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The Baltic Sea Region the Baltic Sea Region
TTHEHE BBALALTTICIC SSEAEA RREGIONEGION Cultures,Cultures, Politics,Politics, SocietiesSocieties EditorEditor WitoldWitold MaciejewskiMaciejewski A Baltic University Publication A chronology of the history 7 of the Baltic Sea region Kristian Gerner 800-1250 Vikings; Early state formation and Christianization 800s-1000s Nordic Vikings dominate the Baltic Region 919-1024 The Saxon German Empire 966 Poland becomes Christianized under Mieszko I 988 Kiev Rus adopts Christianity 990s-1000s Denmark Christianized 999 The oldest record on existence of Gdańsk Cities and towns During the Middle Ages cities were small but they grew in number between 1200-1400 with increased trade, often in close proximity to feudal lords and bishops. Lübeck had some 20,000 inhabitants in the 14th and 15th centuries. In many cities around the Baltic Sea, German merchants became very influential. In Swedish cities tensions between Germans and Swedes were common. 1000s Sweden Christianized 1000s-1100s Finland Christianized. Swedish domination established 1025 Boleslaw I crowned King of Poland 1103-1104 A Nordic archbishopric founded in Lund 1143 Lübeck founded (rebuilt 1159 after a fire) 1150s-1220s Denmark dominates the Baltic Region 1161 Visby becomes a “free port” and develops into an important trade center 1100s Copenhagen founded (town charter 1254) 1100s-1200s German movement to the East 1200s Livonia under domination of the Teutonic Order 1200s Estonia and Livonia Christianized 1201 Riga founded by German bishop Albert 1219 Reval/Tallinn founded by Danes ca 1250 -
5G Development in the Baltic States
NATO cyber experts have called 5G the ‘digital four frequencies but has endured criticism from nervous system of the contemporary societies.’1 Elisa Eesti, Tele2 Eesti, and Telia Eesti, the three But with the increased connectivity offered by largest operators in Estonia who claim the 5G, however, comes an exponential rise in the reduced frequency bands are too small to number of potential targets for espionage. The support a stable 5G network.4 Baltic states have begun to heed the warnings of Latvia is one of the first countries to push out a their principal ally, the United States, who is 5G network, and ranks third in Europe for 5G calling to end cooperation with the Chinese readiness.5 Its largest operator Latvijas Mobilais telecom giant Huawei. The governments of the Telefons (LMT) established the first working 5G Baltic states are discovering that road to 5G base in Riga and, alongside Tele2 Latvija, has built development is becoming increasingly complex 5G base stations that offer mobile users access to and fraught with geopolitical and national the 5G network. Bite Latvija, Latvia’s third largest security considerations. operator, is still testing. Latvia hosted their first 5G frequency auction in December of 2017, at which the 3.4-3.8GHz frequencies were auctioned off to LMT. Both Tele2 and Bite have since also acquired spectrum frequencies and in The Baltic region has been dubbed a ‘poster child’ June of 2019, agreed to merge networks in Latvia for early cases of 5G use due to the region’s and Lithuania.6 recent history of technological innovation. -
Ambiguous Threats and External Influences in the Baltic States Phase 2: Assessing the Threat
UNCLASSIFIED Asymmetric Operations Working Group Ambiguous Threats and External Influences in the Baltic States Phase 2: Assessing the Threat November 2015 UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. Disclaimer: The information contained herein is not current U.S. doctrine or policy and is not meant to supersede doctrine, commander’s guidance, or established unit standard operating procedures. Examine and use the information in light of your mission, the operational environment, the Law of Armed Conflict, and other situational factors. This document does not constitute the provision of additional information or the approval of additional information upon request. Copyright Notice: This document may contain copyrighted information. UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................................................................2 Methodology ..............................................................................................................................................................................3 The Baltic States are not Northeast European Versions of Crimea ...............................................................................4 STRATEGIC POSTURE ...................................................................................................................................................................7 -
The Baltic States and Russia Autor(Es)
(Re)securitisation in Europe: the Baltic States and Russia Autor(es): Fernandes, Sandra; Correia, Daniel Publicado por: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra URL persistente: URI:http://hdl.handle.net/10316.2/43549 DOI: DOI:https://doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_18_7 Accessed : 15-Oct-2020 23:16:18 A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. impactum.uc.pt digitalis.uc.pt DEBATER A EUROPA 18 jan-jun 2018 RELAÇÕES EXTERNAS DA UNIÃO EUROPEIA A LESTE EXTERNAL RELATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION TOWARDS THE EAST DEBATER A EUROPA Periódico do CIEDA e do CEIS20 , em parceria com GPE e a RCE. -
Latvia and US Economic Relations: Trade, Investment and Representation by Kristaps Supe 128
Latvia and the United States: Revisiting a Strategic Partnership in a Transforming Environment Editors: Andris Spruds and Diana Potjomkina Latvian Institute of International Affairs Riga, 2016 Railway infrastructure services Editors: Andris Spruds, Diana Potjomkina Authors: Maris Andzans, Kristine Berzina, Edijs Boss, Jon Dunne, Ilze Garoza, Donald N. Jensen, Alise Krapane, Matthew Melino, Magnus Nordenman, Diana Potjomkina, Jeffrey Rathke, Gunda Reire, Edward Rhodes, Ugis Romanovs, Liga Smildzina-Bertulsone, Andris Spruds, Kristaps Supe Scientific reviewers:Valters Scerbinskis, Toms Rostoks The opinions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the positions of the Latvian Institute of International Affairs, any of the sponsors, any governmental or other entity. English language editor*: Emily Kernot, SIA endtoend editing Layout and cover design: Liga Rozentale *English language editing has been performed for select chapters. The book is published in collaboration with the Publishers Zinātne ISBN 978-9984-583-70-9 UDK 327(474.3:73) Sp950 © Authors of the articles, 2016 © Liga Rozentale, layout and cover design, 2016 © Latvian Institute of International Affairs, 2016 his is a book about building bridges and strengthening the partnership between Latvia and the United States. The pub- Tlication Latvia and the United States: Revisiting the Strategic Partnership in a Transforming Environment continues the tradi- tion of a thorough and regular re-assessment of bilateral engage- ment between the two nations. The publication starts with an analysis of relations in a wider historical and regional context and further deals with security and defence matters and coop- eration; economic cooperation; as well as trajectories of people- to-people diplomacy and the important role of Latvian diaspora in the United States. -
Russia's Influence and Presence in Latvia
DEFENCE, FOREIGN POLICY AND SECURITY RUSSIA‘S INFLUENCE AND PRESENCE IN LATVIA ARTURS BIKOVS - ILVIJA BRUGE - ANDRIS SPRUDS www.europeanreform.org @europeanreform A Brussels-based free market, euro-realist think-tank and publisher, established in 2010 under the patronage of Baroness Thatcher. We have satellite offices in London, Rome and Warsaw. New Direction - The Foundation for European Reform is registered in Belgium as a non-for-profit organisation (ASBL) and is partly funded by the European Parliament. REGISTERED OFFICE: Rue du Trône, 4, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Naweed Khan. www.europeanreform.org @europeanreform The European Parliament and New Direction assume no responsibility for the opinions expressed in this publication. Sole liability rests with the author. Russia‘s influence and presence in Latvia Arturs Bikovs - Ilvija Bruge - Andris Spruds AUTHORS TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL 7 INTRODUCTION 9 Arturs Bikovs 1 OVERVIEW OF RUSSIAN-LATVIAN RELATIONS - HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND LEGACY 10 2 ATTITUDES TO RUSSIA IN LATVIA’S SOCIETY 14 3 RUSSIA’S COMPATRIOT POLICY IN LATVIA - CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS TIES 17 Ilvija Bruge 4 ECONOMIC RELATIONS - TRAJECTORIES OF TRADE AND INVESTMENT 22 5 RUSSIA’S FACTOR IN POLITICAL AND BUSINESS LINKS 26 CONCLUSIONS 30 ANNEX 1 RUSSIA AS A THREAT TO THE STATES BEING IN THE ZONE OF INFLUENCE 31 Andris Spruds ANNEX 2 POPULATION AND LANGUAGES IN THE LATVIA, INCLUDING RUSSIAN 32 MINORITY AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGE ANNEX 3 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 34 4 New Direction - The Foundation for European Reform www.europeanreform.org @europeanreform 5 Russia‘s influence and presence in Latvia Arturs Bikovs - Ilvija Bruge - Andris Spruds EDITORIAL its former ‘soviet republics’ and its attempts to undermine European unity through energy interests, political funding, and media (dis)information. -
Nation Branding, National Identity and the Eurovision Song Contest in Estonia Politics and Society in the Baltic Sea Region 2
This book provides a unique and intriguing insight into current debates concerning the relationship between nation and state Jordan Paul as well as the political management of international image in today’s Europe through an examination of debates on nation branding and the Eurovision Song Contest. Europe is a con- tested construct and its boundaries are subject to redefinition. This work aims to advance critical thinking about contempo- rary nation branding and its relationship to, and influence on, Paul Jordan nation building. In particular it focusses on key identity debates The Modern Tale Fairy that the Eurovision Song Contest engendered in Estonia in the run-up to EU accession. The Eurovision Song Contest is an event which is often dismissed as musically and culturally The Modern Fairy Tale: inferior. However, this work demonstrates that it has the capac- ity to shed light on key identity debates and illuminate wider Nation Branding, National Identity socio-political issues. Using a series of in-depth interviews with and the Eurovision Song Contest political elites, media professionals and opinion leaders, this book is a valuable contribution to the growing field of research in Estonia on nation branding and the Eurovision Song Contest. Paul Jordan obtained his PhD from the University of Glasgow in 2011. His research interests include nation building and nation branding of post-communist states, national identity and nationalist politics. He is also a regular media commenta- tor on the Eurovision Song Contest. Politics and Society in the Baltic Sea Region Politics and Society ISBN 978-9949-32-558-0 2 in the Baltic Sea Region 9 789949 325580 > www.tyk.ee 2 Politics and Society in the Baltic Sea Region 2 Paul Jordan The Modern Fairy Tale: Nation Branding, National Identity and the Eurovision Song Contest in Estonia Politics and Society in the Baltic Sea Region 2 Politics and Society in the Baltic Sea Region is a series devoted to contemporary social and political issues in the countries surrounding the Baltic Sea. -
Part 3 Energy Policy: the Achilles Heel of the Baltic States
THE BALTIC STATES IN THE EU: YEstERDAY, TODAY AND TOMORROW Extract from: A. Grigas, A. Kasekamp, K. Maslauskaite, L.Zorgenfreija, “The Baltic states in the EU: yesterday, today and tomorrow”, Studies & Reports No 98, Notre Europe – Jacques Delors Institute, July 2013. PART 3 ENERGY POLICY: THE ACHILLES HEEL OF THE BALTIC STATES by Dr. Agnia Grigas INTRODUCTION Nearly a decade following EU accession, the energy sector remains the most vulnerable national arena for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania – an “Achilles heel” of the three Baltic states. The vulnerability stems from the fact that the energy sectors of the three states remain inextricably linked to and fully depended on Russia while they are virtually isolated from the rest of the EU, making them “energy islands”. This predicament is not only of concern to statesmen and strategists as energy effects almost every aspect of the Baltic states – the economy, industry and the wellbeing of citizens. The rapid inflation of the mid 2000s leading to the economic overheating and eventual economic crisis in 2008 was in part due to the rapidly accelerating costs of Russian gas and oil. Industry which accounts for a significant portion of total gas consumed (50%1 of total gas consumed in Lithuania, 21%2 in Estonia, 14%3 in Latvia) was also hard-hit. Gas prices are particularly sensitive for households who depend on gas for heating in the winter months, making up 10%4 of total gas used in Estonia in 2011, 9%5 in Latvia, and 5%6 in Lithuania, which represents 10 to 15% of their post-tax income7. -
The Baltic States in the Eu: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
THE BALTIC STATES IN THE EU: YESTERDAY, TODAY AND TOMORROW Agnia Grigas Andres Kasekamp Kristina Maslauskaite Liva Zorgenfreija Foreword by Jerzy Buzek JULY 2013 STUDIES & REPORTS 98 THE BALTIC STATES IN THE EU: YESTERDAY, TODAY AND TOMORROW Agnia Grigas Andres Kasekamp Kristina Maslauskaite Liva Zorgenfreija Foreword by Jerzy Buzek The Baltic States in the EU: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD by Jerzy Buzek 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10 INTRODUCTION 13 PART 1 BALTIC STATES AND THE EU: A ROCKY ROAD FROM “OUTSIDE” TOWARDS THE “CORE” by Prof. Andres Kasekamp 16 INTRODUCTION 16 1. Return to Europe 17 1.1. Historical Background: Threatened Statehood 17 1.2. The Road to EU Membership: One Option out of Three 18 1.3. The EU Accession Process 20 1.4. The Political Systems: Best Practices from Abroad and National Legacies 23 2. The Baltic States as EU Members 25 2.1. Contemporary Politics: Moving towards more Stability 25 2.2. EU Membership: the Community Method 26 2.3. Baltic Policies and Preferences on the EU Level 28 3. Future Outlook 31 3.1. General Trends for the Future 31 3.2. The Lithuanian EU Presidency 31 The Baltic States in the EU: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow PART 2 ECONOMIC MIRACLE IN THE BALTIC STATES: AN EXEMPLARY WAY TO GROWTH? by Kristina Maslauskaite and Liva Zorgenfreija 33 INTRODUCTION 33 1. Developments before the Economic Crisis 34 1.1. Emergence of the Baltic Tigers 34 1.2. Build-up of Macroeconomic Imbalances 36 2. Difficult Years and Difficult Policies 42 2.1. The Crash 42 2.2. -
Cv Mh Biceps
Curriculum Vitae Morten Hansen Personal data: Born: Dec. 19, 1961 in Haderslev, Denmark Citizenship: Danish Mailing address: Stockholm School of Economics in Riga Strelnieku iela 4a LV 1010, Latvia tel: (+ 371) 67 015 852 fax: (+ 371) 67 830 249 URL: http://www.sseriga.edu.lv email: [email protected] Current occupation: Main position: Head of Economics Department Stockholm School of Economics in Riga, Strelnieku iela 4a, LV 1010 Riga, Latvia tel: (+371) 67015800 fax: (+371) 67830249 URL: http://www.sseriga.edu.lv Research Associate Baltic International Centre for Economic Policy Studies (BICEPS) Alberta Iela 13, LV 1010 Riga, Latvia tel: (+371) 67039317 URL: http://www.biceps.org Research project, 2004-05: “The Private Sector in Higher Education in the Baltic States: Permanent Feature or Transition Phenomenon?”, funded by a CERGE-EI and World Bank grant. Research Fellow Centre for European and Transition Studies, University of Latvia Aspazijas Blvd. 5, room 527, LV 1009 Riga, Latvia tel: (+371) 67034795 URL: http://www.lu.lv/cets Research project, 2002-03: “The Natural Rate of Unemployment in Latvia”, funded by a CERGE-EI and World Bank grant. Founding member and Vice-President of LECSA , Latvian European Community Studies Association Publications: Hansen, Morten (2009): Latvia: Political, Economic and Financial Integration – and then Disintegration? p. 30 – 34 in “Our 9/11 of Hope. Short Essays on European Democracy since 1989”, ed. Fabrizio Tassinari, DIIS Report 2010:06. Hansen, Morten and Alf Vanags (2009): Too Few Locally Produced Goods on the Shelves of Latvian Shops: Reality or Myth?, SSE Riga/BICEPS Occasional Paper No. 7. -
Changing Demographics in Latvia by Changing Ethnic Law
CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS IN LATVIA BY CHANGING ETHNIC LAW BY Zachary L. Cooper Submitted to the graduate degree program in Geography and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master's of Arts ____________________________ Shannon O'Lear, Chairperson ____________________________ Stephen Egbert ____________________________ J. Christopher Brown ____________________________ Leslie Dienes Date defended:___2/27/2008_ Copyright 2008 The Thesis Committee for Zachary L. Cooper certifies that this is the approved Version of the following thesis: CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS IN LATVIA BY CHANGING ETHNIC LAWS Committee: ___________________________ Shannon O'Lear, Chairperson ___________________________ Stephen Egbert ___________________________ J. Christopher Brown ___________________________ Leslie Dienes Date approved:___6/23/2008_ ii ABSTRACT Zachary L. Cooper, M.A. Geography Department, May 2008 The University of Kansas This thesis examines language and citizenship laws in Latvia to determine how they have been used to change Latvia’s internal ethnic identity and external geopolitical relations. A discourse analysis of two of the region’s major news sources is the central method for data analysis, allowing for a comparison of Russian and Latvian media portrayals of this situation. By examining newspapers from the region, my thesis considers how the Russian speaking population in Latvia is adapting to their situation. Secondly, the research explores how the Latvian government is and is not encouraging the merging of the ethnic Russian and Latvian speaking identities to form a new national identity. Language laws and educational reforms are important processes that help promote national identity, and both are examined in this research. The theoretical framework of this thesis draws from a combination of identity, geopolitical, and moral geography theories. -
Highlights Itineraries Current Events
© Lonely Planet Publications 43 www.lonelyplanet.com ESTONIA •• Highlights 44 HIGHLIGHTS ESTONIA HOW MUCH? Tallinn ( p64 ) Wander the medieval streets, and drink in lovely cafés, eclectic restau- Coffee 30Kr ESTONIA rants and steamy nightclubs. Estonia Taxi fare (10 minutes) 50Kr Pärnu ( p155 ) Join this party town, home to sandy beaches, spa resorts and plenty Bus ticket (Tallinn to Tartu) 80Kr of night-time distractions. Bicycle hire (daily) 150Kr Saaremaa ( p142 ) Escape to Estonia’s larg- Although the smallest of the Baltic countries, Estonia (Eesti) makes its presence felt in the est island, with lovely, long stretches Sauna 65Kr region. of empty coastline and medieval ruins, and abundant opportunities for outdoor LONELY PLANET INDEX Lovely seaside towns, quaint country villages and verdant forests and marshlands set adventure. Litre of petrol 14Kr the scene for discovering many cultural and natural gems. Yet Estonia is also known for Tartu ( p106 ) Discover the magic of this magnificent castles, pristine islands and a cosmopolitan capital amid medieval splendour. splendid town, gateway to the beautiful Litre of bottled water 15Kr land of the mystical Setu community, It’s no wonder Estonia is no longer Europe’s best-kept secret. Half-litre of Saku beer in a store/bar with myriad lakes and forests. 15/28Kr Tallinn, Estonia’s crown jewel, boasts cobbled streets and rejuvenated 14th-century dwell- Lahemaa National Park ( p95 ) Relish the nat- ural beauty of this area’s lush landscape Souvenir T-shirt 150Kr ings. Dozens of cafés and restaurants make for an atmospheric retreat after exploring historic and immaculate coastline. packet of roasted nuts 25Kr churches and scenic ruins, as well as its galleries and boutiques.