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Bleaching and Related Ecological Factors CRTR Working Group Findings 2004-2009 Bleaching and Related Ecological Factors: CRTR Working Group Findings 2004-2009

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Bleaching and Related Ecological Factors CRTR Working Group Findings 2004-2009 Bleaching and Related Ecological Factors: CRTR Working Group Findings 2004-2009 Bleaching and Related Ecological Factors CRTR Working Group Findings 2004-2009 Bleaching and Related Ecological Factors: CRTR Working Group Findings 2004-2009 Acknowledgements The Bleaching Working Group is grateful for funding provided by the World Bank and the Global Environment Facility. The members are also grateful for the effi cient administration of the project provided by Ms Melanie King, Ms Lianne Cook, and members of the CRTR Project Executing Agency (PEA) at the University of Queensland. They thank Ms Catalina Reyes-Nivia for coordinating the production of this report. Contributing Authors: Ove Hoegh-Guldberg1, Yossi Loya2, John Bythell3, William Fitt4, Ruth Gates5, Roberto Iglesias-Prieto6, Michael Lesser7, Tim McClanahan8, Robert van Woesik9, Christian Wild10 Cover Photo: Ove Hoegh-Guldberg 1University of Queensland, 2Tel Aviv University, 3University of Newcastle, 4University of Georgia, 5University of Hawaii, 6Universidad Nacional Autónoma of México, 7University of New Hampshire, 8Wildlife Conservation Society, 9Florida Institute of Technology, 10University of Munich. The Coral Reef Targeted Research & Capacity Building for Management (CRTR) Program is a leading international coral reef research initiative that provides a coordinated approach to credible, factual and scientifi cally-proven knowledge for coral reef management. The CRTR Program is a partnership between the Global Environment Facility, the World Bank, The University of Queensland (Australia), the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and approximately 50 research institutes and other third-parties around the world. Contact: Coral Reef Targeted Research & Capacity Building for Management Program, c/- Centre for Marine Studies, Gerhmann Building, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia Tel: +61 7 3346 9942 Fax: +61 7 3346 9987 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.gefcoral.org Product code: 004/2009 Editorial design and production: Currie Communications, Melbourne, Australia, October 2009. Printing: The cover is printed on Revive Silk Cover, an FSC Mixed Source Certifi ed, 50% recycled paper. It also contains elemental chlorine-free pulp derived from sustainably managed forests and non-controversial sources. It is manufactured by an ISO 14001 certifi ed mill. The text is printed on ENVI Coated, a PEFC CoC certifi ed paper which is made from elemental chlorine-free pulp derived from sustainable forests. It is manufactured carbon neutral and Australian Paper is an ISO 14001 certifi ed mill. © Coral Reef Targeted Research & Capacity Building for Management Program Bleaching and Related Ecological Factors: CRTR Working Group Findings 2004-2009 Contents Foreword 4Theme 2. Organismal mechanisms to 52 ecological outcomes 6 Introduction Project 6. Population dynamics of coral 53 Reef-building corals: the framework 7 populations under environmental change builders of coral reefs Project 7. Effects of bleaching on 59 Human impacts on coral reefs 8 coral and fi sh communities in the Western Indian Ocean and effects of Coral bleaching and climate change 9 bleaching on coastal coral communities Projections of change under rapid 13 in East Africa climate change Theme 3. Biomarkers of stress 65 What will be the state of the world’s 17 Project 8. Biochemical stress markers 66 coral reefs in 2050? in corals and Symbiodinium Research directions 20 Project 9. Production of colour card tool 69 to detect and monitor coral bleaching Member biographies 22 Theme 4. Projections of change and 71 Glossary 28 socio-economic impact Project 10. Coral reefs in a century 72 Scientifi c outcomes 29 of rapid change: projections of change Theme 1: Coral-symbiont responses 30 and effective responses to thermal stress Management implications 76 Project 1. Resolving the Adaptive 31 Bleaching Hypothesis Contributions to policy development 79 Project 2. Understanding the 35 Impacts on local and regional policy 80 fundamental mechanisms of development coral bleaching International climate change policy 82 Project 3. Geographical diversity of 40 symbiodinium Research training 84 Project 4. Functional diversity of 43 Workshops and outreach 92 Symbiodinium (diversity and function) Project 5. Host-symbiont mutualism, 47 Conclusions and future research 99 close associates, metabolic communication and environmental Research themes for the future 102 change Invited presentations 104 Co-fi nancing 116 References cited 118 Bleaching and Related Ecological Factors: CRTR Working Group Findings 2004-2009 Foreword Coral reefs are the most biologically diverse marine ecosystems on Earth. In addition to their role in providing habitat for over a million species, coral reefs also provide goods and services to over 500 million people across tropical and subtropical regions. These provisions include food, building materials, income, cultural benefi ts and the protection of coastlines from ocean waves. They also drive billion-dollar fi shery and tourist industries, which provide much-needed income to communities and nations. Unfortunately, the health of coral reefs is in steep decline, and studies over the past 40 years have indicated coral cover decline by over 40% in many regions of the world. These changes have come about because of the expanding activities of humans along the coastlines adjacent to coral reefs. These activities include the overexploitation of reef species, destructive activities associated with tourism and fi shing, pollution and declining water quality as urban areas, coastal agriculture, and aquaculture have expanded. Climate change is now exacerbating the pressures on coral reefs, with increasing stress from elevated sea temperatures and acidity as atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased. In 1998, coral reefs in all the world’s tropical regions experienced mass coral bleaching and mortality. Some regions lost over 90-95% of their coral cover with an average loss of 17.7% of corals from reefs worldwide. The devastation of coral reefs during this period triggered a number of initiatives. One of these was the formation of the IOC-UNESCO working group on coral bleaching, which brought together a group of marine scientists to explore the causes and solutions to the impacts of coral bleaching. At the same time, the World Bank coastal program began to evolve a research program aimed at exploring the decline of coral reefs. The two initiatives came together with the incorporation of the IOC-UNESCO into one of six scientifi c Working Groups within the Coral Reef Targeted Research & Capacity Building for Management (CRTR) Program. Following success with applications to the World Bank and the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the CRTR began Photo: A. Zvuloni the fi rst phase of a 15 year project in 2004 which aims to address knowledge and technology gaps, promote learning and capacity building, and link scientifi c knowledge to management and policy. The Bleaching Working Group (BWG) has focused on key gaps in our understanding of mass coral bleaching and related ecological phenomena, and has pursued research projects that range from establishing a better understanding of why corals bleach and get diseased, to the impacts of coral mortality on fi sh populations and human dependents. The associated research has been conducted across four Centres of Excellence (COE’s) within the CRTR Program: Heron Island (Australia), Zanzibar (Tanzania), Bolinao (Philippines) and Puerto Morelos (Mexico). In addition to producing over 230 peer-reviewed papers, the BWG has Photo: A. Zvuloni trained 17 postgraduate students and has supported many 4 more through its regional workshops and research projects. Bleaching and Related Ecological Factors: CRTR Working Group Findings 2004-2009 While the contribution of new knowledge and understanding of the impacts of global climate change by the BWG has been signifi cant, the project has also contributed to a series of new technologies useful to the management of coral reefs. Development of low cost colour cards for detecting bleaching (in partnership with Justin Marshall and Uli Seibeck at the University of Queensland) as well as ecological methods for detecting sub-chronic change on coral reefs will provide important contributions. The ecological studies undertaken by the BWG, for example, produced a ‘Common Sampling Protocol’ outlining ecological techniques used at all Centres of Excellence. These techniques allowed us to determine which vital rates were responsible for the state Photo: A. Zvuloni of the reef and allowed us to derive novel yet pragmatic models that predict population changes and the future state of the reefs. It is expected that these contributions will fl ow naturally into the more applied program of the second phase of the CRTR Program. The BWG has also played a very signifi cant role in infl uencing policy development at a national and international level. Papers such as that published by BWG members in December 2007 (now ISI’s hottest and most cited paper over the past two years in the areas of “climate change” and “ocean acidifi cation”) are playing an important role in the climate change issue. The results of papers like this are playing very signifi cant roles in helping policy makers understand the serious consequences of approaching or exceeding atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations of 450 ppm. Attendance of members of the BWG at the recent Copenhagen conference, visits by the Chair to Capitol Hill and a strong presence at the recent World Oceans Conference in Manado, Indonesia, have ensured that the
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