EXAMINING the PARTHIAN ART and ARCHITECTURE and the IMPACT of GREEK ART and ARCHITECTURE Soha Nabaei1 Elham Alipanahi2

Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 02 - Ano 2020 ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

795 EXAMINING THE PARTHIAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE AND THE IMPACT OF GREEK ART AND ARCHITECTURE Soha Nabaei1 Elham Alipanahi2

Abstract: In this article, a brief look at columns attached to the wall. Plaster the history of ancient Iranian art before Vonda colored object of interesting Islam, its characteristics during the architectural elements farthest era of Parthian rule, and the study of the special features. The use of materials and monuments left over from that period, the use of adobe bricks with mortar especially the palaces and the influence gained sharply. Perhaps one of the of ancient Greek architecture on them. advantages of this new material, creating Parthian period, due to the succession of massive arch of the dome is first and then the Seleucids, the Greek and Iranian create a new architectural style were the domination over the Greek culture and architects of the Sassanid indebted. City architecture were widespread in Iran, one maps with Hypoderm been carried out in of the most important periods of the some cities. But the main feature of the history of Iran. The Parthian era culture Parthian city circular design in cities is a culture that tries to dominate the such as Marv, Ctesiphon and Hart seen. remains of Greek civilization and culture to bring Iran to re-establish. Parthian win Keywords: Architecture, Parthian, this battle and inspiring inventions and Greece, Urban. innovations of the Sassanid civilization and Islamic culture of Iran. Overall, what Introduction is interesting is the dramatic Parthian Alexander the Great's architecture are among the Porticoes overthrow of Iran and the extinction of wide open courtyard surrounded by the Achaemenid government completely

1 M.A student, Department of Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran. 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, University College of Rouzbahan, Sari, Iran. Corresponding Author Email: [email protected].

796 undermined Iranian culture and Achaemenes Inscription land on the civilization. The political revolution and "light" called. According Astra the chaos of the country necessitated an bun,Parthian leader was a man named important literary revolution. Parthian Rask’s Arish which later became part of warrior and brave people who have been the Parthian king’s hypothetical successful for five years a powerful ancestor.Part of the successors of empire across the Iranian Plateau Alexander the Macedonian government run.Achaemenes defeat of Alexander, toppled Achaemenes (Seleucid), and his successors continue the government, have a strong government and a huge a combination of new features art culture back for five centuries are founded. eastern Greece was replaced by former Parthian city of Nysa first capital (near Iranian cultural and historical features. Ashgabat) Turkmenistan, the second Greek family relationship with the capital city of one hundred gates that it Orient, background and reasons for the hecatomb pelisse said police in favorable influence of culture between southwest Dagan and the third city of East and West created. The new culture Ctesiphon on the Tigris and the other is emerging as an institution that Seleucia. Hellenistic culture (Hellenistic) became Parthian era architecture: famous. In the course of mixing styles Parthian architecture developed very Greek and Persian practices of other different given.Marina this period were nations ((Hellenistic architecture)) was the heirs of different traditions, traditions created. However, the extent to which of Central Asia on the one hand with historians study the Parthian, Greek- them and on the other hand saw an Roman attitude most have rejected the Iranian native architectural features.The values of their special abilities become collection of Greek traditions should also more obvious Parthian architectural be noted that during the rule of was survey and the influence of Greek common in Iran. Parthian architectural architecture, the purpose of this article. style as the other continued and Forming parts people: Part consolidated. Parthian architecture Porta a branch of the Iranian people.The combined Greek and Persian elements in inscription of Darius I of the the development of a unique

797 architectural work. The Parthians in 123 and easy access to, and the material was BC. The following is information about suitable to perform different tasks. a wide architecture Party begins. The Which was widespread relief that a ruins of a great palace of the second combination of Greek and Achaemenes century AD Altar, Iraq, if they cannot see style. More because of the abundance of party technologies, at least enough to the mineral gypsum plaster art boom and know that Botanysatdad open party.The ease of working with this method is that main facade is made of stone cut with the use of decorative has caused. At the two large patio. Two smaller rooms time, mortar, plaster on the wall easily Dashawn beat the symbol and may have and quickly was drawn and it was hard. two floors. The room is small arch in Since the Achaemenes for decorating the Altar apparently been a place of building of masonry and stone was used worship.The excavations that took place for the construction of parts of the in different parts of the remains of the Median of engraved bricks were used. - Parthians and then the style of the past Very good use of advanced techniques were builtyou can specify the and Ivan arch and dome of the dome architecture and features, including: - using ecological materials out:Parthian Maximum use of materials such as architectural style before the wooden canvas binding of stone, adobe and roof against climate change, such as plaster cooked one of the architectural humidity, corrosion or other risks such as features of aggregate Party (shaved, fire and life cannot be durable materials aging, carcass) and adobe in the body to cover the arc and arch were drawn. and cover. Construction materials used Buildings on top of the style of Iranian during the Parthian and Sasanian time construction of the Parthian dynasty more cleanly shaven stones mostly of start.In fact, two of the dome arch adobe, clay is. To decorate buildings and buildings known to date in country, One blue glazed tiles and plaster coating of the first king of the Sassanid palace (baked and crushed stone (stone)) was was built in the late Parthian period and used. The emerging phenomenon in the the other House, Mount Khawaja in Parthian period plaster decoration was Sistani that more resembled a Greek for the first time, the material is flexible buildings to the Iranian Amby.Parthian

798 architecture arch rocking the arc and this long porch and covered by a dome Richen with stone slates and decorative structures with short and long run by relief work routine and sometimes you Iranian architects have a special skill. It had a column. -Party style buildings works like House of buildings can be designed after the invention of the dome, Firuz Abad and harvestman especially a mixture of the porch, the room is huge deficit arch named. -The domed chamber. And in the house, porch tremendous variety of designs: Another to put innovation into the next period's Party architectural features of the architecture was transferred. As open buildings is diverse and non-uniform, So space covered porch on the one hand and that the building cannot have that same the connecting space is outside, in map,In contrast, the European churches addition to the hours of the day and and other buildings in particular are often seasons of the year is habitable and the same plan.Remains of the Parthian operation. - The most important period, including the State House, the architectural parties, abandon the use Palace of Harte (Herten), which in columns to keep the rectangular room Arabic is called Altar, Throne of ceilings and instead beat arch from one Solomon Temple, Temple is in side to the courtyard or courtyard of the Kandahar. -Using mortar and asphalt that network that had been made. Parthian it could create large architectural spaces, unlike the Achaemenes (the stone) and Char bitumen mortar (mortar) is Mud (using wooden structure) to hold comprised of: lime milk, washed and the roof, columns and the porch went ground clay, plaster half-baked and half ahead for the first time in the Iranian and beaten, Gaurs (sand grains such as Greek art from Venture hidden. The millet), rock sugar, syrup made of grapes building houses the central life plan was or dates, sometimes goat hair camel to explore more areas have been Yapshm have been added to the mortar. identified in Mesopotamia, the system Stone mortar were not used, because the architecture. Central to the plan is an Parthians were refractory clay and brick excellent example of the life of Ivan led mortar. standard, has been identified in the State House. -Do not avoid and alpine glory in Introducing Greek Architecture:

799 The houses of the ancient buildings or shrines themselves. The Greeks were devoid of any self- sculpture played its part in this deprecating ornaments, the Greeks did transformation; the Greeks also not have royal houses, and they considered the building itself to be an performed their religious rituals in the abstract form, with a power to embody open air, and the architects were tireless. human traits. Their very important buildings They emphasized the pervasive were originally built as simple shrines to importance of the stately temple and its preserve the statues of their gods. More inspiring role in public life by choosing and more attention was being paid to the a high point often over a hill overlooking construction of these buildings every the city (Acropolis) for its building day, until they strongly decided to (Figure 1). embody the attributes of each god in the

Figure 1: Greece, Athens, Acropolis Collection Overview, World Bank

The early temples were made of layout, closely resembles that of the wood, and over time, their wooden form Barnes Masonic Hall, and even in its gradually changed and durable materials most advanced form, the basic simplicity such as limestone and sometimes marble of the Hall's building is to be seen, a were used. The Greek temple, in terms of single or two roomed room with no

800 windows, with one In (two doors for columns), or (c) columns Posterior and nested) and (a) a porch or two columns anterior, or each of these maps, inscribed between walls (columns between two by (d and e) a row or (and) two rows, jars), or (b) posterior columns (wallless (figure 2).

Figure 2:Different types of Greek temples What we have all seen in exactly one-two; lateral walls of the ancient Near Eastern architecture: its Classical period were often slightly more order and its symmetry, the difference in than twice the posterior and anterior sense of proportion by the Greeks and walls. Appropriation in architecture, their striving for optimal perfection in sculpture and harmony in music was terms of regular numerical relations and almost a unifying phenomenon in the geometrical rules. Their experimentation Greek mind and, in a more accurate guides were found to fit into the maps of sense, embodied cosmic order, as "good temples. The earlier temples (of ancient life" and rationality did. The long times) were often narrow and had a ratio description of the Greek building is of approximately one to three between expressed from top to bottom with the the posterior and anterior walls. terms column, platform and Late Classical and Hellenistic superstructure or spray; this is how the maps were closer to one-two, but never composition and the relationships

801 between the three components or units lines (Sereston's throat) which are the are called. The three ways that Greek forerunner to Sereston. The column is architects developed were somewhat composed of two components, the lower different in detail, but largely in terms of part being cushioned in style; It is small the relative proportions of the in the Unicode style and under the base components. Each method was used for sometimes leads to a spiral-like spiral a specific purpose and embodied and is added in a Corinthian manner for different concepts. The earliest its height and is essentially The spray is formulable practices in Greek made up of three parts: the fringe or architecture were the Durrican style of backrest and the main compressor Greek mainland and the Ionic style of mounted directly on the headstock; the Central Asia and the Aegean islands of inscription, and the prominent, the Corontian style, later found. Stones horizontal edge of the roof with the other mounted on a ramp or platform. two inclined triangles forming the Depending on the type of each method, santuri. Includes itself. In the Ionic and it consists of two or three components: Cornite styles, the fringe border is often the column body, whose surface is divided into three rows of molded covered with vertical slots (spoons). The overlays. head of the column and (in Unicentric The inscription in Durrick's and Corinthian way) the pedestal or base style is divided into two parts, three of the column, the height of the column compositions and four corners, and in the body gradually decreases as the column unicorn's manner it remains unified to diameter decreases and a slight curvature provide a unified context for prominent in its profile (convexity convex); Is roles (figure 3). characterized by one or more horizontal

802

Figure 3: Types of Greek styles and comparisons them

Case examples (Nisa City) The relics and survivors of Nisa residence of the Parthian kings, although where was an ancient settlement of the it has not been established that the Iranian peoples, located near (modern- fortress at Nisa was either a royal day) Bagir village, 18 km southwest of residence or a mausoleum. Many Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. Nisa is monuments have been identified with described by some as the first seat of separate plans. The Nisa Basin in central government of the Parthians. It is Turkmenistan today is one of the most traditionally assumed to have been important cities and many believe that founded by Arsaces I (reigned c. 250 this city is in fact one of their first BC–211 BC) and was reputedly the royal capitals.

803

Figure 4: Nisa aerial image The geographical location of complex of public and ceremonial the city of Nisa placed it at the crossroads buildings and was an important religious of four major commercial routes. The and governmental center for the Parthian Parthian Empire used the city as an kings. In fact, the new city was home to obstacle to the advancement of the most of Nisa's people and the old city Romans, but at the same time it was a was home to the royal citadel and ritual very important point of contact between and religious buildings. The old town or East, West, North and South. The area is royal citadel stands on 14 hectares of well-known for its Greek art and culture. natural hills and is surrounded by forty The ancient site of Nisa now comprises towers. There are numerous buildings two distinct parts: the city of Nisa, the with different uses in this part of the new and the old. Research has shown ancient city. One of these buildings, that the new city of Nisa was one of the which has a large courtyard, has several most important cities of the region in its rooms, each of which has its own time, flourishing at least to the Parthian purpose: a royal treasury, a wine cellar, period and surviving to the mid-century. and a side building. But the holy city of Nisa, within the fences, towers and fences, had a

804

Figure 5: Topographic map of Nisa's Old Town

figure 5 - The supposed restoration of the old city of Nisa

805 Town of Parthian period: the use of these materials. Another Parthian government body feature of this era of self-sufficiency and with the destruction of the Seleucid the use of ecological materials is government, embodies the Hellenistic achieved. In general we can say that the city of Pars have also changed and for the architecture of Parthian era have first time in history, the city creates gradually from under whatever was circular. Four major city in the Parthian imposed on Iranian art and flavor out of period and was restored, and all four Iran to take, Because of the nature of the were circular in design, are: Mary, Iranian Parthian architectural style once Ctesiphon, Hatra (Altar) and City Shays again to praise his occupation is (Takht-e Soleiman current) of Ctesiphon construction. Given that this process was the first military camp that the eventually culminating Sassanid Roman side was created. City Hydra architecture ancient architecture led Iran. (Altar) in the same order on the border of Mesopotamia (in the Parthian era) was References built. Khan Santa expression and Queen Malekzadeh, the first throne Part, Conclusion: historical studies, twelfth year, No. 12, p: Parthians had for 475 years of 110, 2016. monarchy in Iransince 250 BC. AD to 226 AD began and ended. Contact Party Shakur, M.J. and Nia Mahmoud Rajab, ring style architecture and art with 1995. political and social history of the architecture and art of the Achaemenes Parthians, Tehran, the world of book era Sassanid era.Art of Alien and publishing, pp: 105. delivered to the Iranians. Greek architecture could survive in Iran. Ali Akbar stood tall and February Because not only Greece's model was Firouzmandi, 2006. archeology and art not accepted but Greek and Roman history of the Median, Achaemenes, materials that rock and is abundant. This Parthian, Sassanid, Tehran, publishing material is not in use, because the region Malik, first edition, p: 204. does not have adequate coordination of

806 Jacob Mohammad far, 2010. archeology Hassan Habibie, 2006. the flux of the and art of the Parthian, Tehran, culture city, Tehran, Tehran University and Islamic Guidance, second edition, p: Publishing, p: 25 68.

Arthur Pope, 2003. architect of Iran, Ghulam Hossein Sadri translated Ansari, Tehran, stars, 47. Jacob Mohammad far, p: 68.

Ferreira, W., 1995. the art of Iran, Pervez translator border, Tehran, Ferzan Publications, p: 57. Ibid., p: 63.

Hussein Zmrshydy, 2008. arches and arch in architecture, Tehran, Iran's Civil and Urban Development, p: 25.

Pervez border, 2007. abstract art, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications, fourteenth edition, p: 36. Houshang messenger, 2005. history and architectural style, Tehran, Pshvtn Publishing, p: 40.

Parviz border, p: 36. Hushing messenger, p: 40. Maria Brvsyvs, 2010. ancient Iranians, translation Mani Saleh, Tehran, Sales Publishing, p: 171.