DOCSLIB.ORG

Oropouche Fever Outbreak, Manaus, Brazil, 2007–2008

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Oropouche Fever Outbreak, Manaus, Brazil, 2007–2008 LETTERS 4. Kapczynski DR, Gonder E, Liljebjelke K, Oropouche Fever washing the wells, 100 μL of serum Lippert R, Petkov D, Tilley B. Vaccine- diluted 1:400 was added into infected induced protection from egg production Outbreak, Manaus, losses in commercial turkey breeder hens and uninfected wells. After incubation following experimental challenge with a Brazil, 2007–2008 and washing the wells, a peroxidase- triple-reassortant H3N2 avian infl uenza conjugated goat anti-human IgM was virus. Avian Dis. 2009;53:7–15. DOI: To the Editor: Oropouche virus added; fi nally, the ABTS substrate 10.1637/8199-122707-Reg.1 (OROV) is an arbovirus, Orthobu- (KPL, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA) 5. Spackman E, Senne DA, Myers TJ, Bulaga nyavirus, transmitted among sloths, LL, Garber LP, Perdue ML, et al. Devel- was added into the wells. The plates opment of a real-time reverse transcriptase marsupials, primates, and birds by the were incubated and read on a spec- PCR assay for type A infl uenza virus and mosquitoes Aedes serratus and Culex trophotometer at 405 nm. The cutoff the avian H5 and H7 hemagglutinin sub- quinquefasciatus. Notably, this virus for the test was determined to be the types. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:3256–60. has adapted to an urban cycle involving DOI: 10.1128/JCM.40.9.3256-3260.2002 mean of optical densities read in all 6. Senne DA. Annual reports on National man, with midges (Culicoides paraen- wells containing uninfected cells plus Veterinary Services Laboratories avian sis) as the main vector (1). Oropouche 3 standard deviations. infl uenza and Newcastle disease virus fever is the second most frequent ar- Of the 631 patients in the study, diagnostics. Proceedings of the Unit- boviral disease in Brazil, surpassed ed States Animal Health Association. 128 (20.3%) had IgM antibodies to 2006;110:634–7. only by dengue. OROV causes large, OROV. The age range was 2–81 years 7. Thomas C, Manin TB, Andriyasov explosive outbreaks of acute febrile (mean 29.5 ± 14 years), and 77 (60.2%) AV, Swayne DE. Limited susceptibil- illness in cities and villages in the Am- were women or girls. Most of the cas- ity and lack of systemic infection by an azon and central regions of Brazil. An H3N2 swine infl uenza virus in intrana- es occurred November through March sally inoculated chickens. Avian Dis. estimated 500,000 cases of OROV in- during the rainy season. In addition 2008;52:498–501. DOI: 10.1637/8210- fection have occurred in Brazil in the to fever, the patients had headache 011408-RESNOTE.1 past 48 years. In addition to outbreaks, (93 [72.7%]), myalgia (90 [70.3%]), 8. Yassine HM, Al Natour MQ, Lee C, Saif OROV can also cause sporadic human YM. Interspecies and intraspecies trans- and arthralgia (74 [57.8%]). Rash was mission of triple reassortant H3N2 infl u- infections (2). observed in 54 patients (42.2%), and enza A viruses. Virol J. 2007;4:129. DOI: The Tropical Medicine Founda- hemorrhagic phenomena (petechiae, 10.1186/1743-422X-4-129 tion of Amazonas State (TMF-AM) epistaxis, and gingival bleeding) were 9. Choi YK, Lee JH, Erickson G, Goyal SM, is a tertiary care center specializing Joo HS, Webster RG, et al. H3N2 infl u- observed in 20 patients (15.5%). All enza virus transmission from swine to in tropical and infectious diseases and patients recovered without sequelae turkeys, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. is located in the city of Manaus. Syn- and were not hospitalized. 2004;10:2156–60. dromic surveillance for acute febrile Despite the knowledge of the oc- 10. Senne DA. Avian infl uenza in North and illness has been conducted by TMF- South America, the Caribbean, and Aus- currence of several arboviruses in the tralia, 2006–2008. Avian Dis. 2009. In AM since 1998. During January 2007 Amazon region, most cases of arbo- press. through November 2008, we obtained viral diseases remain undiagnosed, blood samples from 631 patients who probably because of their generally Address for correspondence: David E. Swayne, had acute febrile illness for ≥5 days mild and self-limited clinical mani- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, but who had negative results at ini- festations. Patients usually recover Agricultural Research Service, US Department tial screening for malaria (thick blood completely after a couple of days. of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, smear) and dengue (MAC-ELISA). However, even more severe cases GA 30605, USA; email: david.swayne@ars. Blood samples were tested for OROV may remain undiagnosed, especially usda.gov immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibodies by because of long distances to health an indirect enzyme immune assay us- care facilities, diffi culties in sample ing infected cells as antigen, as previ- transportation, and lack of laboratory ously reported for dengue (3). The opinions expressed by facilities capable of conducting the di- For the indirect enzyme immune authors contributing to this agnostic assays. With regard to OROV assay using infected cells as antigen, infections, diagnosis of OROV may journal do not necessarily refl ect C6/36 A. albopictus cells were grown be easily confused with other acute the opinions of the Centers for in 96 well microplates; these cells febrile illness, including malaria and Disease Control and Prevention were infected with OROV (BeAn 1991 dengue, both of which are highly en- or the institutions with which the strain). After 4 days, the cells were demic in Manaus. fi xed in the wells with 7% formalin authors are affi liated. In the present study, an inhouse buffered at pH 7.0. The microplate was enzyme immune assay for IgM using blocked with 5% skim milk and, after infected cell culture as antigen was Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 15, No. 12, December 2009 2063 LETTERS found suitable for the diagnosis of nologic Development (CNPq – grant aria PC, et al. Oropouche fever epidemic OROV infections in the acute phase. 484941/2007-0) and by the Amazonas in northern Brazil: epidemiology and mo- lecular characterization of isolates. J Clin Thus, a combination of a systematic Foundation for Research Support. Virol. 2009;44:129–33. DOI: 10.1016/j. surveillance for acute febrile illnesses jcv.2008.11.006 and effi cient laboratory diagnosis for Maria Paula G. Mourão, 7. Figueiredo LT. Emergent arboviruses OROV resulted in the discovery of an in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. Michelle S. Bastos, 2007;40:224–9. DOI: 10.1590/S0037- outbreak, which would probably have João Bosco L. Gimaque, 86822007000200016 been overlooked if it had occurred in Bruno Rafaelle Mota, 8. Nunes MR, Martins LC, Rodrigues any region simultaneously with large Giselle S. Souza, SG, Chiang JO, Azevedo Rdo S, da dengue outbreaks or in the absence Rosa AP, et al. Oropouche virus isola- Gustavo Henrique N. Grimmer, tion, southeast Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. of laboratory diagnosis. The cases of Elizabeth S. Galusso, 2005;11:1610–3. OROV fever reported here likely rep- Eurico Arruda, 9. Felippe-Bauer ML, Caceres AG, Silva CS, resent a small portion of the cases; a and Luiz Tadeu M. Figueiredo Valderrama-Bazan W, Gonzales-Perez A. much higher number of cases prob- Two new Culicoides of the paraensis spe- Author affi liations: Tropical Medicine Foun- cies group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) ably occurred in Manaus during the dation of Amazonas State, Manaus, Bra- from the Amazonian region of Peru. Mem study period. zil (M.P.G. Mourão, M.S. Bastos, J.B.L. Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2003;98:1051–8. DOI: 10.1590/S0074-02762003000800014 The clinical characteristics of Gimaque, E.S. Galusso); Amazonas State most cases of OROV fever in this University, Manaus (M.P.G. Mourão, J.B.L. Address for correspondence: Maria Paula G. outbreak were similar to previously Gimaque, B.R. Mota); Nilton Lins Univer- Mourão, Tropical Medicine Foundation of reported descriptions of the illness. sity Center, Manaus (M.P.G. Mourão, E.S. Amazonas (Laboratory of Virology), Av Pedro Notably, however, 20 (15.5%) pa- Galusso); Leonidas and Maria Deane Teixeira, 25, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil 69040- tients from Manaus had spontaneous Research Center, Manaus (G.S. Souza, 000; email: [email protected] hemorrhagic phenomena (petecchiae, G.H.N. Grimmer); and University of São epistaxis, and gingival bleeding) that Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, had not previously been described in Brazil (E. Arruda, L.T.M. Figueiredo) OROV fever (4–6). Moreover, symp- toms of involvement of the central DOI: 10.3201/eid1512.090917 nervous system were not observed. In recent years, the area of cir- References culation and the epidemic potential 1. Pinheiro FP, Hoch AL, Gomes ML, Rob- Identical Strains of of OROV have increased, and this erts DR. Oropouche virus. IV. Laboratory virus has emerged as a public health transmission by Culicoides paraensis. Am Borrelia hermsii in problem in Brazil and other countries J Trop Med Hyg. 1981;30:172–6. Mammal and Bird in the Americas. Presently, OROV 2. Bernardes-Terzian AC, Bronzoni RVM, Drumond BP, Silva-Nunes M, Silva To the Editor: On August 5, is the most common of the Brazilian NS, Urbano-Ferreira M, et al. Sporadic zoonotic arboviruses infecting humans oropouche virus infection, acre, Brazil. 1994, a northern spotted owl, Strix (7). Further evidence of the spread of Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:348–50. DOI: occidentalis caurina, was found OROV was its isolation in 2003 from 10.3201/eid1502.080401 dead in Kittitas County, Washington, 3. Figueiredo LT, Shope RE. An enzyme im- USA (1). A thorough investigation a small primate, a marmoset (Cal- munoassay for dengue antibody using in- lithrix), in the state of Minas Gerais in fected cultured mosquito cells as antigen.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Isolation of Oropouche Virus from Febrile Patient, Ecuador
    RESEARCH LETTERS Testing of tissues from vacuum aspiration and from chorionic 5. Driggers RW, Ho CY, Korhonen EM, Kuivanen S, villi sampling revealed that placenta and chorion contained Jääskeläinen AJ, Smura T, et al. Zika virus infection with prolonged maternal viremia and fetal brain abnormalities. Zika virus RNA. Isolation of Zika virus from the karyotype N Engl J Med. 2016;374:2142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/ cell culture confirmed active viral replication in embryonic NEJMoa1601824 cells. All the tests performed suggest that the spontaneous abortion in this woman was likely associated with a symp- Address for correspondence: Azucena Bardají, ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, tomatic Zika virus infection occurring early in pregnancy. Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló, 132, 5-1, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; These findings provide further evidence of the association email: [email protected] between Zika virus infection early in pregnancy and trans- placental infection, as well as embryonic damage, leading to poor pregnancy outcomes (2). Given that embryo loss had probably occurred days before maternal-related symp- toms, we hypothesize that spontaneous abortion happened early during maternal viremia. The prolonged viremia in the mother beyond the first week after symptom onset concurs with other recent reports (1,5). However, persistent viremia 3 weeks after pregnancy outcome has not been described Isolation of Oropouche Virus previously and underscores the current lack of knowledge from Febrile Patient, Ecuador regarding the persistence of Zika virus infection. Because we identified Zika virus RNA in placental tissues, our find- ings reinforce the evidence for early gestational placental Emma L. Wise, Steven T.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthobunyaviruses: from Virus Binding to Penetration Into Mammalian Host Cells
    viruses Review Orthobunyaviruses: From Virus Binding to Penetration into Mammalian Host Cells Stefan Windhaber 1 , Qilin Xin 2 and Pierre-Yves Lozach 1,2,* 1 CellNetworks—Cluster of Excellence and Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; [email protected] 2 Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Viral Infections and Comparative Pathology (IVPC), UMR754-University Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: With over 80 members worldwide, Orthobunyavirus is the largest genus in the Peribunyaviri- dae family. Orthobunyaviruses (OBVs) are arthropod-borne viruses that are structurally simple, with a trisegmented, negative-sense RNA genome and only four structural proteins. OBVs are potential agents of emerging and re-emerging diseases and overall represent a global threat to both public and veterinary health. The focus of this review is on the very first steps of OBV infection in mammalian hosts, from virus binding to penetration and release of the viral genome into the cytosol. Here, we address the most current knowledge and advances regarding OBV receptors, endocytosis, and fusion. Keywords: arbovirus; Bunyamwera; cell entry; emerging virus; endocytosis; fusion; La Crosse; Oropouche; receptor; Schmallenberg Citation: Windhaber, S.; Xin, Q.; Lozach, P.-Y. Orthobunyaviruses: 1. Introduction From Virus Binding to Penetration into Mammalian Host Cells. Viruses Orthobunyavirus consists of over 80 members that are globally distributed, which is a 2021, 13, 872. https://doi.org/ genus of the family Peribunyaviridae (Bunyavirales order) along with Herbevirus, Pacuvirus, 10.3390/v13050872 and Shangavirus (Table1)[ 1].
    [Show full text]
  • California Encephalitis, Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Hantavirus Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal 166 Syndrome, and Bunyavirus Hemorrhagic Fevers Raphael Dolin
    i. Bunyaviridae California Encephalitis, Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Hantavirus Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal 166 Syndrome, and Bunyavirus Hemorrhagic Fevers Raphael Dolin SHORT VIEW SUMMARY Definition Major Causes of Human Diseases Diagnostic tests are typically performed in } Bunyavirales is a large order of RNA viruses (See Table 166.1) reference laboratories. consisting of 10 families and more than 350 } California encephalitis group: Therapy named species. They are enveloped, } La Crosse virus (LACV) } Treatment is primarily supportive because specific single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV) } antiviral therapy is not available. Ribavirin has genome. Bunyavirales members can be found Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) } been studied in some bunyavirus infections, and worldwide and are able to infect invertebrates, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) } data from in vitro and in vivo models hold vertebrates, and plants. Hantaviruses } promise. Ribavirin has shown clinical benefit in Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome Epidemiology } HFRS and in CCHF. However, comprehensive (HFRS) } Bunyaviruses are significant human pathogens clinical trials have not been conducted. } Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome with the ability to cause severe disease, } Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome Prevention ranging from febrile illness, encephalitis, and virus (SFTSV) } No specific preventive measures are available, hepatitis to hemorrhagic fever. but experimental vaccines for some With exception of hantaviruses,
    [Show full text]
  • Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Chimeras Expressing the Oropouche Virus Glycoproteins Elicit
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.19.432025; this version posted February 19, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Vesicular stomatitis virus chimeras expressing the Oropouche virus glycoproteins elicit 2 protective immune responses in mice. 3 4 Sarah Hulsey Stubbs1, Marjorie Cornejo Pontelli2, Nischay Mishra3, Changhong Zhou1, Juliano 5 de Paula Souza4, Rosa Maria Mendes Viana4, W. Ian Lipkin3, David M. Knipe1, Eurico Arruda4, 6 Sean P. J. Whelan2* 7 8 9 10 1Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 11 2Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 12 Saint Louis, Missouri, USA 13 3Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New 14 York, New York, USA 15 4Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Virology Research Center, Ribeirao Preto School of 16 Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil 17 18 *correspondence [email protected] 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.19.432025; this version posted February 19, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoonotic Potential of International Trade in CITES-Listed Species Annexes B, C and D JNCC Report No
    Zoonotic potential of international trade in CITES-listed species Annexes B, C and D JNCC Report No. 678 Zoonotic potential of international trade in CITES-listed species Annex B: Taxonomic orders and associated zoonotic diseases Annex C: CITES-listed species and directly associated zoonotic diseases Annex D: Full trade summaries by taxonomic family UNEP-WCMC & JNCC May 2021 © JNCC, Peterborough 2021 Zoonotic potential of international trade in CITES-listed species Prepared for JNCC Published May 2021 Copyright JNCC, Peterborough 2021 Citation UNEP-WCMC and JNCC, 2021. Zoonotic potential of international trade in CITES- listed species. JNCC Report No. 678, JNCC, Peterborough, ISSN 0963-8091. Contributing authors Stafford, C., Pavitt, A., Vitale, J., Blömer, N., McLardy, C., Phillips, K., Scholz, L., Littlewood, A.H.L, Fleming, L.V. & Malsch, K. Acknowledgements We are grateful for the constructive comments and input from Jules McAlpine (JNCC), Becky Austin (JNCC), Neville Ash (UNEP-WCMC) and Doreen Robinson (UNEP). We also thank colleagues from OIE for their expert input and review in relation to the zoonotic disease dataset. Cover Photographs Adobe Stock images ISSN 0963-8091 JNCC Report No. 678: Zoonotic potential of international trade in CITES-listed species Annex B: Taxonomic orders and associated zoonotic diseases Annex B: Taxonomic orders and associated zoonotic diseases Table B1: Taxonomic orders1 associated with at least one zoonotic disease according to the source papers, ranked by number of associated zoonotic diseases identified.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf/2052-6202-1-1.Pdf Doi: 10.7243/2052-6202-1-1
    Virology Discovery ISSN 2052-6202 Research Open Access A systematic review of molecular diagnostic methods for the detection of arboviruses in clinical specimens in Brazil and the importance of a differential diagnosis Marcos Lázaro Moreli* and Vivaldo Gomes da Costa *Correspondence: [email protected] Department of Biomedicine, Federal University of Goiás, Jataí, Brazil. Abstract Arboviruses (Arthropod-borne viruses) compose a large group of zoonotic viruses that have complex cycles and often cause diseases in humans. This study was aimed at performing a systematic review of molecular diagnostic methods for the detection of arboviruses in clinical samples from Brazil to emphasize the importance of a differential diagnosis. Articles on arbovirus diagnostic methods were searched in databases using descriptors and selection criteria. A total of 19 articles were found that described techniques that may be used for the differential diagnosis of arboviruses. RT-PCR, nested RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR were the main methods. The samples were collected from the Brazilian Amazon and the state of São Paulo for the diagnosis of dengue, Oropouche fever, yellow fever, Saint Louis encephalitis and Mayaro virus disease. Classical diagnostic methods were rarely used. In addition, molecular methods are not yet fully standardized because several methods did not detect arboviruses. Furthermore, a diagnosis that is based only on clinical and epidemiological data would be premature. Therefore, new entomological research and new differential molecular methods should be performed for the possible isolation of these unknown viruses to contribute to the diagnosis of arboviruses. Thus, additional research should be conducted because these diseases are emerging and reemerging in several countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Bunyaviruses and the Type I Interferon System
    Elliott, R.M., and Weber, F. (2009) Bunyaviruses and the type I interferon system. Viruses, 1 (3). pp. 1003-1021. ISSN 1999-4915 Copyright © 2009 The Authors http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/80049 Deposited on: 21 May 2013 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk Viruses 2009, 1, 1003-1021; doi:10.3390/v1031003 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Review Bunyaviruses and the Type I Interferon System Richard M. Elliott 1 and Friedemann Weber 2,* 1 Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, D-79008 Freiburg, Germany * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-761-203-6614; Fax: +49-761-203-6634. Received: 21 September 2009; in revised form: 11 November 2009 / Accepted: 20 November 2009 / Published: 23 November 2009 Abstract: The family Bunyaviridae contains more than 350 viruses that are distributed throughout the world. Most members of the family are transmitted by arthopods, and several cause disease in man, domesticated animals and crop plants. Despite being recognized as an emerging threat, details of the virulence mechanisms employed by bunyaviruses are scant. In this article we summarise the information currently available on how these viruses are able to establish infection when confronted with a powerful antiviral interferon system. Keywords: bunyaviruses; interferon system; NSs proteins 1. Introduction Viruses in the family Bunyaviridae are classified into five genera: Orthobunyavirus, Phlebovirus, Hantavirus, Nairovirus, and Tospovirus on the basis of molecular and serological characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • Bunyaviruses and the Type I Interferon System
    Viruses 2009, 1, 1003-1021; doi:10.3390/v1031003 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Review Bunyaviruses and the Type I Interferon System Richard M. Elliott 1 and Friedemann Weber 2,* 1 Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, D-79008 Freiburg, Germany * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-761-203-6614; Fax: +49-761-203-6634. Received: 21 September 2009; in revised form: 11 November 2009 / Accepted: 20 November 2009 / Published: 23 November 2009 Abstract: The family Bunyaviridae contains more than 350 viruses that are distributed throughout the world. Most members of the family are transmitted by arthopods, and several cause disease in man, domesticated animals and crop plants. Despite being recognized as an emerging threat, details of the virulence mechanisms employed by bunyaviruses are scant. In this article we summarise the information currently available on how these viruses are able to establish infection when confronted with a powerful antiviral interferon system. Keywords: bunyaviruses; interferon system; NSs proteins 1. Introduction Viruses in the family Bunyaviridae are classified into five genera: Orthobunyavirus, Phlebovirus, Hantavirus, Nairovirus, and Tospovirus on the basis of molecular and serological characteristics. The term ‘bunyavirus’ refers to a member of the Bunyaviridae family, while the terms ‘orthobunyavirus’, ‘phlebovirus’, etc., refer to viruses in the eponymous genus. Members of the first four genera above are able to infect mammalian hosts, whereas the tospoviruses (which are not discussed here) are important plant pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Oropouche Virus Could Emerge As a Serious Public Health Problem, Researcher Says 23 August 2017
    Oropouche virus could emerge as a serious public health problem, researcher says 23 August 2017 likely grow, because the virus, transmitted by the midge Culicoides paraensis, is now found beyond Amazonian villages and is spreading to the big cities. "C. paraensis is distributed throughout the Americas, and Oropouche virus therefore has considerable emergence potential," he said. "The virus may well spread from the Amazon region and central plateau to the most densely populated regions of the country." The incidence of Oropouche fever is also rising in Vector is no longer confined to villages in the Amazon urban areas of Peru and Caribbean countries. In but is spreading to major cities throughout Brazil, Brazil, the virus has been isolated from birds in Rio researcher warns . Credit: Elton Alisson / Agência Grande do Sul state and from a marmoset in Minas FAPESP Gerais state. The presence of neutralizing antibodies (which bind to the virus, tell the immune system to destroy it, and prevent it from infecting the organism) has been detected in primates in the Due to the Zika epidemic, which began in 2015, city of Goiânia. and the outbreak of yellow fever early in 2017, Brazil runs a serious risk of being afflicted by "We recently diagnosed a patient from Ilhéus [city Oropouche, another virus that is widely distributed in the northeastern state of Bahia] with Oropouche throughout South and Central America and the fever, in partnership with Eurico Arruda [a professor Caribbean. Oropouche has adapted to urban in FMRP-USP's Department of Cellular Biology]. environments and is spreading ever closer to This shows the virus is circulating around Brazil," Brazil's major cities.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Infectious Diseases
    THIRD EDITION TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES RICHARD L. GUERRANT MDThomasDAV'ID H. WALKERMD PETER F. WELLER MO FACP FIOSA çarmage and Martha Walls Distinguished H. Hunter Professor of Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical University Chair in Tropical Diseases International Medicine School Director, Center for Biodefense and Director, Center for Global Health, Professor, Immunology and Infectious Emerging Infectious Diseases Division of Infectious Diseasesand Diseases Department, Harvard School of Professor and Chair, Department of International Health Pubüc Health University ofVirginia School of Medicine Pathology Crnef, Infectious Disease Division University ofTexas Medical Branch Charlottesville, VA, USA Vice Chair of Research, Department of Galveston, TX, USA Medicine, Beth Israel DeaconessMedica! Center Boston, MA, USA Edinburgh, London, New York, Oxford, Philadelphia, SI Louis, Sydney I Toronlo SAUNDERS ELSEVIER SAUNDERS is an imprint of EIsevier Inc. @ 20 I I, EIsevier Inc. AlI rights reserved. First edition 1999 Secondedition 2006 No pa;rt of this publication mar be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical,including photocopying,recording, or any information storageand retrieval system,without permission in writing Eramthe publisher. Oetails on how to seekpermission, further information about the Publisher'spermissions policies and our arrangementswith organizationssuch asthe Copyright ClearanceCenter and the Copyright LicensingAgency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier. comi permissions. This book and the individual contributions containedin it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as mar be noted herein). Chapter 41, Plague,Paul S. Mead is in the public domain apart from any borrowed figures. Chapter60, Enterovirus Infections,lncluding Poliomyelitis,MarkA. Pallanschis in the public domainapart from any borrowed figures.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix: Important Anthroponoses, Zoonoses, and Sapronoses1
    CDC - Emerging Human Infectious Diseases: Anthroponoses, Zoonoses, and Sapronoses Appendix: Important Anthroponoses, Zoonoses, and Sapronoses1 Anthroponoses Measles*; rubella; mumps; influenza; common cold; viral hepatitis; poliomyelitis; AIDS*; infectious mononucleosis; herpes simplex; smallpox; trachoma; chlamydial pneumonia and cardiovascular disease*; mycoplasmal infections*; typhoid fever; cholera; peptic ulcer disease*; pneumococcal pneumonia; invasive group A streptococcal infections; vancomycin-resistant enterococcal disease*; meningococcal disease*; whooping cough*; diphtheria*; Haemophilus infections* (including Brazilian purpuric fever*); syphilis; gonorrhea; tuberculosis* (multidrug- resistant strains); candidiasis*; ringworm (Trichophyton rubrum); Pneumocystis pneumonia* (human genotype); microsporidial infections*; cryptosporidiosis* (human genotype); giardiasis* (human genotype); amebiasis; and trichomoniasis. Zoonoses Transmitted by Direct Contact, Alimentary (Foodborne and Waterborne), or Aerogenic (Airborne) Routes Rabies; hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome*; hantavirus pulmonary syndrome*; Venezuelan*; Brazilian*; Argentinian and Bolivian hemorrhagic fevers; Lassa; Marburg; and Ebola hemorrhagic fevers*; Hendra and Nipah hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia*; hepatitis E*; herpesvirus simiae B infection; human monkeypox*;Q fever; sennetsu fever; cat scratch disease; psittacosis; mammalian chlamydiosis*; leptospirosis; zoonotic streptococcosis; listeriosis; erysipeloid; campylobacterosis*; salmonellosis*; hemorrhagic colitis*;
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical and Ecoepidemiological Situation of Human Arboviruses in Brazilian Amazonia
    ................ECO 92: Pu6licHedthInThAmazm. ............... Clinical and ecoepidemiological situation of human arboviruses in Brazilian Amazonia PEDROE C. VASCONCELOS',MLM P. A. TRAVASSOSDA ROSA', NICOLASDÉGALLIER~, JORGE E S. TRAVASSOSDA ROSA', FRANCISCOP. PDIHEIRO~ 'Centro Colaborador lnvestigaçäo e Adestrnriieiito em Arbovisoses da Orgariizaçüo Murzdial da Saúde, Seiviço de Arbovír*us,Iiistituto Evaiidro Chagas, Fundaçü0 Nacional de Sadde, Ministério da Saúde, Belém, PA 66065, Brazil, =ORSTOM,Iiistituto Evaridro Chagas, Belérii, PA 66065, Brazil arid 3PariAmericari Health Organizatiori, Wasliiiigtoii DC 20037-2895, USA The main aspects of clinic manifestations and epidemiological data about human arboviruses in the Brazilian Amazonian region is reviewed. Thirty four types of arboviruses from 183 types iso- lated in the Amazonia have been associated with human diseases. Four of them are important in public health and are involved with epidemics; they are namely, Dengue (DEN), Mayaro (MAY), Oropouche (ORO) and Yellow Fever (YF) viruses. ORO and DEN are associated with human epidemic diseases in urban areas while MAY and YF in rural areas. Basically, ORO causes a fe- brile disease, sometimes accompanied with aseptic meningitis. MAY and DEN are associated with rash febrile disease, while YF determines hemorrhagic fever. Thirty other arboviruses are involved with febrile illnesses in a few and sporadic cases. All arboviruses (apart from DEN) are maintained within a sylvatic cycle in the forest, where several species of hemathophagous insects act as vectors and wild vertebrates are involved as hosts. DEN has a cycle where the Aedes aegypti mosquito is the vector and man is the host. With the exception of the four viruses associated with epidemics which determine great economical and social impacts, including death (as in the case of YF), the real involvement of these viruses as systematic agents of human disease is unknown.
    [Show full text]