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Shrimps and Prawns True Crabs Stomatopoda Bivalves Gastropods Cephalopoda Sea Turtles

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Shrimps and Prawns True Crabs Stomatopoda Bivalves Gastropods Cephalopoda Sea Turtles FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION SHEETS FOR FISHERY PURPOSES EASTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC FISHING AREA 34 AND PART OF 47 Canada FUNDS 'IN-TRUST FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Canada Funds-in-Trust FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION SHEETS FOR FISHERY PURPOSES EASTERN CENTRAL ATLANTIC Fishing Areas 34, 47 (in part) edited by W. Fischer and G. Bianchi and W.B. Scott Marine Resources Service Huntsman Marine Laboratory Fishery Resources and Environment Division Brandy Cove, St. Andrews, NB FAO Fisheries Department, Rome Canada Italy This publication has been prepared and printed as an integral part of the FAO/Canada Government Cooperative Programme (Project GCP/INT/180/CAN) with the direct support of the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and the Scientific Information and Publications Branch of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada VOLUME VI CONTENTS: Shrimps and Prawns True Crabs Stomatopoda Bivalves Gastropods Cephalopoda Sea Turtles Published by arrangement with the FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF TEC UNITED NATIONS by the DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND OCEANS, CANADA Ottawa, 1981 For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited as follows: Fischer, W., G. Bianchi and W.B. Scott (eds), 1981 FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Central Atlantic; fishing areas 34, 47 (in part). Canada Funds-in- Trust. Ottawa, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, by arrangement with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, vols. l-7:pag.var. Identification sheets. Taxonomy. Geographic distribution. Fisheries. Vernacular names. Bony fishes. Chimaeras. Sharks. Batoid fishes. Lobsters. Shrimps. True crabs. Stomatopods. Molluscs. Sea turtles. ASW SHRIMPS & P R A W N S TECHNICAL TERMS ANO PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS USED FAO Sheets SMflliPS P EUMITOS Fishing Areas 34, 47 (in part) TECHNICAL TERMS antennal flagellum longitudinal suture transverse suture to 6 abdominal segments rostrum carapace flagella antennula 2^ antennal scale -— dorsolateral antennal spine _ / groove ''^antenna \ dorsal V Reel pterygostomian spine third telson maxilliped petasma pleopods uropod pereiopods rostral teeth epigastric tooth dactyl-^ postorbital spine propodus antennal crest- cervical groove/ orbito-antennal honaHo onino ■£__ groove brancFiio-cardiac groove branchiostega! spine exopod carapace, lateral view coxa arthrobranch flagella epipod apical pleurobranch portion podobranch ^ dorsal (tip) ventral pereiopod with branchiae orbital margin third article gastrofrontal crest gastrofrontal groove second article gastro-orbital crest distolateral ‘ spine -median groove -postrostral crest first article -adrostral groove -adrostral crest stylocerite spines spines non-grooved grooved carapace carapace fixed movable antennula carapace, dorsal view types of spined telsons FAG Sheets SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS Fishing Areas 34, 47 (in part) GENERAL REMARKS The shrimps constitute a large group of crustaceans varying in size from a few mm to about 35 cm long. Although nearly 2 500 species are known, only slightly less than 300 are of economic interest, and of these about 100 comprise most of the annual world shrimp catches (about 1 450 000 tons, 1978). The body of the shrimps is almost always laterally compressed, the rostrum usually compressed and toothed, and the abdomen long, longer than the carapace or head. The antennules, or first pair of feelers in most species bear a small scale or spine, the stylocerite, at their bases, and the antennal scales (scaphocerites) of the second pair of feelers, or antennae, are generally large and platelike. The pereiopods or legs are usually slender, but in some species, a single leg or pair of legs may be stout and some pereiopods end in pincers. The pleopods or abdominal appendages used for swimming, are well developed and, except in a few species, present on ali five anterior abdominal segments. Shrimps are widely distributed, occurring in marine, brackish, and freshwaters from the equator to the polar regions. Although the majority of the marine species occupy shallow or moderately deep water, some are found at depths of nearly 5 700 m; however, most of the commercial shrimps are taken on the continental shelves at depths less than 100 m. In the entire Eastern Atlantic, only five deepwater shrimps are exploited commercially and taken by trawlers at depths ranging from 250 to 800 m. Many shrimps are pelagic but the majority by far are benthic, living on a large variety of bottoms such as rock, mud, peat, sand, fragments of shells or mixtures of these materials. In addition, some species frequent coral reefs, and a few live in sponges and other invertebrates. In most shrimps, the sexes are separate but certain species, such as Pandalus borealis, commonly first undergo a male phase and later are transformed into females. The paired reproductive organs are situated on each side and just below the heart: in the females the ovaries (which may extend posteriorly along the entire length of the abdomen) are connected by oviducts to openings on the basal article of the third pair of pereiopods. In the mate, the spermiducts lead from the testes to terminal ampoules which open on, or adjacent to, the basal article (coxa) of the last pair of pereiopods. In some penaeidean shrimps the females possess sperm receptacles on the ventral side of the last thoracic segment (between the last pairs of pereiopods), where the males deposit the sacs carrying the sperm (spermato- phores), whereas in others the females exhibit protuberances and grooves for the attachment of such sacs. Either genital modification is called the thelycum, and there the sperm remains until the eggs are released. In the males of Penaeidae there is a petasma formed by the longitudinally folded endopods of the first pair of pleopods. Most male shrimps bear an appendix masculina, a lappet borne on the endopod of the second pair of pleopods, the presence or absence of which constitutes a ready means for distinguishing males from females. In many shrimps an appendix interna (slender rod or blade) occurs adjacent to the appendix masculina; among carideans such a structure is aiso present on the third,fourth and fifth pairs of pleopods of both sexes. distomedian left walking projection leg of fourth pair distal fold penultimate thoracic process ventral costa segment (stern ite process left walking xiii) teg of fifth pair median lobe median last crest thoracic lateral lobe segment (stern ite xiv) lateral plates petasma (joined endopods of abdomen first pair of pleopods) thelycum of a female of a mate penaeid shrimp penaeid shrimp lateral view ventral view 3 FAO Sheets SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS Fishing Areas 34, 47 (in part) various types of appendices mascuiinae on endopods of second pair of pleopods In the stenopodidean and caridean shrimps the female carries the eggs after extrusion, masses of them being fastened to the pleopods where they remain until they hatch at a relatively advanced larval stage or as juveniles. In contrast, in the penaeideans the eggs are not retained by the female, but released directly into the water, and the larvae undergo an extensive metamorphosis, the first part of a complex life cycle, which may require both oceanic and brackish waters. For example, the members of the genus Penaeus, the most valuable commercial shrimps, spawn offshore at depths of about IO to 80 m. Eggs hatch within a few hours, releasing very small, simple larvae, the nauplii, the first of usually 11 larval stages, which include 3 nauplii, 3 protozoeae and 3 mysis. juveniles postlarvae adult mysis protozoea nauplius Life-cycle of shrimps of the genus Penaeus - 4 - FAO Sheets SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS Fishing Areas 34, 47 (in part) The larvae are planktonic and carried by currents toward the shore where they arrive as postlarvae; this occurs about 3 weeks after hatching when the animals are about 6 to 14 mm long and shrimplike in appearance. The postlarvae invade inshore, brackish waters, abandon their planktonic way of life and become bottom dwellers living in shallow littoral areas. In these rich nursery grounds they grow rapidly, develop into juveniles, and as size increases, move gradually back toward the mouths of bays or estuaries, where they become subadults. Soon the shrimps migrate offshore, continue growing, and finally, as adults, reach the spawning grounds, where the mature females spawn and the cycle is repeated; most shrimps in these grounds are less than a year old. However, the life cycle is more complex in some caridean freshwater shrimps: the mature females migrate toward the sea (or to mouths of estuaries) where they release the larvae which then migrate back to the rivers. Penaeidean shrimps are very prolific; for example, a single female of Penaeus setiferus, may produce as many as 500 000 eggs. Carideans, in contrast, produce a much smaller number - correlated with the fact that the females carry their eggs until hatching. Most of the commercial species in the Eastern Central Atlantic belong to 4 penaeidean families: Solenoceridae, Aristeidae, Penaeidae and Sicyoniidae, and 6 caridean ones: Nematocarcinidae, Pasiphaeidae, Palaemonidae, Hippolytidae, Pandalidae and Crangonidae. The penaeideans are exploited mainly in tropical and subtropical waters, and the carideans in warm as well as temperate seas. The shrimp catch reported from (the enlarged) Fishing Area 34 in 1977 totalled about 28 000 tons (heads-on). LIST OF FAMILIES OCCURRING IN THE AREA : Code numbers are given for those families for which Identification
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