DOCSLIB.ORG

The Biom~Chanics of the Arteries of Nautilus, Nototodarus, and Sepia!

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Biom~Chanics of the Arteries of Nautilus, Nototodarus, and Sepia! Pacific Science (1982), vol. 36, no. 3 © 1983 by the University of Hawaii Press. All rights reserved The Biom~chanics of the Arteries of Nautilus, Nototodarus, and Sepia! JOHN M. GOSLINE2 and ROBERT E. SHADWICK2 ABSTRACT: The mechanical properties of the dorsal aorta of three cepha­ lopod mollusks, Nautilus pompilius, Nototodarus sloani, and Sepia latimanus, were investigated by in vitro inflations ofisolated arterial segments. As expected, all three arteries exhibit nonlinear, J -shaped stress-extension curves, and all are highly extensible in the circumferential direction. Differences in longitudinal extensibility appear to be correlated to specific features ofthe tissue architecture. The squid, Nototodarus, and to a lesser extent the cuttlefish, Sepia, arteries are reinforced longitudinally with a dense layer of longitudinally oriented elastic fibers. Analysis of the form of the incremental wall stiffness data for Nautilus and Nototodarus suggests that the in vivo blood pressures for these animals fall in the ranges 20-60 cm H 2 0 and 100-200 cm H 2 0, respectively. Nautilus has a thin­ walled, low-pressure arterial system that is in keeping with its relatively limited locomotory capabilities. Nototodarus has a high-pressure, thick-walled circu­ lation that is required to support the high-speed, aerobic locomotion generally common in squid. Analysis ofpressure wave velocities for these arteries indicates that the Nautilus circulatory system contains a true Windkessel whereas it appears possible that wave propogation effects may make a relatively minor contribution to the hemodynamics of Nototodarus. THE ROLE OF ELASTIC ARTERIES in the circu­ is constructed must be quite low. However, lation of vertebrates has been known for the cylindrical geometry ofthe artery imposes many years. At its simplest, the rubberlike some very important constraints on the me­ elasticity ofthe arteries provides a mechanism chanical properties ofthe artery wall material. in which some of the energy released in the If the vessel is to inflate in a uniform, stable pulsatile contractions of the heart is stored. manner along its entire length and not "bal­ This stored energy can then be used in main­ loon out" in forming aneurisms, then the stiff­ taining the flow of blood to the tissues dur­ ness of the artery wall must increase sharply ing the refilling phase of the cardiac cycle with radial expansion over the physiological (McDonald 1974). In order for a system range ofextensions (Gosline 1980, Wainwright of elastic arteries to function efficiently, the et al. 1976). Thus, arteries always show non­ arteries must be relatively easy to inflate, so linear, J -shaped stress-extension curves, and the heart will not have to work against a large in higher vertebrates the incremental stiffness systemic pressure. Therefore, the modulus of or incremental modulus of elasticity (Einc) elasticity ofthe material from which the artery will increase with roughly the fifth power of radius in the physiological range (Bergel 1961). This dramatic shift in elastic properties I This research was conducted as part of the Alpha Helix Cephalopod Expedition to the Republic of the is achieved by the parallel arrangement of a Philippines, supported by National Science Foundation low-modulus, rubbery material (elastin) with grant PCM 77-16269 to J. Arnold. This study was also a very stifffiber (collagen) (Roach and Burton supported in part by Natural Sciences and Engineering 1957). At low extensions (i.e., at low pres­ Research Council of Canada grant 67-6934 to J. M. Gosline. sures) the collagen fibers are somewhat coiled 2 University of British Columbia, Department of Zo­ and do not act to resist the internal pressure. ology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 2A9. The elastic properties of the composite are 283 ,.~ <~, "," ~,..-H " " ... " ',w V~JI-'''''' """.'r~'"'' ,_'."..,.. 'v,," ..' ,T", ,......,,-,.., .,-, '" '.'" ...~ • ,,'" "' _,,, 'O'~" • "~ 284 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Volume 36, July 1982 dominated by the elastin and the modulus is MATERIALS AND METHODS low [of the order of 10 5 N m-z (Newtons per square meter)]. As pressure increases and the Experimental animals were purchased alive artery is inflated, the collagen fibers become and in good condition from fishermen on straightened and begin to resist the internal the east coast of the island of Negros in the pressure. At the upper end of the physiolog­ southern Philippines. Arterial tissues sampled ical range of pressures the stiffness has in­ for histology were dissected from the dorsal creased by roughly an order of magnitude to aorta just anterior to the systemic heart and about 106 N m-z, and this dramatic increase were placed directly in Bouin's fixative. The in stiffness occurs over a range of radial ex­ tissues were dehydrated, embedded in wax, pansion ofthe order of25%. Clearly, the pre­ and sectioned according to standard histol­ cise design of the arterial wall material is an ogical techniques. The sections were stained essential component in the vertebrate circu­ using the Gomori aldehyde-fuchsin method latory system. (Cameron and Steele 1959). This staining Until very recently, virtually nothing was procedure has been shown to preferentially known about the mechanics ofthe circulation stain the elastic fibers in the octopus aorta, in any invertebrate. Cephalopod mollusks leaving the muscle cells and the collagen fibers have fairly complex, high-pressure, closed cir­ essentially unstained. culatory systems, and it is likely that elastic Arterial tissue isolated for mechanical tests arteries may function in the cephalopods was quickly dissected from freshly killed in much the same manner as they do in the animals and placed in seawater at ambient vertebrates. The available blood pressure temperatures (appox. 30°C). Nautilus artery data (Bourne, Redmond, and Johansen 1978; samples were normally 4-6 cm long, and Johansen and Martin 1962) suggest that elas­ squid samples were usually 2-3 cm long. In tic arteries are present in the octopus and all cases, as much ofthe dorsal aorta as could in Nautilus. Shadwick (1978, 1980) and be easily isolated was used. Shadwick and Gosline (1981) have recently In inflation tests, the proximal end (toward shown that the dorsal aorta of Octopus dof­ the heart) ofthe sample was fitted over a piece leini is indeed elastic and that the animal ofpolyethylene tubing ofthe appropriate size makes use of the system's elasticity in main­ and tied in place with surgical silk. The distal taining blood flow during the entire cardiac end and any small branch arteries were tied cycle. Octopus arterial tissue exhibits a J­ off with fine surgical silk. The polyethylene shaped stress-extension curve that is matched tubing was attached to either a seawater-filled to the normal range of blood pressures in the or mercury-filled manometer, and the luminal animal. In addition, the arterial wall material pressure of the isolated arterial segment was is constructed from a protein rubber (not elas­ measured as the height of the fluid reservoir tin, but a previously undescribed material) above the specimen. The specimen was placed arranged in parallel with collagen fibers. untethered under seawater in a wax-filled petri Thus, it seems that the basic biophysical dish on the stage of a Wild M-3 stereomicro­ requirements ofa closed, pulsatile circulatory scope, and a Wild filar micrometer eyepiece system have led the cephalopods to evolve an (15 x ) was used to measure the longitudinal arterial tree that is functionally analogous to and radial expansion ofthe artery under pres­ the vertebrate system. This conclusion, how­ sure. Radial expansion was followed by ob­ ever, is based on observations ofa very seden­ serving the change in the outside diameter at tary animal, the octopus, and this animal may a single recognizable point along the artery. not correctly represent the more active cepha­ Longitudinal expansion was followed by ob­ lopods. This paper, therefore, presents a me­ serving the change in separation of two small chanical analysis of the major arteries of a (approx. 5-llm wide) metal slivers that were squid (Nototodarus sloani), a cuttlefish (Sepia inserted through the very outer layers of the latimanus), and Nautilus pompilius. artery wall. These markers were placed about "r.,...,~" .. ,,,,.., .-'.- ...',.... '.7<" -", ., ......... " .. " ,,.., '" .~ ,~ '" r,' • ,., ~ .,~ '" , Biomechanics of Cephalopod Arteries-GosLINE AND SHADWICK 285 1 mm on either side of the point at which the was possible to carry out tensile tests in the radial expansion measurements were taken. circumferential direction. This was done by The micrometer eyepiece gave excellent preci­ cutting ring samples of the artery (approx. sion and reproducibility, and we estimate that 1 cm long) and mounting the rings over stiff the expansion measurements are accurate to metal loops that were attached to the tensile better than about 2%. Wall thickness was de­ test apparatus. In the case of both longi­ termined by cutting a small ring sample ofthe tudinal and circumferential force-extension artery from the area where the radial and tests, the rate of extension was kept as low as longitudinal expansion measurements had possible (usually less than lO%/min) so that been taken. The ring sample was turned on its the measurements would at least approximate side, and 15-20 measurements of wall thick­ equilibrium values. ness were taken at various points around the In both inflation and force-extension mea­ ring. The average value was taken to be the surements, the extension of the sample is true wall thickness of the uninflated artery. expressed in terms of longitudinal and cir­ The wall thickness of the inflated artery was cumferential extension ratios, A.L = L/Lo and calculated from the radial and longitudinal A.c = R/Ro, respectively (where L is length, expansion values by assuming that the volume R is radius, and Lo and Ro are the initial of the arterial wall material remained con­ values of length and radius). Wall stress for stant. the inflation tests was determined as follows Before measurements were taken on an (Wainwright et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Imported Food Risk Statement Bivalve Molluscs and Domoic Acid
    Imported food risk statement Bivalve molluscs and domoic acid Commodity: Bivalve Molluscs. This includes whole or portions of bivalve molluscs that are fresh, frozen, dried or canned, such as cockles, clams, mussels, oysters and scallops. The following products are excluded and therefore not covered by this risk statement: cephalopod molluscs (e.g. squid, octopus, cuttlefish) and jelly fish marinara mix. Analyte: Domoic acid (DA) Recommendation and rationale Is DA in bivalve molluscs a medium or high risk to public health: Yes No Uncertain, further scientific assessment required Rationale: Consumption of seafood containing DA has resulted in human poisoning incidents and deaths. DA is a potent neurotoxin that causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) within 24-48 hours following ingestion. There is no antidote for ASP. DA is not destroyed by cooking, freezing or other food processing. General description Nature of the analyte: DA is a water-soluble, non-protein amino acid. It is produced by some marine diatoms of the genus Pseudo- nitzschia spp., which are likely to be present to some extent in most coastal marine environments. Isomers of DA are less toxic. Domoic acid is not reliably destroyed by common cooking methods (Vidal et al. 2009) or by autoclaving (McCarron and Hess 2006). Adverse health effects: DA is a potent neurotoxin that causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) within 24-48 hours following ingestion. There is no antidote for ASP. Clinical signs of acute DA toxicity (or ASP) are mild gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain) from an oral dose ranging between 0.9 and 2 mg DA/kg bw.
    [Show full text]
  • Miscellaneous Mollusc Resources of Pacific Islands
    SPC/lnshore Fish. Res./WP2 29 February 1988 ORIGINAL : ENGLISH ( Noumea, New Caledonia, 14-25 March 1988) HISCELLANEOUS MOLLUSC RESOURCES OF PACIFIC ISLANDS BY Dr A.D. Lewis Introduction l Molluscs (Phylum Molluscs) we a diverse array of "shellfish", which include bivalves (clams, cockles, oysters, mussels - Class Pelecypoda) ,gastropods ( snails, abalone, seahares- Class Gastropods) and cephalopods (squids, octopus, cuttlefish - Class Cephalopoda). These support large marine fisheries, world landings of molluscs exceeding 6 millions tonnes in 1985 (Anon, 1987) and dominated by cephalopods ( 1.67 million mt,), clams, cockles and arkshells ( 1.6 1 million mt.) and oysters ( 1.03 million mt). 2. Previous sessions at the workshop have considered in detail the molluscs of major commercial importance to Pacific Islands. This include molluscs harvested primarily for Industrial purposes (eg. trochus, green snail and pearl shell, for their nacreous shell interiors) as well as those harvested primarily for human consumption (giant clams). 3. There is in addition, however a wide range of molluscs harvested throughout the Pacific Islands for subsistence purposes and in some cases small scale commercial exploitation. Many are gleaned from a variety of inshore habitats, including mud flats, mangrove roots, sandy beaches, reef flats and rubble areas. These molluscs are commonly collected by women, and have traditionally served as important reserve food sources during times of bad weather or poor line fishing. In (tensely populated atolls, they may become a primary fooAsource, Zann ( 1985) noting that in South Tarawa (Kiribati), landings of three lagoon bivalves exceed that of all finfish combined. 4. Othermoreactivemolluscsaretakenwithluresorbaits(cephalopoda).whilstothers are trawled (scallops).
    [Show full text]
  • THE NAUTILUS [Vol
    2 2 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 69 (1) separated from each other by five centimeters. The snail was expanded with its head oriented away from the clam. When placed on the sand, the clam showed no activity during the next 30 minutes after which observations were discontinued. All but the lower (anterior) end of the body of the clam was covered by an envelope of slime secreted by the foot of the snail. It seems clear that P. duplicatus capturesEnsis directus by approaching it below the surface of the substratum and by ir­ ritating the lower portion so that it retreats upward. The snail then coats the razor clam with an envelope of slime which ap­ pears to have anesthetic properties. Successful capture proba­ bly depends on the ability of the snail to maintain contact with its prey until anesthesia takes place. ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE NUDIBRANCH ALDERIA MODESTA (LOVÉN, 1844) ON THE CENTRAL CALIFORNIAN COAST By CADET HAND and JOAN STEINBERG Department of Zoology, University of California, Berkeley Alderia modesta (Loven, 1844) has long been known from the coasts of northern Europe. It has been recorded from as far north as the Trondheim Fjord in Norway (Norman, 1893), south to Skibbereen in Ireland (Allman, 1845) and on the French coast (Gollien, 1929). Therefore, it has been of con­ siderable interest to us to find well-established populations of an Alderia in two localities on the central Californian coast. Through the kindness of Monsieur G. Van Put of the Royal Institute of Natural Sciences of Belgium in Brussels and Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Options for an Olympic Coast Ocean Acidification Sentinel Site (Oases)
    Exploring Options for an Olympic Coast Ocean Acidification Sentinel Site (OASeS) Workshop Proceedings September 2016 Contents Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Olympic Coast ............................................................................................................................ 1 Ocean Acidification .................................................................................................................... 1 Ocean Acidification Sentinel Site (OASeS) Workshop Background ......................................... 2 Workshop Goals.......................................................................................................................... 3 Panel Discussion Summaries .......................................................................................................... 3 Science in National Marine Sanctuaries and OCNMS ............................................................... 3 i. i.Panelists: Steve Giddings, Liam Atrim, Scott Noakes, Lee Whitford Partners and Activities ................................................................................................................ 5 i. Panelists: Libby Jewett, Jan Newton, Richard Feely, Steve Fradkin, Paul McElhany, Joe Shumacker Education and Communication ................................................................................................... 7 i. Panelists: Laura Francis, Christopher Krembs, Jacqueline Laverdure, Angie
    [Show full text]
  • Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus Dofleini) Care Manual
    Giant Pacific Octopus Insert Photo within this space (Enteroctopus dofleini) Care Manual CREATED BY AZA Aquatic Invertebrate Taxonomic Advisory Group IN ASSOCIATION WITH AZA Animal Welfare Committee Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) Care Manual Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) Care Manual Published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in association with the AZA Animal Welfare Committee Formal Citation: AZA Aquatic Invertebrate Taxon Advisory Group (AITAG) (2014). Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) Care Manual. Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Silver Spring, MD. Original Completion Date: September 2014 Dedication: This work is dedicated to the memory of Roland C. Anderson, who passed away suddenly before its completion. No one person is more responsible for advancing and elevating the state of husbandry of this species, and we hope his lifelong body of work will inspire the next generation of aquarists towards the same ideals. Authors and Significant Contributors: Barrett L. Christie, The Dallas Zoo and Children’s Aquarium at Fair Park, AITAG Steering Committee Alan Peters, Smithsonian Institution, National Zoological Park, AITAG Steering Committee Gregory J. Barord, City University of New York, AITAG Advisor Mark J. Rehling, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Roland C. Anderson, PhD Reviewers: Mike Brittsan, Columbus Zoo and Aquarium Paula Carlson, Dallas World Aquarium Marie Collins, Sea Life Aquarium Carlsbad David DeNardo, New York Aquarium Joshua Frey Sr., Downtown Aquarium Houston Jay Hemdal, Toledo
    [Show full text]
  • Spisula Solidissima) Using a Spatially Northeastern Continental Shelf of the United States
    300 Abstract—The commercially valu- able Atlantic surfclam (Spisula so- Management strategy evaluation for the Atlantic lidissima) is harvested along the surfclam (Spisula solidissima) using a spatially northeastern continental shelf of the United States. Its range has con- explicit, vessel-based fisheries model tracted and shifted north, driven by warmer bottom water temperatures. 1 Declining landings per unit of effort Kelsey M. Kuykendall (contact author) (LPUE) in the Mid-Atlantic Bight Eric N. Powell1 (MAB) is one result. Declining stock John M. Klinck2 abundance and LPUE suggest that 1 overfishing may be occurring off Paula T. Moreno New Jersey. A management strategy Robert T. Leaf1 evaluation (MSE) for the Atlantic surfclam is implemented to evalu- Email address for contact author: [email protected] ate rotating closures to enhance At- lantic surfclam productivity and in- 1 Gulf Coast Research Laboratory crease fishery viability in the MAB. The University of Southern Mississippi Active agents of the MSE model 703 East Beach Drive are individual fishing vessels with Ocean Springs, Mississippi 39564 performance and quota constraints 2 Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography influenced by captains’ behavior Department of Ocean, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences over a spatially varying population. 4111 Monarch Way, 3rd Floor Management alternatives include Old Dominion University 2 rules regarding closure locations Norfolk, Virginia 23529 and 3 rules regarding closure du- rations. Simulations showed that stock biomass increased, up to 17%, under most alternative strategies in relation to estimated stock biomass under present-day management, and The Atlantic surfclam (Spisula solid- ally not found where average bottom LPUE increased under most alterna- issima) is an economically valuable temperatures exceed 25°C (Cargnelli tive strategies, by up to 21%.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biology and Ecology of the Common Cuttlefish (Sepia Officinalis)
    Supporting Sustainable Sepia Stocks Report 1: The biology and ecology of the common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) Daniel Davies Kathryn Nelson Sussex IFCA 2018 Contents Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Biology ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Physical description ............................................................................................................................ 3 Locomotion and respiration ................................................................................................................ 4 Vision ................................................................................................................................................... 4 Chromatophores ................................................................................................................................. 5 Colour patterns ................................................................................................................................... 5 Ink sac and funnel organ
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Scallop Resources Off the Northeastern U.S. Coast, 1975
    MFR PAPER 1283 Sea Scallop Resources off the Northeastern U.S. Coast, 1975 CLYDE L. MacKENZIE, Jr, ARTHUR S. MERRILL, and FREDRIC M. SERCHUK INTRODUCTION tion distribution, length and age com­ scallops on Georges Bank and the Mid­ position, and growth rates have been dle Atlantic Shelf. The sea scallop, Placopecten magel­ monitored. The St. Andrews Biological MATERIALS AND METHODS lanicus (Gmelin), is one of the com­ Station, New Brunswick, Canada, has mercial mollusks off the Atlantic coast also surveyed sea scallops on Georges Two sea scallop surveys on the RV of the United States and Canada. It is Bank. (Caddy, 1975; pers. commun.). Albatross IV extended from Georges harvested over its entire range, which An early survey of sea scallops on the Bank southward to Cape Hatteras in extends from the Gulf of St. Lawrence Middle Atlantic Shelf was made by the 1975. A standard lO-foot (3.05-m) sea (Posgay, 1957) to south-southeast of U.S. fisheries schooner Grampus in scallop dredge with a bag of 2-inch Cape Hatteras, N. C. (Porter, 1974). 1913 (Anonymous, 1914); a later one (5.08-cm) rings was used. Tows were Historically, the largest harvests by by the RV Delaware in 1960 (Merrill, of 15-minute duration at 6.3 km/hour U.S. fishermen have been from 1962). (3.5 knots). Scallop numbers, condi­ Georges Bank with smaller harvests The objectives of the 1975 surveys tion of the gonads, and shell lengths from the Gulf of Maine, Cape Cod Bay, were to make observations on the dis­ were recorded.
    [Show full text]
  • Os Nomes Galegos Dos Moluscos 2020 2ª Ed
    Os nomes galegos dos moluscos 2020 2ª ed. Citación recomendada / Recommended citation: A Chave (20202): Os nomes galegos dos moluscos. Xinzo de Limia (Ourense): A Chave. https://www.achave.ga /wp!content/up oads/achave_osnomesga egosdos"mo uscos"2020.pd# Fotografía: caramuxos riscados (Phorcus lineatus ). Autor: David Vilasís. $sta o%ra est& su'eita a unha licenza Creative Commons de uso a%erto( con reco)ecemento da autor*a e sen o%ra derivada nin usos comerciais. +esumo da licenza: https://creativecommons.org/ icences/%,!nc-nd/-.0/deed.g . Licenza comp eta: https://creativecommons.org/ icences/%,!nc-nd/-.0/ ega code. anguages. 1 Notas introdutorias O que cont!n este documento Neste recurso léxico fornécense denominacións para as especies de moluscos galegos (e) ou europeos, e tamén para algunhas das especies exóticas máis coñecidas (xeralmente no ámbito divulgativo, por causa do seu interese científico ou económico, ou por seren moi comúns noutras áreas xeográficas) ! primeira edición d" Os nomes galegos dos moluscos é do ano #$%& Na segunda edición (2$#$), adicionáronse algunhas especies, asignáronse con maior precisión algunhas das denominacións vernáculas galegas, corrixiuse algunha gralla, rema'uetouse o documento e incorporouse o logo da (have. )n total, achéganse nomes galegos para *$+ especies de moluscos A estrutura )n primeiro lugar preséntase unha clasificación taxonómica 'ue considera as clases, ordes, superfamilias e familias de moluscos !'uí apúntanse, de maneira xeral, os nomes dos moluscos 'ue hai en cada familia ! seguir
    [Show full text]
  • Molluscs Gastropods
    Group/Genus/Species Family/Common Name Code SHELL FISHES MOLLUSCS GASTROPODS Dentalium Dentaliidae 4500 D . elephantinum Elephant Tusk Shell 4501 D . javanum 4502 D. aprinum 4503 D. tomlini 4504 D. mannarense 450A D. elpis 450B D. formosum Formosan Tusk Shell 450C Haliotis Haliotidae 4505 H. varia Variable Abalone 4506 H. rufescens Red Abalone 4507 H. clathrata Lovely Abalone 4508 H. diversicolor Variously Coloured Abalone 4509 H. asinina Donkey'S Ear Abalone 450G H. planata Planate Abalone 450H H. squamata Scaly Abalone 450J Cellana Nacellidae 4510 C. radiata radiata Rayed Wheel Limpet 4511 C. radiata cylindrica Rayed Wheel Limpet 4512 C. testudinaria Common Turtle Limpet 4513 Diodora Fissurellidae 4515 D. clathrata Key-Hole Limpets 4516 D. lima 4517 D. funiculata Funiculata Limpet 4518 D. singaporensis Singapore Key-Hole Limpet 4519 D. lentiginosa 451A D. ticaonica 451B D. subquadrata 451C Page 1 of 15 Group/Genus/Species Family/Common Name Code D. pileopsoides 451D Trochus Trochidae 4520 T. radiatus Radiate Top 4521 T. pustulosus 4522 T. stellatus Stellate Trochus 4523 T. histrio 4524 T. maculatus Maculated Top 452A T. niloticus Commercial Top 452B Umbonium Trochidae 4525 U. vestiarium Common Button Top 4526 Turbo Turbinidae 4530 T. marmoratus Great Green Turban 4531 T. intercostalis Ribbed Turban Snail 4532 T. brunneus Brown Pacific Turban 4533 T. argyrostomus Silver-Mouth Turban 4534 T. petholatus Cat'S Eye Turban 453A Nerita Neritidae 4535 N. chamaeleon Chameleon Nerite 4536 N. albicilla Ox-Palate Nerite 4537 N. polita Polished Nerite 4538 N. plicata Plicate Nerite 4539 N. undata Waved Nerite 453E Littorina Littorinidae 4540 L. scabra Rough Periwinkle 4541 L.
    [Show full text]
  • 8 Armed Bandits; a Closer Look at Cephalopods an Educator’S Guide to the Program
    8 Armed Bandits; A Closer Look at Cephalopods An Educator’s Guide to the Program Grades K-5 Program Description: This program explores the class of mollusk known as cephalopods. Cephalopods are the most intelligent group of mollusk and most of them lack a shell. The name cephalopod means “head-foot” and contains: octopus, squid, cuttlefish and nautilus. The goal of 8-armed bandits is to teach students the characteristics, defense mechanisms, and extreme intelligence of cephalopods. *Before your class visits the Oklahoma Aquarium* This guide contains information and activities for you to use both before and after your visit to the Oklahoma Aquarium. You may want to read stories about cephalopods and their abilities to the students, present information in class, or utilize some of the activities from this booklet. 1 Table of Contents 8 armed bandits abstract 3 Educator Information 4 Vocabulary 5 Internet resources and books 6 PASS/OK Science standards 7-8 Accompanying Activities Build Your Own squid (K-5) 9 How do Squid Defend Themselves? (K-5) 10 Octopus Arms (K-3) 11 Octopus Math (pre-K-K) 12 Camouflage (K-3) 13 Octopus Puppet (K-3) 14 Hidden animals (K-1) 15 Cephalopod color pages (3) (K-5) 16 Cephalopod Magic (4-5) 19 Nautilus (4-5) 20 2 8 Armed Bandits; A Closer Look at Cephalopods: Abstract Cephalopods are a class of mollusk that are highly intelligent and unlike most other mollusk, they generally lack a shell. There are 85,000 different species of mollusk; however cephalopods only contain octopi, squid, cuttlefish and nautilus.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuttlefish Sepia Officinalis (Mollusca-Cephalopoda)
    Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 15-24 (2014) 15 DOI: 10.6119/JMST-013-0820-1 NEUROGENESIS IN CEPHALOPODS: “ECO-EVO-DEVO” APPROACH IN THE CUTTLEFISH SEPIA OFFICINALIS (MOLLUSCA-CEPHALOPODA) Sandra Navet1, Sébastien Baratte2, 3, Yann Bassaglia2, 4, Aude Andouche2, Auxane Buresi2, and Laure Bonnaud1, 2 Key words: nervous system, cephalopods, development, evolution. from developmental processes and have been selected during evolution as they confer an adaptive advantage. In the general concern of Evo-Devo investigations, the ecological dimension ABSTRACT of the development is essential in the light of new knowledge Cephalopods are new evolutionary and ecological models. on genome plasticity [54]. Actually, since development is also By their phylogenetic position (Lophotrochozoa, Mollusca), influenced by non-genetic parameters, as environmental varia- they provide a missing master piece in the whole puzzle of tions or epigenetic processes, the functional and adaptive neurodevelopment studies. Their derived and specific nervous context of organisms to their environment has to be integrated system but also their convergence with vertebrates offer into a new field to study evolution of metazoans, called Eco- abundant materials to question the evolution and development Evo-Devo. of the nervous system of Metazoa (evo-devo studies). In Nervous system (NS) organisation of numerous metazoans addition, their various adaptions to different modes of life is well known but efforts on development are restricted to open new fields of investigation of developmental plasticity chordates and ecdysozoans: the mouse, Drosophila, Caenor- according to ecological context (eco-evo-devo approach). In habditis being the most extensively explored evo-devo models this paper, we review the recent works on cephalopod nervous [2].
    [Show full text]