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The Two Souls of Diego Siloé: an Analytical Approach to the Church of La Villa in Montefrio

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The Two Souls of Diego Siloé: an Analytical Approach to the Church of La Villa in Montefrio 80 LAS DOS ALMAS DE DIEGO SILOÉ: UNA APROXIMACIÓN ANALÍTICA A LA IGLESIA DE LA VILLA EN MONTEFRÍO THE TWO SOULS OF DIEGO SILOÉ: AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO THE CHURCH OF LA VILLA IN MONTEFRIO Antonio Ampliato Briones, Eduardo Acosta Almeda doi: 10.4995/ega.2020.13478 Este trabajo estudia la iglesia This article examines the renacentista de La Villa de Montefrío, Renaissance church of La Villa in un hito en la carrera de Diego Siloé, Montefrío, a milestone in the career presentando un análisis arquitectónico of Diego Siloé, and presents an a partir de una nueva y minuciosa architectural analysis based on a planimetría. En esta iglesia, la new set of detailed plans. In this complicada topografía del cerro y church, the complex topography la cambiante realidad urbana son of the hill and the changing urban elementos esenciales de su arquitectura. reality are essential elements of La arriesgada posición de la iglesia the architecture. The audacious en el cortado, y especialmente los position of the building on the edge extremadamente salientes ábside y of the cliff and, even more notably, torre, forman parte de un ejercicio the dramatic protrusion of the apse de control de la distancia, la escala and tower form part of an exercise y el movimiento que identificamos in the control of distance, scale como plenamente renacentista. En el and movement, hallmarks of a interior, una estructura homogénea y mature Renaissance language. A unitaria es el soporte de una serie de homogeneous and unitary interior estrategias formales que dan como structure provides the basis for resultado una dualidad espacial que a series of formal strategies, también trasciende sutilmente al culminating in a spatial duality that exterior. En esta compleja arquitectura subtly transcends to the exterior. In de Siloé, cada gesto compositivo juega this complex architecture created simultáneamente en varios frentes, by Siloé, each compositional quedando todos enraizados en una gesture operates simultaneously propuesta común. on several fronts, all combining to create a unified end result. PALABRAS clave: DIEGO SILOÉ, RENACIMIENTO ANDALUZ, LA VILLA KEYWORDS: DIEGO SILOÉ, ANDALUSIAN DE MONTEFRÍO, Levantamiento RENAISSANCE, LA VILLA IN MONTEFRÍO, ARQUITECTÓNICO ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY expresión gráfica arquitectónica 40 1. Montefrío: Iglesia de La Villa, arrabal y 81 nuevos barrios 1. Montefrío: Church of La Villa, original outlying area and new districts El conjunto de las Siete Villas se ex- tiende al noroeste de la actual pro- vincia de Granada, siendo Monte- frío la más occidental (Fig. 1). “Vi- lla” fue la denominación cristiana para estas poblaciones fortificadas 1 nazaríes, reforzadas a mediados del XIV ante el avance castellano (Pedre- gosa 2005: 149). Tras la conquista, ciudades una creciente prosperidad The area known as the Siete Villas (‘Seven sustituida la población musulmana, y sus parroquias recibieron, hacia Towns’) spreads across the north-west of the el caserío se extendió hacia las zo- 1540-42, importantes privilegios present-day Granada province, with Montefrío nas más bajas y accesibles, quedan- económicos del arzobispo Gaspar occupying the westernmost position (Fig. 1). do la denominación de villa para los de Ávalos, proyectándose entonces Villa was the name the Christians gave to these fortified Nasrid settlements, reinforced recintos altos nazaríes. Los castillos, templos más ambiciosos con la in- perdida su relevancia estratégica, in the mid-14th century as Castile advanced tervención de Diego Siloé (Gómez- its frontier southwards (Pedregosa 2005: 149). fueron abandonados o directamen- Moreno Calera 1989: 20). After the conquest and the replacement of te destruidos (Pedregosa 2012: 95). Del escaso recorrido historiográ- the Muslim population, the original hamlets El de Montefrío estaba muy dete- fico de la iglesia de La Villa cabría spread downhill to more easily accessible riorado a finales del XV, y fue pro- destacar su puesta en valor por areas and the term villa was reserved for the bablemente derribado hacia 1531, Manuel Gómez-Moreno Martínez higher Nasrid parts. Having lost their strategic coincidiendo con su vuelta a la juris- (1941: 83), su adscripción por Ig- importance, castles were either abandoned or dicción granadina (Vallecillo 2001, nacio Henares (1986: 522) al “arte deliberately razed to the ground (Pedregosa 330). Hoy apenas quedan un par de conmemorativo imperial” granadi- 2012: 95). By the late 15th century the castle torres menores, muy deterioradas o no, y el detenido análisis de su evo- at Montefrío had fallen into decay and it was probably demolished in 1531, when the transformadas, así como un modes- lución constructiva por José Ma- town reverted to the jurisdiction of Granada to fortín cristiano, en su momento nuel Gómez-Moreno Calera (1989: (Vallecillo 2001: 330). All that remain today are también muy pronto abandonado 191ss), quien recuperó el impor- a pair of minor towers, greatly deteriorated or (Martín, Bleda y Martín, 1999). La tante legado gráfico y documental transformed, and a modest Christian fort that “villa vieja” de Montefrío quedará de Manuel Gómez-Moreno Gon- was also quickly abandoned after the conquest deshabitada a comienzos del XVII y zález, completándolo con nuevos (Martín, Bleda and Martín, 1999). The ‘old villa’ su iglesia abandonada en el XVIII (Pe- hallazgos y estudios. Entre 1505 y of Montefrío was abandoned at the beginning dregosa 2012: 99). 1520, Rodrigo Hernández reutilizó of the 17th century and the church in the 18th La renovación de los lugares de y amplió la mezquita nazarí de la century (Pedregosa 2012: 99). culto en estas villas comenzó con la villa, dedicada a Santa María de la These villas gained their new places of consagración de las mezquitas o la Encarnación. En 1543, una prime- worship through the consecration of the existing mosques or the construction of the erección de unas primeras iglesias ra traza (quizá solo supervisión) de first Christian churches under the direction of bajo la dirección de Rodrigo Her- Siloé, con condiciones firmadas por Rodrigo Hernández, the first master builder of nández, primer maestro de obras del Francisco Hernández, contemplaba the archbishopric (Gómez-Moreno Calera 1985: arzobispado (Gómez-Moreno Cale- la construcción de una nueva igle- 162ff). As suppliers of grain to the capital, ra 1985: 162ss). El abastecimiento sia también de formas tradicionales these towns became increasingly prosperous de grano a la capital otorgó a estas de la que probablemente nada llegó and around 1540-42 Archbishop Gaspar de 2. Plantas de la Iglesia de La Villa y su entorno 2. Floor plans of the church of La Villa and its 3. Secciones de la iglesia de La Villa y su entorno surroundings 3. Cross sections of the church of La Villa and surroundings 82 Ávalos granted important economic privileges a ejecutarse. Finalmente, en 1549, manecen la iglesia y el ya mencio- to their parishes. It was at this time that Diego la “postrera traza” de Siloé dio lu- nado fortín cristiano. La conexión Siloé was commissioned to design more gar al templo que hoy vemos, com- entre el arrabal y la villa se realiza ambitious churches (Gómez-Moreno Calera pletado en lo fundamental en vida a través de una escalinata que as- 1989: 20). del maestro aunque sus cubiertas y ciende pegada al cortado, salvando The brief historiography on the church of La remates resultaron muy dañados en 25 metros de desnivel, un antiguo Villa includes an early appreciation of its merits by Manuel Gómez-Moreno Martínez (1941: 83), el siglo XVIII, siendo reconstruidos acceso nazarí como atestiguan los its attribution by Ignacio Henares (1986: 522) en el XX con alteraciones difíciles restos de la puerta situada a media to Granada ‘imperial commemorative art’, and de precisar. Para Gómez-Moreno, subida, junto al actual ábside (Pe- the detailed analysis of the evolution of the la iglesia presenta un “cierto arcaís- dregosa 2012: 88). building carried out by José Manuel Gómez- mo”, destacando en ella el “puro En el momento de intervenir Si- Moreno Calera (1989: 191ff), who recovered diseño arquitectónico” de su ca- loé, la población en esta meseta ha- Manuel Gómez-Moreno González’s valuable becera y el espectacular “impacto bía iniciado ya su declive, mientras graphic and documentary legacy and rounded visual” sobre su entorno. que el crecimiento ladera abajo es- it out with new findings and studies. Between La iglesia de La Villa ha careci- taba consolidado. Sobre el lugar en 1505 and 1520, Rodrigo Hernández reused do hasta ahora de una planimetría and extended the town’s Nasrid mosque, el que se erigió la iglesia convergían dedicating it to Santa María de la Encarnación. completa. Nuestro primer objetivo por tanto dos direcciones: hacia el In 1543, a first design by Siloé (possibly only fue la realización de un riguroso noroeste, el antiguo conjunto urba- in the capacity of supervisor), with terms and levantamiento, base imprescindible no encastillado, hacia el sureste, el conditions signed by Francisco Hernández, para acometer también una aproxi- nuevo centro urbano siguiendo el envisaged the construction of a new church on mación analítica. La toma de datos camino de Granada. El nuevo edi- traditional lines, probably none of which was con estación total nos permitió cap- ficio, como un Jano bifronte, mira- ever executed. Then, in 1549, Siloé’s ‘final turar todas las líneas relevantes del rá en ambas direcciones, abriendo design’ gave rise to the church we see today, edificio, completando la informa- sus portadas hacia la antigua villa y essentially completed during the master’s ción topográfica existente con deta- enfrentando a la ciudad el conjunto lifetime, although the roofs and finials lles de su intrincado entorno como were severely damaged in the 18th century formado por la torre y el ábside. and were rebuilt in the 20th century with el perfil de la escalinata de acceso, Para responder a estas condicio- alterations that have not been conclusively el contacto del perímetro con el sue- nes, Siloé sitúa el nuevo organismo identified.
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