Operating Instructions Ac Snap-Around Volt-Ohm
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Units and Magnitudes (Lecture Notes)
physics 8.701 topic 2 Frank Wilczek Units and Magnitudes (lecture notes) This lecture has two parts. The first part is mainly a practical guide to the measurement units that dominate the particle physics literature, and culture. The second part is a quasi-philosophical discussion of deep issues around unit systems, including a comparison of atomic, particle ("strong") and Planck units. For a more extended, profound treatment of the second part issues, see arxiv.org/pdf/0708.4361v1.pdf . Because special relativity and quantum mechanics permeate modern particle physics, it is useful to employ units so that c = ħ = 1. In other words, we report velocities as multiples the speed of light c, and actions (or equivalently angular momenta) as multiples of the rationalized Planck's constant ħ, which is the original Planck constant h divided by 2π. 27 August 2013 physics 8.701 topic 2 Frank Wilczek In classical physics one usually keeps separate units for mass, length and time. I invite you to think about why! (I'll give you my take on it later.) To bring out the "dimensional" features of particle physics units without excess baggage, it is helpful to keep track of powers of mass M, length L, and time T without regard to magnitudes, in the form When these are both set equal to 1, the M, L, T system collapses to just one independent dimension. So we can - and usually do - consider everything as having the units of some power of mass. Thus for energy we have while for momentum 27 August 2013 physics 8.701 topic 2 Frank Wilczek and for length so that energy and momentum have the units of mass, while length has the units of inverse mass. -
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Ambler Thompson Technology Services and Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, April 1995) March 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology James M. Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, April 1995 Edition) Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 811, 2008 Ed., 85 pages (March 2008; 2nd printing November 2008) CODEN: NSPUE3 Note on 2nd printing: This 2nd printing dated November 2008 of NIST SP811 corrects a number of minor typographical errors present in the 1st printing dated March 2008. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Preface The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S. -
Volt-Ohm-Milliampere Meter (VOM) Content 1
2141274 Electrical and Electronic Laboratory Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University Volt-Ohm-Milliampere Meter (VOM) Content 1. Objective 2. Theoretical part 2.1) Volt-Ohm-Milliampere (VOM) meter 2.2) Color codes for a resistor 2.3) Identification of diodes and transistor polarities 3. Experimental part 3.1) Experimental instructions 3.2) Experimental report 1. Objective This laboratory helps you to familiarize with a Volt-Ohm-Milliampere (VOM) meter. 2. Theoretical Part 2.1) Volt-Ohm-Milliampere (VOM) Meter A meter with a single D’Arsonval movement that can be used to measure multiple ranges of currents and voltages is called a multimeter. A common type of analog multimetera combination voltmeter, ohmmeter and milliammeteris abbreviated VOM. The block diagram of a basic multimeter is shown in Figure 1. Moving coil type Microammeter DC Voltage Measurement Selector switch AC Voltage Measurement DC Current Measurement Test terminal Resistance Measurement Test leads Figure 1: Block diagram of a basic multimeter. The ammeter in Figure 1 is a moving coil ammeter. It uses magnetic deflection, where current passing through a coil in a magnetic field from permanent magnet creates the torque and causes the coil to move clockwise. The distance of the coil moves is proportional to the passing DC current. Figure 2 illustrates the D’Arsonval movement. 1 Figure 2: D’Arsonval movement. For DC voltage measurement, large values of resistances are connected in series with a microammeter, e.g. 50 µA, 2000 Ω, in order to limit the current passing through it. The voltage obtained can be computed from the passing current and the resistance value. -
V = Energy W Charge Q 1 Volt = 1 Joule Coulomb Dq Dt
Engineering 1 : Photovoltaic System Design What do you need to learn about? Gil Masters I. Very quick electricity review Terman 390 … but leaving town tonight feel free to email me anytime: [email protected] II. Photovoltaic systems III. PV technology IV. The solar resource V. Batteries VI. Load analysis VII. PV Sizing I’m here to help... VIII. Battery Sizing … all in one class !! ?? !! December 2, 2003 I. BASIC ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES Energy (W,joules) q (Coulombs) POWER Watts = Power is a RATE !! Time (sec) Electric Charge 1 electron = 1.602 x10-19 C dW dW dq P = = ⋅ dt dq dt P = v i dq watts Current …is the flow of charges i = charge/time = current dt energy/charge =volts e- 1 Coulomb i (Amps) = second i + ENERGY ENERGY = POWER X TIME (watt-hrs, kilowatt-hours) Voltage “the push” Watt hours = volts x amps x hours = volts x (amp-hours) energy W 1 Joule V = 1 Volt = Batteries ! charge q Coulomb 1 II. PV SYSTEM TYPES: 2. A FULL-BLOWN HYBRID STAND-ALONE SYSTEM WITH BACKUP 1. GRID-CONNECTED PV SYSTEMS: ENGINE-GENERATOR (“Gen-Set”) ….Not what you will design • Simple, reliable, no batteries (usually), 2 • ≈ $ 15,000 (less tax credits), A=200 ft for efficient house DC DC DC loads DC Batteries DC Fuse ..may want all DC, • Sell electricity to the grid during the day (meter runs backwards), buy it Charge Controller Box all AC, back at night. DC or mix of AC/DC * Sizing is simple… how much can you afford? Charger Inverter AC AC loads PVs Fuse AC AC to DC DC to AC AC • But compete with “cheap” 10¢/kWh utility grid power Generator Box AC DC Power Utility Inverter/Charger Conditioning Grid DC-to-AC to run AC loads Unit some can do AC-to-DC to charge batteries PVs AC Complex, expensive, requires maintenance, tricky to design But… competes against $10,000/mile grid extension to your house or …NOT what you are going to design 40¢/kWh noisy, balky, fuel-dependent on-site generator TRADE-OFF BETWEEN DC AND AC SYSTEMS: 3. -
Understanding Electricity Understanding Electricity
Understanding Electricity Understanding Electricity Common units Back to basics Electrical energy The labels on electrical devices usually show one or more of the following The area of a rectangle is found by multiplying the length What flows in an electric circuit is electric charge. The amount of energy symbols: W, V, A and maybe Hz. But what do they mean and what by the width. The reason why is not hard to see. that the charge carries is specified by the electric potential (potential information do they provide? Manufacturers use these symbols to inform It takes a little more effort to see why multiplying the difference or voltage). One volt means ‘one joule per coulomb’. In summary, users so that they can operate appliances safely. In this lesson we will voltage by the electric current gives the power. the current (in amperes) is the rate of flow of charge (in coulombs per explore the meaning of the symbols and the quantities they represent 3 × 4 = 12 second); the voltage (in volts) specifies the amount of energy carried by and show how to interpret them correctly. Electric charge and electric current each coulomb. EirGrid is responsible for a safe, secure and reliable supply Symbol Unit Meaning Watts, volts and amperes If you rub a balloon on your clothes it may become of electricity: Now and in the future. electrically charged and be able to attract small C coulomb the unit of electric charge The labels on typical domestic appliances show values such as the following: bits of paper or hair. Similar effects occur when We develop, manage and operate the electricity transmission the unit of electric current, the rate of flow of amber is rubbed with cloth or fur – an effect A ampere grid. -
A) B) C) D) 1. Which Is an SI Unit for Work Done on an Object? A) Kg•M/S
1. Which is an SI unit for work done on an object? 10. Which is an acceptable unit for impulse? A) B) A) N•m B) J/s C) J•s D) kg•m/s C) D) 11. Using dimensional analysis, show that the expression has the same units as acceleration. [Show all the 2. Which combination of fundamental units can be used to express energy? steps used to arrive at your answer.] A) kg•m/s B) kg•m2/s 12. Which quantity and unit are correctly paired? 2 2 2 C) kg•m/s D) kg•m /s A) 3. A joule is equivalent to a B) A) N•m B) N•s C) N/m D) N/s C) 4. A force of 1 newton is equivalent to 1 A) B) D) C) D) 13. Which two quantities are measured in the same units? 5. Which two quantities can be expressed using the same A) mechanical energy and heat units? B) energy and power A) energy and force C) momentum and work B) impulse and force D) work and power C) momentum and energy 14. Which is a derived unit? D) impulse and momentum A) meter B) second 6. Which pair of quantities can be expressed using the same C) kilogram D) Newton units? 15. Which combination of fundamental unit can be used to A) work and kinetic energy express the weight of an object? B) power and momentum A) kilogram/second C) impulse and potential energy B) kilogram•meter D) acceleration and weight C) kilogram•meter/second 7. -
Simpson 260® Series 9S & 9SP Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter
Simpson 260® Series 9S & 9SP Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter INSTRUCTION MANUAL SIMPSON ELECTRIC COMPANY 520 Simpson Avenue Lac du Flambeau, WI 54538-0099 (715) 588-3311 FAX (715) 588-3326 Printed in U.S.A. Part No. 06-117867 Edition 2, 05/07 Visit us on the web at: www.simpsonelectric.com About this Manual Notes To the best of our knowledge and at the time written, the information contained in this document is technically correct and the procedures accurate and adequate to operate this instrument in compliance with its original ad- vertised specifications. Notes and Safety Information This Operator’s Manual contains warning headings which alert the user to check for hazardous conditions. These appear throughout this manual where applicable, and are defined below. To ensure the safety of operating performance of this instrument, these instructions must be adhered to. This product has been designed to meet UL 61010-1 requirements at 600V, Category III. ! Warning, refer to accompanying documents. Caution, risk of electric shock. This instrument is designed to prevent accidental shock to the operator when properly used. However, no en- gineering design can render safe an instrument which is used carelessly. Therefore, this manual must be read carefully and completely before making any measurements. Failure to follow directions can result in serious or fatal accident. Shock Hazard: As defined in American National Standard, C39.5, Safety Requirements for Electrical and Elec- tronic Measuring and Controlling Instrumentation, a shock hazard shall be considered to exist at any part in- volving a potential in excess of 30 volts RMS (sine wave) or 42.4 volts DC or peak and where a leakage current from that part to ground exceeds 0.5 milliampere, when measured with an appropriate measuring instrument defined in Section 11.6.1 of ANSI C 39.5. -
Electricity Basics Electricity Basics
Electricity Basics Electricity basics The flow of electrical current through a wire is a flow of electrons. It is analogous to the flow of water through a pipe Voltage is similar to water pressure. It is noted V and measured in Volts Current is similar to flow rate. It is noted I and measured in Amperes For a same wire (/pipe), the higher the voltage (/pressure), the higher the current (/flow rate) voltage Height/ + pressure current Flow rate - Oct 2008 2 Resistance Ø Resistance is the opposition to the passage of an electric current § Symbol: ‘R’ (resistance) § Unit: ‘Ω’ (Ohms) Ø The smaller the pipe, the greater the resistance to water flow Ø The thinner the wire, the greater the resistance to electric current Ø A traditional incandescent light bulb is a high resistance wire Slide 3 Key Formula 1: Ohm’s Law Ø Current, Voltage and Resistance are related. If you know any two you can calculate the third V = I x R 2 A x 0.1 Ω = 0.2 V 20 A x 0.1 Ω = 2.0 V R = V / I 12V / 1.0 A = 12.0 Ω I = V / R 12V / 2.0 Ω = 6.0 A 110V / 2.0 Ω = 55 A What happens if you plug into 110V a bulb designed for 12V? Source: Jica Slide 4 Power & Energy Ø Power is measured in W (Watt) and it is the rate at which energy is generated or consumed at a given time Ø Energy is measured over time in Wh (Watt- hour). That’s what the electricity company usually bills for. -
The International System of Units (SI) - Conversion Factors For
NIST Special Publication 1038 The International System of Units (SI) – Conversion Factors for General Use Kenneth Butcher Linda Crown Elizabeth J. Gentry Weights and Measures Division Technology Services NIST Special Publication 1038 The International System of Units (SI) - Conversion Factors for General Use Editors: Kenneth S. Butcher Linda D. Crown Elizabeth J. Gentry Weights and Measures Division Carol Hockert, Chief Weights and Measures Division Technology Services National Institute of Standards and Technology May 2006 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlo M. Gutierrez, Secretary Technology Administration Robert Cresanti, Under Secretary of Commerce for Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology William Jeffrey, Director Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publications 1038 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Pub. 1038, 24 pages (May 2006) Available through NIST Weights and Measures Division STOP 2600 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-2600 Phone: (301) 975-4004 — Fax: (301) 926-0647 Internet: www.nist.gov/owm or www.nist.gov/metric TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................................v -
Electrical Engineering Dictionary
ratio of the power per unit solid angle scat- tered in a specific direction of the power unit area in a plane wave incident on the scatterer R from a specified direction. RADHAZ radiation hazards to personnel as defined in ANSI/C95.1-1991 IEEE Stan- RS commonly used symbol for source dard Safety Levels with Respect to Human impedance. Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromag- netic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. RT commonly used symbol for transfor- mation ratio. radial basis function network a fully R-ALOHA See reservation ALOHA. connected feedforward network with a sin- gle hidden layer of neurons each of which RL Typical symbol for load resistance. computes a nonlinear decreasing function of the distance between its received input and Rabi frequency the characteristic cou- a “center point.” This function is generally pling strength between a near-resonant elec- bell-shaped and has a different center point tromagnetic field and two states of a quan- for each neuron. The center points and the tum mechanical system. For example, the widths of the bell shapes are learned from Rabi frequency of an electric dipole allowed training data. The input weights usually have transition is equal to µE/hbar, where µ is the fixed values and may be prescribed on the electric dipole moment and E is the maxi- basis of prior knowledge. The outputs have mum electric field amplitude. In a strongly linear characteristics, and their weights are driven 2-level system, the Rabi frequency is computed during training. equal to the rate at which population oscil- lates between the ground and excited states. -
A Tutorial on the Decibel This Tutorial Combines Information from Several Authors, Including Bob Devarney, W1ICW; Walter Bahnzaf, WB1ANE; and Ward Silver, NØAX
A Tutorial on the Decibel This tutorial combines information from several authors, including Bob DeVarney, W1ICW; Walter Bahnzaf, WB1ANE; and Ward Silver, NØAX Decibels are part of many questions in the question pools for all three Amateur Radio license classes and are widely used throughout radio and electronics. This tutorial provides background information on the decibel, how to perform calculations involving decibels, and examples of how the decibel is used in Amateur Radio. The Quick Explanation • The decibel (dB) is a ratio of two power values – see the table showing how decibels are calculated. It is computed using logarithms so that very large and small ratios result in numbers that are easy to work with. • A positive decibel value indicates a ratio greater than one and a negative decibel value indicates a ratio of less than one. Zero decibels indicates a ratio of exactly one. See the table for a list of easily remembered decibel values for common ratios. • A letter following dB, such as dBm, indicates a specific reference value. See the table of commonly used reference values. • If given in dB, the gains (or losses) of a series of stages in a radio or communications system can be added together: SystemGain(dB) = Gain12 + Gain ++ Gainn • Losses are included as negative values of gain. i.e. A loss of 3 dB is written as a gain of -3 dB. Decibels – the History The need for a consistent way to compare signal strengths and how they change under various conditions is as old as telecommunications itself. The original unit of measurement was the “Mile of Standard Cable.” It was devised by the telephone companies and represented the signal loss that would occur in a mile of standard telephone cable (roughly #19 AWG copper wire) at a frequency of around 800 Hz. -
The Db in Communications Page 1 of 5
The dB in Communications Page 1 of 5 The dB in Communications by Jeff Beasley, Ph.D. mailto:jbeasley@nmsu Department of Engineering Technology New Mexico State University Abstract: The db (decibel) is a relative unit of measurement commonly used in communications for providing a reference for input and output levels. This tutorial provides an overview of the use of the dB in communication systems. The tutorial also includes a table of standard dB terms. I. dB Tutorial The term dB or decibel is a relative unit of measurement used frequently in electronic communications to describe power gain or loss. Decibels are used to specify measured and calculated values in audio systems, microwave system gain calculations, satellite system link-budget analysis, antenna power gain, light-budget calculations and in many other communication system measurements. In each case the dB value is calculated with respect to a standard or specified reference. The dB value is calculated by taking the log of the ratio of the measured or calculated power (P2) with respect to a reference power (P1). This result is then multiplied by 10 to obtain the value in dB. The formula for calculating the dB value of two ratios is shown in equation 1. Equation 1 is commonly referred to as the power ratio form for dB. (Eq. 1) Equation 1 can be modified to provide a dB value based on the ratio of two voltages. By using the power relationship P = V^2/R, the relationship shown in equation 2 is obtained. (Eq. 2) By simplifying the equation, a dB relationship based on voltage ratios instead of power is obtained.