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(Araucaria Araucana) En La Cordillera De Nahuelbuta, Chile

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(Araucaria Araucana) En La Cordillera De Nahuelbuta, Chile BOSQUE 29(2): 170-175, 2008 AraucariaBOSQUE 29(2): enana 170-175, en la cordillera2008 DOI: de 10.4067/s0717-92002008000200010 Nahuelbuta NOTA Poblaciones de araucaria enana (Araucaria araucana) en la Cordillera de Nahuelbuta, Chile Populations of dwarf araucaria (Araucaria araucana) in the Nahuelbuta coastal range, Chile Claudio Donosoa*, Mauro E. Gonzáleza,d, Marco Cortésb, Conrado Gonzálezc, Pablo Donosoa,d, Marcelo Hernándezb *Autor de correspondencia: aUniversidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile, tel.: 56-63-221228, fax: 56-63-221230, [email protected] bUniversidad Católica de Temuco, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Temuco, Chile. cCorporación Nacional Forestal, Región de Los Ríos, Valdivia, Chile. dNúcleo Científico Milenio FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile. SUMMARY Araucaria araucana (araucaria or pehuén) can normally reach > 20 m in height in most sites where it grows. However, two dwarf populations of A. Araucana were found at the top of the Nahuelbuta coastal range. This study had the goal of characterizing the structure, composition, ages and chemical and physical soil properties of both populations. These populations are dominated by A. araucana, with Nothofagus dombeyi as the main associated species. Dwarfism is clear in both species. Individuals of A. araucana rarely exceeded 10 m in height with a high diameter/height relationship compared with similarly-aged normal trees. The diameter annual growth is lower than 0.12 cm for trees 300 years in age and basal diameters of 36 cm. The presence of short stems and extended and fine branches, like spider legs, confirms the dwarf features of the A. araucana trees. In N. dombeyi 36 to 37 years in age the diameter annual growth is between 0.26 and 0.27 cm, where most individuals (60-75%) present basal diameters lower than 15 cm and heights between 1 and 6.5 m. The location of these populations at the top of the Nahuelbuta coastal range over 1,000 m and openly exposed to the Pacific ocean results from extreme weather conditions that combined with poor and thin soils determine the low tree growth, reduced size and tortuous shapes of trees. Key words: dwarf araucaria, structure and composition, Nothofagus dombeyi, diameter growth, age, soils. RESUMEN Araucaria araucana (araucaria o pehuén) desarrolla normalmente en su hábitat natural un crecimiento arbóreo con altura > 20 m. Sin embargo, en 1984, en la cima de la Cordillera de Nahuelbuta se encontraron dos poblaciones enanas. En este trabajo se ca­ racterizó la estructura, composición y edades de ambas poblaciones de A. araucana y Nothofagus dombeyi como especie asociada más importante, así como las características físicas y químicas de los suelos donde crecen. El enanismo se manifestó en ambas especies. En A. araucana los individuos raramente sobrepasaron 10 m de altura con una alta relación diámetro/altura respecto a la de árboles normales de edad similar. El crecimiento diametral anual fue < 0,12 cm para edades cercanas a 300 años y diámetros de base de alrededor de 36 cm. El desarrollo de troncos cortos con ramas extendidas y delgadas, como patas de araña, refuerza el aspecto de árboles enanos. En N. dombeyi (edades de 36 a 37 años) el crecimiento diametral anual fue de 0,26 a 0,27 cm; la mayor parte de los individuos (60-75%) presentó diámetro de base < 15 cm y altura entre 1 y 6,5 m. La ubicación topográfica en la cima de la Cordillera de Nahuelbuta, sobre 1.000 m de altitud, y la exposición abierta hacia el océano Pacífico definen un clima de rigurosidad extrema que, junto con la escasa profundidad del suelo y pobreza de nutrientes, influyen en el bajo crecimiento, reducido tamaño y formas tortuosas de los árboles. Palabras clave: araucaria enana, estructura y composición, Nothofagus dombeyi, crecimiento diametral, edad, suelos. INTRODUCCIÓN Cordillera de la Costa (Montaldo 1974, Ramírez 1978, Gajardo 1983). Actualmente se dispone de abundante Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch., conífera información acerca de la bioecología de la especie y sus arbórea siempreverde de gran porte y longevidad, se poblaciones (Montaldo 1974, Landrum y Nimlos 1975, distribuye en la Cordillera de Los Andes de Argentina y Burns 1991), de la dinámica regenerativa en la Cordillera Chile, presentándose también en este último país en la de Los Andes de Chile (Montaldo 1974, Schmidt 1977, 170 BOSQUE 29(2): 170-175, 2008 Araucaria enana en la cordillera de Nahuelbuta Veblen 1982, Muñoz 1984, González 2002) y Argentina dicha cordillera las poblaciones enanas de A. araucana (Burns 1991, 1993), y también en la Cordillera de la Costa se encuentran en los predios de Caramávida (37° 42’ S (Nahuelbuta) (Veblen 1982, Cortés 2003), de los suelos y 73° 10’ O) y Trongol (37° 35’ y 73° 10’ O) de la en que se desarrolla (Peralta 1980), y de su reproducción empresa Forestal Arauco, en sectores de topografía plana vegetativa (Schilling y Donoso 1976). Además se conocen a ondulada, y en altitudes de 1.170 y 1.080 m, respecti­ antecedentes sobre algunos aspectos genecológicos y ge­ vamente (figura 1). néticos (Delmastro y Donoso 1980, Bekessy et al. 2002, 2004) y la silvicultura (Puente 1980, Schmidt et al. 1980). Una síntesis del conocimiento hasta ahora acumulado sobre la especie y los ecosistemas forestales en que participa es recopilada en González et al. (2006). Araucaria araucana (araucaria o pehuén) presenta un amplio rango ecológico con acentuadas variaciones ambientales determinadas por cambios altitudinales y precipitaciones (Landrum y Nimlos 1975, Delmastro y Donoso 1980, Veblen 1982, González et al. 2006), así como en el tipo de suelos (Montaldo 1974, Peralta 1980, Burns 1991, Cortés et al. 2001, González 2002, Cortés 2003). En función de otras especies asociadas a A. araucana se pueden reconocer nueve subtipos señalados por Donoso (1993) sobre la base de diferentes estudios (Montaldo 1974, Landrum y Nimlos 1975, Donoso 1981b, Veblen 1982, Donoso et al. 1984, Burns 1991). En todos los ambientes donde se desarrolla, A. araucana constituye bosques con árboles que finalmente alcanzan un Figura 1. Plano de ubicación de las dos poblaciones de Araucaria araucana enana. buen porte. La excepción a este crecimiento son los escasos individuos achaparrados y tortuosos que crecen por sobre Location map of the two populations of dwarf Araucaria araucana. el límite altitudinal de la vegetación en la Cordillera de Los Andes, y que son asimilables al concepto de Krummholz (Donoso 1981a, 1993), y los grupos de A. araucana con El clima de la Cordillera de Nahuelbuta corresponde alturas de 10 a 15 m, fustes cortos y ramas vigorosas y al tipo mediterráneo húmedo (Di Castri y Hajek 1976) marcadamente horizontales descritos por Burns (1991) en con variaciones derivadas de los cambios altitudinales y la estepa argentina, que corresponden a una condición de de exposición. En su origen la cordillera se remonta al ecotono hacia la estepa patagónica. precámbrico con una antigüedad de más de 570 millones Hasta 1984 las poblaciones conocidas en la Cordillera de años. En general los suelos derivan de material meta­ de Nahuelbuta eran descritas como rodales de árboles de mórfico y en algunos sectores de granito (Donoso et al. A. araucana con estaturas de 20 a 25 m, ocupando el 1984). Aquellos en que crece A. araucana son delgados dosel emergente y dominante. Sin embargo, en el verano a moderadamente profundos, francos a arcillosos según la de 1984 se encontraron dos poblaciones de A. araucana, profundidad, con drenaje rápido a moderado, pH ácido de con árboles pequeños, enanos, asociados a otras especies 3,0 a 4,5 y deficientes en algunos nutrientes (Donoso et también con pequeños individuos respecto a sus tamaños al. 1984, Schlatter et al. 1995, Cortés et al. 2001). normales conocidos para otros sitios. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la estructura de estas dos poblacio­ Caracterización de las poblaciones de A. araucana enana. nes enanas de A. araucana existentes en las cimas de la Las poblaciones en cada rodal se caracterizaron mediante Cordillera de Nahuelbuta (Donoso et al. 1984), así como el estudio de la estructura cuantitativa. Para determinar la dar cuenta de las condiciones de sitio donde crecen. frecuencia y densidad se utilizó el método de los cuartos (Cottam y Curtis 1956, Donoso 1993) con 41 puntos en Caramávida y 28 en Trongol, manteniendo una equidistancia MÉTODOS de 20 m. La vegetación arbustiva y herbácea se registró sólo como presencia en subparcelas de 2 m2 (2 x 1), 40 Área de estudio. Por la Cordillera de la Costa, A. araucana en Caramávida y 20 en Trongol. se encuentra solamente en la Cordillera de Nahuelbuta La estructura horizontal se analizó en dos parcelas de 200 (montaña del puma en mapudungún), desde los 37° 40’ m2 (20 x 10 m) en Caramávida y de 100 m2 (10 x 10 m) en a los 38° 40’ S, y en altitudes de 800 a 1.500 m, excepto Trongol, en las cuales se midió el diámetro basal de cada por una población disyunta que a 600 m de altitud crece individuo. Posteriormente, según registro de coordenadas en el extremo sur de esta cordillera (Cortés 2003). En se representó su posición espacial en un plano. 171 BOSQUE 29(2): 170-175, 2008 Araucaria enana en la cordillera de Nahuelbuta Además en cada rodal, y por medio del volteo de Cuadro 1. Densidad (nº/ha), frecuencia y dominancia (m2/ha) un árbol enano de A. araucana, se obtuvieron rodelas a absolutas para cada especie arbórea encontrada en los rodales diferentes alturas del fuste (base, 1, 2 y 7 m). Previa pre­ de Caramávida y Trongol en la Cordillera de Nahuelbuta. paración de las muestras (Stokes y Smiley 1996) y sobre Absolute density (nº/ha), frequency and dominance (m2/ la base del conteo de los anillos de crecimiento se estimó ha) for each tree species found in the Caramávida and Trongol stands la edad.
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