Nicolaus Copernicus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Nicolaus Copernicus Miles Life ● Born February 19, 1473 in Torun, Poland. ● Studied law and medicine at the Universities of Bologna and Padua. ● In 1514, he proposed the Sun as the center of the solar system with the Earth as a planet. ● Died May 24, 1543 in Frombork, Poland. Mathematical Accomplishments ● Copernicus formulated the Quantity Theory of Money It states that money supply has a direct, proportional relationship with the price level. ● He is considered the founder of modern astronomy He applied many principles that we know of in modern astronomy into place. ● His work established the heliocentric model His model put the Sun at the center of the Solar System with the Earth as one planet revolving around the ﬁxed sun. Mathematical Accomplishments: Importance ● Quantity Theory of Money It remains a principal concept in economics. ● Modern Astronomy Modern astronomy is still used as a topic for the progression of humanity. ● Heliocentric Model We still use the heliocentric model as a big part of understanding the universe. Timeline 1473 1490 - 1510 - 1543 1500 1520 Birth Young Life Mid Life Death February 19 in Torun, Royal After four years at university, He proposed the Sun as the May 24 in Frombork, Poland. Prussia, Poland. He was the heh did not graduate, but he center of the solar system youngest of four children of studied law and medicine at with the Earth as a planet, and Nicolaus Copernicus Sr. the Universities of Bologna no one ﬁxed point at the and Padua, then returned to center of the universe. Poland after witnessing a lunar eclipse in Rome in 1500. Sources https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/copernicus/ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicolaus-Copernicus https://www.famousscientists.org/nicolaus-copernicus/ http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=123.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

The Influence of Copernicus on Physics
radiosources, obJects believed to be extremely distant. Counts of these The influence of Copernicus sources indicate that their number density is different at large distances on physics from what it is here. Or we may put it differently : the number density of B. Paczynski, Institute of Astronomy, Warsaw radiosources was different a long time ago from what it is now. This is in This month sees the 500th Anniver tific one, and there are some perils contradiction with the strong cosmo sary of the birth of Copernicus. To associated with it. logical principle. Also, the Universe mark the occasion, Europhysics News Why should we not make the cos seems to be filled with a black body has invited B. Paczynski, Polish Board mological principle more perfect ? microwave radiation which has, at member of the EPS Division on Phy Once we say that the Universe is the present, the temperature of 2.7 K. It is sics in Astronomy, to write this article. same everywhere, should we not also almost certain that this radiation was say that it is the same at all times ? produced about 1010 years ago when Once we have decided our place is the Universe was very dense and hot, Copernicus shifted the centre of and matter was in thermal equilibrium the Universe from Earth to the Sun, not unique, why should the time we live in be unique ? In fact such a with radiation. Such conditions are and by doing so he deprived man vastly different from the present kind of its unique position in the Uni strong cosmological principle has been adopted by some scientists.
[Show full text]
Cosmology Timeline
Timeline Cosmology • 2nd Millennium BCEBC Mesopotamian cosmology has a flat,circular Earth enclosed in a cosmic Ocean • 12th century BCEC Rigveda has some cosmological hymns, most notably the Nasadiya Sukta • 6th century BCE Anaximander, the first (true) cosmologist - pre-Socratic philosopher from Miletus, Ionia - Nature ruled by natural laws - Apeiron (boundless, infinite, indefinite), that out of which the universe originates • 5th century BCE Plato - Timaeus - dialogue describing the creation of the Universe, - demiurg created the world on the basis of geometric forms (Platonic solids) • 4th century BCE Aristotle - proposes an Earth-centered universe in which the Earth is stationary and the cosmos, is finite in extent but infinite in time • 3rd century BCE Aristarchus of Samos - proposes a heliocentric (sun-centered) Universe, based on his conclusion/determination that the Sun is much larger than Earth - further support in 2nd century BCE by Seleucus of Seleucia • 3rd century BCE Archimedes - book The Sand Reckoner: diameter of cosmos � 2 lightyears - heliocentric Universe not possible • 3rd century BCE Apollonius of Perga - epicycle theory for lunar and planetary motions • 2nd century CE Ptolemaeus - Almagest/Syntaxis: culmination of ancient Graeco-Roman astronomy - Earth-centered Universe, with Sun, Moon and planets revolving on epicyclic orbits around Earth • 5th-13th century CE Aryabhata (India) and Al-Sijzi (Iran) propose that the Earth rotates around its axis. First empirical evidence for Earth’s rotation by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. • 8th century CE Puranic Hindu cosmology, in which the Universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4.32 billion years. • • 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus - publishes heliocentric universe in De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium - implicit introduction Copernican principle: Earth/Sun is not special • 1609-1632 Galileo Galilei - by means of (telescopic) observations, proves the validity of the heliocentric Universe.
[Show full text]
Nicolaus Copernicus: the Loss of Centrality
I Nicolaus Copernicus: The Loss of Centrality The mathematician who studies the motions of the stars is surely like a blind man who, with only a staff to guide him, must make a great, endless, hazardous journey that winds through innumerable desolate places. [Rheticus, Narratio Prima (1540), 163] 1 Ptolemy and Copernicus The German playwright Bertold Brecht wrote his play Life of Galileo in exile in 1938–9. It was first performed in Zurich in 1943. In Brecht’s play two worldviews collide. There is the geocentric worldview, which holds that the Earth is at the center of a closed universe. Among its many proponents were Aristotle (384–322 BC), Ptolemy (AD 85–165), and Martin Luther (1483–1546). Opposed to geocentrism is the heliocentric worldview. Heliocentrism teaches that the sun occupies the center of an open universe. Among its many proponents were Copernicus (1473–1543), Kepler (1571–1630), Galileo (1564–1642), and Newton (1643–1727). In Act One the Italian mathematician and physicist Galileo Galilei shows his assistant Andrea a model of the Ptolemaic system. In the middle sits the Earth, sur- rounded by eight rings. The rings represent the crystal spheres, which carry the planets and the fixed stars. Galileo scowls at this model. “Yes, walls and spheres and immobility,” he complains. “For two thousand years people have believed that the sun and all the stars of heaven rotate around mankind.” And everybody believed that “they were sitting motionless inside this crystal sphere.” The Earth was motionless, everything else rotated around it. “But now we are breaking out of it,” Galileo assures his assistant.
[Show full text]
Space, Time, and Spacetime
Fundamental Theories of Physics 167 Space, Time, and Spacetime Physical and Philosophical Implications of Minkowski's Unification of Space and Time Bearbeitet von Vesselin Petkov 1. Auflage 2010. Buch. xii, 314 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 642 13537 8 Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 714 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Physik, Astronomie > Quantenphysik > Relativität, Gravitation Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. The Experimental Verdict on Spacetime from Gravity Probe B James Overduin Abstract Concepts of space and time have been closely connected with matter since the time of the ancient Greeks. The history of these ideas is briefly reviewed, focusing on the debate between “absolute” and “relational” views of space and time and their influence on Einstein’s theory of general relativity, as formulated in the language of four-dimensional spacetime by Minkowski in 1908. After a brief detour through Minkowski’s modern-day legacy in higher dimensions, an overview is given of the current experimental status of general relativity. Gravity Probe B is the first test of this theory to focus on spin, and the first to produce direct and unambiguous detections of the geodetic effect (warped spacetime tugs on a spin- ning gyroscope) and the frame-dragging effect (the spinning earth pulls spacetime around with it).
[Show full text]
The Universe.Pdf
Standard 1: Students will o understand the scientific Terms to know evidence that supports theories o Big Bang Theory that explain how the universe o Doppler Effect and the solar system developed. o Redshift They will compare Earth to other o Universe objects in the solar system. Standard 1, Objective 1: Describe both the big bang theory of universe formation and the nebular theory of solar system formation and evidence supporting them. Lesson Objectives • Explain the evidence for an expanding universe. • Describe the formation of the universe according to the Big Bang Theory. Introduction The study of the universe is called cosmology. Cosmologists study the structure and changes in the present universe. The universe contains all of the star systems, galaxies, gas and dust, plus all the matter and energy that exist. The universe also includes all of space and time. Evolution of Human Understanding of the Universe What did the ancient Greeks recognize as the universe? In their model, the universe contained Earth at the center, the Sun, the Moon, five planets, and a sphere to which all the stars were attached. This idea held for many centuries until Galileo's telescope allowed people to recognize that Earth is not the center of the universe. They also found out that there are many more stars than were visible to the naked eye. All of those stars were in the Milky Way Galaxy. 13 Timeline of cosmological theories 4th century BCE — Aristotle proposes a Geocentric (Earth-centered) universe in which the Earth is stationary and the cosmos (or universe) revolves around the Earth.
[Show full text]
Searching for Monopoles Via Monopolium Multiphoton Decays
CTPU-PTC-21-13, OCHA-PP-365 Searching for Monopoles via Monopolium Multiphoton Decays Neil D. Barrie1y, Akio Sugamoto2z, Matthew Talia3x, and Kimiko Yamashita4{ 1 Center for Theoretical Physics of the Universe, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Korea 2Department of Physics, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan 3Astrocent, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland 4 Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China [email protected], [email protected], x [email protected], { [email protected] Abstract We explore the phenomenology of a model of monopolium based on an electromagnetic dual formulation of Zwanziger and lattice gauge theory. The monopole is assumed to have a finite-sized inner structure based on a 't Hooft-Polyakov like solution, with the magnetic charge uniformly distributed on the surface of a sphere. The monopole and anti-monopole potential becomes linear plus Coulomb outside the sphere, analogous to the Cornell potential utilised in the study of quarkonium states. Discovery of a resonance feature in the diphoton channel as well as in a higher multiplicity photon channel would be a smoking gun for the existence arXiv:2104.06931v1 [hep-ph] 14 Apr 2021 of monopoles within this monopolium construction, with the mass and bound state properties extractable. Utilising the current LHC results in the diphoton channel, constraints on the monopole mass are determined for a wide range of model parameters. These are compared to the most recent MoEDAL results and found to be significantly more stringent in certain parameter regions, providing strong motivation for exploring higher multiplicity photon final state searches.
[Show full text]
Cosmic Controversies – Boon Or Bane?
Chicago, October 2019 Cosmic controversies – boon or bane? Simon White Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics Aristotle Greece, 384 – 322 B.C. Student of Plato Tutor to Alexander the Great The authoritative scientist in Europe for 1800 years “The speed at which an object falls is directly proportional to its weight” Simon Stevin Holland, 1548 – 1620 Experiment shows all objects fall at the same rate Galileo Galilei Italy, 1564 – 1642 Authority and the standard model vs discrepant observation; an epistemological controversy over the primacy of “facts” Galileo using his telescope to show the mountains of the Moon to two cardinals The Copernican revolution A controversy over interpretation, not over facts Nicolaus Copernicus Poland, 1473 – 1543 Isaac Newton: 1643 – 1727 F = m a Law of Motion F = G m M R 2 Law of Gravity grav ⊕ / ⊕ 2 a = G M R grav ⊕ / ⊕ Mathematics links the motion of the Moon and planets to the falling of objects Is mathematical “beauty” relevant for establishing scientific truth? A controversy over the age of the Earth Charles Lyell (1797 – 1895) William Thomson (1824 – 1907) Erosion arguments lead to time- Cooling arguments lead to ages of scales of hundreds of millions of a few tens of millions of years for years and an indefinite age. for the Earth and the Sun. Imprecise phenomenology Rigorous physical calculation A controversy over the age of the Earth Charles Lyell (1797 – 1895) William Thomson (1824 – 1907) Erosion arguments lead to time- Cooling arguments lead to ages of scales of hundreds of millions of a few tens of millions of years for years and an indefinite age.
[Show full text]
Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus was an astronomer, mathematician, translator, artist, and physicist among other things. He is best known as the first astronomer to posit the idea of a heliocentric solar system—a system in which the planets and planetary objects orbit the sun. His book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, is often thought of as the most important book ever published in the field of astronomy. The ensuing explosion or research, observation, analysis, and science that followed its publication is referred to as the Copernican Revolution. Copernicus was born February 19, 1473, in what is now northern Poland. He was the son of wealthy and prominent parents and had two sisters and a brother. Sometime between 1483 and 1485, his father died, and he was put under the care of his paternal uncle, Lucas Watzenrode the Younger. Copernicus studied astronomy for some time in college but focused on law and medicine. While continuing his law studies in the city of Bologna, Copernicus became fascinated in astronomy after meeting the famous astronomer Domenico Maria Novara. He soon became Novara’s assistant. Copernicus even began giving astronomy lectures himself. After completing his degree in canon (Christian) law in 1503, Copernicus studied the works of Plato and Cicero concerning the movements of the Earth. It was at this time that Copernicus began developing his theory that the Earth and planets orbited the sun. He was careful not to tell anyone about this theory as it could be considered heresy (ideas that undermine Christian doctrine or belief). In the early 1500s, Copernicus served in a variety of roles for the Catholic Church, where he developed economic theories and legislation.
[Show full text]
Timeline Cosmology
Timeline Cosmology • 2nd Millennium BCEBC Mesopotamian cosmology has a flat,circular Earth enclosed in a cosmic Ocean • 12th century BCEC Rigveda has some cosmological hymns, most notably the Nasadiya Sukta • 6th century BCE Anaximander, the first (true) cosmologist ‐ pre‐Socratic philosopher from Miletus, Ionia ‐ Nature ruled by natural laws ‐ Apeiron (boundless, infinite, indefinite), that out of which the universe originates • 5th century BCE Plato ‐ Timaeus ‐ dialogue describing the creation of the Universe, ‐ demiurg created the world on the basis of geometric forms (Platonic solids) • 4th century BCE Aristotle ‐ proposes an Earth‐centered universe in which the Earth is stationary and the cosmos, is finite in extent but infinite in time • 3rd century BCE Aristarchus of Samos ‐ proposes a heliocentric (sun‐centered) Universe, based on his conclusion/determination that the Sun is much larger than Earth ‐ further support in 2nd century BCE by Seleucus of Seleucia • 3rd century BCE Archimedes ‐ book The Sand Reckoner: diameter of cosmos ~ 2 lightyears ‐ heliocentric Universe not possible • 3rd century BCE Apollonius of Perga ‐ epicycle theory for lunar and planetary motions • 2nd century CE Ptolemaeus ‐ Almagest/Syntaxis: culmination of ancient Graeco‐Roman astronomy ‐ Earth‐centered Universe, with Sun, Moon and planets revolving on epicyclic orbits around Earth • 5th‐13th century CE Aryabhata (India) and Al‐Sijzi (Iran) propose that the Earth rotates around its axis. First empirical evidence for Earth’s rotation by Nasir al‐Din al‐Tusi. • 8th century CE Puranic Hindu cosmology, in which the Universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4.32 billion years. • • 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus ‐ publishes heliocentric universe in De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium ‐ implicit introduction Copernican principle: Earth/Sun is not special • 1609‐1632 Galileo Galilei ‐ by means of (telescopic) observations, proves the validity of the heliocentric Universe.
[Show full text]
Copernicus and Galileo
CK_5_TH_HG_P104_230.QXD 2/14/06 2:23 PM Page 184 IV. The Renaissance and the Reformation met several times between 1545 and 1563. Among the reforms that resulted from this meeting of cardinals and the pope were the following: • Many of the theological teachings of Luther and Calvin, such as predestina- tion, were explicitly rejected. • The Protestant principle that faith should be based wholly on the scrip- tures—“sola scriptura”—was rejected. The Catholic Church reaffirmed the value of the Bible but insisted that tradition and scholarly work were also important. • The practice of selling indulgences was banned. • Higher educational standards for priests were established. • Moral standards for the clergy were reiterated. • The authority of the papacy was reaffirmed. • Various doctrines about the Bible, the sacraments, transubstantiation (the Roman Catholic doctrine that the bread and wine in the Eucharist changes into the body and blood of Christ) and the Mass were affirmed and clarified. The administrative structure and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church as they are today are, in large part, the result of the reforms decreed by this council. Another lasting effect of the Counter Reformation was the founding of a new monastic order, the Society of Jesus, better known as the Jesuits, by a Spanish priest, St. Ignatius Loyola (1491–1556). The Jesuits took on the role of soldiers of the Church. Jesuits took the lead in reinvigorating the education of priests and of intellectual inquiry. Fearless Jesuits sailed to the New World to convert Native Americans. Jesuit scholars played a leading role at the Council of Trent.
[Show full text]
The Short History of Science
PHYSICS FOUNDATIONS SOCIETY THE FINNISH SOCIETY FOR NATURAL PHILOSOPHY PHYSICS FOUNDATIONS SOCIETY THE FINNISH SOCIETY FOR www.physicsfoundations.org NATURAL PHILOSOPHY www.lfs.fi Dr. Suntola’s “The Short History of Science” shows fascinating competence in its constructively critical in-depth exploration of the long path that the pioneers of metaphysics and empirical science have followed in building up our present understanding of physical reality. The book is made unique by the author’s perspective. He reflects the historical path to his Dynamic Universe theory that opens an unparalleled perspective to a deeper understanding of the harmony in nature – to click the pieces of the puzzle into their places. The book opens a unique possibility for the reader to make his own evaluation of the postulates behind our present understanding of reality. – Tarja Kallio-Tamminen, PhD, theoretical philosophy, MSc, high energy physics The book gives an exceptionally interesting perspective on the history of science and the development paths that have led to our scientific picture of physical reality. As a philosophical question, the reader may conclude how much the development has been directed by coincidences, and whether the picture of reality would have been different if another path had been chosen. – Heikki Sipilä, PhD, nuclear physics Would other routes have been chosen, if all modern experiments had been available to the early scientists? This is an excellent book for a guided scientific tour challenging the reader to an in-depth consideration of the choices made. – Ari Lehto, PhD, physics Tuomo Suntola, PhD in Electron Physics at Helsinki University of Technology (1971).
[Show full text]
Toward a Tomographic Analysis of the Cross-Correlation Between Planck Cmb Lensing and H-Atlas Galaxies F
The Astrophysical Journal, 825:24 (13pp), 2016 July 1 doi:10.3847/0004-637X/825/1/24 © 2016. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. TOWARD A TOMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE CROSS-CORRELATION BETWEEN PLANCK CMB LENSING AND H-ATLAS GALAXIES F. Bianchini1,2,3, A. Lapi1,2,3,4, M. Calabrese1,5, P. Bielewicz1,6, J. Gonzalez-Nuevo7, C. Baccigalupi1,2, L. Danese1, G. de Zotti1,8, N. Bourne9, A. Cooray10, L. Dunne9,11,12, S. Eales11, and E. Valiante11 1 Astrophysics Sector, SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy; [email protected] 2 INFN—Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy 3 INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via Tiepolo 11, I-34131, Trieste, Italy 4 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università “Tor Vergata,” Via della Ricerca Scientiﬁca 1, I-00133 Roma, Italy 5 INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807 (LC), Italy 6 Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland 7 Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, C. Calvo Sotelo s/n, E-33007 Oviedo, Spain 8 INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy 9 Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK 10 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine CA 92697, USA 11 School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK 12 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand Received 2015 November 16; revised 2016 April 28; accepted 2016 April 29; published 2016 June 27 ABSTRACT We present an improved and extended analysis of the cross-correlation between the map of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing potential derived from the Planck mission data and the high-redshift galaxies detected by the Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS) in the photometric redshift range zph 1.5.
[Show full text]