, keeper of the light on St. Mary The Natashquan record just given is the Islands and caretaker of the bird sanctuary easternmost record for this species on the north at that place, has furnished me with the shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the previous following records of this species at his light-

most easterly record being one for Bale Johan station : Beetz (formerly Piashte Bay)."

n Auk. 51: 89. "AMfc, 39:516. Awfc, 42:86. Can. FieU-NaL. U-Ml. " Ajtfc, 39: 515. " Birds of Newfoundland Labrador, Mem. Nutt. Cm. Club 19 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8: 237. No VII, Cambridge, 1932, p. 169, " Auk,S9: 515. "Aufc, 39: 515. w Can. Field-Nat., 43: 79. :

October, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 119

August 25, 1930. A female captured. who records 3 or 4 seen, of which 2 were September 16, 1930. A male captured. taken, in the summer of 1928 at Matamek, 286 miles west of Harrington Harbour. September 1, 1931. A male captured by Mr. Osborne in his Carpodacus purpureus purpureus. Eastern bedroom. Purple Finch.— I wish to record observations of birds of this species In each case Mr. Osborne determined the at Natashquan as follows identity of the captured bird by comparing it directly with the coloured illustrations in June 26, 1931. One. a pocket bird-guide. This method is probably July 23, 1931. One. sufficient in the case of this distinctly-marked June 29, 1932. One. species. June 30, 1932. One. Molothrus ater ater. Eastern Cowbird. — Loxia leucoptera. White-winged Crossbill. — On August 6, 1933, I watched an adult male This species is fairly common in summer on Eastern Cowbird clearly for some minutes in the western part of the north shore of the favourable light at a distance of 30 to 40 Gulf of St. Lawrence, as is well known, but feet near the school-house on Hospital Island, I do not often see it on the eastern part of Harrington Harbour. The coffee-brown head that coast. Therefore it seems desirable to and neck, black body, wings, and tail, and record that I saw 2 individuals on Perroquet stout, conical bill were plainly seen. The bird Island, in Bradore Bay, on July 12, 1931. This was perching and making occasional short island is treeless. flights in the immediate vicinity of two cows, Melospiza melodia melodia. which are rather rare animals in this region. Eastern Song Sparrow.—A bird of this species in song was The only other record of this species in the observed at Romaine (Gethsemani) on June Labrador Peninsula is that of P. A. Taverner," 21, 1933, and again on July 22 in the samfe

19 year. Can. Field-Nat., 43 : 78-79.

NOTE ON THE AGE OF LAND SHELLS IN THE MARL DEPOSITS OF McKAY LAKE NEAR OTTAWA, ONTARIO By G. E. FAIRBAIRN

THE first mention of land shells in vey of Canada, Geological Series 40, p. 61, in the marl deposits of McKay T^ake, which he says: "In addition to the freshwater was by Dr. H. M. Ami in 1884 in species, a few terrestrial molluscs which are Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, Trans. No. found in the marl beds are included in the

5, Vol. 2. p. 62, 1883-4 in which he mentions description of the fauna. Such forms, of Mesodon olbolabris (Say), Mesodon sayii course, have been washed accidently into the (Binney), Mesodon var. dentifera (Binney), water." The above excerpts seem to cover and Patula aUernata (Say), and places them any mention of land shells found in the marl along with the freshwater species, under the deposits of McKay Lake and it is noted that heading of Alluvium (Shell Marl) Deposits, there appears to be a difference of opinion as no mention being made as to how they came to how and when they were deposited. into the marl or at what time they were difference of opinion, the deposited. In view of this attracted to this area for further In a report by F. R. Latchford and P. S. writer was believes that Porier, March 4th, 1886, in Ottawa Field Natur- study of the marl deposits and small collection alists' Club, Trans. No. 7, Vol. II, p. 351, 1885-86, his findings justify record. A sayana (Pils.,) the authors note that "the shell marl [of of Polygyra albolabris (Say), P. and Anguispira aUernata Hemlock (McKay) Lake] is entirely fluvia- P. monodon (Rackett), the marl deposits tile in its origin and all land shells found in (Say), was gathered from in the spring of 1933; it are recent." at McKay Lake various depths In 1921, E. J. Whittaker made a report on specimens were collected at noted, the Fossil Mollusca of the Marl Deposits of from the surface and local conditions the Ottawa District, Bull. 33, Geological Sur- as follows: 120 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIIl

The species collected are terrestrial., whereas There would be, however, a number of them the marl in which they occur was deposited lost through falling into the burrows and under water, and although found associated through caving of the pits where they would with various species of freshwater shells, this remain buried until exposed by further was not their true habitat and they are deriv- burrowing or the cutting back of the face of ed from nearby land surfaces and were buried the sand pits as excavations are carried on in the marl at a later period than that in from year to year. From the age of the trees which it was formed. growing on the mounds over the marl deposits, This note is an attempt to explain the it is thought that burrowing has been going presence of these shells in a place where they on in this formation for a long time. It is could not have lived and the explanation may also noted that the shells collected from the be that, the surface of the ground above the marl, vary to the condition of the epider- marl having numerous pits and mounds caused as by the burrowing of ground hogs and other mis, from those in which it is well preserved small land animals, these shells have fallen in (as in a live specimen) to those in which it and become imprisoned. is completely removed, and also show all In searching for live specimens of the above stages of bleaching in contrast to the fresh- species on the same date, it was found that water shells. This may suggest that they they were plentiful on the surface of the were buried in the marl at different times and marl in pits under small pieces of dead wood at a much later date than the freshwater and leaves. species. It is believed that on account of the ex- The assumption is that most of the land cellent drainage of the marl caused by the shells in the marl are more recent in age than underlying sand beds the pits become ideal introduc- hibernating places for the larger terrestrial the marl itself and probably all were species, Mdth low loss of life from drowning ed into the marl after the drop in the level in the spring. of the lake.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

Unusual migration of Willow Ptarmigan as the following; "quite plentiful" "a few INTO Central Alberta during the Winter of seen" "common and very tame" A dispatch 1933-34.—Considerable numbers of Willow Ptar- from Ashmont to an Edmonton newspaper, migan (Lagopus I. albus) have made their appear- dated January 3rd, 1934, states "Numbers of ance during the present winter in the country white ptarmigan have been seen lately, as immediately north and east of Edmonton, many as 25 to 30 being seen in a flock". no doubt as a result of the deep snows and Ashmont is about 80 miles north and some- extremely low temperatures that have what east of Camrose. At Tawatinaw, 60 miles prevailed in the far-north since early in Dec- north of Edmonton, Ptarmigan have been reported ember. According to official records, un- several times, while at Atha- baska, precedented cold has been experienced in the a few miles farther north, quite a lower Mackenzie region since the commence- number have been seen. The most southerly ment of winter, with temperatures of 50° and point from which the birds have been reported 60° below zero. Unofficial reports of 70° and this winter is Ardrossan, a hamlet, a few more degrees below zero have been common. miles south east of Edmonton. —Frank L. Correspondents in the affected territory refer Farley, Camrose, Alberta. to the incursion of Ptarmigan in such terms Affiliated Societies

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE MANITOBA PROTECTION OF BIRDS INC. 1929-30 OFFICERS & COMMITTEE: President Emeritua: C.E. Bastin; President: G. Shirley Past Presidents: Mr. L. McI. Tejrrill, Brooks. Past Presidents: H. - M. Speechly, M.D., C. W. Mr. Napier Smith, Mr. W. S. Hart; President: Lowe, M.Sc., A. A. McCoubrby, J. B. Walus, M.A., Mrs. C. L. Henderson; Vice- Presidents: V. W. Jackson M.Sc, a. M. Davidson, M.D., R. A. Mr. H. a. C. Jackson. Mr V. C Wynne- Edwards, Fice-Presideni Wardle, M.Sc.; Vice-Presidents: Mrs. L. R. Simpson, and Treasurer: Mr. Henry Mouslby; Secretary: Miss C. L. Brolby, W. H. Rand, Dr. R. S. Kirk, B. W. M. SeaTh; Committee: Cahtwright, a. Burton Gresham, Treasurer: A. G. Mrs. C. F. Dale, Mr. J. A. Decareb, Mr. W. S. Hart, Lawrence; Auditor: R. M. Thomas; Social Convenor: Mrs. H. Hibbert, Db. A. N. Jenks, Mr. E. L. JuDAH, Mr. Fbazer P. Mrs. a. J. Searle; General Secretary: Norman Lowe, Keith, Miss B. Mattinson, Mias L. Murphy, 317 Simcoe St., Winnipeg; Executive Secretary: J. Haddow. Miss M. S. Nicolson, Mb. H. Sait, Mr. L. McLSpackman, Mr. L. McI. Terrill. Section Chairman Secretary Omitkologieal L. T. S. Norris-Elyb, B.A. A. H. Shortt Address all correspondence to the Society at P.O. Box 1186 Entomological A. V. Mitchener, M.Sc. Miss M.F. Pratt Montreal, P.Q., Canada. BotowtegjL Mrs. I. M. Priestly Mrs. H. T. Ross Geologimr Miss C. J. Egan, P. H. Stokes lehthyological Ferris Neave, M.Sc. G. D. Russell SOCIETE PROVANCHER D»HISTOIRE Mammalogieal V. W. Jackson, M.Sc. J. P. Kennedy Microscopy NATURELLE DU CANADA Zoology R. A. Wardle, M.Sc. Botany C. W. Lowe, M.Sc. H.Cbas. Peasce Patron Honoraire: Son Excellence, I/E Tbes Honorable Comte de Bbssborough, P.O., G.C.M.G., Gouverncur- Meetings are held each Monday evening, except on holiday G6n6ral du Canada; Vice-Patron Honoraire: Honorable from October to April, in the physics theatre of the University, M. G. H. Carroll, Lieutenant-Gouverneur de la Province Winnipeg. Field excursions are held each Saturday after- de Qu6bec; BurcoM de Direction pour 193 U: President: Edgar noon during May, June and September, and on public holidays Rochettb, C.R., M.P.P.; ler vice-prSsident: G. Stuart during July and August. Ahern; tiime viee-prisident: Dr. J.-E. Bernier; Secritairt- trisorier: Louis-B. Lavoie; Chef de la section scientifigue: Dr. D.-A.Dery; Chef de la section de Propagande iducation- THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION nelle: Alphonsb Desilets, B.S.A.; Chef de la section de SOCIETY protection: Adribn Falardeau, C.R.; Chef de la section d'information scientifigue et pratique: James F. Ross: I ncorporated) Directeurs: A. W. Ahesn. R. Meredith, N.P., U. G. Tessier. Hon. President: W. E. Saunders, London, Ont.; President: Secritaire-trtsorier: Louis-B, Lavoib Rbv. Calvin McQubsTon; Vice-President: R. Owbn Merri. MAN, M.A., Kingston. Ont.; First Vice-President: DR. H. G. 38, rue Sherbrooke, Quebec. ArnoTt; Second Vice-President: Mrs. F. E. MacLoghlin; Recording Secteiary: J. Roland Brown; Secretary-Treasurer: Miss Nina Duncan; Aazietant Secretary-Treasurer: Miss E. McEwin; Junior Committee: Miss M. E. Graham; Pro- THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS' gramme Compiittee: Rev. C. A. Heaven; Extension Committee: CLUB H. C. Nunn. OFFICERS FOR 1934-35. McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB, Honorary President: Dr. A. P. COLEMAN; Pre«i

PRICE $3.00. - 305 pp. WILMOT LLOYD RockcIifFe Ottawa WILMOT LLOYD 582 Mariposa Avenue Park, 582 Mariposa Avenue RockdiiTe Park, Ottawa WILMOT LLOYD, Treasurer, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, FOR SALE:— 582 Mariposa Avenue, RockclifTe Park, Ottawa. COMPLETE SET OF THE CLUB'S Enclosed please find $2.00 as membership in PUBLICATIONS The O.F.-N.C. and Subscription to the Canadian Field-Naturalist for the year 1933. 1879-1932 Name This is a rare opportunity. For particulars the Treasurer— address Address WILMOT LLOYD 582 Mariposa Avenue Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa City, Prov. or State^

give to The Ottawa Field- FORM I do hereby and bequeath Naturalists* Club of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada the sum OF of 100 Dollars BEQUEST Date Signature =«2 " FOR SALE A New PEST-PROOF INSECT BOX I A Complete Set of THE HOOD INSECT BOX LIFE HISTORIES OF

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Special Features of the HOOD BOX:

BY 1. Pest -proof 2. Wooden Frame A. C. BENT 3. High shoulder, protecting specimens 4* Excellent pinning bottom 5. High quality box at low cost

The very scarce "Diving Birds" volume j( is newly bound in red buckram, top edge PRICE $1.25 EACH i gilt, other edges uncut, gilt lettered spine. SPECIAL RATES IN QUANTITY

are in the original For full description ask for circular No. 298 The other volumes f paper wrappers, edges uncut as issued. WARD'S Apply—101 CLERGY STREET, W. NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT KINGSTON, ONT. N.Y. 84 CoUege Avenue, ROCHESTER, \

DiK IXfC yac ^fC ::xfc onczL

Kindly mention The Canadian Field-Naturalist to advertisers ^ -u 1934

VOL. XLVIII, No. 8 NOVEMBER, 1934

. »„.».

''^*' ' ;ys>/^-^'^

WJ.vlnli ai,;^ mwi iSyj5LisHE.n»PiVi

ISSUED NOVEMBER 1, 1934 Entered at the Ottawa Post Oflfiee a* second-clas* matter —

THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' aUB

THEIR EXCELLENCIES THE GOVERNOR GENERAL AND COUNTESS OP BESSBOROUGH

President: M. E. Wilson. tfit Vice-President: Herbert Geoh 2nd Vice-President: P. A. Taverner Sterefnry: Grace S. Lewis, Treasurer: Wilmot Lloyd, 582 Mariposa Ave., 344 Lisgar Road, Rockcliffe Park. Rockcliffe Park.

Additional Members of Council: F. J. Alcock, R. M. Anderson, M. E. Cowan, H. G Crawford, Arthur Crowson, R. E. DeLury, F. J. Eraser, A. Halkett, C. E. Johnson, A. G. Kingston, E. M. Kindle, W. H. Lanceley, A. LaRocque, Douglas Leechman, Harrison F. Lewis, HoYEs Lloyd, Mark G. McElhinney, A. E. Porsild, E. E. Prince, L. S, Russell, J. Dewey SopER, C. M.Sternberg, E. F. G. White, Peggy Whitehurst, R. T. D. Wickenden. W. J. WiNTEMBERG, and the following Presidents of Affiliated Societies: G. Shirley Brooks, Calvin McQueston, Edison Matthews, John Davidson, M. Y. Wiluams, C. L. Henderson, W. Stuart Atkinson, Arnott M. Patterson. Auditors: A. G. Kingston and Harrison P. Lewis.

Editor: Douglas Leechman National Museum, Ottawa, Canada.

Associate Editors: D. Jennhss Anthropology Clyde L. Patch Herpetology Botany R. M. Anderson Mammalogy P. R. Latchford Conekology A. G. Huntsman. ; Marine Biology Arthur Gibson - Entomology P. A. Taverner Ornithology P. J. Alcock Geology E. M.Kindlb Palxontology

CONTENTS PAGB Ichthyological Treasures from the Albatross Expeditions in Canadian Waters. By G. V. Wilby 121 ^: Vascular Plants Collected during the Canadian Hudson Strait Expedition in 1927. By Frits Johansen 126 Notes on the Fish Fauna of an Eastern Ontario Shallow Water Lake. By G. C. Toner and J. A. Stevenson 131 Sorex palustris brooksi. A New Water Shrew from Vancouver Island. By Rudolph Martin

Anderson . 134

A New Species of Gyraulus from Canada. By Frank C. Baker , 135 Book Reviews: The Ecology of Animals. By Charles Elton.—H.L 136 A History and List of Birds of Middlesex County, Ontario. By W. E. Saunders and E. M. S. Dale.—P.A.T 186

pi The official publications of The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club have been issued « since 1879. first Field-Naturalists' ||j The were The Transactions of the Ottawa Club, 1879-1886, I g two volurnes; the next, The Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-two volumes; and these have g been continued is jp by The Canadian Field-Naturalist to date. The Canadian Field-Naturalist S issued monthly, except for the months of Junje, July and Augusti Its scope is the publication g of the results of original research in all departments of Natural History. S

gj Price of this volume (9 numbers) $2.00; Single copies 2Si eUch » :>t St :r a: ^^:tHn;n::HH::nn:::::H:H:::!i::H::::u::::H:K;n:HH::H:n:::::::

The Membership Committee of The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club is making a special effort to Increase the subscription list of The Canadian Field-Naturalist. We are, therefore, asking every reader who is truly interested in the wild life of our country to help this magazine to its rightful place among the leading Natural History publications in America. Subscriptions ($2.00 a year) should be forwarded to WILMOT LLOYD, Ottawa Fieldr-Naturalists' Club, 58i Mariposa Ave., Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa, Canada. 1

The Canadian Field- Naturalist

VOL. XLVI 1 OTTAWA, CANADA, NOVEMBER, 1934 No. 8

ICHTHYOLOGICAL TREASURES FROM THE "ALBATROSS" EXPEDITIONS IN CANADIAN WATERS

By G. V. WILB Y Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C.

N SEARCHING the literature for ty-three hauls were made in British Columbia records of marine fishes taken along waters or off the coast, from twenty-five of the coast of British Columbia, the which fishes were obtained. Included in the writer became impressed with the latter was one of the most important hauls wealth and uniqueness of the data secured by ever made of fishes rarely taken, at station expeditions of the steamer Albatross of the 3342 off the Queen Charlotte Islands at a United States Fish Commission. depth of 1588 fathoms. Seven species were taken here, in as many genera, six new to As many of the catch records of the fishes science, i.e. Raja abyssicola Gilbert, Lampan- taken by the Albatross were designated by yctus nannochir dredging and trawling station numbers only, (Gilbert), Dolloa cyclolepis a careful check was made of the latitude and (Gilbert), Chalinura filifera Gilbert, Careproc- tus ovigerum (Gilbert), Derepodichthys ale- longitude of all these stations from the time pidoius that the vessel arrived on the Pacific in March Gilbert. Although these species were 1888, until her final trip to Japan in 1906. obtained as long ago as 1889 they have not been taken since. {Docs. U72, 5U9, eOlt, 621, U.S. Bur. Fish.)

When these positions were located it soon The Albatross made six voyages between became apparent that many of the records, 1888 and 1906 during which collections were presumably off Washington or Alaska, were made in Canadian waters. Besides the dredg- taken along the British Columbia coast and ing and trawling some fishing was done with actually within the territorial boundaries. For- hook and line, seine hauls were taken and

^^'^»^«te-^ -, fl^/^^yi , \i^-"--

THE ALBATROSS (Illustration copied from U.S.B.F. Doc. 472, 1901.) 122 The Canadian Fidld-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIIl shore collections were made. Since these are Bowen Island and six stations, (Nos. 4199 to specifically mentioned as associated with some 4204), were taken in Queen Charlotte Sound bay, harbour, etc., their records do not enter off Fort Rupert before returning to Puget within the scope of this article. Sound. The first voyage, in 1888, was from Alaska In 1905, during another voyage to Alaska, to Washington (U.S. Bur. Fish. 1901). Twelve stations 4744 and 4745 were taken in Queen stations were taken west of the Queen Char- Charlotte Sound and Hecate Strait and upon lotte Islands and oif the west coast of Van- the return trip station 4755 was taken off the couver Island. (Nos. 2860 to 2881. mouth of the Fraser river opposite the Inter- national Boundary line, but no fishes were In 1889 station 3342 was taken in 1588 caught. fathoms off Moresby Island in the Queen Charlotte group while en route from Alaska In 1906, (U.S. Bur. Fish. 1907), the Alba- tross station off to California. This was the only station taken worked 4758 Cape St. James, as in 1600 fathoms, while en route to Japan. but it proved to be one of the richest, mentioned above. One fish was taken, Bathylaffus milleri Jordan In 1891, after a voyage to the Bering Sea, and Gilbert. and before going to the Hawaiian Islands, As the locations of these stations are twelve stations were taken in the Strait of obscured by two different methods of record- Juan de Fuca as the Albatross worked back ing, and the documents involved are not and forth across the International Boundary readily accessible to all readers, an abstract line from east to west and back. These hauls has been prepared of the dates, station num- were all successful except two. bers, (underlined if fish were taken), position, In June, 1903, (U.S. Bur. Fish. 1904) eight depth in fathoms, type of bottom and locality stations, (Nos. 4191 to 4198), were taken in of the dredging and trawling done in British the Strait of Georgia between Nanaimo and Columbia waters by the Albatross.

Date Station North West Depth Locality

1. 1888 and 1889 inclusive. (U.S. Bur. Fish. 1901).

1888 Aug. 29 2860 51°23' 123°34' 876 fm. gn. M.

31 2861 51 14 129 50 204 ,— — 2862

Sept. 24

25

1889

Sept. 3

1891 Aug. 27

28 November, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 123

Dat )

124 The Canadian Field-Naturalist IVOL. XLVllI

Name Reference Station Number

RAJIDAE—Skates Raja stellulata Jordan and Gilbert* (Gilbert) 3447, 3466. " binoculata Girard - (E. and G.) 4192.

" abyssicola Gilbert (n.s.)* _ (Gilbert) 3342. CHIMAERIDAE—Rat fishes Hydrolaffus coUiei (Lay and Bennett) (Gilbert) (E. and G.) MICROSTOMIDAE—Small-mouthed smelts. Bathylagus milleri Jordan and Gilbert* (G. and B.) CHAULIODONTIDAE—Viper fishes Chauliodus macouni Bean (n.s.)* (Bean) MYCTOPHIDAE—Lantern fishes Lampanyctus nannochir (Gilbert)* (Gilbert) (Nannobrachium) Diaphus theta Eigenmann and Eigenmann* ... (Gilbert) MACROURIDAE—Grenadiers Dolloa cyclolepis (Gilbert) (n.s.)* (Gilbert) (Nematonurus) Chalinura filifera Gilbert (n.s.)* (Gilbert) GADIDAE—Codfishes Microgadus proximus (Ayres) (E. and G.) (Eleginus navaga) Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius (Gilbert) Antimora microlepis Bean (n.s.)* ..- (Bean) (Gilbert) HIPPOGLOSSIDAE—Halibuts Atheresthes stomias (Jordan and Gilbert) (Gilbert) Lyopsetta exilis (Jordan and Gilbert) (E. and G.) Hippoglossoides elassodon Jordan and Gilbert (Gilbert) PLEURONECTIDAE—Flounders Parophrys vetulus Girard (Gilbert) Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres) (E. and G.) Errex zachirus (Lockington) (Gilbert)

( Glyptocephalus " ( ) (E. and G.) Microstomus pacificus (Lockington) (Gilbert) SCORPAENIDAE—Rock fishes Sebastolobus alascanus Bean* (Hubbs) (Gilbert) Sebastodes pinniger (Gill) (E. and G.) alutus (Gilbert)* (Gilbert) diploproa (Gilbert)* (E. and G.) " caurinus (Richardson) (Gilbert) " nebulosus (Ayres)* (E. and G.) COTTIDAE—Sculpins

Tarandichthys filamentosus (Gilbert)* (E. and G.) tenuis (Gilbert)* (E. and G.) Icelinus borealis Gilbert* (Gilbert) Triglops beani Gilbert* (Gilbert) Radulinus asprellus Gilbert* (E. and G.) CottinEe Dasycottus setiger Bean* (E. and G.) Malacocottus zonurus Bean* (E. and G.) Blepsiinae Nautichthys oculofasciatus (Girard) (Gilbert) Psychrolutinse Psychrolutes paradoxus Gunther (Gilbert) (Psychrolutes zebra Bean) RHAMPHOCOTTIDAE—Large-headed sculpins Rhamphocottus richardsoni Giinther (E. and G.) )

November, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 125

Name Reference Station Number

AGONIDAE—Sea-poachers Hypsagonus quadricornis (Cuvier and (Gilbert) 3465. Valenciennes)* ....(E. and G.) Bathyagonus nigripinnis Gilbert* (E. and G.) Asterotheca pentacantha (Gilbert)* (E. and G.) (Xenochirus) Asterotheca alascana (Gilbert)* (Gilbert) (Xenochirus) Odontopyxis trispinosus Lockington (E. and G.) Anoplagonus inermis (Giinther) (Gilbert) ( Aspidophoroides LIPARIDAE—Liparids Liparis cyclopus Giinther (Gilbert) fucensis Gilbert* (Gilbert) " dennyi Jordan and Starks* (Gilbert) Careproctus ovigerum (Gilbert) (n.s.)* (Gilbert) (Bathyphasma) Careproctus gilberti Burke* (Burke) " melanurus Gilbert* (Burke) Paraliparis deani Burke* (Burke) (in E. and G. as Paraliparis holomelas; also from 4202 in E. BATHYMASTERIDAE—Ronquils Ronquilus jordani (Gilbert)* (Gilbert) (E. and G.) BLENNIIDAE—Blennies Bryostemma decoratum Jordan and Snyder (Gilbert) (Chirolophus polyactocephalus) ZOARCIDAE—Eel pouts Lycodes brevipes Bean* (E. and G.) Furcimanus diapterus (Gilbert) (E. and G.) Bothrocara mollis Bean (n.s.)* .(Bean) DEREPODICHTHYIDAE—Cusk pouts. Derepodichthys alepidotus Gilbert (n.s.)* (Gilbert) .

IVOL. XLVIII 126 The Canadian Field-Naturalist

123-138, incl. of Scorpsenoid fishes) of Western America. Report, 1903 (1905), p. Publ. of Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 216, tables 1926. Doc. 5U9, issued May 17, 190U- 1904. records U.S. Bur. Fish. Dredging and other U.S. Bur. Fish. Dredging and hydrographic of the United States Fish Commission records of the U.S. fisheries steamer Al- steamer Albatross, with bibliography re- batross for 1904 and 1905. lative to the work of the vessel. Comp. Report and special papers, 1905 (1907). (Chronological bi- by C. H. Townsend. 80 p. incl. tables. bliography relative to w^ork of the Al- Doc 60k, issued Dec. 1 1906. 1906. batross: p. 501-562). tables, Report 1900 (1901), p. 387-562, incl. U. S. Bur. Fish. Dredging and hydrographic pi. I-VII (part. fold.). records of the U. S. fisheries steamer Doc. I^72, issued Oct. 21^, 1901. 1901. Albatross for 1906. Report and special papers, 1906 (1908U U. S. Bur. Fish. Records of the dredgings and 50 incl. tables. other collecting and hydrographic stations p. Doc. issued Aug. 27, 1907. 1907. of the fisheries steamer Albatross in 1903. 621,

VASCULAR PLANTS COLLECTED DURING THE CANADIAN HUDSON STRAIT EXPEDITION IN 1927. By FRITS JOHANSEN

INTRODUCTION August 24 to September 10, and from October URING the season (July-October) of 5 to October 15; (4) Eric Cove, (Cape Wol- naturalist, stenholme), Ungava, on the south side of the D 1927, I was attached, as to the Canadian Hudson Strait Expe- western end of Hudson Strait, where I was dition. While my main work there ashore on August 1-3; (5) Nottingham Island, was zoological, as (partly) recorded in The in the western end of Hudson Strait, where I Canadian Field -Naturalist, 45; 80-83, 1931, stayed from August 4-17. A summary of my plants, Ottawa, I also collected a number of observations on the natural features of im- for at the five localities where I was ashore portance to the vegetation at each of these shorter or longer time. These plants have five localities, together with Prof. Ostenfeld's been kindly identified by the late Prof. C. H. lists of the plants I collected there, follows. Ostenfeld of Copenhagen who, together with About 110 species in all were secured. the late Dr. M. 0. Malte, of Ottawa, was I. Port Burwell, Ungava engaged in a comprehensive study of the See detail-map made by Miles and King in 1910. arctic flora. Prof. Ostenfeld informed me in these a letter (dated February 3, 1930) that This harbour lies upon the west side of plants from Hudson Strait, 1927, contained Cape Chidley Island, the latter being separated several interesting records. Owing to the by McLean Strait from the mainland of death of Prof. Ostenfeld, and to the scarcity Labrador-Ungava. A smaller island, at low of published records for plants from Hudson tide connected with the main island, forms the to Strait, I deem it advisable and of interest northside of the harbour. known. make this collection The country consits of gneiss, in the form Burwell, higher cliffs, and as a whole The five localities are: (1) Port of rockbeds or streams of any Ungava, on the south side of the eastern end it is very stony. There are no Sep- Island, particularly not of Hudson Strait, where I stayed from size on Cape Chidley Harbcur, but only brooks, running into tember 12 to October 3; (2) Lake in the autumn, the the various ponds or lakes lying in on the soui^h coast of Baffin Island (on or from the rocks. The vegetation north side of the middle of Hudson Strait), depressions among Woke- is mainly found on such valley stretches, where I was ashore on August 23; (3) fresh-water bodies or brackish- ham Bay, Ungava, on the south side of the around the water lagoons; and at particularly favor- middle of Hudson Strait, where I stayed from =

November, 1934) The Canadian Fibld-Naturaust 127

able places it attains the form of shrubbery, Hippuris vulgaris Linn. composed of willows, birch, blue-berries, etc. Pyrola grandiflora Rad. But even the high cliffs exhibit other colours Ardostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. than that of stone: the lichens, mosses, a Vaccinium vitis-idsea L., forma pumilum Horn. {Sediim Crassulaceous plant ) and a fern uliginosum L., var. alpinum Bigel.

( Cystopteris ), etc., enlivening- their vertical Statice armeria L., var. labradoriea Turcz. ( faces or crevices with grey, brown, red, or Armeria elongata Hoffm.) green colours, glittering in the sun. *Veronica alpina L., var. Wormskioldii Roem. The following plants were collected here, & Sch. at Port Burwell, in the last half of September, Mertensia (Stenhammaria) maritima (L.) S. F. 1927, a total of 52 species. Gray. Campanula rotundifolia Linn. 'Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Taraxacum croceum Dahlst. *Equisetum varieqaium Schleich. Erigeron unalaschkensih (D.C.) Vierh. ( = E. arvonse Linn. uniflorus L., var. unalaschkensis) Lycopodium selago var. L , appressum Desv. * Juncus casianeus Sm. II. Lake Harbour. Baffin Island Eriophorum Scheuchz ri Hoppe. The place where I was ashore, at Lake polystachyum Linn. (=E. angusii- Harbour, was in the outer part of the sailing- folium Roth.) in to the post, where the "Larch" remained Carex membranopada Bailey. anchored, between a larger island (with an Poa rigens Hartm. (=P. ardica R.Br.) Eskimo camp on it) and the "Meta incognita" * " alpina Linn. part of Baffin Island (also with an Eskimo Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt. camp), from 4 p.m. on August 22 to the ney.'; Salix speciosa Hook. & Arn. (?) day's noon. " uva-ursi Pursh. The coast of Baffin Island here consists of ardica Pall., var. steep cliffs of gneiss and schists falling down Polygonum viviparum Linn. to the sea; but with much vegetation, Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill. particularly around lakes and ponds, in the Cerostium alpinum Linn. shelter of cliffs, and in the grassy gullies Stellaria longipes Goldie. intersecting the coastal cliffs and containing " humifusa Rottb. the outlets from the fresh-water bodies in- Honckenya Halianihus) peploides (L.) Ehrh. land. At these place, willow bushes some- Melandryum apetalum (L.) Fenzl. times reach almost to the knees, and a little Silene acaulis Linn. inland shrubbery of low dwarf birches occurs. *Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. " I followed a brook from the coast, up over * eradicatus (Laest.) i=Batra.chium the cliffs, to the lake it came from, at about paucistamineum, Tausch., var.) 100 feet elevation, noticing on my way the *Arabis alpina Linn. progressing erosion, in the form of gravel Cochlearia officinalis L. var. groenlandica (L.) debris, of the cliffs, when exposed to the air. Gelert. The lake itself had a stony or gravelly bottom, Draba alpina Linn. and no vegetation extending out into it, * " lactea Adams. (=D. Wahlenbergii Hart.) though surrounded by a grassy swamp at its Eutrema edwardsii R. Br" western end, and around its outlet at its *Sedum roseum (L.) (=S. rhodiola D.C.) east end. Saxifraga oppositifolia Linn. " The following plants were collected here, aizoides Linn. " on "Meta incognita", on August 23, a total cernua Linn. " of 33 species. foliolosa R. Br. {=S. stellaris L. var. comosa Poir.) *Lycopodium annotinum L., var. pungens Desv. groenlandica hmn. (=S. caespitosa L.) Eriophorum Scheuchzeri Hoppe. Potentilla alpestris Hall, (=P. maculata Pourr.) " polystachyum Linn. (=E.angustifolium * " (Comarum) palustris (L.) Scop. Roth.) Dryas integrifolia M. Vahl. Carex rigida Good. Oxyiropis terrse-novse Fernald. * " rariflora Sm.

Epilobium (Chamaenerion) latifolium L. (Hook) Poa rigens Hartm. ( = P. ardica R.Br.)

*Epilobium anagallidifoliiim Lam. ( = E. alpin- Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt. um Linn.) Salix ardica Pall, x S. glauca L. (?) 128 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

Salix herbacea Linn. passes high steep cliffs, alternating with Betula glandulosa Michx. grassy slopes intersected by brooks; and Polygonum viviparum Linn. finally reaches the bottom of the bay, where Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill. a river comes out among boulder- or gravel- Stellaria longipes Goldie. flats, merging into marshes or higher tundra Silene acaulis Linn. further up the wide, cliff-bordered valley here. *Ranunculus lapponicus Linn. I was here on September 1st.

Empetrum nigrum Linn , var. hermaphroditum The vegetation at Wakeham Bay is better (Lange) Hagerup than at Port Burwell and Lake Harbour; and Saxifrage tricuspidata Rottb. particularly luxurious in protected cliff gullies, integrifolia M. Vahl. Dryas river banks or valley stretches, and on the Potentilla alpestris Hall. (=P. maculata Pourr.) ruins of old Eskimo stone-houses, situated on Epilobium (Chamsenerion) latijolium (L.) Hook. grassy promontories at the bay or along in- Hippuris vulgaris Linn. land lakes. At such places a shrubbery of Pyrola grandiflora Rad. willows, birch, blueberries, etc., occurs; though *Bryanthus (Phyllodoce) cceruleus (L.) Dippel. certain species of plants (e.g. Ruhus cha- Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. msemorus ) are found only some distance in- Vaccinium vitis-idsea L., forma pumilum Horn- land. em. following plants were collected here, " uliginosum L., var. alpinum Bigel. The at Bay, at the end of August, Diapensia lapponica Linn. Wakeham and beginning of September, a total of 70 species. Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don. * " (Harrimanella) hypnoides (L.) D. Don. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Ledum decumhens Lodd. (=L. palustre L., var, Equiseium arvense Linn. decMw6ens) Lycopodium selago L., var. appressum Desv. Pedicularis lapponica Linn. Luzula confusa Lindeb. Aniewwaria alpina (L.) Gaertn. " nivalis (^Laest.), var. longifolia Beurl., Taraxacum russeolum Dahlst. var. & typ.

Eriophorum polystachion Linn. ( =E. angustifol- III. Wakeham Bay, Ungava ium Roth,) The outer part of Wakeham Bay presents Carex rigida Good. high, steep gneiss cliffs on both sides, inter- " membranopacta Bailey. sected by cross-gullies, and hiding longitud- Poa rigens Hartm. inal valleys containing watercourses, lakes * " glauca Vahl. and ponds. At the middle part of the bay, " alpigena Lindm. however, a wide valley, divided at its mouth Alopecurus alpinus Sm. by a lower rocky hill, comes down to the sea Arctagrostis latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb. in the form of a broad, coastal plain, upon Trisetum spieatum (L.) Richt. which the buildings of the trading posts of *Puccinellia retroflexa (Curt.) Holmb. the Hudson Bay Company and Revillon Freres Elymus arenarius Linn. are situated. Behind this lower rocky hill, *Tofieldia palustris Huds. most of the valley is taken up by a system Betula glandulosa Michx. of half a score of lakes, mutually connected, Salix arctica Pall, x S. glauca Linn. (?) fed from the surrounding hill slopes, and with ' uva-ursi Pursh. creek outlets in the above mentioned coastal " sp. (S. speciosa Hook & Arn.?) plain. This chain of lakes stretches all the " reticulata Linn. way to Joy Bay (the large wide bay east of " herbacea Linn. Wakeham Bay); three of the lakes draining Polygonum viviparum Linn. into Wakeham Bay, and six or seven of them Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill. into Joy Bay. I covered the whole stretch of Silene acaulis Linn. these lakes out and back, on October 10th; Honckenya (Halianthus) peploides (L.) Ehrh. finding that at the bottom of Joy Bay their Stellaria humifusa Rottb. creek outlets spread out over extensive mud- " longipes Goldie. fiats, boulder stretches and marshes, an entire- Cerastium alpinum Linn. ly different coast-nature from the higher Melandryum affine Vahl. tundra-plain in the middle of Wakeham Bay. *Ranunculus affinis R. Br. Proceeding further up Wakeham Bay one *Anemone Richardsonii Hook. November, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 129

Papaver radicatum Rottb. (= P nudicaule into a deep valley behind. The above men- Linn.) tioned river receives, during its course, a Eutrema edwardsii R. Br. couple of tributary creeks (one of which comes Draba nivalis Liljsbl. down the western river slope through a cliff " alpina Linn. gorge up the valley) and many similar brooks; *Cochlearia officinalis L., var. arctica Schlecht. but there is no lake at its head. Empetrum nigrum L., var. hermaphroditum The vegetation is fairly good, particularly (Lange) Hagerup. in the swamps and protected places (banks, Saxifraga foliolosa R. Br. (=5. stellaris L., etc.) of the river, or in the cliff gullies lead- var. comosa Poir.) ing up from its slopes, judging from my tricuspidata Rottb. excursions several miles up the valley through groenlandica Linn. i=S. csespitosa which it runs in its middle and upper course. Linn.) A detail map of Eric Cove was made by hirculus Linn. Hazen in 1912. aizoides Linn. The following plants were collected here, cernua Linn. at Eric Cove, during the first days of Au.gust, Chrysosplenium alternifolium L., var. ietrandrum a total of 56 species. Lund. Lycopodium selago L., var. appressum Desv. *Parnassia Kotzebuei Ch. & Schl. *Lnzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. *Rubus chamsemorus Linn. " cnnfusa Lindeb. Dryas integrifolia M. Vahl. " nivalis Laest., var. longifolia Beurl. Potentilla alpestris Hall. ( = P. maculata Pourr.) Eriophorum Scheuchzeri Hoppe. Astragalus alpinus Linn. " polystachion Linn. (=E. angu^ti- Oxytropis terrse-novse Fernald. folium Roth.) Epilobium (Chamsenerion) latifolium (L.) Hook. Carex rigida Good. Pyrola grandiflora Rad. " membranopada Bailey. Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don. Poa alpigena Lindm. Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. " rigens Hartm. =P. arctica R. Br.) Ledum decumbens Lodd. (=L. palustre L., var. ( Alopecurus alpinus Sm. decumbens Ait.) Arctagrostis latifolia (R. Br.) Griseb. *Rhododendron lapponicum (L.) Wg. Hierochloe alpina R. & S. Vaccinium ritis-idxa L., var. pumilum Hornem. *Festuca ovina L., var. brevifolia R. Br. " uliginosum L., var. alpinum Bigel. Elymus arenarius Linn. Statice armeria L., var. labradorica Turcz. ( = Salix arctica Pall, x S. glauca Linn. (?) Armeria elongata Hoffm.) " herbacea Linn. Pedicularis hirsuta Linn. " Polygonum viviparum Linn. lapponica Linn. Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill. Mertensia (Stenhammaria) maritima (L.) S. F. Silene acaulis Linn. Gray. Honckenya (Halianthus) peploides (L.) Ehrh. Campanula uniflora Linn. " Stellaria longipes Goldie. rotundifolia Linn. Melandryum apetalum (L.) Fenzl. Antennaria alpina (L.) Gaertn. affine Vahl. Aniica alpina (L.) Olin. Cerastium alpinum Linn. Taraxacum russeolum Dahlst. *Ranunculus nivalis Linn. Erigeron unalaschkensis (D.C.) Vierh. [=E. uni- " * Sabinei R. Br. florus L., var. unalaschkensis). Papaver radicatum Rottb. ( = P. nudicaule IV. Eric Cove, Ungava Linn.) The sides of Eric Cove (just east of Cape Eutrema Edwardsii R. Br. Wolstenholme) are formed by cliffs, up to *Draba hirta Linn (=D. daurica Df.) 2000 feet high composed of Precambrian " nivalis Liljebl. schists. Here and there, these cliffs are inter- Empetrum nigrum Linn. sected by gullies by which they can be as- Saxifraga foliolosa R. Br. (=S. stellaris L., cended; but the bottom of the cove is a v^^ide var. comosa Poir.) " expanse of sand and gravel, deposited by the * nivalis Linn. river coming out here. The buildings of the " grosnlandica Linn. (=S. esespitoaa Hudson Bay Company are situated upon this Linn.) " level, coastal plain, which gradually merges tricuspidata Rottb. 130 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

Saxifraga cernua Linn. plains, the vegetation being best developed Dryas integrifolia Vahl. here. The remains (stone-caches, shelters, etc.) Potentilla atpesiris Hall. ( = P. maculata Pourr.) of former Eskimo inhabitants of the Astragalus alpinits Linn. island, are also found along this route. The *Oxyfropis MaydelUana Trautv. greatest variety in the vegetation is, however, Epilobium [Chamsenerion) latifolium (L.) Hook. found near the coast, as proven also by the Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don. more barren nature of the animal life inland, Ledum decumbens Lodd. (=L. palustre L., var. compared to that nearer the sea. The more decumbens Ait.) exposed islets off Nottingham have of course, Diapensia lapponica Linn. few species of vascular plants; thus I found Vaccinium vUis-idsea L., var. pumilum Hornem. only half a dozen of them on one islet visited " uliginosum L., var. a^pinum Bigel. on August 15 (See list below.) = Statice armeriah., var. labradorica Turcz. ( The following plants were collected here, Armeria elongata Hoffm.) on Nottingham Island, in the middle of Aug- Pedicularis hirsuta Linn. ust, a total of 40 species. " lapponica Linn. Lycopodium selago. L., var. appressum Desv. Mertensia (Stenhammaria) maritima (L.) S. F. Luzula confusa Lindeb. Gray. Eriophorum Scheuchzeri Hoppe. uniflora Linn. Campanula Alopecurus alpinus Sm. Antennaria alpina (L.) Gaertn. *Dupontia Fischeri R. Br. Arnica alpina (L.) Olin. *Puccinellia lenella (Lange) O. R. Holmb. (from Taraxacum croceum Dahlst. an islet off Nottingham Island only.) *Erigeron uniflorus Linn. Hierochloe alpina R. & Sch. Salix arctica Pall, x S. glauca Linn. (?) (also V. Nottingham Island. from islet off Nottingham Island.) herbacea Linn. island consists of gneiss-rocks, inuch This " reticulata Linn. forming island-like hummocks, glaciated, and Polygonum viviparum Linn. surrounded by plains of boulder-clay Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill. origin, stretching to an elevation of of marine Honckenya (Halianthus) peploides (L.) Ehrh. 50-100 feet inland. While R. Bell did not find (also from islet off Nottingham Island). shells in boulder-clay on the any marine the Silene acaulis Linn. the island, in 1884, I found, in east side of Stellaria longipes Goldie. fossil Mollusc 1927, great quari';ities of sub Cerastium alpinum Linn. Saxicava, Tellina, etc.) shells {Mya, on the Melandryum apetalum. (L.) Fenzl. south end of the island, in the boulder-clay, Ranunculus pygmseus Wg. or washed out from it. The boulder-clay Papaver radicatum Rottb. ( = P. nudicaule Linn.) plains are often very extensive; and at many Draba nivalis Liljebl. places come down to the sea (particularly at " alpina Linn. the head of bights or inlets) in the form of *Cardamine pratensis Linn. boulder strewn, sandy, gravel beaches or clay Cochlearia officinalis L., var. grcenlandica (L.) mudflats, alternating with stretches of rocky Gelert. coast. The general nature of the island, as Empetrum nigrum Linn. noticed on August 13 from one of the by me Saxifraga grcenlandica Linn. { — S. caespdhsa highest points on the south end (cairn with (Linn.) (also from islet off Not- record built here), showed rocky ridges and tingham Island). outcrops intervening with, often extensive, tricuspidata Rottb. valleys, partly filled by many lakes and ponds. hircuius Linn. There are apparently no rivers of any size * " rivularis Linn, (from islet off Not- upon the island; only creeks and brooks, con- tingham Island only). " necting or running into or out of the various lakes oppositifolia Linn (also from islet off and ponds. The large lakes are sometimes divided Nottingham Island). up by rocky islands or points, and have bould- Chrysosplenium alternifolium L., VB.T.tetrandrum er-strewn margins. For botanical, entomolo- Lund. gical, and fresh-water biological collecting, Dryas integrifolia M. Vahl. it is therefore natural to follow the merging Potentilla alpestris Hall ( =F. maculata Pourr.) of the sea-coves into the inland valleys and Astragalus alpinus Li'nn. November, 19341 The Canadian Field-Naturalist 131

Pyrola grandiflora Rad. at Wakeham Bay; eight at Eric Cove; and Cassiope letragona (L.) D. Don. seven on Nottingham Island. Collections Vaccinium uliginosum L.. var. alpinum Bigel. made by others in the same area will, of *Pedicularis lanata Cham. & Schlecht. course, greatly reduce this number of species, Mertensia (Stenhammaria) maritima (L.) S. P. when published. But at present, both these Gray (also from islet off Nottingham 40 species, and the other 70 odd species, also Island). collected, form a working basis for future *Chrysanthemum integrifoUum Rich. investigations of the vegetation in Hudson *Matricana inodora L., var. grand'flora Hook. Strait. In this connection it is greatly to be wirhed that the large collections of plants Conclusion. made there by Canadian botanists may be

It will be seen from the above that not less published. than 40 species of plants were observed only For photographs of the above mentioned at one locality, thus emphasizing the floral localities, refer to: Report of the Hudson

variety in Hudson Strait. These forty species Strait Expedition 1927-28 , Ottawa 1929, pp. are marked with an asterisk in the lists above 194-196, 201-203 (Port Burwell); 192-193, 198- for each locality. Eleven of these were found 200, 204, 207-208, 210 (Wakeham Bay); 185- at Port Burwell; five at Lake Harbour; nine 191, 197-198, 206 (Nottingham Island).

NOTES ON THE FISH FAUNA OF AN EASTERN ONTARIO SHALLOW WATER LAKE By G. C. TONER and J. A. STEVENSON Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario.

NOWLEDGE of the fish fauna of 5 metres in depth. Roughly a mile and three- eastern Ontario is largely limited to quarters in greatest length, its main axis is the game and commercial species. north and south. It is separated into three The black basses, the lake trout and large arms or bays; with swamps near the the whitefish have an extended literature but ends, indicating that in former times the lake very few of the smaller fishes have been was much larger than it is at present. Three studied in this part of the province. In a streams enter, and one leaves, the lake. general way it is knov/n that certain types None of these have much flow except during of fish are present, but there is no exact high water. Geologically, Long Lake is in a knowledge of where many of the smaller region of metamorphic rocks overlaid to a kinds may be found. Dymond et al (1929) great extent by glacial till and gravel. The has written of the fishes of Lake Ontario and deepest portion of the lake is towards the Bishop (1931) reported on the fishes of the eastern shore where it is borderd by steep, Upper St. Lawrence River. Hubbs and Brown rocky hills. The land on the west shore of (1929) listed some collections from the east- the lake is gently sloping. Several shoal ern end of Lake Ontario and the Upper St. areas are present, and in times of low water Lawrence. The many small lakes of the east- two of these appear at the surface as small ern counties have been almost entirely islands. neglected. Shallow water and vegetation are important The present paper is preliminary to further factors in the production of fish in a lake. studies on the lakes in the vicinity of Kings- This is particularly true of the type of lake ton, Ontario. It is hoped that lakes of the that is under review. The literature shows first and second orders (Chapman 1929, p. that these factors are recognized as important 305) will be examined another season. Long by the aquatic biologists. Adams and Han- Lake, which is situated three-quarters of a kinson (1926) found that shallow waters have mile north of the village of Verona, is one the most varied conditions, because here are of the headwater lakes of the Napanee River. the greatest changes in temperature and in It is a typical example of Chapman's third light, the greatest variety of vegetation and order of lakes, that is, a shallow water lake the feeding and breeding grounds of most of without a thermocline. Its greatest depth the fish and the main habitat of the young is about 12 metres but half of it is less than fish. Bensley (1915) says that the environ- .

[Vol. 1S2 The Canadian Field-Naturaust XLVIII

survey have been deposited mental protection afforded by weeds enables made during the in the Museum of Zoology, University of a variety of smaller fishes and the young of Michigan and in the Biological Museum, larger fishes to maintain themselves against University. Hubbs (1929) predatory fishes. Predatory forms them- Queen's (1926) and Hubbs and Greene (1928) have been selves, find in swamp situations, an abundant of specimens. and convenient food supply. Klugh (1926) followed in the naming suggested that the rooted aquatics might be used as an index to the productivity of a ANNOTATED LIST. lake. 1. Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill). large area of shoal water is productive The The brook trout is found above Long of great quantities of vegetations. Emergent Lake in a small stream tributary to types such as Typha, Zizania, Sagittaria, Craig's Creek. A large individual of this species was taken from the lake by a Scirpus and floating types such as Nymphsea tourist in the summer of 1933. This is are found in -".he shore zone. and Castalia the only Salmonidsp found in these waters. along the west These are mainly to be seen It is not native to the watershed but was and south shores. In deeper water are found introduced. Elodea the submerged and free floating types, 2. Anguilla bostorensis Le Sueur. Eels are quite common with many taken the mouths of creeks and Potamogeton, in each summer by anglers. Myriophyllum, Utricularia, Vallisnerio, etc, 3. Cotostomus commersonni (Lacepede). water to about 5 meters over the shoals and in About 1928 large numbers of common in depth. suckers were found dead in this lake. during the survey. There are great numbers of small fish of Ten adults were taken Several of these were diseased. various species in the lake which form a link 4. Moxostoma aureolum (Le Sueur). in the food chains of the larger game fishes. The redfin sucker is a common fish are Fry and fingerlings of the game species of the watershed and was reported from quite common. Both kinds use the weed beds Long Lake by reliable observers. Not for shelter as indicated in the seine hauls. taken during the survey. The greatest numbers and varieties were 5. Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill). The golden shiner is one of the most taken over and among the weeds. Sight common fish in the lake. A number were schools of many hundreds observation showed identified by Dr. Greeley as N. c. auratus. in similar situations. The guides and anglers 6. Notropis heterolepis Eigenmann and recognize the importance of the outer edges Eigenmann. of the weed beds as the best fishing grounds. The black nose shiner is quite common All the large game fish taken during the in the submerged vegetation. Several were placed in of Zoology, survey were from the deeper water at the the Museum University of Michigan. edges of the weed covered shoals. 7. Notropis heterodon Cope. abundance of the food fishes and the The This species resembles N. heterolepis young of the various species that the angler very closely and is known by the same catches suggest that the lake could support common name. They are quite plentiful many more game fishes than would seem to in Long Lake. A number sent to the University of Michigan were identified by be present. Possibly, the planting of adult Dr. Greeley. fish would be of advantage as many of the 8. Notropis cornutus (Mitchill) cyprinids and the smaller sunfish and perch Common shiners were in smaller num- would be used as food and removed as com- bers than some of the other cyprinids of petitors of the young game fish. A complete the lake. Specimens were identified by stocking policy for the lake cannot be made Dr. Greeley as N. c. fontalis. until more data upon its ecology is available 9. Hyborhynchus notatus (Rafinesque). and this will in turn depend on further study The blunt nose minnow was taken over the submerged vegetation, and in bays of the lake. of the east shore. This species and the The writers wish to thank Mr. E. Martin golden shiner are regarded as the best of Kingston for supplying transportation and bait for the game fish. the use of his cottage. Dr. Carl L. Hubbs and 10. Ameiurus nebulosus (Le Sueur). Dr. J. R. Greeley of the University of Mich- A number of adult bullhead were taken igan for identifying many of the fishes and in the hoopne^':s. A yearling was taken in a seine haul in shallow water. It is the guides and residents of the vicinity for common in the creeks entering and assistance in many ways. The collections leaving the lake. .

November, 19341 The Camadian Field-Naturaust 133

11. Esoxlucius Linnaeus. among the lilypads and along the rocky The pike in Long Lake are badly dis- shores. eased. Lesions were found on the fins 24. Micropterus dolomieu (Lacepede). and sides of all those taken. These The small mouth bass is common in the lesions look like large boils and have a lake and good fishing is to be had during blood-red raggedy appearance on the the season. Some planting of this spe- freshly caught fish. In one or two in- cies has been done by the Ontario Depart- stances of fish found dead, these boils ment of Game and Fisheries. were the apparent cause of death. It is 25. Fundulus diaphanus (Le Sueur). hoped that further investigations will be This species of top-minnow was taken made on the cause of this disease. in the seinehauls along the gravel 12. Umbra Umi (Kirtland) and sand beaches of the eastern shore. The mud minnow was reported present. Dr. Greeley, to whom a number were Occasionally used as bait in winter fishing submitted, reports them as intermediates through the ice. between F. d. diaphanus and F. d. menona. 13. Perca flavescens Mitchill. It is interesting to note that Long Lake One of the most abundant fishes in the is apparently in the area where eastern lake. Heavily parasitized by encysted and western forms intergrade. This has trematodes. been observed by the senior author in a 14. Slizostedion vitreum (Mitchill). number of different forms and further Great numbers of pike-perch are taken collections will probably show still more by the anglers every year. In former of these intergrades. times these fish were speared while on 26. Lota maculosa (Le Sueur). the spawning beds. Spearing is now il- The ling is common in deep water legal and conditions have im.proved. during the summer and moves inshore 15. Stizostedion glaucum Hubbs. during the winter. Numbers have been Included here since a skin of this spe- taken in the outlet during the cold cies was seen in the possession of a weather. licensed guide. Apparently introduced by mistake for S. vitreum. LITERATURE CITED 16. Pcecilithys exilis (Girard). Only one specimen of the Iowa darter Adams, C.C. and Hankinson, T.L. was taken during the survey. It was 1928, Economics and ecology of Oneida Lake 242- found in the sand bay of the eastern Fish. Roosevelt Wild Life Annals, 1: shore. Identified by Dr. Greeley. 548. Bensley, B.A. 17. Percina caprodes (Rafinesque). 1915. The fishes of the Georgian Bay. Contr. The log perch was taken on the east- Can. Biol., 1911-1914. Fas. 11: 1-51. ern shore and appeared to be common. Chapman, R.N. Specimens from the lake were identified 1931. Animal Ecology. New York. 1-464. by Dr. Greeley as P. c. semifasciata. Dymond, J. R., Hart, J. L., and Pritchard, A.L. 18. Helioperca macrochira (Rafinesque). 1929. The fishes of the Canadian waters of The bluegill was found in numbers Lake Ontario. Univ. Tor. Stud., Biol. among the submerged vegetation and in Ser., Pub. Ont. Fish. Res. Lab., No. 37: the creeks and bays of the lake. 1-33. 19. Eupomotis gibbosus (Linnaeus). Greeley, J. R. and Bishop, S. C. The common sunfish is very abundan' 1931. Fishes, Biological Survey of the Oswe- and every seinehaul took large numbers of gachie and Black River Systems. New this species. Hoop nets set in the outlet York Cons. Dept. Biol. Sur., No. VI: 54- secured many adults. 93. Hubbs,' C. L. 20. Eupomotis gibbosus x Helioperca macrochira. 1926. Check list of the Fishes of the Great Hybrids between the common sunfish Lakes and tributary waters. Univ. Mich. and the bluegill were the surprise of the Mus. Zool. Misc. Pub., 15: 1-77. survey. Dr. Greeley, who identified them, 1929. Additions and Corrections to the list says that the ratio of hybrids to norjual of the Fishes of the Great Lakes and forms seems to be high in this lake. tributary waters. Papers Mich. Acad. 21. Pomoxis sparoides (Lacepede). Sci. Arts, and Letters, 11; 425-426. The crappie was not taken by the Hubbs, C. L. and Greene, C. W. authors but was reported present over 1927. Further notes on the fishes of the the weedy shoals. Great Lakes. Papers Mich. Acad. Sci. 22. Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque). Arts and Letters, 8: 371-392. The rock bass is not as common as Hubbs, C. L. and Brown, D.E.S. might be expected. Large specimens 1929. Materials for a distributional study of were taken in quite shallow water. Ontario fishes. Trans. Roy. Can. Inst., 23. Aplites salmoides (Lacepede). 17: 1-56. The large mouth bass is a typical fish Klugh. A. B. of this order of lake. Fingerlings were 1926. The productivity of Lakes. Quar. Rev. moderately common in the seinehauls Biol., 1: 572-577. ;

134 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

SOREX PALUSTRIS BROOKSI, A NEW WATER SHREW FROM VANCOUVER ISLAND' By RUDOLPH MARTIN ANDERSON

> Published with the permission of the acting Director, External Meiasurembnts.— Type (female): National Museum of Canada, Department of Mines, Ottawa. total length, 150 mm.; tail vertebra3, 70.5; MARCH 30, 1934, Major Allan ON hindfoot, 20. Brooks, D.S.O., sent in a well-made m skin with accompanying skull of a Skull.^—Skull sliiihtly longer than in Sorex palustris (nursing- ?)female Water Shrew from navigator (Baird), the nearest main- land form; tapering more anteriorly, Comox, on the east coast of Vancouver Island, cranium higher, with pronovmced sagittal ridge. as a donation to the National Museum of and Canada, suggesting that it was probably the Skull Measurements. — Type (female): con- Neosorex first definite record of the subgenus dylo-basal length, 20.3 mm.; palatal length, 9.0; Island. Further investiga- from Vancouver cranial breadth, 9.8; interorbital breadth, 4.0; tions not shown any further records of have maxillary breadth, 6.0; maxillary tooth row, the Water Shrew from Vancouver Island, and 7.5; mandibular tooth row, 6.0. comparison with about 70 specimens of Water Shrews from Eastern and Western Canada Comparisons.—Compared with a series of and with the literature on the subject shows 27 specimens of Sorex (Neosorex) palustris that the Comox specimen has characters navigator (Baird) from the mainland of differentiating it from any of the named British Columbia and 13 specimens of the forms. In recognition of the work of Major same subspecies from Alberta, the Comox Brooks as an artist, collector, and field-natur- specimen is noticeably darker above, being al- alist in British Columbia, and his valued most black with very faint silvery tips on services to the National Museum of Canada in some of the hairs. The mainland specimens sending specimens to this institution at all look noticeably grayish in comparison. various times from 1897 to the present time, S. p. navigator specimens have the under parts the name brooksi is proposed for the Van- smoke gray or pale smoke gray, more or less couver Island Water Shrew. glossy or silvery, while brooksi has the under parts hair brown, giving a dusky appearance, Sorex palustris brooksi new subspecies. glossy in certain lights. In dusky colour of Vancouver Island Water Shrew. the under parts, brooksi approaches Sorex Type.—Female adult, skin and skull, No. (Atophyrax) bendirii bendirii (Merriam) in 12370, National Museum of Canada; Black appearance, but somewhat lighter in colour Creek, 150 feet altitude, Comox district, east than in any of 6 specimens of bendirii exam- coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, ined. S. p. brooksi also has the throat and latitude 49° 50' north, longitude 125° 08' west; chin much lighter in colour than in bendirii March 29, 1934; collected by Allan Brooks. specimens examined, in this respect approach- Geographic Distribution.—Known only from ing the condition found in Sorex palustris al- type locality, on Black Creek, about 14 miles bibarbis (Cope) which ranges from western northwest of Comox, Vancouver Island, British New Brunswick through southern Quebec and Columbia. Ontario. The skull of brooksi is slightly longer than in navigator with cranium taper- Diagnostic Characters.—Upper parts glossy ing more anteriorly, higher, and with pro- black with sparse, very faint silvery tips on nounced sagittal ridge not seen in any female some hairs; under parts glossy hair brown, specimens of navigator, and in only two male becoming paler on throat, fading to dull specimens of navigator, the development of whitish around lips. sagittal ridge showing a tendency to approach Colour.— Head, black, and tail uniform the condition occurring in Sorex alaskanus glossy black, with sparse, very faint silvery Merriam which is known only from Glacier tips on some hairs; sides slightly grayish in Bay, Alaska. colour; under parts glossy hair brown (Ridg- way's Colour Standards and Nomenclature) Specimens Examined.—One, from the typ)e tail dark fuscous above and around tip, under locality. side of tail whitish near base, gradually be- coming dusky towards tip. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa November, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 135 A NEW SPECIES OF GYRAULUS FROM CANADA By FRANK C. BAKER Curator, Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois,

Gyraulus hornensis nov. sp. flattened or excavated in related species Gyraulus arcticm Baker, Fresh Water Mollusca of such as aliissimus and parvus. In altissimus Wisconsin, Vol. 1, p. 381, plate xxii, Fig. 34-37, the body whorl is flattened near the upper 1928, Bui. 70. Wis. Geol. Nat Hist. Surv.; Baker and Cahn, Freshwater Mollusca from Central part and the aperture is very oblique and Ontario, Annual Report, National Museum of deflected (B in figure); in cyclcstomus the Canada, 1929 p 59, 1931 (part). Not Planorbis aperture is large and rounded, not oblique, arcticus (Beck MS) Moller, Index Moll. Greenland, the shell is much larger (see C in figure), and p. 5, 1842. the body whorl is almost round. Shell depressed, the periphery rounded; colour Hornensis in light corneous, surface shining; sculpture of fine, is common the Mackenzie oblique lines of growth with very fine spiral River region west of Great Slave Lake as lines, more or less conspicuous; nuclear whorls reported by Mr. Whittaker. It is also abund- small, rounded, spirally striate in sculpture; ant in western Ontario and specimens are in whorls about four, rapidly enlarging, the last the Natural History Museum from Wisconsin somewhat expanded near the aperture, round- and North Dakota. It has been confused altissimus ly angled at the periphery of the last whorl, with Gyraulus which appears to be the upper part of the body whorl slightly a composite species as usually recorded, in- altissimus flattened; spire flat, the whorls coiled in the cluding the true which was first same plane; the body whorl may be nearly known from Pleistocene deposits, and a flatter in line with the spiral turns or it may be form with strongly reamed-out umbilical deflected about a third of the distance from region. The relationships of these Pleistocene the aperture; sutures deeply channelled; base forms has not yet been satisfactorily worked concave exhibiting all of the whorls, the um- out. bilical region wide, but the body whorl well rounded, not flattened or having a reamed- out appearance; aperture obliquely, ovately rounded; lip thin, sharp, simple, or slightly thickened with a callus deposit; parietal wall with a white callus.

Aperture Height Gr. Diameter heieht Diameter in mm.

1.5 4.5 1.2 ] .5 Holotype 1.3 4.2 1.0 1.2 Paratype 2.0 4.6 1.5 1.6 Paratyoe

The last specimen with deflected body whorl. Type Locality: Birch Lake, Horn River, about 75 miles above the Mackenzie River, Mackenzie District, Canada. Collected by Mr. E. J. Whittaker, July, 1921. Types: Museum of Natural History, Univer- sity of Illinois, No. Z13072a. This small planorbid was erroneously refer- ed to arcticus in the Fresh Water Mollusca of Wisconsin. An examination of a specimen of Gyraulus arcticus from Greenland named by

Morch, in the U. S. National Museum, shows Fig. a. Gyraulus hornensis F. C. Baker, sp. that the Greenland species is more nearly nov., holotype. Birch Lake, Horn River, Mac- related to (ryraulus deflectus and not like kenzie District. Fig. B. Gyraulus altissimus ( F. C. Baker any member of the parvus group. This specimen ) holotype, Urbana, Illinois, Pleistocene. is shown at D in the figures. The new species, Fig. C. Gyraulus cyclostomus F. C. Baker, hornensis, is distinguished from its relatives paratype, Rosetown, Saskatchewan, Pleistocene. by the rounded periphery of the body whorl Fig. D. Gyraulus arcticus ('Beck' Moller), named by Mbrch, from Julianehaab, Greenland and the rounded umbilical whorls of the (U.S. Nat. Mus., 180297). All figures enlarged, base, especially the body whorl, these being the line indicating one mm. 136 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

BOOK REVIEWS

The Ecology of Animals By Charles Elton, as long and as careful a study of its bird-life Methuen & Co Ltd., Publishers, 36 Essex Street., as that surrounding London in the soutliern London W. C. 2. 97 pp. 3s. 6d. extension of the Ontario peninsula. As early as 1882 the senior author collaborated with ,Tohn handy little volume is one of a This Morden in "A List of the Birds of Western monographs on biological subjects series of Ontario" in the " Canadian Sportsman and The object is to issued by this publisher. Naturalist". Since then he has been untiring authoritative account of the give a brief but in developing the ornithology of his area in various depart- present state of knowledge and, thanks to a tremendous amount of a view to making ments of Biology with enthusiasm and energy, particular personal available to v.^orkers in other this account qualifications as a naturalist and an ability succeeded well in this fields. The author has to embue others with his enthusiasm, the subject of his choice, and teachers, aim for the succeeding fifty years have produced data readers will find much students and general of particular value as well as a crop of his treatment of the food for thought in observant assistant naturalists whose in- section of biology, many ramifications of this fluence on Canadian ornithology has been saved from having to dig too and will be marked. Mr. Saunders is today the Dean literature of the deeply into the specialized of Canadian Ornithology, of whose accuracy, require. The subject for the summary they experience and good judgment there can be headings are "The Scope of Animal chapter no question. Mr. Dale is a well qualified grad- "Ecological Surveys," "Animal Ecology," uate of the Saunders school and the two make "Habitats," "Numbers: Stat- Inter-relations," an admirable team to collect and publish the Dynamics", and "Economic istics" "Numbers: accumulated results. Problems." All of us are caught willy-nilly in the chains We have long looked for this list and are that link together all life on this earth, and gratified at its appearance. It is no dis- all of us should be interested in the inter- appointment. Pages 161 to 164 are concerned relations included in the ecological problem. with a description of the physiographic fea- The author shows how Ecology of animals tures of the country and the principal places affects such wide-spread interests as conserva- cited, illustrated by an adequate sketch map tion, public health, agriculture, fisheries and stripped of confusing, non-essential detail, and many others, touching on each in a very read- an outline of the ornithological history of able manner. Because of the lack of adequate the area. Perhaps this latter might have knowledge of this subject man has been mak- been extended to advantage. In the text ing very serious errors since the days of the we get brief glimpses of the Mordens, the great plague, and without question he is still Holmans, the Keays, the Elliots, and others, making them. A good start on this all- and here might have been a good place to embracing field for naturalists is Mr. Elton's put something on record concerning them book.—H.L. and their work. Following is an annotated list giving all pertinent data on the occurence of some 267 species with five hypothetical and four corrections. A History and List of Birds of Middle- The number of rare, casual or inconspicuous sex County, Ontario, By W. E. Saunders species cited is indicative of the keenness and and E. M. S. Dale. Reprinted from Transac- close continuance of observation and the tions of the Royal Canadian Institute, Vol. XIX, changes of fauna noted through the years of Part 2, 1933, pp. 161-21^8 plus index. The the length of time over which it has been University of Toronto Press, 1933. active. Altogether this list is a distinct Probably no part of Canada has received addition to Canadian ornithology.—P.A.T. Affiliated Societies

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE MANITOBA PROTECTION OF BIRDS INC. 1929-30 OFFICERS & COMMITTEE: Pretident Emeritus: C.E. Bastin; Pretident: G. Shirley Past Presidents: Mr. L. McI. Tbrrill, Brooks, Past Presidents: H. M. Sfebcbly, M.D., C. W. Mr. Nafibr Sioth, Mr. W. S. Hart; President: Mrs. C. L. Lows, M.Sc. A. A. McCouBREY. J. B. Walu3, M.A., Henderson, 1536 St. Matthew St., Montreal; V. W. Jackson M.Sc, a. M. Davidson, M.D.. R. A. Vice-Presidents: Mr. H. A. C. Jackson, Mr V. C. Wynne-Edwards, Wardle, M.Sc; Viee-Presideitts: Mrs, L. R. Simpson, Vice-President and Treasurer: Mr. Hbnry Mouslby; Secretary: C. L. Bboley, W. H. Rand. Dr. R. S. Kirk, B. W. Miss M. Seath; Cartwriqht, a. Burton Grbsham, Treasurer: A. G. Committee: Mrs. C. F. Dale, Mr. J. A. Decarib, Mr. W. Lawrbncb; Auditor: R. M. Thomas; Social Convenor: S. Hart, Mrs. H. Hibbert, Db. A. N. Jbnks, Mr. E. L. Mrs. A. J. Sbarle; General Secretary: Norman Lowe, Jin)AH, Mr. Fbaser Kbith, Miss P. B. Mattinson, Mics 817 Simcoe St., Winnipeg; Executive Secretary: J. Bladdow. L. Murphy, Miss M. S. Nicolson, Mr. C. Sait, Mr. L. McI.Spackman, L. Stetion Chairman Secretary Mr. McI. Terrill. Omilhologieal L. T. S. Norris-Elyb, B.A. A. H. Shortt Meetings held the second Monday of the month except dur- Entomologieal A. V. Mitchbner, M.Sc. Miss M.F. Pratt ing summer. Botanical Mrs. I. M. Priestly Mrs. H. T. Roaa Geologieal Miss C. J. Egan, P. H. Stokes lehihyological Ferris Neave, M.Sc. G. D. Russell SOCIETE PROVANCHER Mammalooieal V. W. JACKSON, M.Sc. J. P. Kennedy D'HISTOIRE Microscopy NATURELLE DU CANADA Zoology R. A. Wardle, M.Sc. Botany C. W. Lowe, M.Sc. H.Chas. Pbarcb Patron Honoraire: Son Excellence, lb Tres Honorabls CoMTB DE Bessborough, P.C, G.C.M.G., Gouverneur- Meetings are held each Monday evening, except on holiday G6n6ral du Canada; Vice-Patron Honoraire: Honorable from October to April, in the physics theatre of the University* M. G. H. Carroll, Lieutenant-Gouverneur de la Province Winnipeg. Field excursions are held each Saturday after- de Quebec; Bureau de Direction pour 19SU: President: Edgab noon during May, June and September, and on public holidays Rochette, C.R., M.P.P.; let vice-pr&sident: G. Stuart during July and August. Ahbrn; Siime vice-president: Dr. J.-E. Bernier; Secritaire- trtsorier: Louis-B. Lavoie; Chef de la section seientifiqut: THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION Dr. D.-A.Dery; Chef de la section de Propagande Mufation- nelle: Alphonse Dbsilbts, B.S.A.; Chef de la section de proUction: Adribn Falardeau, SOCIETY C.R.; Chef de la section~ Incorporated) d'information seientifique et pratique: James F.-. Rose: Directeurs: A. W. AhbrN. R Meredith, N.P., U. G. Tessier. Hon. President: W. E. Saundbbs, London, Ont.; President: Rgy. Calvin McQubston; Vice-President: R. Owbn Mebri- Seerttaire-trtsorier: Louis-B. Lavoib MAN. M.A., Kingston, Ont.; First Vice-President: Dr. H. G. 38, rue Sherbrooke. Qu6bee. ArnoTT; Second Vice-President: Mrs. F. E. MacLoghlin; Recording Secretary: J. Roland Brown; Secretary-Trfosurer: Miss Nina Duncan; Assistant Secretary-Treasurer: Miss E. McEwin; Junior Committee: Miss M. E. Graham; Pro- THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS' framme Committee: Rbv. C. A. HguvbN; Extension Committee: r. C. NUNN. CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1934-36. McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB, LONDON, ONT. Honorary President: Dr. A. P. Coleman; President: Arnott M.Patterson; Hon. Vice-Presidents: Hon. G. H. Challies President: Mr. Edison Matthews, 554 Central Ave., London Mr. j. H. Fleming, Dr. N. A. Powell: Vice-President- Mb! F. P. IDE, Ont.; Vice President: Mr. E. D. Brand, 148 William Street, Secretary-Treasurer: H. M. Halliday; Council— Dr. London, Ont.; Recording Secretary: Mb. Vernon Franks, 195 E. M. Walker. S. L. Thompson, Pr<>». j. r. Dymond. Duchess A v., London, Ont.; Corresponding Suretary and C. S. Farmer, Prof. T. F. McIlwraith, Dr. Norma Ford, Magistrate Treasurer: MB. W. G. GlBUNO, 630 English St., London, J. E. Jones, L. T- Owens, Rupert Davids, F. Ont. Migration Secretary: Mr. E. M. S. Dale, 297 Hypian C. Hurst, Dr. T. M. C. Taylor, C. G. Brennand, R. M. Saunders; Street, London, Ont.; Members qualified to answer questions: Chairman of Conservation Committee Mrs W. E. Saunders, 240 Central Avenue, London, Ont.; S. L. Thompson; President of Junior Club: Mltiray Speirs; C. G. Watson, 201 Ridout Street South, London, Ont.; Vice-President of Junior Club: Hubert Richardson. Leaders- Birda— J. F. Calvert, 461 Tecumseh Avenue, London, Ont.; E. M. S. Messrs. S. L. Thompson, L. L. Snydeb, J. L Dalb, 297 Hyman Street, London, Ont. Bailub, Jb., Prop. T. P. McIlwraith, R. m. Speirs, F. H. Emery. Mammals—Prop. A. P. Coventry, Messrs. Meetings held the second Monday of the month, excep E. C. Cross, D. A. McLulich. Reptiles and during the summer. Amphibians-^ Messrs. E. B. S. Logibr, Wm LbRay. FiaA— Prof. J. R Dymond, Prof. W. J. K. Harkness. /n«erfff— Db. E. VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY M. Walker, Dr. N. Ford. Mr. P. P. Ide. Botany—Prof R. B. Thomson. Dr. H. B. Sifton, Dr. T. M. C. Taylor- President. L. S. President Univer- Honorary ^ONK, (D.Sc), Mr. W. R. Watson. Mr.L. T. Owens. Geology—Br. A. P'. sity of B.C: President: John Davidson, F.L.S., F.B.S.E., Coleman ; Prop. A. McLean. University of B.C.; Vice-President: Dr. M. Y. Williams, Geology Dept., University of B.C.; Honorary Secretary: Mrs. F. W. Farley; 6507 Laburnum St., Vancouver, B. C. First Assistant Secretary: Mrs. Laura Anderson, Snd Assistant We would ask the Officers, and more Secretary: Miss NoRA Swift, Honorary Treasurer: A. H. Bain, 2142 Collingwood Street, Vancouver, B.C.; Librarian: particularly the Secretaries, of all the Mrs.F. McGinn. Members of Executive: C. F. Connor, M. A. Mr.R. J. ruMMiNG; Mr. J. D. Turnbull, Mr. Curtis Johns, Affiliated Societies to assist us in our Mrs. J Motion: Auditors: H. G. Sblwood, W.B.Woods. Chairmen of Sections: Botany: Prof. John Davidson, Geology: task of building up the circulation of Mr. J. J. Plommer, Photography: Mr. Philip Tihms, Entyim- ology: Mb. Wootton, Microscopy: Mr. J.A. Johnston, Ornith- this magazine. By securing every ology: Mr. J. D. Turnbull. All meetings at 8 p.m.. Auditorium, Normal School, lOtb member as a subscriber we can truly Avenue and Cambie Street unless otherwise announced. make this magazine into one of the BRITISH COLUMBIA BIRD AND MAMMAL leading Natural History publications SOCIETY of America, Preaident: Dr. M. Y. Williams; First Vice-President; Hamilton M. Laing; Second Vice-President: Dr. C. J. Bastin; Seerstary-Treasurer: Kbnnbth Racby, 3262 West Ist Ave. Vanoouver, B.C. AUTOBIOGRAPHY of JOHN MACOUN, M.A. CANADA NORTH OF FIFTY SIX By E. M. KINDLE These are attractively bound, and contain a wealth of information concerning Canadian Special profusely illustrated number of The Natural Hiatory and Exploration. The author "Naturalist", 8S pages, 31 illustrations. Every Warn a former President of the Club and this is a Canadian should know this prize essay. Memorial Volume PRICE FIFTY CENTS PRICE $3.00. - 305 pp. WILMOT LLOYD WILMOT LLOYD 582 Mariposa Avenue Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa 587 Mariposa Avenue RockclifTe Park, Ottawa WILMOT LLOYD, Treasurer, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, FOR SALE:— 582 Mariposa Avenue, Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa. COMPLETE SET OF THE CLUB'S Enclosed please find $2.00 as membership in PUBLICATIONS The O.F.-N.C. and Subscription to the Canadian Field-Naturalist for the year 1933. 1879-1932

Name , , This is a rare opportunity. For particulars address the Treasurer— Addrass WILMOT LLOYD SS2 Maripoaa Avenue RockclifTe Park, Ottawa City, Prov. or State„^

FORM I do hereby give and bequeath to The Ottawa Field- Naturalists' Club of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada the sum OF \ of 100 Dollars BEQUEST Date Signature

•yac ^K ^ic ^sc MIC MK MIC sue

X I 11 FOR SALE rA New PEST-PROOF INSEa BOX

A Complete Set of THE HOOD INSECT UFE HISTORIES OF BOX

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Special Features of the HOOD BOX:

BY 1. Pest-proof 2. Wooden Frame A. C. BENT 3. High shoulder, protecting specimens 4. Excellent pinning bottom 5. High quality box at low cost The very scarce "Diving Birds" volume 7 is newly bound in red buckram, top edge PRICE $1.25 EACH I gilt, other edges uncut, gilt lettered spine. SPECIAL RATES IN QUANTITY

For full description ash for circular No. 298 The other volumes are in the original p paper wrappers, edges uncut as issued. WARD'S Apply—101 CLERGY STREET, W. NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT KINGSTON, ONT. 84 College Avenue, ROCHESTER, N.Y.

LiStIC IXIC IXK ^k: one one sue XK

Kindly mention The Canadian Field-Naturalist to advertisers ^' 'f G t m4

VOL. XLVIII, No. 9 DECEMBER, 1934

<;(;v.vmV,>,;«,..

V \> kHH < ^ n. j^ iSyjeLisHR

ISSUED DECEMBER 5, 1934 Entered at the Ottawa Post OfRce a» aecond-clatM matter — —

THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' aUB Patrons: THEIR EXCELLENCIES THE GOVERNOR GENERAL AND COUNTESS OP BESSBOROUGH

President: M. E. Wilson. tei Vice-President: Herbert Groh 2nd Vice-President: P. A. Tavbrnesr Secretary: Grace S. Lewis, Treasurer: Wilmot Lloyd, 582 Mariposa Ave., 344 Lisgar Road, Rockcliffe Park. Rockcliffe Park.

Additional Members of Council: 1?. J. Alcock, R. M. Anderson, M. E. Cowan, H. G Crawford, Arthur CR0Wsc*Nf, R. E. DeLury, F. J. Fraser, A. Halkett, C. E. Johnson, A. G. Kingston, E M. Kindle, W. H. Lanceley, A. LaRocque, Douglas Leechman, Harrison F. Lewis, HoYES Lion), Mark G. McElhinney, A. E. Porsild, E. E. Prince, L. S. Russell, J. Dewey SopER, C. M.Sternberg, E. F. G. White, Peggy Wkitehurst, R. T. D. Wickenden. W. J. Wintemberg, and the following Presidents of Affiliated Societies: G. Shirley Brooks, Calvin McQueston, Edison Matthews, John Davidson, M. Y. Wiluams, C. L. Henderson, W. Stuart Atkinson, Arnott M. Patterson. Auditors: A. G. Kingston and Harrison F. Lewis.

Editor: Douglas Leechman National Museum, Ottawa, Canada.

Associate Editors: D. Jbnnbss Anthropology Clyde L. Patch Herpetolvny • • • • Botany R. M. Anderson Mammalogy P. R. Latchford Conchology A. G. Huntsman Marine Biologfi Arthur Gibson Entomology P. A. Taverner Orniihologt P. J. Alcock Geology E. M. Kindle Palseontology CONTENTS pagb The Grasshopper Sparrow, Ammodramus savannarum and Lark Bunting Calamospiza melano- corys, in Saskatchewan. By F. Bradshav/ 137 Additional Notes on the Flora of Quebec. By Marcel Raymond 138 Some Amphibians and. Reptiles of the District around High River, Alberta, 1933. By Roy L Fowler 139 English Sparrows at Vineland Station, Ontario. By A. D. Harkness 140 The Food of Young Spring Salmon in Shuswap Lake, B.C. By W. A. Clemens 142 Notes and Observations: Unusual Roosting of Tree Sparrow. By Stuart L. Thompson 142 Correspondence from Miss Betty Sm.art 143 Note on the Songs of the Northern Thrushes. By Harrison F. Lewis 144 Record of Ovalipes ocellatus (Herhst) from Gulf of St. Lawrence. By W. Templeman. 144 A Rare Lily found on the Island of Montreal. By H. C. Dempsey 145 Dr. M. 0. Malte. By H.F.L 145 Correction. By Editor 145 Reviews: The Deformation of the Earth's Crust. By F.J. A 145 Hand Book of Frogs and Toads. By C.L.P 146 Index, 1934 147-

S The official publications of The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club have been issued i m since 1879. The first were The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, 1879-1886, | m two volumes; the next. The Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-two volumes; and these have 1 been continued by The Canadian Field-Naturalist to date. The Canadian Field-Naturalist is 1 issued monthly, except for the months of June, July and August. Its scope is the publication g of the results of original research in all departments of Natural History. i

Price of this volume (9 numberM) $2.00; Single copies 2Si each g:

«::;::::::!!::::::::::::::::;«:;:::::::::::::::::,: :::::::,::::::::::::::::;:::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;::::::::::::::::;:::::«::«;:J The Membership Committee of The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club is making a special eflFort to increase the subscription list of The Canadian Field-Naturalist. We are, therefore, asking every reader who is truly interested in the wild life of our country to help this magazine to its rightful place amonf the leading Natural History publications in America. Subscriptions ($2.00 a year) should be forwarded to WILMOT LLOYD, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, 582 Mariposa Ave., R«ekdiffe Park, Ottawa, Canada. The Canadian Field- Naturalist

VOL. XLVIII OTTAWA, CANADA, DECEMBER, 1934 No. 9

THE GRASSHOPPER SPARROW, Ammodramus savannarum AND LARK BUNTING Calamospiza melanocorys, IN SASKATCHEWAN By F. BRADSHAW

THE unexpected happenings in bird sparrow family. Its unstreaked, huffy throat study provide the ob,server with and breast, the buff-coloured median line on some of his choicest experiences. To the crown, and the sharp, pointed tail feathers add a new bird to one's list is an were clearly noted, but the less conspicuous important event both to the beginner and the markings of yellow before the eye and on the more advanced student. Quite recently I bend of the wing were not discernible at this recorded making the acquaintance of the distance. However, by linking up the charac- Dickcissel [Spiza americana] after it had teristics noted with the insect-like song of the evaded my observations for more than twenty- bird one had little difficulty in identifying the five years. This occured while playing golf bird as the Grasshopper Sparrow, and thus near the city limits of Regina, about the last was added one more rare species to my place one would expect to find such a rare Saskatchewan list. species, and, virtually speaking, at one's own After definitely making its acquaintance I back door. was greatly surprised to find that this species Golf led to the discovery of another species was fairly abundant locally. Every vacant that heretofore had been recorded but once in city block in the west end seemed to harbour Saskatchewan, by the late C. G. Harrold, who one or more singing males, and there must took a specimen at Lake Johstone in 1922, and have been at least fifty pairs in the vicinity. sent it to England. Chapman interprets the song of the Grass- From the 12th tee on the Gyro Citizens' hopper Sparrow as "pit-tick, zee-e-e-e-e-e-e- Golf Course, one mile directly west of the e-e," and states furthur that, "under favorable Parliament Buildings, Regina, I sliced a ball circumstances the bird can be heard by an badly into the rough. While tramping aim- attentive listener at a distance of two hundred lessly over the hummocky prairie in search and fifty feet, but the casual observer would of the ball my attention was arrested by the pass within ten feet of a singing bird and notes of a bird that was strange to me. I be none the wiser." was no longer interested in golf and, fortun- Several times I noted that the song v/ould ately being alone, I was free to abandon the be preceded by a jerky quivering of the wings, game and devote my time to tracking down and quite often the song described would be the unseen songster. I went in the direction augmented by a faint tinkling warble. An from where the song came, but when I got entirely different note, presumably that of the there the song continued and seemed to be female, was heard while searching for the just as far away as ever. This procedure nest. It was a faint, short, explosive "thr-i-ips." was repeated several times without my catch- The species was first observed on June 21. ing even so much as a glimpse of the singing On July 16 a nest and three young were dis- bird. I finally concluded it was eluding me covered. Four days later the nest was found by running through the grass, and as the light deserted. One dead young close by the nest, was quickly failing I had, with reluctance, to and a tailless female, indicated that possibly postpone my search. it had been molested. Another nest contain- The problem was solved the next day, when ing four fresh eggs was found on July 20, a bird was flushed and alighted on a nearby after many hours of fruitless search during telephone wire. With the aid of field glasses the preceding month. This nest was located one recognized it as a member of the within thirty yards of a city dwelling that 138 The Canadian Fibld-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII harboured a large cat of bird-killing habits. in the Regina district. Normally it is rather In both cases the grassy nests were found scarce in this area. It was by far the most in slight depressions on the ground, in rather abundant species on the prairies adjoining long, fine prairie grasses among which there the city. In fact, I believe their numbers >vas a fair sprinkling of the snowberry bush. would exceed those of all other species Another flock of this species, of even larger combined. In a hundred-mile drive south proportions than the one referred to, was ob- of the city they were never out of sight served forty miles north of Regina, near Earl and quite often one could see a dozen or more Grey, by Mr. F. G. Bard, of the museum males in one spot. North of tlie city they staff. In this area were also observed Baird's, became less numerous after a ten-mile drive, Leconte's and Nelson's Sparrows, \Ammodra] only one or two stragglers being observed in Vfius bairdi, Passerherbulus caudacuius, and Melo- the next one hundred miles. A correspondent spiza lincolni]. reports seeing a few at Jackfish Lake, north This year there was a tremendous increase of Battleford, which point appears to be a of Lark Buntings [Calamospiza melanocorys] long way from their normal range.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE FLORA OF QUEBEC By MARCEL RAYMOND

T|HE FOLLOWING is a summary of York State (two difl'erent places, K. M. botanical investigations in Que- Wiegand and A. J. Eames), Newfound- I my bec during the summer of 1933. For land (M. L. Fernald and Wiegand), Que- the results achieved, I am indebted bec (three different places. Pease, Egg- to Prof. Marie-Victorin of the Universtiy of leston, Victorin and Raj^'mond).

Montreal, who sometimes accompanied me 6. Arisvma Stewa'^'dsonii Britton. In his and identified the rare specimens, and also most interesting paper "Les Spadiciflores to Prof. L. Deslaurier (College Saint Jean) du Quebec", Contrib. Lab. Bot., Univ. who corrected the manuscript. Montreal, Number 19, Prof. Marie-Vic- torin this of 1. Sparganium androcladum ( Englem. ) wrote that member the Morong. When it was found I was with family Aracese was attributed to Quebec Prof. Marie-Victorin who said that it was by but two doubtful specimens :1.—Cle- the first time it had been discovered in veland, Richmond County, (Chamberlain the region of Montreal. On the Riche- and Knowlton, July 26th, 1923); 2.- lieu River, it grows at Ste. Therese Island Cedar Swamp, Georgeville, (A. S. Pease

with S. eurycarpum, and is quite common. 12085). On the 25th of May while collecting on the island, I found large 2. Potamogeton crispus L. Rare; near the colonies growing in the woods of Pinus Stro- same island. bus L. and Betula populifolia Marsh. 3. Anacharis occidentalis (Pursh) Victorin. 7. Polygala paucifolia L. In Quebec this Very common at the same island growing Polygala was known in the East at the with A. canadensis. following places: Mingan Seigniory (D. 4. Scirpus Torreyi Olney. This sedge was N. St. Cyr) and probably in Gaspesia. nowhere to be found but on the banks At Iberville, (33 miles from Montreal) of the Ottawa River. It also forms part there is a sterile colony of this beautiful of the of Ste. Therese Island, grow- flora "orchid-like" plant. No fruit has been ing with numbers 1- and 5- near the found in autumn. bridge. 8. Polygala viridescens L. (P. sanguinea L.) compressus Jacq. This glaucous 5. Juncus Three spots where this plant grows were Juncus is very rare in Ameri- European also discovered this year, which are the ca. In Quebec, it was found in the two first in Quebec, namely Iberville, Fam- Les Plaines d'Abra- following places: (a) ham (near a large bog), and Contrecoeur. ham (Pease 1904) and (b) Murray Bay resupinata B. D. Greene. This (Malbaie) (Eggleston). The North Amer- 9. Utricularia tiny species was not known in Que- ican area of this plant is therefore: New very . —

Decamber, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 139

bee previously. Prof. Marie-Victorin ers but Brother E. Roy c.s.v. found this found it near Timagami Lake, Ontario. aquatic plant in bloom at Nominingue, I have found my specimens in the Lau- also in the Laurentian mountains. rentian Mountains, in Lake Tiberiade 11. Litiorella uniflora (L.) Asch. (L. laeus- CNomingue) where they grew with Utric- tris L.) One of the rarest plants in Amer- ularia cornuta Michx., Juncue pelocarpus ica. Brother M. Victorin found it at Na- F. Meyer, Juncus articulatus L., and the tashkwan (North Shore of St. Lawrence delicate Lobelia Dortmanna L. River). Quite common along the Riche- 10. Utricularia purpurea Walt. This species lieu River with Isoetes. was also unknown in our province. A sister of Sainte Anne (S. Marie Jean 12. Centaurea maculosa Lam. A European Eudes) gathered it in the lakes at Raw- weed actually developing in Quebec, The don, growing with Nymphozanthus va- first specimens known here are from riegafus (Engelm.) Fernald and Brase- Mount Johnson, near the St. Johns nia Schreberi Gmel. She found no flow- Marieville highway.

SOME AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE DISTRICT AROUND HIGH RIVER, ALBERTA, 1933. By ROY L. FOWLER

HE DRY conditions of the last three hole and apparently quite comfortable during years have materially lessened the the heat of the day. It was not in the timber number of amphibians in the district but in an open grassy glade. around High River. In the prairie Bufo hemiophrys. — Mr. Clyde Patch sug- country, the Big Lake, six miles east of High gested that the Canadian Toad ("Crested River, has dried up for the first time since Toad") might be found in this district. I 1895. The Blizzard Lakes, fifteen miles north- have never seen one here nor have I been able east of town, are now just alkali flats. The to get in touch with anyone who has. park belt of the foothills, twenty miles west of town, has not suffered so much from Frogs. Rana cantabrigensis —The Northern drought; but even there I saw many dried up Wood Frog may be found in any swampy swamps this summer. place throughout the foothills district west of

here. I that, though there The following list is probably not complete noticed was no as I was unable to put sufficient time on this water in many swamps, the ground was not work. sufficiently dry to retard the growth or activity of these frogs. Salamander. Ambystoma tigrinum. — The Tiger Salamander is most commonly met with Pseudacris nigrita septentrionalis. — The is found in the in our cellars and roothouses. In the fall of Northern Swamp Tree Frog foothills the prairies wherever sufficient 1932 I saw several Salamanders on roads and and on paths. They did not appear to be traveling water will accumulate for mating and spawn- ing. of April the melting snow in any particular direction, and yet all were By the middle at least half a mile from the nearest water. usually makes many ponds and temporary found. This summer, in a pond near the Millarville sloughs in which frogs may be By school, some boys caught a larval specimen the end of June these ponds were bone dry. partly grown frogs the gills of which had not yet begun to shrink. In August I have seen of this species hopping around in healthy con- Toads.—Toads are rather scarce, and only dition although the slough bottom was so dry to be found in the park belt along the foot- as to be deeply cracked. The cracks were hills. Out on the prairie, along the Highwood several inches wide and eighteen to twenty or Sheep Rivers, I have never seen a toad. inches deep. The little frogs apparently kept these Bufo boreas boreas.— A Northwestern Toad their bodies moist by hiding down in was found by my father on his ranch in the cracks during the heat of the day. Fall moist- foothills. It was settled down in a little shady ure nearly always makes sufficient mud to 140 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII render hibernation possible. Late in the fall last year one came into my house yard, which is I have seen partly grown specimens away two miles from the river. from all water or slough bottoms. I doubt Crotalus confluentus confluentus—The Prai- if these survive. rie Rattlesnake has never been seen in this district, though it is found fifty miles east of Snakb^.—Thirty years ago my mother saw here. a large black snake coiled in a tree on the bank of the Highwood River. Turtle. — No species of turtle has been found here. Thamnophis radix. —The Plains Garter Snake is frequently seen along the Highwood I am indebted to Mr. Clyde L. Patch of the River. It is seldom met with away from National Museum of Canada, Ottawa, for the rivers or other permanent water, although identification of specimens.

ENGLISH SPARROWS AT VINELAND STATION, ONTARIO By A. D. HARKNESS

— . JIISHING to attract song and plumage the hens. Hoping to reduce, somewhat, the YY birds to my grounds at Vineland Sta- number of sparrows in the vicinity, a screen tion, I constructed and erected nesting trap door was fixed on the open front of the boxes for martins, wrens and blue- henhouse. This trap could be sprung from birds. The English sparrows which had been the barn. In this way some satisfactory noticeably numerous, now became a decided catches were made during the winter. martin and blue- nuisance. They built in the As it seemed advantageous to take the bird houses, killed the young of the bluebirds, sparrows continuously throughout the year, driving av/ay the adults and engaged in al- a trap was constructed and placed in the hen- most continuous conflict with the wrens. yard. The trap selected was the Funnel Trap (Dearborn 1926). During the autumn and winter the hens are fed for the most part in the henhouse. As The number of sparrows which have been the front is open except in extremely cold taken in the henhouse and by means of the weather, the sparrows flocked in to feed with trap is summarized in Table 1.

Month 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 Total

January 11 February March April May 23 June 223 July 529 August 90 September 97 October 50 November 68 December 42 December, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 141

During the winter of 1925-192G about 230 There was at all times a supply of grain sparrows were taken in the henhouse of which in the funnel and cage of the funnel trap 80 were taken in one day. and yet the daily catch varied greatly. This is demonstrated by Table During one cahii day in July, 1926, the trap 2, which gives the catch over two periods was emptied three times, yielding a total of chosen at random. 90 birds. The greatest number of birds was taken during June and July. The majority of these Of the 217 taken in November, 1929, 107 birds appeared to be young as it was observed were taken in the henhouse. The 342 in that the bones of their necks and skulls were December, 1929, the 43 in January, 1930, and notably softer. the 49 in December, 1932, were all taken in the henhouse. An examination of Table 1 shows very little, if any, falling off in the number of sparrows No sparrows were taken in the henhouse, being taken. In spite of this there appear to and the funnel trap was not set from Novem- be fewer in the immediate vicinity; they come ber 20, 1927, to June 1, 1928, from November in from the surrounding districts and are 18, 1928, to April 15, 1929, during February soon captured. and March, 1930, from October, 1930, to May, This record has two points of 1931, from October, 1931, to May, 1932, and interest. The number of sparrows taken is from December, 1932, to May, 1933. indicative of the abundance of this species at this time and it It was noted that the trap would catch gives a very clear idea of what may be ex- sparrows more quickly after one or two had pected in the way of a catch from the opera- entered. These first individuals appeared to tion of the funnel trap net over an extended act as decoys. period. 142 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XVLIII

THE FOOD OF YOUNG SPRING SALMON IN SHUSWAP LAKE, B.C. By W. A. CLEMENS, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C.

pr^ URING early July in each of the years terrestrial insects were species of Diptera, IJ 1931 and 1932, large number? of small Hymenoptera, a few Aphid se and Corix- ^SS" young Spring Salmon, Oncorhynchus dae and other Homoptera and Heteroptera, '^^i tschawytscha, were observed in the add an occasional Coleopteran. Daphnia was shoreward waters of Shuswap Lake, near by far the most abundant of the small Crus- Sorrento, British Columbia. In the late tacea but there were considerable numbers of afternoon and evening, these fish were Bosmina and Eurycercus and a few smaller everywhere breaking water and evidently feed- Cladocera and Copepoda. Only a single small ing upon winged insects which were flying Gammarus occured. The Ephem<^ridae were over the surface. By means of a seine, con- represented by nymphs only and chiefly siderable numbers of the salmon were obtained Ephemera with a few representatives of the at various times of the day and on several days Heptageninae and Bastinse. Trichoptera lar- of each year. A random sample has been vae occured in two stomachs and an adult in measured, weighed, scales examined and a third. contents studied. stomach The results may be summarized as follows: The standard lengths of 44 fish ranged from terrestrial insects in 47 stomachs: Crustacea in 43; Chironomidas in 15; Corixidas in 4; 5.2 to 8.3 cm. The weights varied from 2.7 Trichoptera in 3; miscellaneous; Hydracarina, to 8.4 g. Arachnida, Aphidse, Corethra larvas and For- Examination of the scales showed that the micidas. fish were in the first year and counts of the Examination of the stomachs of Squawfish, scale circuli of 20 individuals gave a range of Pfychocheilus oregonensis, taken from 4 to 11 with an average of 7. during the salmon, The fish appeared to be in excellent condition same periods as the showed that the and reports from the outlet of the lake indi- Squawfish were feeding to a large extent upon cated that numbers were commencing the sea- the salmon (Clemens and Munro, Bio. Bd. Can., ward migration. Prog. Kept. Pac. no. 19, 1934). The food of 64 individuals was examined The present information concerning the and found to consist largely of terrestrial Spring Salmon is placed on record as a small insects, small Crustacea and midge (Chirono- contribution to the knowledge of the life- midse) larvae, pupa>, and adults. Among the history of this important species.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

well out on the field, I saw a small Unusual Roosting of Tree Sparrow.^— It is thorn bush bird come flying across the field and settle well known that grouse and some field-loving in the bush a few feet from me. I was sur- birds, such as Snow Bunting and Horned Lark prised to find it to be a Tree Sparrow. This nestle amid the snow to spend the night. But rare at this time of one would hardly expect a small bird usually species is by no means lone individual on a inhabiting sheltered thickets to resort to such year, but to find one barren snowy field in the fading light aroused a means of roosting. my curiosity. As I watched him he flew to On December 26th (1933) at Toronto we the weed tops in several places, back to my were visited by a snow-storm, borne on a cold bush, to the reeds, then far away across the north wind that lasted most of the day. To- field to a discarded tin half-buried in the snow, wards evening I went for a walk out into the and finally returned to my bush. At each open country near my home, more with the place I noticed he flew down and nestled low idea of enjoying the storm than hoping for any in the snow, and at the bush he crept into bird observations. As I paused near a solitary the small bowl-like hollow caused by the —

December, 1934] The Canadian Fieij)-Naturalist 143

eddies that had swept the snow clean of the country is that you know less than nothing. trunk of the thorn. It was clear with the I was terribJy excited the first time I saw a gathering dusk that the bird was seeking chaffinch, and I now know that it is one of the shelter for the night, certainly not feeding very commonest birds. for he gave the weed-seeds no attention. I went to the Natural History Museum, and His next move was to fly some distance to that gave me some idea. There was a special another thorn-bush to the north and disappear set of the common birds, each in a separate near its base. I kept an eye on this bush, glass case in their natural surroundings. It and lingered some time in the neighbourhood; was a marvelous way of identifying, only I but as he did not appear, it seemed that he don't really think the birds were stuffed as intended to spend the night at that spot. But well as ours. There was also a special case how? What shelter could the open branches of birds within a radius of three miles from of a thorn-bush on a wind-swept field amid a the heart of London; it was extraordinary, snowstorm afford? There was only one other but there are over a hundred. The ducks and place—the snow itself. I approached cau- water birds all come to the ponds in the tiously and found a small hole in the side of parks and behave exactly as if they owned the eddy-formed snow bowl round the trunk. them. I used to think they were tame birds; It looked like a Micotus tunnel, but as I they allow themselves to be approached and knelt in the snow to peer in, a sparrow's head fed, and they waddle across the path to the and bill appeared. There w^as a flutter of green grass and have an unperturbed snooze wings and, uttering the familiar cheep, a among the crocuses or the tulips. Tree Sparrow flew out and vanished in the The English birds that I have really be- gloom. come attached to (because I am very pro- Examination of the hole showed it to be Canada) are the Water Wagtail and the Lap- clean and freshly made, extending into the wing. The Wagtail is an exciting little bird; snow some 8 inches, ending abruptly. It was he is so dainty and every move is completely not a Microtus run for it did not extend down unexpected. He even flies in loops and into the grass. Clearly the sparrow had dodges. Have you ever heard the music on burrowed his way into the drift to spend the the piano called "Water Wagtail" by Cyril night, and during my observations of the last Scott ? It is very like him. He is a bird fifteen minutes he had been seeking a suit- with a real sense of humour. I expect you able spot. know what he looks like. The Lapwing is It is difficult to say why one lone Tree very inconsistent. When he is in the fields Sparrow should have sought an open wind- he looks very trim and neat—so carefully swept field amid a blizzard to find, apparently groomed and rather dainty with a thin elegant with difficulty, a suitable place to roost, es- crest; but when he goes into the air he looks pecially when we consider that at the same like a large heavy long-winged bat. He is moment probably many other Tree Sparrows rather like one of those gliders without an were settling down in some dense cedar in engine with very oblong lengthy wings. He the sheltered ravine at the edge of the field. has also a double voice. He makes one But it is just such departures from the usua quite thrilling noise like a silver telephone that make bird study so fascinating, bell—a very silver sound, but definitely a particularly when such observations come un- telephonish one; the other is a sea-call. expectedly. I am very annoyed with the chaffinch. One I wonder what we miss when we stay in- morning in the Isle of Skye at dawn he came doors? Stuart L. Thompson. to my window, sat in a tree and sang the most optimistic bubbly kind of song. He

kept it up till I felt optimistic and bubbly too, see the rise. 24 Bywater Street, and decided to get up and sun Chelsea, S.W.3, Well, I did get up, and when I opened the rain. This is just June 3rd, 1933. front door it was pouring Dear Mr. Bill, a warning not to put any faith in a chaffinch. I hope you haven't forgotten me and our The thrushes have that throaty song that all discussions on birds. I remember the letter thrushes have"and the blackbird too — he is per- your brother (I think it was) sent you from haps even better; but not to compare with our England about the birds there. It was useful. wild unattainable mystic hermit thrush. Per- The trouble about coming to a completely new haps I am prejudiced, because he sings in the — —

144 The Canadian Pield-Naturalist [Vol XLVTII deep green woods at dusk in the silence notes of the Olive-backed Thrush are clear the special perfect kind of silence for a singer and full-toned and may, I think, be called flute-like. this respect they resemble the like he is—but even so, I think you would In agree with me. notes in the songs of the Hermit Thrush. Most of the series of notes in the songs of By the way, do you remember how we the Hermit Thrush are, however, descending both despaired of knowing the differences series, at least in part, and no two successive between casual grey-cheeked and olive-backed series of notes sung by this species begin on thrushes? Well, I know a sure M^ay now. the same note. their songs. One is a descending one. It is The song of the Gray-cheeked Thrush on There is a very good book called "Wild Birds the other hand, while composed of notes ar- and their Music", by (I think) Frank Schuyler ranged in distinct series, in each of which at Mathews. I was able to identify a lot I was least a part of the notes are often arranged misty about through it. Even if you don't in a descending order, is not clear or full in know music just the very look of it going up tone, but is rather metallic and grating, show- and down or along and up should be enough. ing in this regard a distinct resemblance to There is an exciting little Winter Wren on the song of the Veery. The call notes of the of Kingsmere Mountain who sings a the side Gray-cheeked Thrush also have a marked bubbling, quite long and varied canary song resemblance to the call notes of the Veery. jungley swamp. in a green While the Gray-cheeked Thrush and the

I like the shape of Rooks. They are funnier Olive-backed Thrush resemble each other very than crows, and there is something rather closely indeed in appearance, the evidence of nice about a rookery. their voices, which is probably valid evidence, indicates that the relationship between them I am going to Sweden on the 17th of June, is not as close as that between the Olive- and it will be fun to see what differences there backed Thrush and the Hermit Thrush, or are in their birds. I hope the same books that between the Gray-cheeked Thrush and will do. They are in so many volumes and the Veery. Harrison F. Lewis. so expensive here. There are no handy reliable little guides.

I hope this letter hasn't bored you. You Record of Ovalipss ocellatus (Herbst) from are, I think, my only real Bird Friend. I Gulf St. September, 1932, was very sorry to hear you have been poorly of Lawrence.—In a crab was obtained from lobster fishermen this winter. I hope you are better now. Yours sincerely, at Pointe du Chene, in Northumberland Strait. On examination the crab proved to be iSGD.) Betty Smart. Ovalipes ocellatus (Herbst). The specimen was a female, with a carapace length of G.6 cms., the greatest Avidth of the carapace being 8.3 cms. Another specimen was observed at Songs of the Northern Thrush- Note on the West Point, Prince Edward Island, in Sep- Smart's comment on the songs of es.—Miss tember, 1931. Although apparently not plenti- the Olive-backed and Gray-cheeked Thrushes ful in Northumberland Strait area, it is prob- indicates quite rightly that these two species, ably not rare since the local fishermen have which look very much alike, are easily distin- a special name for it and call it the "China guished by their songs when these can be Crab," a name derived from the colour pattern heard. Unfortunately, neither of these of its carapace. Thrushes sings much on migration, though on their breeding-grounds their songs are Previous to these two records the supposed frequent in the season of courtship and nest- range of 0. ocellatus has been from Cape ing. Cod to North Carolina with a record by Leim from Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy (Rathbun, While I cannot claim either musical training 1929, p. 21)*.—W. Templeman. McGill University, or ability, it is my impression that each Montreal. distinct series of notes in the songs of the Olive-backed Thrush is an ascending series * Mary J. Cancroid crabs that usually several successive series in Rathbun, The of America and Bulletin 152. Smithsonian Institute, US. National the song of an individual Olive-backed begin Museum, Washington, 1930. Mary J. Rathbun, Decapoda. Canadian Atlantic Fauna, on the same note. Moreover, most of the lOM 1929. Biol. Board of Canada. —

December, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 145

A Rare Lily found on the Island of Mon- Dr. M. 0. Malte treal.—While visiting near Lachine, Quebec, six A final paragraph may appropriately be yrars ago, I went for a walk to La Salle's added to the biographical note on Dr. M. O. Windmill on the road to Verdun. On my ramble Malte which appeared in our ir-sue for Sep- down that beautiful and shaded roadway, I tember, 1934. was attracted by a Lily growing in a great He left Ottawa early in July, 1933, to accom- mass by little runlet that fell over a clitf a pany the annual Eastern Arctic Patrol and was across the road. It grew in a great flat actively engaged in field-work round the whorl of flowers as large as a saucer with shores of the Ungava Peninsula and the east a stem from one foot to five feet long, flesh coast of Hudson Bay when his final illness pink in colour, and similar to the "Agapan- attacked him. Much against his will he was thus" a native of Africa, and a hot-house plant. persuaded that it was impossible for him to I found it afterwards along the shore and the continue on the expedition and he most whorl plants of pink flowers gets larger as the reluctantly allowed himself to be transferred reach maturity; are similar to the the roots from the R.M.S. Nascopie, then at Charlton African flower not unlike Iris or Flag roots. Island, in James Bay, to Moosonee, where he I never saw it in my botanising trips in took train to Ottawa, with a nurse in attend- Muskoka, Parry Sound or Algonquin Park or ance. It was on the train, only a few miles the many spots in southern Ontario I had from Ottawa, that he died on the 12th of visited often. It grows in and near water August, 1934. With almost his last words or ground that is always moist. I noticed it he sought reassurance that his field notes and a week ago in a swamp on the way to "Bord specimens, collected only a few days before, a Ploufi"e" made famous by Dr. Drummond in were safe and would be forwarded to the his poems. National Herbarium in Ottawa.—H.F.L.

For want of a better name I called it Aga- pantkus canadensis.

On submitting the plant in flower to Dr. Douglas Storms, our best authority on botany, he found it to be Butcmus umbellatus L., Correction.— Through inadvertence the third A plant of the related family "Butomacea:" paragraph on page 100 of the current volume, with many ovulated ovaries, rose-coloured in the issue for September, 1934, was in- flowers; native of Europe and Asia, has been complete as published. It should read as found on the shores of the St. Lawrence river follows • near Montreal. "The next year this colony contained 5 It would be a beautiful addition to any one occupied nests, which were in positions similar who has a pond or water garden. This lily to those used in 1931, and in which young seeds and bears lots of fine seeds. I planted were successfully raised. As individuals of some below McMaster and back of the George this species do not breed in the first year Allan School, and someone may find it later after that in which they are hatched, the ad- on. ditional pair of birds that nested here in 1932 I brought home some plants for my own could not have been hatched in this colony, garden and the garden of friends which I where no young were reared before 1931, hope will succeed in this warmer climate. It but probably were natives of the colony on Lake is a wanderer from Europe. —H. C. Dbmpsey. Island, which is the only other colony of this species known to be on this coast." Editor.

REVIEWS

The Deformation of the Earth's Crust. By problem of crustal deformation. The approach Walter H. Bucher, Princeton University Press, is by the inductive method and his generaliza-

1933, 531 pp., 100 figs. tions are designated as "laws". Other con- clusions interpretative nature Dr. Bucher is professor of Historical Geo- of an are listed logy in the University of Cincinnati. In this separately as "opinions". For each of the volume he has attempted to assemble the es- laws one or more examples are given in suffi- sential geological facts that bear on the cient detail to enable the reader to judge for 146 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

himself the nature of the facts generalized attempted to photograph amphibians and rep- in the "law". The reader is invited to test tiles can appreciate the vast amount of time these generalizations from his own field ex- and patience required to make these hundreds perience. of pictures. The key to families is quite The book is one which will be read with a workable, though, while admitting they are great deal of interest by every student of unavoidable, it must be said such comparative earth tectonics. The general conclusion reach- terms as "narrower, thinner, and longer" species ed is that the geosynclinal belts originated as referring to a previously mentioned zones of weakness during periods of tension are sometimes difficult to interpret. Fifteen when the earth was expanding, and that the pages are devoted to a classified bibliography. mountain belts were produced by compressive The discussion of most species is carried forces during succeeding periods when the out in the following order: common names, earth was contracting. Not only is there scientific name, range, habitat, size, general abundant structural evidence that tension, as appearance, structure, voice, breeding, notes. well as compression, has produced deformation In a few cases the voice or the breeding of the earth's crust, but experiments in which habits are unknown. Under "notes" an occa- spheres were made to expand and others to sional reference to food occurs. Perhaps a contract gave deformation patterns simulating brief paragraph on feeding could have been those of the geosynclines, and the younger advantageously inserted in the general ac- mountain belts respectively. The cause of count, and possibly the ranges of certain the alternating subcrustal expansion and con- species could have been more accurately out- traction is not discussed in detail but it is lined. As Bufo a. copei is found at the in believed to be controlled by fluctuation the south end of Jamea Bay, it is doubtful if B.a, heat content of the subcrustal body of the americanus can be said to range as far north earth. as Hudson Bay. The National Museum of The chapter titles indicate the subjects dealt Canada has examples of B. hemiophrys from with. They are: 1. The Mobile Belts; 2. Saskatchewan and from Edmonton, Alberta, Isostasy; 3. Continental Margins and Tntra- and Edward A. Preble took a specimen at of Continental Mobile Belts; 4. The Pattern Fort Smith, Northwest Territories. Pseudocris Diastrophic Cycle; the Mobile Belts; 5. The n. triseriata is common at Ottawa, Ont. 6. Marginal Deformation; 7. Deformation with- A commendable feature of the book is the in the Welts; 8. Special Aspects of Orogenic allotment of two full pages to each species, Deformation; 9. The Intrusives; 10. Heteroge- thus allowing the name, the illustration and nous Mobile Belts and Faulted Belts of Low part of the text consistently to occupy the Mobility; 11. Space Relations of Mobile Belts; left hand page. The authors make no mis- 12. Time Relations of Mobile Belts; 13. Epeiro- take when in the preface they express the genesis; 14. Summary and Synthesis; Appen- hope that this book will be a guide for teach- dix: Laws; Index.—F.J.A. ers, students and younger naturalists. In the general account many interesting facts of popular interest are stated. Here we read Hand Book of Frogs and Toads. By Anna that in general all male toads and frogs have Allen Wright and Albert Hazen Wright, Prof- voices, and that some females talk, croak or essor of Zoology, Cornell University. The scream. The vocal sacs of the males are Comstock Publishing Co., Inc., Ithaca, New described. The eggs and egg-laying are dis- York, 1933: 231 pp., 82 pis., 7 figs. $2.50. cussed, and we learn that a bull-frog may lay 20,000 eggs. The development and transform- This handbook of the frogs and toads of ation of the tadpoles, from the egg to a limb- the United States and Canada deals with less, two-legged, three-legged and four-legged eighty-six species and subspecies of Salientia. little creature with the structure of the adult, The seven sets of figures comprise thirty out- are portrayed by word and picture. line drawings illustrating structural features. The eighty-two plates, made up of from three The splendid illustrations, concise text, to nine photographs, show various views of strong binding and flexible covers make the adult specimens and, in some cases, eggs and Handbook of Frogs and Toads an essential tadpoles. Most of the photographs were made book in any public or private library that has by the authors, and most of them are of even a slight trend to either scientific or pop- living specimens. Only a person who has ular natural history.—C.L.P......

December, 1934J The Canadian P ibld-Naturalist 147

INDEX TO VOLUME XLVIII

A., F. J., Review by 145 Bass, Large-mouthed Callospcrmophilus I. Acanthis linaria 111 Black 23, 133 tescoruin 24 Acorus Calamus 65 Rock 133 Campanula rotundifolia 63, 127 Small-mouthed Black 133 Adams, J. uniflora 129

Bat Grinnell Yuma . . . . 24 Flora of Anticosti . 63 Canadian Snowshoe Additional notes on Little Brown 24 Rabbit enquiry, 1932- the Flora of Quebec 138 Pallid Lump-nosed.. 24 3i 73 Silver-black 24 Canis Ajuga gencveiisis 102 latrans .... 78 Bear, Grizzly 24, 109 reptans 102 latrans lestris 24 Beaver, Pacific 24 lycaon 78 Alberta, Amphibians . . . 139 Bernard, H. lycaon tundrarum 106, 108 Reptiles 139 Muskrat and Pike . 53 Capeiin 98 Alca tarda 17 Bernicla ruficollis 103 Cardamiiie pratcnsis . . .. 130 Alecs atncricana 108 Bcfula glandulosa 128 Careprocfus ovigerum . 121 Alewife 51 Bilberry, Bog 99 Carex mcmbranopacta . . 127 Alle alle 17 Biological Ethics, Review 70 rigida 127 Alopccuriis alpinus .... 128 Bird Census 28, 52 rariflora 127 Alopcx lagopus innuitus. 108 Bird Notes from Caribou, Barren Land . . 105 Amphibians, Alberta .... 139 London,, Ont 95 Mountain 24

AmblopUtes rupcstris . . 133 Birds, Baffin Island 41, 65, 79 Carpodacus purpureus Ambrosia artctiiisiifolia . 65 Bluebird, Eastern 118 purpureus 119 Ambystoma tigrinnin .... 139 English, Songs of . 143 Carum Carvi 64

Amciurus nebulosus . . .. 132 Labrador 98, 115 Cassiope hypnoides 128 Aminodramus bairdi .... 138 Thelon River 105 tetragona 128 savannaruui 137 Birds and a bath 14 Castor c. leucodonta .... 24

Aiiimophila arcuaria . . .. 64 Birds and Mammals Catostomus catostomus . . . 109 Anacharis occidentalis 138 from the Kootenay commcrsonni 132 Anaemia in Mink 47 Valley, B.C. Review 21 Census, Christmas Bird 28 52 Anas platyrhynchos .... 110 Blackbird, Yellow-headed 37 Centaurca maculosa . . . 139 rubripcs 16 Black-fly 27, 47, 105 Ccpphus grylle 17 Anderson, R. M. Bluebird, Eastern 118 Cerastium alpinum 127 Distribution of Western 22 Chalinura filifcra 121 Marmots 61 Bluegill 133 Charadrius hiaticula Blennidac 47 Review by . . . 21 hiaticula 65 Blenny 47 Anemone Richardsonii . . 128 melodus 101 Angelica laurentiana ... 102 Bobolink 22 Chat, Yellow-breasted .. 96 Anguilla bostoncnsis .... 132 BombyciUa cedrorum . . 118 Chen caerulescens 42 Bonasa umbcllus 78 Anguispira altcrnata. . . 119 hyperborea 110 Animal parasites of Botany, Sub-arctic 126 Chickadee 15

Botumos umbellatus . . 145 north-east Canada . 111 Acadian 17 Another bird-eating frog 55 Bradshaw, F. Black-capped 17 Anser albifrons gambeli 110 Grasshopper Sparrow 137 Chestnut-backed .... 22 Antennaria a'pina 128 Grasshoppers and Chiogenes hispidula .... 64 Anticosti, Flora of .... 63 Gulls 68 Chipmunk, Buff-bellied 23, 24 Aplites salmoides 133 Brant, American ..16, 25, 42 Coeur d'Alene 23 Aquilla chysaetos Branta bernicla 16 Gray Eastern 50 • bernicla Iirota . . . . 42 Chironomid larvae canadensis . . . 110 47 Arabis alpina 127 canadensis Chirostenotes 8 canaden.Hs. . . .16. 110 Christmas Bird Arcfagrostis latifolia . . . 128 Census 28, 52 canadensis hutchinsi 110 Chysanthemum Arclostaphylos alpina . 127 Arenaria interpres Brasenia Schreberi .... 139 integrifolium ... 131 inermis 64 morinelJa ,65 Bromus Chrysosplenium

coeruleus . . 128 Bryanthus alternifoUum . . 129 Argyrosomus tullibee . . 109 Arisaema Stewardsonii. 138 Bufo a. americaniis . . . 146 Cichorium Infybus 65 146 Arnica alpina 129 a. copei Cicufa bulbifera 64

boreas 139 • boreas Cinclus mexicanus . . . . 53 Arrhenatherum latius . 64

. . . . 146 Artemisia biennis 65 hemiophrys 139, Circus hudsonius ....101, 110 Bugle,. Erect 102 c. Ascaris sp 113 Citellus columbianas . 24 132 Astragalus alpinus 129 Bullhead parryii parryii 109 137 Auk, Razor-billed 17 Bunting, Lark "C.J.N."," The, Review of 56 Lazuli 22 Clangula hyemalis 16, 100. 110 Clemens, W. A. Food of Spring Badger California 24 Caddis-fly 47 Salmon 142 Baffin Island, Birds 41, 65, 79 Caddis-fly larvae 39 Baker, F. C. Calamospiza melanocorys 137 Clemens, W. A. and A., Gyraulus nov. sp. . . 37 CaJcarius lapponicus 110, 111 MunrQ. J. Food Two new Lymnfeas. 69 Calidris canutus rufus 102 of Alerganser 45 . . . .

(Vol. XLVni 148 The Canadian Pbbld-Naturalist

7 Falco Islandus • 110 Clcthrionomys g. satur- Dinosaurs pcregrinus anatiim 11,, 110 atus 24 Do caddis-fly larvae kill 39 rusticohcs 110 Cochlearia officinalis ... 127 fish ? Farley. F. L. Ptarmigan 120 Colaptes auratiis 17 Dochnioidcs stenocephala 113 cyclolcpis 121 Fauna, Fish, of Lake . . . 131 aura f us lutcus 117 Dolloa Fclis concolor Colour of the bill in Dovekie 1' Fcstuca ovina 129 Roseate Terns 54 Draba alpina 127 Finch Eastern Purple .. 119 Colvmbus griscgcna hirta 129 Fish, Marine, Pacific . . . 121 holboclli 38 lactca 127 Fish fauna of lake .... 131_ Conservation, Waterfowl 25 nivalis 129 Flicker 17 Conservation Ethic Dr\as intergrifolia . . . . 127 25 Northern 117 Coot, American .... 22, 101 Duck. Black 16, Flora, Hudson Strait . . . 126 European 101 Eastern Harlequin . . 4 Quebec 138 Corcgonus spp 109 Eider 17, 27 Sub-arctic 126 Cormorant 16 Golden-eye 16 Fluke 112 Double-crested 41 Greater Scaup 27 Liver 114 European 41, 99 King Eider 42 Flycatcher, Olive-sided . 22 Corn-':rake 65 Lesser Scaup 27 Yellow-bellied 99 Cornus canadensis 64 Long-tail 1 10 17 HO Food of the American brachyrhynchos . Mallard Corvus 45 Old-squaw 16, 42, 100. 110 Merganser corax - 1' Food of Young Spring corax principalis ... HI Pintail ....22, 27. 42, 110 27 Salmon in Shuswap Corynorhinus r. Ring-necked Lake. B.C 142 paUcscens 24 Dupontia Fisheri 130 Fowler, R. L. asper 47 Dust storm 93 Coitus Amphibians and Cougar 24 Dymond, J. R. Reptiles 139 Cowbird. Eastern li^ White-tailed Jack Rabbit 103 Fox, Coloured 78 Coyote . . '8 ._ Red 108 Mountain 24 White 108 Crab, Shore 47 Eagle, Golden 1 10 Fratercula arctica 17 Crane, Little Brown ... 110 Northern Bald .... 110 Frog, Bull 55 Sandhill 110 Eel 132 Northern Swamp Crappie 133 Eel-grass 25 Tree 139 Black 103 Eider, American.. 17, 27, 100 Northern Wood . . 139 Crex crex o5 King 4Z Western Spotted ... 23 Crossbill, Bendire's 22 Eider-down 27 Frog, A Bird-eating ... 55 White-winged 119 Elton, C, Rabbit enquiry ??• Frogs 146 Crotalus conflucntMS Elymus arenarius 128 Fulica americana confluentus . . . 140 Empctrum nigrum 128 americana . . . 101 Crow .14 Empidonax flaviventris . 99 atra atra 101 Eastern _ 1' Entosphenus tridentatus. 47 Fulmar, Atlantic 16 Cryptoglaux acadia . . . . 17 Epilobiuvi anagallidi- Fulniarus glacialis 16 funerea richardsoni . 117 foliunt 127 Fundulus diaphanus Culicidae spp 105 latifolium 127 diaphanus 133 • 114 Cyclops ; linear c 64 diaphanus menona . 95 Cygnus columbianus ..42, 11" Equisctum arvense 127 Cymatogaster aggregatus 47 variegatum 127 Gadwall 95 Cyperus esculentus .... 65 Gannet 16 Erethizon c. epixanthum 24 Cystopteris fragilis 127 Erigcron philadelphicus. 65 Galba vahlii 69 unalaschkensis 127 Galium trifloriim 65 51 Dafila acuta tdtzihoa. 42, 110 uniflorus 130 Gaspereau Dale, E.M.S. Eriophorum Gasterostcus aculeatus

cataphractus . . . 47 Bird-notes, London, polystachyum 64, 127 109 Ont 95 Scheuchscri 127 Gavia adanvsi Darter, Iowa 133 viridicarinatum .... 64 arctica pacifia 109 Mountain immer 16, 109 Deer, Rocky Esox Indus 133 24 stellata 109 Mule Erucastrufn gallicum ... 10 Yellowtailed 24 Gilmore, R. M. and Hall, Eupomotis gibbosus .... l^^i E. R. Deformation of the Eufannas amoenus Earth's crust, New marmot 57 affinis . . . . 23, 40 .' • Giltay, Review of, . . . • 145 L. amoenus Pycnogonida from Dendroica aestiva 40 luteiventris 23, 24, B.C 49 aestiva . . . . 99, 118 fninimum borealis . 50 castanea 118 Glaucionetta clangula ... 16 ruficaudus simtilans 23, 40 Dcrepodichthys Glauco'inys s. fuliginosus 24 alepidotus 121 Goat, Mountain 24 Diapensia lapponica .... 128 Eutrema edwardsii 127 Golden-eye 16 Diaptomus 114 Fairbairn, G. E. Goldfinch 15 Dickcissel 137 Land Shells in Marl 119 Pale 22 ... : . . . ,

Decsmbe-, 1934] The Canadian Pield-Naiuralist ] 149

Goose, Blue 27, 42 Hctcrodon contortix . . 39, 55 Kittiwake, Atlantic ..17, 116 Canada 16, 25, 110 Hexagramidae 47 Knot, American 102 Greater Snow 27 Hicrochloe alpina 129 Hutchin's 42, 110 Hippiiris vulgaris 127 L., H. F. Review by 70 Red-breasted 103 Histriotiicus histrio ulcus Labrador, Birds of ..98, 115 Snow 110 42, histrioniciis .... 42 Lagopus lag opus alhui White-fronted 110 Holbo lell's Grebe in 39, 43, 101, 110, 120 Gopher, Coeur d'Alene Nova Scotia 38 rupcstris rupestris 43, 110 Pocket 24 Honckenya . pcploidcs . 127 Laing, H. M. Bird notes Goshawk, Eastern 22 Hook worm, Dog 113 Lake, Fish . Fauna of . . Grasshoppers 131 routed by Hornby, J., Thelon River Lampanyctus nannochir . 121 Gulls 68 fauna 105 Lamprey 47 Grayling, Back's 109 Hummingbird, Black- Lapwing 101 Grebe. Holboel's 38 chinned 22 Lark, Arctic Horned ... 22 Pied-billed 2? Calliope 22 Hoyt's Horned 110 Green, H.U. Ruby-throated . . . . 14 LaRocque, A., Gray Eastern Rufous 22 Review by 56 Chipmunk 50 Hurlburt, W. E., Valvata lewisi Greenling 47 Massasauga 55 ontariensis .... 39 Groh H., Erect Bugle.... 102 Hutchings, C. B., Praying Larus sp 22 Erucastrum yallicum 10 Mantis 97 argentatus 17, 80 Grosbeak, Pine 15 Hydroprognc caspia argcntatus Grouse, Ruffed 78 impcrator ... 99, 177 ' stnithsoniaiius . Grus cana'iensis . 110 Hyborhynchus notafus . 132 dclawarensis .. 17, 99, 115 mexicana 110 kumlicni 97 Guillemot, Black leucopterus Ichthyological treasures ...... 79 Gull 22 from the "Albatross" marinus 1 7, 99 Franklin's 69 expeditions in Cana- thaycri . . . 79 Glaucous 79 dian Lathyrus maritimus .... 63 Great Black-backed waters 121 17, 99 Lasionyctcris noctivagans Herring Illustrations 24 17, 79, 99 Law, R. G. and Kennedy, Kumlien's The "Albatross" ... 121 79 A. H. Long-finned Squid . 5, 6 Ring-billed ...17, 99, 115 Anaemia in Mink 47 Sabine's M. O. Make, opp. .. 89 81 Ledum dccumbens 128 Grasshoppers routed Marmot skulls .... 59 Mollusca, Sask. Lemming 115 by Gulls 68 Pleistocene 35 Back's 109 Gulo luscus 108 Lemmus triinucronatus . 109 Gyraulus cyclostomus Red Phalarope's nest 67 - Lcmiia minor Willow ptarmigan . 64 nov. sp 37 43 Interesting bird records Leptocottus armatus .... 47 Gyrfalcon, Gray 110 for southern Baffin Lcpus anicricanus Ji White 110 Island ...... 41, 65. 79 amcricanus

Iridoprocne bicolor 117 macfarlani . . . . 109 arcticus Ivor. H. R., Meadow andersoni . . 109 Haliaetus leucocephalus Jumping Mice 8 bairdi bairdi 24 alascanus . . . 110 bairdi cascadcnsis . . 24 Hall, E. R. and Gilmore townsendii R. M., New Marmot 57 Jeeger, Long-tailed .... 81 campanius 103 Hand Book of Frogs and Parasitic 81, 115 Lcucichthys artedi . . . . 51 Ill Toads, Review of . 146 Jay, Canada Lcucocytosoon anatis ... 27 Hare. Arctic 109 Johansen, F., Lewis, "H. F. Hudson Strait plants Mackenzie Varying . 109 126 Birds of Labrador 98, 115

Northern Varying . 109 Johnson, C. E., Barn Owl 82 Red-eyed Towhee . . 53 Varying Johnson, R. A.. Winter 24, 73 Songs of thrushes . . 144 Harkness, A. D., English birds of Nova Scotia 15 Waterfowl Sparrow 140 Junco 55 conservation ... 25 Harper, T. A., Arkansas Slate-coloured 82 Lindsay, R. V. Kingbird 53 Junco hyemalis hyemalis 82 Duck Hawk 11 Hart. J. L. Black crappie 103 Juncus articulatus . . 64, 139 Ling 133 Hawk, Duck castaneus 127 11, Ho Littorella uniflora . . . . 139 Marsh .. ..22. 23, 101, 110 compressus 138 Lloyd, A. C, Starling .. 82 Pigeon 22 pelocarpus 139 Lloyd, H., Ontario Sand • Western Red-tailed 22 fall 93

Helioperca macrochira . 133 Kelly, H. A. Lobelia Dortnianna . . . . 139 Hewdgrapsus oregonensis 47 Hog-nosed snake . 39 Loligo pealii 4 Heradeum lanatum 102 Kennedy, A. H. and Law Longspur, Alaska 22 Heron, Black-crowned R. G. Anaemia in Lapland .. .. 110, 111 Night 96 Mink 47 Loon, Common .... 16, 109 Great Blue 22 Kingbird, Arkansas . .22, 53 Pacific 109 White 39 Kingsfisher, Eastern Red-throated 109 Herring, Fresh-water .... 51 Belted 117 Yellow-billed 109 ......

150 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

Lota maculosa 133 Mcrtensia maritima . .63, 127 Notes on the distribution Loxia leucoptera 119 Mcsodon albolabris .. .. 119 of the Hoary Mar- Lu:^ula confusa 128 sayii 119 mots 61

nivalis 128 var. dentifera . . . 1 19 Notes on the fish fauna

parviflora 129 Micropterus dolomieu . 133 of an eastern Ontario

Lycopodiuni annotinum . 127 salmoides 23 shallow water lake.. 131

sclago apprcssum . . 127 Microtus m. mordax . 24 Notes on the nesting of Lyntnaca traskii 70 p. modestus 24 the Duck Hawk in Lymnseas, Canadian .... 69 tctramerus 2i Ontario 11 Lynx 24, 78 Mink 21 Notes on the rearing of Lynx sp., 24 Pacific 24 captive young Mea- canadensis 78 Mink, Nutritional dow Jumping Mice 8 Anaemia in 47 Notemigo7ius crysoleucas 132

Minnow, Blunt-nose . . . 132 Notropis cornutus . . . . 132 McKay Lake Marl .... 119 Mud 133 heterodon 132 Magpie, American . . . 22 Top 13-" heterolepis 132 Mallard 110 Mollusca 47 Nova Scotia gets Willow Mallotus villosus 98 Fossil 34 Ptarmigan 39 Malte, M. O,. 119 Nuthatch, Red-breasted.. 117 Bibliography 90 Land Molothrus ater atcr .. .. 119 Slender-billed .... 22 Note on 145 Moose Nutritional ansemia in Obituary 89 108 Moris bassana 16 Mink 47 Mammals, Thelon River. 105 Mosquitoes 105 Nyctea nyctea 110 Mantis, Chinese 97 Mouse, Kootenay Nymphon grossipcs Praying 9/ Jumping 24 niixttim 50 Mantis religiosa 97 Kootenay Red- Nymphozanthus Maps : backed 24 variegatus . . . . 139 Distributipn of Meadow Jumping . 8 Marmots 60 Rocky Mountain Epidemics among Meadow 24 Obituary M. O. Malte . 89 rabbits 76 Sagebrush White- Occanodroma castro ... 20 Rabbit population 74, 75 footed 24 Ochotoua princcps . . . 24 Marl 119 Moxostoma aurcolum . . 132 Octocoris alpcstris hoyii 110 Marmot, Brower's 57 lesuenri 109 Odocoiletis hemionus Okanagan Hoary . . 24 Munro, A. and Cle- macrotis 24 Marmots, Distribution of 61 J. men.s,. W. A., Food virginianus Marmota caligata of Merganser 45 ochrouriis .... 24 hroweri 57, 61 Murre, Atlantic 117 Marmota caligata Oenanthe oenanthe Brunnich's 17 caligata 57, 61 leucorhoa 81 Musk-ox 107, 109 Oiiemia americana .... 101 caligata cascadensis . 62 Muskrat 53, 103 Old-squaw .. 16, 42, 100, 110 caligata nivaria . . . . 63 Rocky Mountain ... 24 caligata okanagana 24, 62 Oligocottus maculosus . 47 Mustela c. cicognanii ... 24 caligata oxytona ... 61 On the behaviour of the Mussel • 47 Long-finned Squid caligata raceyi . . 58, 61 Mussels, Fossil 1 (Loligo peaUi) .... 4 monax petrensis. . 23, 62 Mustela c. cicognanii. .. 24 vancouvcrcnsis .... 63 Oncorhynchus gorbuscha V. energumenos .... 24 Marten, Selkirk 24 ..' 39, 103 My Otis I. lucifugus .... 24 Massasauga in Welland tschawytscha 142 y. sociabilis 24 County, Ontario ... 55 Oncorhynchus, Fry of . 47 Myriophyllum sp 64 Matricaria inodora . . . 131 Ondatra 2. osoyooscnsis 24 Mytihis edulis 47 suavcolens 65 Onoclea sensibilis 64

May fly 47 Neotoma cinerea Ontario Sand-fall . . . 93

Medicago lupulina .... 64 drummondi .... 23 Orcaninos americanus . 24

Megaceryle alcyon alcyon 117 cinerea occidentalis . . 23 Oriole, Bullock's 22

Melandryuin affinc . . . 128 Nettle 102 Ornithomimtis

apetalutn 127 New Marmot from edmontonicus . 7

Mclanitta dcglandi . . 17, 101 northern Alaska .... 57 elegans perspicillata 101 Nighthawk 22 Osprey 23 Melospiza georgiana ... 22 Note on the age of Land Ottawa Field-Naturalist's lincolni 138 Shells in the ;marl Club: melodia melodia ... 119 deposits of McKay Council Report .... 19 Mephitis hudsonica .... 24 Lake near Ottawa, Excursions 88 Merganser, American ..22, 45 Ontario 119 List of Members ... 83 Hooded 22 Notes on certain recently Publication Fund ... 19

Red-breasted 109 described dinosaurs. 7 Reserve fund . . . . 18

Merganser, Food of ... 45 Notes on the Alewife . 51 Statement of finance 18 Mergns merganser Notes on birds of the La- Ousel. Water 53 americanus .... 45 brador Peninsula in Ovalipes ocellatus 144

serrator 109 1931-2-3 98, 115 Ovibos nroschatus . . . 107 .. ... : ..

December, 1934] The Canadian Field-Naturalist 151

Owl, Barn 82 Plover, Piping 101 Recent developments in Richardson's 117 Ringed 65 water fowl conserva- Rocky Mountain Poa alpigena 128 tion in eastern Cana- Pygmy 22 alpina 127 da 25 Saw-whet 17 annua 64 Reclassification of the Short-eared 22 glauca 128 fossil U n i o n i d se Snowy 110 rigens 127 (Fresh-water Mus- (^-^ Poccilithys cxilis Oxycoccus palustris . . .. 133 sels) of western

Polygala . Oxyria digyiia 127 paucifolia . . 138 Canada 1 viridescens 138 Redpoll Oxyfropis Maydc^'liana 13(3 Ill Polygonum, terrae-novac 127 viviparum .. 127 Redstart, American ... 118 Polygyra Oxyuris vermicularis ... 112 albolabris .. .. 119 Reptiles, Alberta 139 7nonodon 119 Reviews sayana 119 Biological Ethics . 70 Pomolobus Birds and Mammals P.,C.L. Review by .. .. 146 pseudoharengus ... 51 from the Kootenay

Pacific Coast. Fish .... 121 Pomoxis sparoides . . 103, 133 valley, B.C 21 Papaver radicatuin .. .. 129 Porcupine, Yellow-haired 24 Conservation Ethic. 70

Parasites, Animal Ill Potanwgeton crispus . 138 Deformation of the Paratcnndcra sinensis ... 97 Pofenfilla alpcstris .... 127 Earth's crust 145

Parnassia caroliniana . . . 63 palustris 127 Hand Book of Frogs

Kotsehuci 129 Prenanthes alfissinia . . 65 and Toads 146 Parnell, I. W. Parasites 111 Pritchard. A. L. The "C.J.N." 56

Parsnip. Cow 102 Caddis fly larvae . 39 Rhododendron

Passer domcsticus . . . 140 Muskrat 103 lapponicuin . . . 129 Passcrculus sand- Water Ousel 53 Rhus Toxicodendron ... 65 wichensis alaudinus. Ill Pscudacris nigrita Rissa tridactvla PassereUa iliaca septentrionalis 139,146 frida'cty'a .. 17, 116 fuliginosa Ptarmigan, Rock 110 Robin, American Ill Passcrhcrbidus caudacufus 138 Willow- .... 39, 43, 101. Rubus chamacmorus 64, 129 Patula alternata 119 110, 120 Russell, L. S.

Pedicularis hirsnta . . . Ptychocheihis 129 Molluscan Faunas . 34 lanata 131 oregoneusis . . 23, 142 Reclassification of

lapponica 128 Puccinellia retroflcxa . . 128 Unionidae 1 Peewee, Wood 14 tenella 130 Sagittaria latifolia .... 65 Peli^na alpina sakhalina 66 Puffin, Atlantic 17 Salamander 1.39 Pcnthcstes atricapiUus ... 17 Pycnogonida from the Salix aretica 127 hudsonicus 17 coast of British herbacca 128 Pcrca flavesccns 133 Columbia 4^ reticulata 128

Perch 47, 133 Pycnogonum stearnsi . 50 speciosa 127 Log 133 Pyrola grandiflora .. .. 127 uva-ursi 127 Percina caprodes 133 Salmo, Fry of 47 Perisorens canadensis .. Ill Salmo spp 109 Peromyscus sp 21 Quebec, Flora 138 Salmon. Pink .. .. 39, 103

m. artemisiae . . . . 24 Salmon Spring, Food of 142 Petrel, Madeira 20 Salmon Eggs 47

Phalacrocorax sp 16 Rabbit. Rocky Mountain Salvelinus fontinalis . . . 132 aurifus auritus .... 41 Snowshoe 24 Sand-fall in Ontario.. .. 93

carbo carho . . . . 41„ 99 Rabbit, Snowshoe .. 7i, 114 Sandpiper, Pectoral . . 22, 95 Phalarope, Red 66 White-tailed iack .. 103 Red-backed 66

Phalaropus fulicarius . 66 Rabbits Fluctuation of. 7?> Solitary -37 Philohe'a minor 102 Racey, K. Microtus Stilt 96

Phoebe, Say's 22 tctramerus 21 Western Solitary . 22

Phoxichilidium Raja abyssicola 121 Saxifraga aisoidcs . . . 127 ^"^ femoratitni .... 49 Rana cantabrigensis .. . 139 cernua 1

Picoidcs tridactylus pretiosa pretiosa . 23 foliolosa 127 fasciatus ?>7 Rangifer arcticus 105 groenlandica 127 Pika 24 montanus 24 hircuius l'?9

Pike, . . . . 1 Common 53, 33 Ranunculus affinis . . . 128 oppositifolia 127 Pike-perch 133 eradicatus 127 rivularis 130

Pintail 22, 27, 42. 110 hyperhoreus ' 127 tricuspidata 128 Pipilo erythrophthalmus S?i lapponicus 128 Scaup, Greater 95 ^" Pipit, American 22 nivalis 1 Scirpus lacustris 64 Plantago Rtigelii 65 pygmaeus 130 Torreyi 138

Plants, Hudson Strait . 126 reptans 64 validus 64 Plectrophenax rivalis .. Ill Sabinei 129 Sciurus h. richardsoni . . 24 Pleistocene and Post- Rat. Wood 23 Scoter 17 Pleistocene Mollus- Raven. Northern 17, 22, 111 American 101 can Faunas of South- Raymond, M. Surf 101

ern Saskatchewan . 34 Flora of Quebec. . .. 138 White-winged ...95, 101 ......

152 The Canadian Field-Naturalist [Vol. XLVIII

Sculpin Lincoln's 22 Teal, Green-winged... 22, 27

Scutellaria galcriculata . . 64 Nelson's 138 Templeman, W.

Seat-worm 112 Sooty Fox 38 Ovalipcs occllatus . . 144 Sedum roscum 127 Swamp 22 Tern Black 96 Scnecio aureus 6.^ Tree 142 Caspian 99, 117

Pseudo-arnica . . . . 63 Western Savannah . . Ill Roseate 54

Setophaga ruticilla .. .. 118 Western Vesper . . .. 22 Thamnophis radix 140

Shells, Land, in Marl ..119 Sparrows, Trapping of . 140 Thelon River Fauna . . . 105

Shiner, Blacknose . . . . 132 Spiranthes Thlaspi arvensc 64

Common 132 Roman::offiana .... 6^ Thomomys f. saturatus. 24 Golden 132 Spirontocaris sitchensis. 47 Thompson, S. L.

Shovellers 55 Spi::;a americana 137 Hog-nosed Snake . . 55

Shrew, Cinereous Long- Squawfish 23, 142 Tree Sparrow . . . . 142

tailed 24 Squid, Long-finned .... 4 Thrush, Gray-cheeked . . 144 Dusky 24 Squires, S. K. Hermit ". 144

Mountain Wandering 24 Birds and a bath . . 14 Olive-backed 144

Shrimp 47 Squirrel, Columbian Thynialliis signifer . . . . 109 Sand 47 Ground 24 Toad, Canadian 139

Sialia sialis sialis . . . . 118 Dusky Flying . . . . 24 Crested 139

Silene acaulis 127 Ground 109 Northwestern . . . 139 SimuUum larvae 47 Northern Mantled Toads 146 Siniulium sp 105 Ground 24 Tofio'dia palustris 128

Sistrurus cafcnatus .... 55 Richardson Red ... 24 Toner, G. C. Alewife . 51

Sitta canadensis 117 Stagnicola johnsoni . . 70 Toner, G. C. and Steven- Skunk Northern Striped 24 yukoncnsis 69 son, J. A.

Smart, B. Letter from . . 143 Stagomantis Carolina ... 97 Fish fauna . . . 131

Smiley, D. Starling 82, 118 Towhee, Red-eyed . . . 53

Bird-eating Frog . . 55 Starling, Northern Townsend, C. W^

Snake, Garter 55 Record for 82 Roseate Tern . . . 54

Hog-nosed 39, 55 Staticc armeria .- 127 Trichina Ill

Massasauga 55 Stellaria humifusa 127 Tringa s. cinnamomca . . 37 Milk 55 longipes 127 Trisctum spicatuni .. .. 127 Plains Garter .. .. 140 Stenonychosaurus Trout 109

Prairie Rattle . . . . 140 inequalis 7 Brook 132 Snowflake Ill Ster)ia dougalli 54 Tufts, R. W.,

Solidago flexicanlis .... 65 Stercorarius parasiticus. 115 Holboell's Grebe . . . 38

. Somatcria mollissinia . . 17 Sternberg, C. M. Willow Ptarmigan . 39

mollissinia drcsscri . 100 Dinosaurs 7 Tullibee 109 Some additions to the Stevenson, J. A. Tiirdus migratorius .. .. Ill

vascular flora of An- Long-finned Squid . . 4 Turnstone, Ruddy 65 ticosti Island 63 Stevenson, T. A. and Turtle 140

Some amphibians and Toner, "G. C. Tusket Islands, N. S. . 15 reptiles of the district Fish fauna . . . 131 Two new Canadian around High River Stickleback 47 Lymnseas 69 82 Stizostedion . alba Alberta 139 glaucum . 133 Tyto Some notes on the vitreuni 133 Uncinaria stcnocephala . . 113 Praying Mantis .... 97 Stone-fly 47 Umbra linii 133 Some notes on the winter Strtithiomimus curreillii. 7 Unionidse 1 47 birds of Yarmouth Sturnus vulgaris .. ..82, 118 Upogebia pugetensis ... 117 and the Tusket Is- Sucker, Common 132 Uria aalge aalge 17 lands of Nova Scotia 15 Gray 109 lomvia Northern 109 Ursus sp 24 Soper, J. D. Redfin 132 richardsoni . . . 109 Baffin Island Birds 102 Sun fish. Common . . . . 133 Vrtica viridis 41. 65, 79 Swallow. Rough-winged 22 Utricularia cornuta .. .. 139 Sora 22 Tree 22, 117 purpurea 1 39 Sorex c. cincreus 24 Swallows 14 resupinata lv5S 0. navigator 24 Swan, Whistling .... 42, 110 0. obscurus 24 V. monticola 24 Vaccinium spp 64

Sparganium androcladuni 138 T., P. A. White Herons. 39 uliginosum . . . . 99, 127 Sparrow, Baird's 138 Tamias striatus griseus. 50 Vitis-idaca 127 Clay-coloured 96 Tapeworm 112 Valvata lezvisi ontaricnsis 39 Eastern Song .. .. 119 Broad 114 Vancouver Island bird 2)7 English 140 Taraxacum croccum . . . 127 notes

Gambel's White- russeolum 128 Vanc'llus vanellus . . . 101 crowned Ill Taverner, P. A. Vascular plants collected Grasshopper 137 Madeira Petrel .... 20 during the Canadian

Henslow's 96 Red-breasted Goose . 103 Hudson Strait ex-

Leconte's 138 Taxidea t. neglecta .... 24 pedition in 1927 .. . 126 . . .

December. 19341 The Canadian Field-Naturaust 153

Veery 144 Waterfowl conservation 25 Woodpecker, Alaska ycrinivora ruficapilla Water-bug 47 Three-toed ....22, 2,7 ruficapilla 118 Water-shrew, Mountain . 24 Arctic Three-toed . 22 Veronica alpina 127 Water-strider 47 Pileated 14 Vireo, Red-eyed 14 Water-thrush, Northern 22 Would a Muskrat attack Vole, Mountain long- Waxwing, Cedar 118 a Pike? 53 tailed 24 Weasel, Bonaparte .... 24 Wren, Carolina 96 Viilpes sp 78 Wheatear, Greenland . 81 fulva 108 White Herons in South- Vulture. Turkey 22 ern Ontario 39 Xcma sabiiii 81 Whitefish 109 Warbler, Bay-breasted . 118 Wilby, G. V. Calaveras 22 Yarmouth, N. S. . . . IS

Pacific Coast fish . . 121 Eastern Yellow .. 99. 118 Yellow-legs, Greater 22 Wild Life in Hooded 96 the Thelon River area,, North- Kentucky 96 Zapus west Territories, Ca- hudsonius Macgillivray's . . . 22 nada 105 hudsonius 8 Northern Pileated . . 22 Wolf princeps 24 Prairie 96 78, 106, 108 Zicania aquatica 65 Was the introduction of Wolverine 108 Z.onotrichia leiicophrys the Muskrat to Gra- Woodchuck, British gambeli Ill ham Island, Q.C.I., Columbia 23 Zosfera marina 25 unwise ? 103 Woodcock, American . . . 102 Zygadcnus chloranthus .. 63

Affiliated Societies

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE MANITOBA PROTECTION OF BIRDS INC. 1929-30 OFFICERS & COMMITTEE: Preticienl Emeritus: C.E. Bastin; President: G. Shirlev Past Presidents: MR. L. Mel. Terrill, Mr. Napibr Smith, BnooKS, Past Presidents: H. M. Sfeechly, M.D., C. W. Mr. W. S. Hart; President: Mrs. C. L. Henderson, 1536 LOWB, M.Sc, A. A. McCouBRBY, J. B. Walus, M.A., St. Matthew St., Montreal; Vice-Presidents: Mr. H. A. C. V. W. Jackson M.Sc. A. M. Davidson, M.D.. R. A. Jackson, Mr V. C Wynne-Edwakds, Vice-President and Wardlb, M.Sc; Vice-Presidents: Mrs. L. R. Simp.=?on, Treasurer: Mr. Hbnry Mouslby; Secretary: Miss M. Seath; C. L. Bitoi-Ev, W. H. Rand, Dr. R. S. Kfrk, B. W. Cartwright, a. Burton Gresham, Treasurer: A. G. Committee: MRS. C. F. Dale, Mr. J. A. Decarib, Mr. W. Lawrence: Auditor: R. M. Thomas; Social Convenor: S. Hart, Mrs. H. Hibbert, Dr. A. N. Jenks, Mr. E. L. Mrs. a. J. Sbarle; General Secretary: Norman Lowe, JuDAH, Mr. Fbaser Keith, Miss P. B. Mattinson. Miqs 317 Simcoe St., Winnipeg; BiecuUre Secreiarj/; J. Haddow. L. Murphy, Miss M. S. Nicolson, Mr. C, Bait, Mr. L. McI.Spackman, Mr. L. McI. Terrill. Section Chairman Secretary OmiihoJogieal L. T. S. Norris-Elye, B.A. A. H. Shobtt Meetings held the second Monday of the month except dur- Entomologieal A. V. Mitchener, M.Sc Miss M.F. Pratt ing summer. Botanical Mrs. I. M. Priestly Mrs. H. T. Ross Geological Miss C. J. Egan, P. H. Stokes lehihyolosical Ferris Neave, M.Sc G. D. Russell SOCIETE PROVANCHER D'HISTOIRE Mammalogieal V. W. Jackson, M.Sc; J. P. Kennedy Microscopy NATURELLE DU CANADA Zoology R. A. Wardle, M.Sc. Botany C. W. Lowe, M.Sc. H.Chas. Pearcb Patron Honoraire: Son E.icellence, lb Tres Honoraulb Comte de Bessborough, P.C, G.C.M.G., Gouverneur- Meetings are held each Monday evening, except on holiday G6n6ral du Canada; Vice-Patron Honoraire: Honobabije trom October to April, in the phs'sics theatre of the University M. G. H. Carroll, Lieutenant-Gouverneur de la Province Winnipeg. Field excursions are held each Saturday after- de Quebec; Bureau d« Direction pour 193i: President: Edgar noon during May, June and September, and on public holidays Rochette, C.R., M.P.P.; ler vice-prisident: G. Stuart during July and August. Ahern; Siime tice-prisident: Dr. J.-E. Bernier; Secritairt- trisorier: Louis-B. Lavoib; Chef de la section scientifique: Dr. D.-A.Dery; Chef de la section de Propagande eduration- THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION nelle: Alphonsb Desilets, B.S.A.; Chef de la section de SOCIETY protection: Adrien Falardbau, C.R.; Chef de la section d'information scientifique et pratique: James F. Rosss Incorporated) Directeurs: A. W. Ahbrn. R. Meredith, N.P., U. G. Tebsier. Hon. President: W. E. Saunders, London, Ont.T President: Seerttaire-Ubsorier: Louis-B. Rbv. Calvin McQubston; Vice-President: R. Owrn Mbrri- Lavoib MAN. M.A., Kingston, Ont.; First Vice-President: DR. H. G. 38, rue Sherbrooke, Quebec. Arnott; Second Vice-President: Mrs. F. E. MacLoghlin; Recording Secretary: J. Roland Brown; Secretary-Treasurer: Miss Nina Duncan; Assistant Secretary-Treasurer: Miss E. McEwiN; Junior Committee: Miss M. E. Graham; Pro- THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS' gramme Committee: Rhv. C. A. HeavbN; Extension Comntilteie: H. C. NUNN. CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1934-35. McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB, Honorary President: Dr. A. P. Coleman; President: Arnott LONDON, ONT. M. Patterson; Hon. Vii-e-P residents: Hon. G. H. Challus, Mr. J. Fleming, Dr. Prtsident: Mr. Edison Matthews, 551 Central A ve., London H N. A. Powell: Vice-President: ^k. F. P. Ide, Secretary-Treasurer: Onr.; Vice- President: MR. E. D. Brand, 148 William Street. H. M. Halliday; ( ouncil— London, Ont.; Recording Secretary: Mr. Vernon Franks, 196 Dr. EM. Walker, S. L. Thompson, Prof. J.R. Dymond, C. S. Farmer. Prop. T, F. McIlwraith. Dr. Duchess Av' ., London, Ont.; Corresponding Secretary and Norma Ford, Magistrate J. E. .Jones, Treasurer: Mb. W. G. Giruno, 530 English St., London, L. T. Owens, RurERT David.s, F. C. Hurst. T. Ont. Migration Secretary: Mr. E. M. S. Dale. 297 Hyman Dr. M. C. Taylor, C. G. Brennand, R. Saunders; Chairman Conservation Street, London, Ont.; Members qualified to answer questions: M. of Committee: Mrs. W. E. Saunders, 240 Central Avenue, London, Ont.; S. L. Thompson; President of Junior Club: Murray Speirs; C. G. Watson, 201 Ridbut Street South, London, Ont.; Vice-President of Junior Club: Hubebt Richardson. Leaders: Birds— Messrs. S. L. J. F. Calvert, 461 Tecumseh Avenue, London, Ont.; E. M. S. Thompson. L. L. Snyder, J. L. Baillie, Prof. Dale, 297 Hyman Street, London, Ont. Jr., T. F. McIlwraith, R. M. Spbirs, F. H. Emery. Mammals—Prof. a. P. Coventry, Me.ssrs. E. of month, Meetings held the second Monday the excep C. Cross, D. A. McLulich. Reptiles and Amphibians— during the summer. Messrs. E. B. S. Logier, Wm LeRay. Fish— Prof. 3. R. Dymond, Prop. W J. K Harkness. InseHs—Tlft. E. VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY M. WAI.KER. Dr. N. Ford. Mr. P. P. Ide. Botany—Prof. R. B. Thomson, Dr. H. B. Sifton, Dr. T. M. C. Taylor- Honorary President. L. S. Klink, (D.Sc), President Univer- Mr. W. R. Watson. Mr. L. T. Owens. Geology— Dr. A. P. sity ol B.C; President: John Davidson, F.L.S., F.B.S.E., Coleman: Prop. A. McLean. University of B.C.; Vice-President: Dr. M. Y. Williams, Geology Dept., University of B.C.; Honorary Si>rretatii: Mrs. F. W. Parley; 6607 Laburnum St., Vancouver, B. C. First Attiatant Secretary: Mrs. Laura Anderson, Snd Assistant We would ask the Officers, and more Secretary: Misa Nora Swift, Honorary Treasurer: A. H. Bain, 2142 Collingwood Street, Vancouver, B.C.; Librarian: particularly the Secretaries, of all the Mrs. p. McG inn. Members of Executive: C. F. CONNOR, M. A. Mr.R. J. CUMMING; Mr. J. D. TURNBULL, Mr. CuRTIS JOHNS, Affiliated Societies to assist us in our Mrs. J Motion: Auditors: H. G. Sei.wood, W.B.Woods. Chairmen qf Sections: Botany: Prof. John Davidson, Geology: task of building up the circulation of Mr. J. J. Plommbr, Photography: Mr. Philip Timms, Entym- ology: Mb Wootton, Microscopy: Mr. J.A. Johnston, Ornith- this magazine. By securing every ology: Mb. J, D. Turnbull. All meetings at 8 p.m.. Auditorium, Normal School, 10th member as a subscriber we can truly Avenue and Cambie Street unless otherwise announced. make this magazine into one. of the BRITISH COLUMBIA BIRD AND MAMMAL leading Natural History publicationg SOCIETY of America, President: Db. M. Y. Williams; First Vice-President; Hamilton M. Laing; Second Vice-President: Dr. C. J Bastin.* Saeretary-Treasurer: Kbnneth Racey, 3262 West Ist Ave. Vancouver, B.C. AUTOBIOGRAPHY o/ JOHN MACOUN, M.A. CANADA NORTH OF FIFTY SIX By E. M. KINDLE These are attractively bound, and contain a wealth of information concerning Canadian Special profusely illustrated number of The Natural History and Exploration. The author "Naturalist", 86 pages, 3t illustrations. Every warn a former President of the Club and this is a Canadian should know this prize essay. Memorial Volume PRICE FIFTY CENTS PRICE $3.00. - 305 pp. WILMOT LLOYD WILMOT LLOYD 582 Mariposa Avenue RockclifTe Park, Ottawa 58? Mariposa Avenue Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa WILMOT LLOYD, Treasurer, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, FOR SALE:— 582 Mariposa Avenue, RockclifTe Park, Ottawa. COMPLETE SET OF THE CLUB'S Enclosed please find $2.00 as membership in PUBLICATIONS The O.F.-N.C. and Subscription to the Canadian Field-Naturalist for the year 1933. 1879-1932

This is a rare opportunity. For particulars address the Treasurer— Address WILMOT LLOYD 582 Mariposa Avenue Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa City, Prov. or State^

FORM I do hereby give and bequeath to The Ottawa Field- Naturalists' Club of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada the sum OF

of -. ._: 100 Dollars BEQUEST Date Signature

^<^

1 ffi

Kindly mention The Canadian Field-Natwalist to advertiiera

ERNST MAYR LIBRARY

3 2044 114 197 940

Date Due

SEP 2 ^—mm-

OCT t I ^54

FEB - 19?fi-