sign in sign up
<<
Home , Achaemenid architecture, Achaemenid dynasty, Parthian art, Parthian Empire, Pasargadae

International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research (IJBR) ISSN 0976-2612, Online ISSN 2278–599X, Vol-7, Special Issue-Number2-April, 2016, pp282-294 http://www.bipublication.com

Research Article

The comparison of art and architecture during the Achaemenid and Parthian

Alireza abbasi, SohaPourmohammad and BagherKarimi Department of Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr branch,

ABSTRACT Historic buildings of each country contain identity, culture and the results of people who had been living there. Although the golden pages of this notebook is scattered but still some kind of things can be gathered from them which have not mentioned before. In our country, Iran, art and architecture basehas special position, despite many poems, stories and events have investigated Persian poetry and prose, surprisingly Iran’s architecture and art have not been investigated properly and there are still some hidden parts of that, it might be because of archaeologist as researchers not architectures who have worked in this subject, meanwhile it is much more regretful that most of researchers and theorists in this field have been foreign characters and Iranian ones have investigated this issue less in spite of the importance of this subject. The hypothesis of this research is based on that “through investigating and comparing art and architecture of two periods, the solutions and strategies of those periods can be extracted in order to appropriate using in modern designing. Due to this, two periods of Achaemenid and Parthian have been investigated here. The research has been obtained by collecting data out of documentary sources, analysis and comparative analogy and in the end the important features of art and architecture will be extracted in each period and some suggestions will be proposed due to promoting people’s awareness of their ancestors’ heritage in order to use in new plans.

Key words: Iran, pre-Islamic art and architecture, Achaemenid, Parthian

1- INTRODUCTION Considering ethnic characteristics, climate, artist with a spiritual personality who is aware of national and religious, originality, strength and his great responsibility for society as well as rigidity, unique characteristics and ethnic aspects . So he creates art which is full of and broad and meaningful presence in the context mercy and gracebesides originality and of individual and collective life,Iran’s art and durabilityand despite its beauty, has well- architecture have undoubtedly and excellent established and well-known functions. Iranian position in world’s art and architecture therefore architecture isn’t exceptional as well, an art modeling from that by the artists of other which has divine, religious and spiritual meaning countries or even other cultures and world and concept and has a history of longevity and at famous civilizations not only is believable but least since 500 years up to now, specified also seems obvious because it is an art which samples of this architecture have been widened considers the beauty of content and the incidence on a wide area of to North India and of expressions of truth and perfection and sides, from the to Zanzibar which has a meanwhile is an art for people and its artist is an special variety as well. (Yavari, 2009: 28,29) the The comparison of art and architecture during the Achaemenid and Parthian

architecture of Iran has been a valid identity for 2- Achaemenid period the people of this land and climate natural of Iran In about 560 BC that two strong has affected the cultures which came this country governments that wereMedes and were by conquerors and conquered in this field with its united, Great Iranian was created. This most obvious forms. Customs, rituals, morals, happened when great Cyrus beat his grandfather ethics, thought and belief of generations have Styak (Azhy Hawke) the king of Meds. reflected Iran’s architecture vividly. This Through the attempts of two powerful kings of reflection can be seen not only in huge buildings this dynasty who were Cyrus and then , all but also in small buildings. (Zarei, 2005: 52) art of eastern and from the Nile to the in Iran is as old as history and architecture is one Oxus and from the Aegean Sea to the Ganges of the oldest ones. Prosperity and advancement of were captured and Iran’s kingdom was organized architecture show that this country has been one as the first great empire of the world and lasted of the most initial centers of urban projects and for two hundred and thirty years with unique engineering and this evident can be confirmed by stability. from Sardis the of monuments which have been rose among ancient Lydyehto extended with more than 1,600 times with dusty . (Zarei, 2005: 51) miles, with one hundred and twelve waypoints ancient Iranian believed that “Honar” (art) along that for helping caravansand transportation consists of “Ho” and “Nar” and it means “((Good of goods in less than ninety days throughout the man)), ((Good man and good woman)) so its empire and even paving ways of Susa and responsibility is well-being and beauty. (Yavari, , and Akbatanh () have been 2009: 12). In this research which has been done small samples of ’s civil actions aiming to identify hidden features of Iranian which show brilliant civilization of Iran during architecture, after brief introduction of periods, this period. (Ghirshman, 1992: 120) will investigate the features of art and Iranian art in Achaemenid era is a king art and its architecture through studying remarkable works. destiny has been joined with the destiny of Achaemenid kings and because of that this art reached to the pinnacle of progress in the reign of Cyrus and Darius and then its progress stopped and only ad got a small movement in time of Xerxes and Artaxerxes. (Zarei, 2013: 84) The most important monuments left by this period are the royal palaces, the history of these palaces refers to mid-sixth century BC, So that the architecture of this period follows, its beginning had been from MasjedSoleiman and later at and Persepolis. One of important constructional elements is artificial platform which is back to mountain and on top of that, the buildings of palaces and royal residences were used to be built and stone stairs were used for climb toward platform. (Yavari, 2009:54) 2-1- Art in Achaemenid period In Achaemenid art, neither building statues of

Diagram 1: article structure idols remained common nor raising the myriad

Alireza abbasi, et al. 283 The comparison of art and architecture during the Achaemenid and Parthian

temples in each city.Theyonly left fire temples in has the influence of several effects and the share terms of religious buildings. Royal tombs carved of each one of alien methodsmight be clarified in into the body of vertical cliffs at Pasargadae and it. In another word artworks whether in style Rustampainting and elsewhere, High or content has close relationship with artworks of includes images of Forouhar and other countries in east societies and can be angels [Mehr or , Venus or ] and considered following that. (Velayati, 2010: 88) kings and soldiers at the ceremonial and ritual 2-2 city in Achaemenid scene or hunting and fighting over massive cliffs Aryan ethnic was first nomadic ethnic in the or stone walls of palaces and stone of beginning of Achaemenid governance and the animals such as lion, cows and horses which have created cities were most used for military and been used on the heads of columns as well as agriculture. Achaemenid kings especially great mythical creatures such as winged bulls with Darius who governed a wide territory used to human heads, winged lion with an 's head or create strong cities in order to provide the and eagle and numerous inscriptions complete security throughout his empire in engraved in Persian can be considered strategic military hotspots that their leftovers still as artistic and cultural works of Achaemenid. In can be seen in Shush, Lydia, Mediterranean, the set of buildings of Takhte-e-Jamshid, semi- Susa, , , Khanaqin high relief in rows on stone wall reminds us the old highway (a part passes Zagros mountain and art of and Babylon in the tenth and lead the Mesopotamian civilization to Iranian seventh centuries BC. Mentioned reliefs show the Plateau) and finally at the end of this era in the ceremonial procession of courtiers and guards zone of Susa to central and northern Iran that led and "Eternal Soldiers" and tributary of various dominated central government toward Turkistan peoples of Persian Empire who have been dried lands and beyond the Oxus. Ekbatan can be with a formal mode and little movement of hands named as one of the oldest cities where great and legs and side view body. Their bodies are all historians have mentioned it. This city used to be the same and vertical and their clothes are main key of the east and west axis and have molded and faces are devoid of life force but on passed Zagros mountain for a long time and the other hand these very characteristics which expanded the influence of Mesopotamian have been implemented embellishing and stable civilization inside Iran. Around villages, farmers and strength statues row of rhythmic beat used to work at the service of government and reliefand the body and under walls of buildings. governors. Because of no division of labor Subsidiary art of Achaemenid was also complete between town and country, artisans and farmers in terms of technical skill in silver making, used to live either in city or village. enamels, jewelry, wood carvings, cast bronze, (Nilforoushan, 2007: 25) weaving cloth and carpets in a way that Iranian 2-3- architecture in Achaemenid era handworks of artisans and craft workers such as Persians seem to be more affected by other expensive gifts used to be sent to the farthest ethnics and nations by art and culture of places such as side of the Oxus and the land of and Elamites. Achaemenid flat images especially Egypt. In a part of artistic works of Achaemenid, in Takht-e-Jamshid show the influence of the influence of can be seen but Elamite and Medes art elements to the court of however Achaemenid art had been able to Darius, and Xerxes. (Hinz, 2006: 93) One of the develop and affect other people’s art. (, most striking architectural features of the 2007: 31 and 32) In fact the art of Achaemenid Achaemenid period is building colonnaded halls neither is primary nor simple. The art of this era in different parts of the Empire. They had one

Alireza abbasi, et al. 284 The comparison of art and architecture during the Achaemenid and Parthian

central colonnaded hall(with a ceiling on developed mastaba building, Elamiteglazed columns), four side towers and often three bricks, colonnaded halls with side porches and columns arcades and their side towers were Medes rocky tombs and they didn’t also ignore equipped with internal stairs in order to access their neighbors and other nations but they also upper floor. Some of these buildings had porches used the architecture of Babylonian, Assyrian, where a huge stairway ended up to them. All Lydia, Saro, Egyptian architects as well and halls were reputed to . (Seyyed et al, moreover existing works of former nations, the 2014: 70) The architecture of Achaemenid era artists created some works that is they aren’t can be divided into two categories: 1- the unique they will be rare then during human architecture in Cyrus time 2- architecture in history.Achaemenid architect had been very Darius and his successor’s time smart and intelligent because they met some 2-3-1- architecture in Cyrus time principles on those works that later reputed as the As the first political tool and as the sign of divine principles of common . In confirmatory, about 550 BC, Cyrus built palace whatever they built except some cases they complex and temples at Pasargadae in Fars considered vernacular materials. Pasargadae can province which are the first empire be considered as one of the huge and initial associationstyle introduction of Achaemenid projects of . Pasargadae architecture and clarify its resources clearly. should be considered as one of the works by great Pasargadae architecture in fact is a completed Cyrus. Iranian art will be more united in architecture from Persian-style Pasargadae through the works such as the palace architecturedespite most of it has been ruined but gates, and other palaces and Tal bed. A set of the beauty and technical principles in building palaces’ buildings, bridges and summerhouses can be still seen. (Zarei, 2013: 84) Pasargadae have been built in this area.(yavari, 2009: 54 and architecture is in fact one of the best symbols of 55) ancient Iranian art because this art wasn’t created 2-3-2- architecture at the time of Darius and after conquering Egypt with the establishment of his successor close relations with Greece but its unique features Susa: after beating anti- insurgency and were identified long before this date, since Cyrus giving the country calmness one more time and because this art was separated from time,considering wide territory of his kingdom other eastern arts, changing the way and which was from Nile to the Indus principles wasn’t required. The perfection of the River,Achaemenid Darius decided to select art boom was when Darius and his successors ancient Susa which was roughly in the center of wereinspired by two great source of inspiration empire as the capital. The reason of this selection that are prince ambitions and glory of the capital. had been undoubtedly the longtime glory of Susa, (Shandrv, 1956: 49) capital ofElamite rulers, on the other hand Achaemenids weren’t the only builders of palace because Pasargadae is the capital of Susa and but they have also left temples and rocky tombs. Cambyses, he didn’t want to select that city as However we investigate this period of Iranian the center of his kingdom, and therefore he chose architecture we will find out that what kind of Susa as his capital. Darius ordered to build a rich and durable history it has. As we said before glorious palace appropriate for his kingdom in is kind of completed Susa so architects considering all problems chose form of Elamiteand Medes architecture and in Apadana hill and officials and government another word Achaemenid used those building facilities resorts were built on two hills of "Ark" techniques and arts with special methods. They and "royal city". (Zarei, 2013: 94 and 95)

Alireza abbasi, et al. 285 The comparison of art and architecture during the Achaemenid and Parthian

2-3-3- important features of Achaemenid incidental also on the columns of »Tri-Gate hall». architecture (Zarei 2013: 105 and 106) Column: column which is the main component of The reliefs in Takht-e-Jamshid: the combination Achaemenid buildings because of its head which of architecture and reliefs in Takht-e-Jamshid used to be built similar to animals wasn’t out of a have been reached to its perfect level and Iranian combination set of other Takht-e-Jamshid architect have designed walls in a best way with buildings. Its base is cubic as an upside down reliefs for variety and avoiding vanity so that vase which is located on the top of it, its stem is mental plan and combination of human nature grooveand its column head is combinational. The and bas scenes confirm whole building: “all idea of building such these columns and heads bodies are graceful but not aggressive and their might be taken from wooden houses in western face shows that they are aware of being in a north because in these houses the roof beamswere sacred realm. The cloths are very simple so that used to be located between two branches which sometimes they miss beauty. Major clothing were existed on the top of column head. In these decoration is folded material which is folded monuments the columns which had complete beautifully on each other. (Pope, 1995: 42) column head were used to be located inside part Rocky tombs: same as their ancestors, of hall and in porches with column head which Achaemenid also created rocky tombs. Although were on three sides of hall, cow bust was used to The founder of the had be located directly on the column. (Girshman, ignored that method of building tomb and 1992: 24) ordered for building a tomb with stairs and the Persian architects considered four different kinds room above it but his successors except of column head for Takht-e-Jamshid which Cambyses who Pasargadae is attributed to him, affected visitors easily. They can be seen at the used to make rocky tombs which have a specified beginning of big gateway then they are located and different form. Darius considered Naghsh-e- on the top of Apadana columns and the columns for his tomb and his successors which of "Throne room" (Hundred Columns). These weren’t far from Takht-e-Jamshid (about 70 very cows are located on the sides of porch of kilometer). In this tomb which was imitated columned hall in throne hall as the guides and are several times, in a room where tomb is located also located on the top of some northern and there, three rows of graves are curved in western porch columns in Apadana. The cows mountain slate. (Yavari, 2009: 77) which have human head are located on the sides of big gateway directed to throne hall and their 2-4- the prominent samples of Achaemenid presence on the columns of this hall isn’t architecture:

Table 1: prominent samples of Achaemenid architecture Architecture works of Achaemenid era (Cyrus time) Work names Features This architecture work is a big summerhouse overlooking the palaces and (Tal bed (Throne of gardens all around in Pasargadae on a height hill of 50 meter (Zarei, 2013: 85) The first work which draws attention in Morghab land and the village of Solomon mother (Pasargadae) is Cyrus tomb. A glamorous stone monument Cyrus Tomb which was built about 25 centuries ago. This building is reputed among people as the tomb of Solomon’s mother (pic 1)(Zarei, 2013: 88) This monument is on the east of palaces campus and a little out offences line Gateway palace where a set of palaces are there (pic 2) (Zarei, 2013: 89) Set of palaces and royal garden This set of garden and palace can be considered as one of the oldest available

Alireza abbasi, et al. 286 The comparison of art and architecture during the Achaemenid and Parthian

samples of its kind which include two palaces the public and exclusive ones, two belvedere buildings and a set of waterfalls and streets (Zarei, 2013: 89) This monument includes a central hall of two rows of four stone columns and Cyrus levee palace four porches in four directions has two rows of stone column and the distance of columns in recent parts is less than central hall (Yavari, 2009: 58 In terms of form and plan, it is like levee palace. It includes a central hall with Exclusive Cyrus palace 5 rows of 6 stone columns and four porches in four directions and two rooms in the corner of western north and western south (Zarei, 2013: 91) There are two beautiful monuments located among set of gardens and royal Royal garden summerhouses palaces of Pasargadae, each one of them has one salon which have four porches in four directions (Yavari, 2009: 60) It is a beautiful complex which has many levees and palaces. This garden can be considered as one of the most beautiful gardens of the world. It is Pasargadae garden considered as one of the samples of four gardens on the which has existed till that time (pic 3) (Yavari, 2009: 60) Tomb of Cambyses is a stone cube building which is made of carved white Tomb of Cambyses (Prison of stones and unfortunately one of its four walls and ceiling has been left (Solomon undamaged (Pic 4) (Zarei, 2013: 93) One of the other remained works of Pasargadae, a bridge left over this period Pasargadae Bridge can be mentioned. This bridge has two walls with width of almost 15.65 meter and length of same amount looks wide and huge (Zarei, 2013: 94)

Table 2- prominent samples of Achaemenid (Darius time) prominent samples of Achaemenid (Darius time) Work name Features Apadana is a high and huge palace that consists of different parts. These parts include hall, gateway, reception palace and other parts. At the beginning the architects of Achaemenid era used to Apadana build a thick wall with the heights of almost 20 meters and diagonal of the same amount and fill behind that with soil (pic 5) (Zarei, 2013: 95)

This building set is located in and 45 kilometers further than . It relies on a mountain named Rahmat and overlooks The vast and fertile plains that is surrounded by mountains in a ring form (Zarei, 2013: 100) considering the available documents and evidences the constructional plan of this Takht-e-Jamshid building has been ordered by Darius and his architectures and undoubtedly the total map of Takht-e- Jamshid had been preplanned. It is a wide and huge building with the aspects of 457*274 meters which has flattened a part of mountain and its rough parts had been paved and its holes had been filled. Around this view there is a battlement from bif rocks which were used for defending (pic 6) (Pope, 1986: 45)

Pic 1- Cyrus tomb (Zarei, 2013: 88) Pic 2-gateway palace (Zarei, 2013: 89)

Alireza abbasi, et al. 287 The comparison of art and architecture during the Achaemenid and Parthian

Pic 3- Pasargad gardens (www.alipour.ir) Pic 6- the map of Takht-e-Jamshid (Zarei, 2013: 100)

2-4-1- Tips and secrets about Pasargadae and Takht-e- Jamshid Pasargadae architecture works which belong to Cyrus time and Takht-e-jamshid that belongs to Darius time are important buildings of Achaemenid era. Therefore better identification of these two monuments causes more familiarity with the features of Achaemenid era. 1- Port of reception palaces and battlements and hall of advice where was the location of community of tribe leaders and groups in national and religious celebrations were used Pic 4- Tomb of Cambyses (Prison of Solomon) to be built wide and with stone but the port of (Yavari, 2009: 61) exclusive halls are narrow not very height. 2- Around porch and sometimes in the halls, rocky living rooms were built for sitting that nowadays some parts of that draw attentions in both existing locations. 3- Spinning a stone margin around the room and verandas from polished stones as nowadays a row of cement tile spine around the room. 4- Using red material instead of glue at the junction of the stones and their joining place 5- Polishing stones so that make them transparent same as mirror and other things reflect in it. 6- Using thick woods for hard cover of verandas Pic 5- the map of Apadana palace (Yavari, 2009: 62) and halls

Alireza abbasi, et al. 288 The comparison of art and architecture during the Achaemenid and Parthian

7- Using large bricks on percussions and places coins that is first Antiochus, Begdat Coins where not resistant enough and asphalt can be seen. (Stronach, 1965: 23) considering mortar between the bricks with this the importance of ancient Achaemenid difference that Pasargadae bricks aremore capitals, through helping of coins, building a subtle new capital in third century AD by Pars kings 8- Iron packages which connect building and can be mentioned. On some of Vahbarz stone to each other for strength and it have coins, the phrase Parsastaxra (Pars castle) has been used a lot in both works. been used that might mean Estakhr city, next 9- Joining the paintings and stones which were religious-political center of Pars that the most deficient with another stone and especially in important temple which is Anahita is also Pasargadae in exclusive palace there are there. (Mohammadifard, 2014: 153) However many of these joints and perhaps the joined separation of Takht-e-Jamshid and Estakhr species are about one or two centimeters from each other has been difficult and these square. two have always been named beside each 10- Buildings thick walls and the land around other. (Herzfeld, 1934: 35) palaces and halls 3- Parthian period 11- Rooms whitewash and painting rooms body The founders of Parthian period less than one and roof with stencils with various colors century after the collapse of the Achaemenid 12- Flowers of 12 leaves which have designed Empire, simultaneous with Seleucid rule in Iran everywhere of Takht-e-Jamshid and also can succeeded to found the Parthian rule about 247 be seen in Pasargadae. Pasargadae leaves BC. There are some evidences that show the have two parallel lines instead of one and in Parthian tended to call themselves as the terms of this are better than Takht-e-Jamshid. successors of Achaemenid Empire and this shows 13- The doors of Pasargadae like entry doors of the Parthian had this thought before Sassanid. Tachar and Hadish palaces is singular and (Imanpur et al, 2013: 34) instead of door spikes and revolve door, it is Part folk or Partva is one of the branches of placed in stone, this sign can be seen either Iranian Aryan descent. In Darius I of the on stone doorway of royal palace or stone Achaemenid inscription in , their land has doorway of Cyrus palace as it is on doorways been called as “Parto”. From Northern Khorasan of Tachar and Hadish palaces. Buildings and Transoxania and that very name, this area being away from each other in Pasargadae converted to Pahlou. (itinncludedCurrent and vice versa the closeness of buildings in Khorasan, Transoxania, today ) Takht-e-Jamshid as well as their blocking can (Yavari, 2009: 79) be considered as the differences of these two Partvawas one of the provinces in Achaemenid complex that according to professor era. According to , the leader of the Herzfeld, the buildings of Takht-e-Jamshid Parthians was a man named Arax (Arashk, are similar to palaces of Assyria and Babylon Asaak) that later became hypothetical grandfather in terms of this. (Nilforoushan, 2007: 29 and of Part Parthian kings. Parts take the collapsed 30) government of Achaemenid back from the 14- Excavations of Stronachin Pasargadae show successors of Alexander the Macedonian that in this time period after probabale (Seleucid) and could found a powerful and huge argument in Tal Takht, a native culture had government for almost five years. Parts had been powerful because here after first unique innovations in art especially architecture. Seleucus coins instead of his successor’s (Zarei, 2013: 115) inside Parthian cities the most

Alireza abbasi, et al. 289 The comparison of art and architecture during the Achaemenid and Parthian

important buildings were usually Citadel and the In Parthian architecture, some decorations such Temple. According to some results, most of as painting and moldings have been widely used. initial cities of Parthians had been created in their The moldings of Khajeh mountain and wall hometown especially around two rivers paintings with different and various colors show of and Atrak. The first Ashk founded a the decoration of inside part of buildings. These city which was called Assak. The founder of samples of decoration, molding or geometric and Parthian dynastywas crowned there and strength plant designs were later used in Sasanian his power. Dara city was built by Tirdad the other periodand after that in Islamic one were widely ruler of Parthians. This city is also called Darium used. But in external decorations of buildings, and has been chosen as the capital of Parthians. stonework and arcades, half columns and masks Dara city is located in a fertile region that springs should be mentioned as well which have been and abundant water has been going on and was used in House in Alhazar beautifully. In surrounded by mountains and in terms of military this period instead of using relief a lot like was in a way that conquering it had been Achaemenid era, masks are used in the view of impossible. (Yavari, 2009: 80) buildings because it either used to take less time 3-1- art in Parthian era: or was suitable economically. Perhaps, the extent The reliefs of Parthians imagined the bodies of of the Empire and lack of complete social and human in a mold, dry and lifeless form and with political stability and also the recession which rugged components and Iranian clothes which happened in arts caused the lack of progress was decorated by rough jewelry but till the compared to the previous period architecture that bottom of leg and narrow folds. Sometimes was Achaemenid. Generally, had the human faces were curved on the format of stone feature of transition that one hand referred to walls with alternate distance but now unlike past (mediating that Indian art) and on human body are imagined from front view and the other hand to Byzantine art. (Yavari, 2009: with full face and staring eyes to the visitor. As 88) we know this feature was taken from the art of 3-2- city in Parthian era ancient that later by Parthians to Parts built some cities which were circular based Sassanid art and from it was transferred to on map, Marv, and Alhazar can be Byzantine art. Totally the left reliefs on Sarvak mentioned as some of those cities. Circular space gorge cliffs and Bisotun show the degeneration of can be defended easier than foursquare and its art during the Parthianbut however it had ignored battlement had been also easier. This kind of following Greek art. In a discovered temple in urbanization continued till Sasanians and Islam. Shemi, a large bronze statue and the other small Parthian cities had usually battlement; the one and without head, head of the kingdom with battlement of Marv was from raw material of the crown of marble and again two head of clay with towers and rectangular congress and bronze but in Greek way have been found. holes for shooting (Zarei, 2013: 116) Decorative jewelry with large seeds and colorful, 3-3- the architecture in Parthian era glittery stones became common on that time. Parts had innovative works in art especially Parthians in their architecture communalized architecture. Through having rich history, Parts rockingand curve and Ragchin with stone slats revived the forgotten art of Iran, with the nature and decorative relief and sometimes embedded which was appeared in Iran’s art, not only they column and in building houses invented porch became revivalist of architecture and traditions of which transferred to later eras in Iran. (Marzban, the past Iran but also created a huge development 2007: 34-36) in the field of urbanization and added two

Alireza abbasi, et al. 290 The comparison of art and architecture during the Achaemenid and Parthian

modern elements in architecture. One was traditions of the people should have made use building on foursquare building (square) by aware that there couldn’t be only one style of Filpushes and the other developing porch arcade architecture all over the country. Through building. (Yavari, 2009: 79) Parts made their investigations which were implemented in buildings simply with raw material of clay. This different areas from remained works of Parts and caused these buildings to be ruined during the the works after that which were used to be made time, if they were built by brick or stone would through previous style, the architecture style and survive more. Of course it is noticeable that even its features can also be identified such as: Sasanians also had a role in art and architecture - Maximum use of native material like Parts, of Parthian. Parts sometimes used bricks also but using stone, raw and baked adobe that was only for building important palaces such - Very good use of high-tech and dome as rulers’ palaces and temples. Stone was used to especially dome using native material be used when it was available in place that means - Indeclinable of glory and high elevation the principle of using local and native materials - The wonderful diversity in plans (Zarei, were met and of course economic and material 2013: 116) conditions were also effective. On the other hand 3-4- Pious manifestations of Parthian very vast as well as various architecture Table 3- prominent samples of Parthian era Architecture works of Parthians Work names Features Architecture The works and leftovers which have remained from Nesa near Eshghabad city in Parthian works of Nesa era show that this city is the oldest residence of Parts. Many monuments have been clarified city with separated maps (Yavari, 2009: 80) The remains of Party architectural monuments which have might be used as tombs have Hicatom police been found in . John Hansmanconsiders this city as Lost City of Seleucid - Parties (hundred Hundred Gates that Parts had made it as one of their capitals In the last quarter of the third gateway) century (Zarei, 2013: 121 and 122) The ruins of the Grand Palace, which belongs to the second century AD clarify the artistic talent of Parthians. The building has two big porches which have been made of big stone Hatra palace species. These big porches are covered with tall ceilings and on their sides there are smaller rooms which had been two floor ones (Yavari, 2009: 84) It is one of the very interesting monuments in terms of architecture. This monument had been built in first century AD and in later eras which were the late third century AD, some Assyrian palace parts were added to that. this work has been developed one in terms of architecture at the time of building it and significantly affected the architecture of later periods especially in architecting of Iranian (pic 6) (Zarei, 2013: 124) Royal palace is located in an island in the middle ofSistanHamoun lake. The palace has some halls as porches. The rooms of this palace have been made of clay. Around it there is a Khajeh Mountain foursquare central yard. The very important problem in these monuments are mother spaces which later were built in all schools, caravans and the mosques of Islamic era (pic 7) (Zarei, 2013:125) It is one of the oldest samples of dome fire temples which may belong to Parthians. This BazehHur sample is a small building which has a dome on four filpushes (Zarei, 2013: 127) This temple is located on a huge mastabeh which has significant vastness. For building that, in four directions, four thick walls of 18 meters with different height based on natural Anahita Temple disasters of cliff 7 to 8 meters which had been filled with stones in huge dimensions and (Kambakhshfard, 1995: 126)

Alireza abbasi, et al. 291 The comparison of art and architecture during the Achaemenid and Parthian

introverted) and this element is even used nowadays. The other elements which are used nowadays are porch which is built in front of halls and even sometimes in four sides of building. Both elements of porch and yard have been considered as the most important Iranian elements. One of the important issues of Iranian architecture is humanism and glory. If take a look at Takht-e-Jamshid map we can understand that living spaces have humanism aspects and unlike that reception halls are exaggerating, this is because when the ambassadors from different nationsstep in here feel humiliation affected by the glory of monument. Both doors of halls were used for beautifying space and one pair was used

Pic 7- Assyrian palace plan (Yavari, 2009: 85) for rooms and residential place. The buildings of this era were used to be built on a platform and for building that first dig the land to reach a hard soil then poured stone or sand in it and smashed it to get a resistant surface. Common used material on that time was stone, brick and clay. For joints, swallow tail fixators were used and ceilings were often covered by wood. Its obvious sample was the ceiling of Takht-e-Jamshid palaces which they used hard and high woods which have brought from Lebanon. Parthian era: Parthians added two modern elements in the field of architectureone was building dome on foursquare building (square) Pic 8- the plan of Khajeh Mountain building (Zarei, two developing the arcade porch which cause to 126, 2013) cover a big breach without column. The buildings

4- CONCLUSION, DISCUSSION AND of this era were introverted and had yards that COMPARING porches opened toward it and a battlement was Achaemenid era: Parsian considering the strength used be built around that which this battlement and breadth of the kingdom could use the with above congress used to show the glory of cultures of various ethnics and create an that building. In this period, native material was appropriate combination with climate and used to be used that often were clay and stone. responsible conditions to the need of showing Using high glory in monuments and also variety glory and kingdom power. For example in warm in plans of buildings was that in way that even points through creating green space and building two monuments can’t be found that have equal monument around blocked spaces (yard) used to plans (except main principles) (unlike the plan of create an appropriate space for people. Yard was churches or other European monuments which used to be considered as a perspective for have same plan) and that was the other feature of building (this method in architecture is called this era.

Alireza abbasi, et al. 292 The comparison of art and architecture during the Achaemenid and Parthian

4-1 comparing Achaemenid and Parthian eras Table 4- The comparison of art and architecture in two periods of Achaemenid and Parthian Feature Achaemenid era Parthian era Construction giant statue The use of masks and decorations The use of relief The use of paint and Decorative arts, Silversmith skills, Labkary, jewelry, wood Jewelry ornamental work Art and carvings, cast bronze, Knitting Fabrics jewelry Reliefs and sculptures in this period were Reliefs and sculptures of the temple took usually full face, and his eyes were staring place in this period were usually half .at the viewer .Achaemenid period Parthian period The use of wood for the roof cover- Use the materials at hand and indigenous- The use of clear-cutting stones and metal - The use of mortar to be made wider - Materials swallowtail brackets to join them in spaces building important Coating and tiles and decorative stones to - Taking advantage of Clay- adorn the building In each period royal monuments were totally glamorous, pair in reception palaces and Proportions semi-pair in living space were also used.

being Introvert has been one of the features of both two periods Architecture The eclectic art of various peoples and - Use of ecology (stone, raw and backed - integrating them together (clay Architectural The use of vault in typical - Construction of dome on Foursquare - detail and buildings buildings architecture The building, the royal palace and other - The wonderful diversity on plans - components buildings on the podium Development vaulted porch - Construction porch- The importance of the citadel and houses - The gardens around the building- of worship (Source: the writers) 5- Recommendations Table 5- some recommendations due to promoting people’s awareness from their ancestors’ heritage in order to use in new plans

Recommendations Solutions Consequences Expanding research and cultural The most important method for increasing the people’s awareness is direct centers to educate and inform the teaching them by holding classes which cause learning some principles public scientifically as well as increasing qualitative level of society in this subject Believing past issues of heritage Belief and support of authorities cause accelerate continuity and sustainability of preservation by authorities the process. Without that all attempts will be useless. The existence of specialists causes people to trust predicted plans. Specialists are The use of specialists usually from architectures, artists and archaeologist Increasing public awareness by Creation of exhibition causes direct touch of works by public that can affect people organizing exhibitions and as result affecting today monument and buildings The use of mass notification such Using collective information is one of the most effective methods in introducing as: the creation of a specialized the heritages of ancestors monthly and season Production and sales of artistic In addition to employment and creating income in society , it causes familiarizing products with the pattern of people with artistic models in the past Constructing public centers because of abundant people commuting will be as a Making public places (municipalities, turning point for getting pattern of Iranian architects. These monuments are like hotels, etc.) with the pattern of exhibition and cause motivating people as well as direct affecting a creation of a historicism city with identity. (Source: the writers) REFERENCES of restoring the Achaemenid Empire in the 1. Imanpur, Mohammad Taghi, Zarrinkub, Sassanian Period and Parthian role in this Rouzbeh, Hojjati, Shahnaz, (2013), The idea transfer, Quarterly Journal of the history of

Alireza abbasi, et al. 293 The comparison of art and architecture during the Achaemenid and Parthian

Islam and Iran's Al-Zahra University, twenty- 14. Herzfeld, Ernst.(1934).A history Of Ancient third year (17), 34. Persia. oxford: . 2. Pope, Arthur Upham (1995), Iranian 15. Stronach, .(1965). Excavations At architecture (victory on the colors)Translation Pasargadae. British institute Of Persian by KeramatollahAfsar, Second Edition, studies. 3,9-40 : Basavoli 16. Taghipur, Malihe, Tahmasebi, Ehsan (2010), 3. Zarei, Ebrahim (2013), Introduction to world Iranian garden, Japanese garden; Meaning and architecture, Thirteenth Edition, Tehran: Architecture, www.alipour.ir, Recovery on Fanavaran January fifth 2016 4. Sayyed, Mahmoud BabaeiTousaki, Mahnaz (2014), Analysis of style and architectural style of the Achaemenid period. Journal of history, the tenth year (37), 70 5. Shandrv, Albert (1956), , the translation by HadiHedayati, first published in Tehran: Tehran University. 6. YavariHossein, (2009), investigating in the art and architecture of Iran, first published in Tehran: Portrait of knowledge 7. KambakhshFard, Seifollah (1995), Anahita Temple Kangavar, Tehran Cultural Heritage Organization 8. Ghirshman, Roman (1992), in the period of Parthian and Sassanid translated by Bahram Farah foroushi , Tehran, Scientific and Cultural 9. Mohammdifard, Yaghoub, Khonani, Alireza (2014), Reconstruction of history during the Parthian king of Persia. Archaeological Studies, Volume VI (2), 153 10. Marzban, Parviz (2007), Summary of History of Art, fifteenth edition, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural 11. Nilforoushan, Mohammad Reza (2007), Iranian architecture from the beginning to the Qajar period, first edition, Esfahan: Rashad 12. Velayati, Rahim (2010), the impact of subordinate nation’s art on the art and architecture of the Achaemenid Empire, Baghnazar, seventh year (14), 88 13. Hinz, Walther, 2006, new findings of ancient Persian Translation ParvizRajabiTehran: Phoenix

Alireza abbasi, et al. 294