Copernicus and Galileo
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
A Philosophical and Historical Analysis of Cosmology from Copernicus to Newton
University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2017 Scientific transformations: a philosophical and historical analysis of cosmology from Copernicus to Newton Manuel-Albert Castillo University of Central Florida Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Castillo, Manuel-Albert, "Scientific transformations: a philosophical and historical analysis of cosmology from Copernicus to Newton" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 5694. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/5694 SCIENTIFIC TRANSFORMATIONS: A PHILOSOPHICAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF COSMOLOGY FROM COPERNICUS TO NEWTON by MANUEL-ALBERT F. CASTILLO A.A., Valencia College, 2013 B.A., University of Central Florida, 2015 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the department of Interdisciplinary Studies in the College of Graduate Studies at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2017 Major Professor: Donald E. Jones ©2017 Manuel-Albert F. Castillo ii ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is to show a transformation around the scientific revolution from the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries against a Whig approach in which it still lingers in the history of science. I find the transformations of modern science through the cosmological models of Nicholas Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton. -
The Influence of Copernicus on Physics
radiosources, obJects believed to be extremely distant. Counts of these The influence of Copernicus sources indicate that their number density is different at large distances on physics from what it is here. Or we may put it differently : the number density of B. Paczynski, Institute of Astronomy, Warsaw radiosources was different a long time ago from what it is now. This is in This month sees the 500th Anniver tific one, and there are some perils contradiction with the strong cosmo sary of the birth of Copernicus. To associated with it. logical principle. Also, the Universe mark the occasion, Europhysics News Why should we not make the cos seems to be filled with a black body has invited B. Paczynski, Polish Board mological principle more perfect ? microwave radiation which has, at member of the EPS Division on Phy Once we say that the Universe is the present, the temperature of 2.7 K. It is sics in Astronomy, to write this article. same everywhere, should we not also almost certain that this radiation was say that it is the same at all times ? produced about 1010 years ago when Once we have decided our place is the Universe was very dense and hot, Copernicus shifted the centre of and matter was in thermal equilibrium the Universe from Earth to the Sun, not unique, why should the time we live in be unique ? In fact such a with radiation. Such conditions are and by doing so he deprived man vastly different from the present kind of its unique position in the Uni strong cosmological principle has been adopted by some scientists. -
Cosmology Timeline
Timeline Cosmology • 2nd Millennium BCEBC Mesopotamian cosmology has a flat,circular Earth enclosed in a cosmic Ocean • 12th century BCEC Rigveda has some cosmological hymns, most notably the Nasadiya Sukta • 6th century BCE Anaximander, the first (true) cosmologist - pre-Socratic philosopher from Miletus, Ionia - Nature ruled by natural laws - Apeiron (boundless, infinite, indefinite), that out of which the universe originates • 5th century BCE Plato - Timaeus - dialogue describing the creation of the Universe, - demiurg created the world on the basis of geometric forms (Platonic solids) • 4th century BCE Aristotle - proposes an Earth-centered universe in which the Earth is stationary and the cosmos, is finite in extent but infinite in time • 3rd century BCE Aristarchus of Samos - proposes a heliocentric (sun-centered) Universe, based on his conclusion/determination that the Sun is much larger than Earth - further support in 2nd century BCE by Seleucus of Seleucia • 3rd century BCE Archimedes - book The Sand Reckoner: diameter of cosmos � 2 lightyears - heliocentric Universe not possible • 3rd century BCE Apollonius of Perga - epicycle theory for lunar and planetary motions • 2nd century CE Ptolemaeus - Almagest/Syntaxis: culmination of ancient Graeco-Roman astronomy - Earth-centered Universe, with Sun, Moon and planets revolving on epicyclic orbits around Earth • 5th-13th century CE Aryabhata (India) and Al-Sijzi (Iran) propose that the Earth rotates around its axis. First empirical evidence for Earth’s rotation by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. • 8th century CE Puranic Hindu cosmology, in which the Universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4.32 billion years. • • 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus - publishes heliocentric universe in De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium - implicit introduction Copernican principle: Earth/Sun is not special • 1609-1632 Galileo Galilei - by means of (telescopic) observations, proves the validity of the heliocentric Universe. -
The Copernican Revolution, the Scientific Revolution, and The
The Copernican Revolution, the Scientific Revolution, and the Mechanical Philosophy Conor Mayo-Wilson University of Washington Phil. 401 January 19th, 2017 2 Prediction and Explanation, in particular, the role of mathematics, causation, primary and secondary qualities, microsctructure in prediction and explanation, and 3 Empirical Theories, in particular, the place of the earth in the solar system, the composition of matter, and the causes of terrestial and celestial motion. We're on our way to meeting goal three, but we've got two more to go ::: Course Goals By the end of the quarter, students should be able to explain in what ways the mechanical philosophers agreed and disagreed with Aristotle and scholastics about 1 Epistemology, in particular, the role of testimony, authority, experiment, and logic as sources of knowledge, 3 Empirical Theories, in particular, the place of the earth in the solar system, the composition of matter, and the causes of terrestial and celestial motion. We're on our way to meeting goal three, but we've got two more to go ::: Course Goals By the end of the quarter, students should be able to explain in what ways the mechanical philosophers agreed and disagreed with Aristotle and scholastics about 1 Epistemology, in particular, the role of testimony, authority, experiment, and logic as sources of knowledge, 2 Prediction and Explanation, in particular, the role of mathematics, causation, primary and secondary qualities, microsctructure in prediction and explanation, and Course Goals By the end of the quarter, -
Sacred Rhetorical Invention in the String Theory Movement
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Communication Studies Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research Communication Studies, Department of Spring 4-12-2011 Secular Salvation: Sacred Rhetorical Invention in the String Theory Movement Brent Yergensen University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/commstuddiss Part of the Speech and Rhetorical Studies Commons Yergensen, Brent, "Secular Salvation: Sacred Rhetorical Invention in the String Theory Movement" (2011). Communication Studies Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research. 6. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/commstuddiss/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Communication Studies, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Communication Studies Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. SECULAR SALVATION: SACRED RHETORICAL INVENTION IN THE STRING THEORY MOVEMENT by Brent Yergensen A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major: Communication Studies Under the Supervision of Dr. Ronald Lee Lincoln, Nebraska April, 2011 ii SECULAR SALVATION: SACRED RHETORICAL INVENTION IN THE STRING THEORY MOVEMENT Brent Yergensen, Ph.D. University of Nebraska, 2011 Advisor: Ronald Lee String theory is argued by its proponents to be the Theory of Everything. It achieves this status in physics because it provides unification for contradictory laws of physics, namely quantum mechanics and general relativity. While based on advanced theoretical mathematics, its public discourse is growing in prevalence and its rhetorical power is leading to a scientific revolution, even among the public. -
Nicolaus Copernicus: the Loss of Centrality
I Nicolaus Copernicus: The Loss of Centrality The mathematician who studies the motions of the stars is surely like a blind man who, with only a staff to guide him, must make a great, endless, hazardous journey that winds through innumerable desolate places. [Rheticus, Narratio Prima (1540), 163] 1 Ptolemy and Copernicus The German playwright Bertold Brecht wrote his play Life of Galileo in exile in 1938–9. It was first performed in Zurich in 1943. In Brecht’s play two worldviews collide. There is the geocentric worldview, which holds that the Earth is at the center of a closed universe. Among its many proponents were Aristotle (384–322 BC), Ptolemy (AD 85–165), and Martin Luther (1483–1546). Opposed to geocentrism is the heliocentric worldview. Heliocentrism teaches that the sun occupies the center of an open universe. Among its many proponents were Copernicus (1473–1543), Kepler (1571–1630), Galileo (1564–1642), and Newton (1643–1727). In Act One the Italian mathematician and physicist Galileo Galilei shows his assistant Andrea a model of the Ptolemaic system. In the middle sits the Earth, sur- rounded by eight rings. The rings represent the crystal spheres, which carry the planets and the fixed stars. Galileo scowls at this model. “Yes, walls and spheres and immobility,” he complains. “For two thousand years people have believed that the sun and all the stars of heaven rotate around mankind.” And everybody believed that “they were sitting motionless inside this crystal sphere.” The Earth was motionless, everything else rotated around it. “But now we are breaking out of it,” Galileo assures his assistant. -
Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution Learning Objective Students will be able to: * define the Scientific Revolution * identify the historical roots of modern science. (a historical root is the start of something) The Birth of Modern Science Building Background: In the 1500s, Europe was undergoing dramatic changes. The Renaissance was well under way. During the Renaissance, great advances were made in: art writing education The stage was set for another revolution in thinking. For interactive Europe map go to: http://www.yourchildlearns.com/mappuzzle/europe-puzzle.html During the 1500s and 1600s, a handful of brilliant individuals laid the foundations for science as we know it today. Some historians consider the development of modern science the most important event in the intellectual history of humankind. Between 1500 and 1700, modern science emerged as a new way of gaining knowledge about the world. Galileo tested his ideas about gravity by dropping two balls of different sizes and weights from the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Before this time, Europeans relied on two main sources for their understanding of nature: • The Bible and religious teachings. • The work of classical thinkers, especially the philosopher Aristotle. The Scientific Revolution Pair / Share Ques-on What two things did Europeans rely on to help them understand nature? 1. Europeans relied on the Bible. 2. The works of Classical thinkers, particularly Aristotle. Roots of the Scientific Revolution During the Renaissance, many thinkers began to question the conclusions of earlier thinkers. For example, Renaissance scholars rediscovered the cultures of ancient - Greece and Rome. Muslim, Christian, and Jewish scholars in the Muslim Arab world translated many classical works. -
Space, Time, and Spacetime
Fundamental Theories of Physics 167 Space, Time, and Spacetime Physical and Philosophical Implications of Minkowski's Unification of Space and Time Bearbeitet von Vesselin Petkov 1. Auflage 2010. Buch. xii, 314 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 642 13537 8 Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 714 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Physik, Astronomie > Quantenphysik > Relativität, Gravitation Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. The Experimental Verdict on Spacetime from Gravity Probe B James Overduin Abstract Concepts of space and time have been closely connected with matter since the time of the ancient Greeks. The history of these ideas is briefly reviewed, focusing on the debate between “absolute” and “relational” views of space and time and their influence on Einstein’s theory of general relativity, as formulated in the language of four-dimensional spacetime by Minkowski in 1908. After a brief detour through Minkowski’s modern-day legacy in higher dimensions, an overview is given of the current experimental status of general relativity. Gravity Probe B is the first test of this theory to focus on spin, and the first to produce direct and unambiguous detections of the geodetic effect (warped spacetime tugs on a spin- ning gyroscope) and the frame-dragging effect (the spinning earth pulls spacetime around with it). -
The Universe.Pdf
Standard 1: Students will o understand the scientific Terms to know evidence that supports theories o Big Bang Theory that explain how the universe o Doppler Effect and the solar system developed. o Redshift They will compare Earth to other o Universe objects in the solar system. Standard 1, Objective 1: Describe both the big bang theory of universe formation and the nebular theory of solar system formation and evidence supporting them. Lesson Objectives • Explain the evidence for an expanding universe. • Describe the formation of the universe according to the Big Bang Theory. Introduction The study of the universe is called cosmology. Cosmologists study the structure and changes in the present universe. The universe contains all of the star systems, galaxies, gas and dust, plus all the matter and energy that exist. The universe also includes all of space and time. Evolution of Human Understanding of the Universe What did the ancient Greeks recognize as the universe? In their model, the universe contained Earth at the center, the Sun, the Moon, five planets, and a sphere to which all the stars were attached. This idea held for many centuries until Galileo's telescope allowed people to recognize that Earth is not the center of the universe. They also found out that there are many more stars than were visible to the naked eye. All of those stars were in the Milky Way Galaxy. 13 Timeline of cosmological theories 4th century BCE — Aristotle proposes a Geocentric (Earth-centered) universe in which the Earth is stationary and the cosmos (or universe) revolves around the Earth. -
Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus Miles Life ● Born February 19, 1473 in Torun, Poland. ● Studied law and medicine at the Universities of Bologna and Padua. ● In 1514, he proposed the Sun as the center of the solar system with the Earth as a planet. ● Died May 24, 1543 in Frombork, Poland. Mathematical Accomplishments ● Copernicus formulated the Quantity Theory of Money It states that money supply has a direct, proportional relationship with the price level. ● He is considered the founder of modern astronomy He applied many principles that we know of in modern astronomy into place. ● His work established the heliocentric model His model put the Sun at the center of the Solar System with the Earth as one planet revolving around the fixed sun. Mathematical Accomplishments: Importance ● Quantity Theory of Money It remains a principal concept in economics. ● Modern Astronomy Modern astronomy is still used as a topic for the progression of humanity. ● Heliocentric Model We still use the heliocentric model as a big part of understanding the universe. Timeline 1473 1490 - 1510 - 1543 1500 1520 Birth Young Life Mid Life Death February 19 in Torun, Royal After four years at university, He proposed the Sun as the May 24 in Frombork, Poland. Prussia, Poland. He was the heh did not graduate, but he center of the solar system youngest of four children of studied law and medicine at with the Earth as a planet, and Nicolaus Copernicus Sr. the Universities of Bologna no one fixed point at the and Padua, then returned to center of the universe. Poland after witnessing a lunar eclipse in Rome in 1500. -
Searching for Monopoles Via Monopolium Multiphoton Decays
CTPU-PTC-21-13, OCHA-PP-365 Searching for Monopoles via Monopolium Multiphoton Decays Neil D. Barrie1y, Akio Sugamoto2z, Matthew Talia3x, and Kimiko Yamashita4{ 1 Center for Theoretical Physics of the Universe, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Korea 2Department of Physics, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan 3Astrocent, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland 4 Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China [email protected], [email protected], x [email protected], { [email protected] Abstract We explore the phenomenology of a model of monopolium based on an electromagnetic dual formulation of Zwanziger and lattice gauge theory. The monopole is assumed to have a finite-sized inner structure based on a 't Hooft-Polyakov like solution, with the magnetic charge uniformly distributed on the surface of a sphere. The monopole and anti-monopole potential becomes linear plus Coulomb outside the sphere, analogous to the Cornell potential utilised in the study of quarkonium states. Discovery of a resonance feature in the diphoton channel as well as in a higher multiplicity photon channel would be a smoking gun for the existence arXiv:2104.06931v1 [hep-ph] 14 Apr 2021 of monopoles within this monopolium construction, with the mass and bound state properties extractable. Utilising the current LHC results in the diphoton channel, constraints on the monopole mass are determined for a wide range of model parameters. These are compared to the most recent MoEDAL results and found to be significantly more stringent in certain parameter regions, providing strong motivation for exploring higher multiplicity photon final state searches. -
Cosmic Controversies – Boon Or Bane?
Chicago, October 2019 Cosmic controversies – boon or bane? Simon White Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics Aristotle Greece, 384 – 322 B.C. Student of Plato Tutor to Alexander the Great The authoritative scientist in Europe for 1800 years “The speed at which an object falls is directly proportional to its weight” Simon Stevin Holland, 1548 – 1620 Experiment shows all objects fall at the same rate Galileo Galilei Italy, 1564 – 1642 Authority and the standard model vs discrepant observation; an epistemological controversy over the primacy of “facts” Galileo using his telescope to show the mountains of the Moon to two cardinals The Copernican revolution A controversy over interpretation, not over facts Nicolaus Copernicus Poland, 1473 – 1543 Isaac Newton: 1643 – 1727 F = m a Law of Motion F = G m M R 2 Law of Gravity grav ⊕ / ⊕ 2 a = G M R grav ⊕ / ⊕ Mathematics links the motion of the Moon and planets to the falling of objects Is mathematical “beauty” relevant for establishing scientific truth? A controversy over the age of the Earth Charles Lyell (1797 – 1895) William Thomson (1824 – 1907) Erosion arguments lead to time- Cooling arguments lead to ages of scales of hundreds of millions of a few tens of millions of years for years and an indefinite age. for the Earth and the Sun. Imprecise phenomenology Rigorous physical calculation A controversy over the age of the Earth Charles Lyell (1797 – 1895) William Thomson (1824 – 1907) Erosion arguments lead to time- Cooling arguments lead to ages of scales of hundreds of millions of a few tens of millions of years for years and an indefinite age.