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Caractérisation Et Identification Des Champignons Filamenteux Par Spectroscopie Vibrationnelle

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Caractérisation Et Identification Des Champignons Filamenteux Par Spectroscopie Vibrationnelle Année 2013 N° UNIVERSITE DE REIMS CHAMPAGNE-ARDENNE ECOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES TECHNOLOGIE SANTE THESE Présentée pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE DE REIMS CHAMPAGNE-ARDENNE Discipline : Biologie-Biophysique Soutenue publiquement le 02/12/2013 Par Aurélie LECELLIER Née le 18 mars 1983 à Issy les Moulineaux Titre : Caractérisation et identification des champignons filamenteux par spectroscopie vibrationnelle JURY Président : Dr. Jérôme MOUNIER (Brest, France) Rapporteurs : Pr. Boualem SENDID (Lille, France) Pr. Olivier SIRE (Vannes, France) Examinateurs : Dr. Wilfried ABLAIN (Rennes, France) Dr. Caroline AMIEL (Caen, France) Pr. Michel MANFAIT (Reims, France) Directeurs de thèse : Pr. Ganesh SOCKALINGUM (Reims, France) Dr. Dominique TOUBAS (Reims, France) « Le rôle de l’infiniment petit est infiniment grand. » Louis Pasteur Remerciements Remerciements A Messieurs le Professeur Michel Manfait et le Professeur Olivier Piot, Je vous remercie sincèrement pour m’avoir accueillie et pour m’avoir permis de réaliser ce travail au sein de votre unité que vous avez dirigée successivement lors de ces trois années de thèse. Je vous suis très reconnaissante pour m’avoir donné l’occasion de présenter mon travail dans des congrès nationaux et internationaux. A Monsieur le Professeur Boualem Sendid, Je vous suis très reconnaissante d’avoir accepté d’être rapporteur de cette thèse, je vous remercie pour votre participation au Jury de soutenance et pour l’intérêt que vous avez porté à mon travail. A Monsieur le Professeur Olivier Sire, Je vous suis très reconnaissante d’avoir accepté d’être rapporteur de cette thèse, je vous remercie pour votre participation au Jury de soutenance et pour l’intérêt que vous avez porté à mon travail. A Monsieur le Docteur Wilfried Ablain, Je vous remercie sincèrement d’avoir accepté de faire partie du Jury de soutenance. Je vous remercie également pour votre contribution à l’élaboration de ce travail. A Madame le Docteur Caroline Amiel, Je vous exprime toute ma reconnaissance de m’avoir initié à la spectroscopie vibrationnelle lors de mon passage au sein de votre équipe pour y effectuer mon stage de Master 2 ainsi que pour avoir guidé mes premiers pas dans le monde de la recherche. Je vous remercie pour votre soutien et vos encouragements que vous m’avez apporté. Je n’oublie pas que c’est grâce à vous si j’ai pu réaliser cette thèse. Cela me fait extrêmement plaisir que vous ayez accepté d’examiner mon travail et de me faire l’honneur de participer au Jury de soutenance. A Monsieur le Professeur Michel Manfait, Je vous adresse mes remerciements les plus respectueux pour avoir accepté d'être membre du Jury de soutenance. Je vous remercie pour l'intérêt que vous avez porté à ce travail, ainsi que pour votre sympathie. 1 Remerciements A Monsieur le Docteur Jérôme Mounier, Je tiens à t’exprimer toute ma gratitude pour l’aide précieuse que tu m’as apporté tout au long de cette thèse et ainsi que pour ta disponibilité malgré la distance. Je te remercie pour ton implication dans ce projet, pour tes conseils avisés et ta sympathie à mon égard. Enfin, je te remercie énormément pour m’avoir fait l’honneur de participer au Jury de soutenance. A Monsieur le Professeur Ganesh Sockalingum, Je vous suis sincèrement reconnaissante d’avoir encadré ce travail de thèse. Je vous remercie pour la confiance que vous m’avez accordée pendant ces trois années et pour avoir cru en mes capacités tout au long de ce travail. Je vous remercie pour tous vos conseils stimulants, votre patience, ainsi que pour la gentillesse que vous avez manifestée à mon égard. J'ai beaucoup apprécié travailler à vos côtés tant sur le plan scientifique que sur le plan humain. Je garde toujours beaucoup de plaisir à discuter avec vous et à bénéficier de votre expérience. A Madame le Docteur Dominique Toubas, Je vous adresse mes plus sincères remerciements pour votre encadrement durant cette thèse. Je suis ravie d’avoir travaillé en votre compagnie tout au long de ces années durant lesquelles j’ai pu apprécier vos qualités tant pédagogiques et scientifiques qu’humaines. Je vous remercie également pour votre disponibilité, ainsi que pour votre aide et vos précieux conseils que vous m’avez apportés lors de l’élaboration de cette thèse. Pour tout ce que vous m'avez appris, je vous remercie très sincèrement. A Monsieur le Docteur Vincent Gaydou, Je te remercie sincèrement pour toute l’aide que tu m’as apportée durant ma dernière année de thèse. L’aboutissement de ce travail est le fruit de la complémentarité de nos compétences respectives. Je te remercie pour ton soutien et tes encouragements ainsi que pour ta patience. 2 Remerciements A Monsieur le Docteur Jayakrupakar Nalalla, Nuvvu naku chesina prathi daniki am forever gratefull to you. Nenu neku eppatiki runapadiuntanu. Nevichina encouragement, advices ki chala thanks. Nrnnu opikaga vinnaduku neku ela thanks cheppalo ardam avvatledu. Nuvvu naa work environment ni fun environment ga marchavu with your humor. Mana madhyalo oka viluvaina sambandham erpadindi. Mana projects aipoiundochu kani mana friendship will last forever. Je tiens à remercier également : Stéphane Huet et Nadia Leden pour leur collaboration au sein de ce projet. Les discussions que nous avons pu avoir lors des réunions de projets m’ont beaucoup apporté. L’équipe Médian et plus particulièrement : Céline, Christophe, Cyril, David, Denise Pisani, Goutam, Imane, Irène, Julien, Joan, Laurence, Mathieu, Mickaël, Mireille Cousina, Mohammed, Nathalie, Qué et Valérie. Georges Barbier, Loïc Castrec, Marie-Anne Le Bras, Valérie Vasseur, Amélie Weill et Olivia Le Bourhis de l’équipe du Lubem pour leur contribution à l’élaboration de ce travail. Un grand merci à tous mes amis : Caroline, Georges, Hadrien, Jean-Claude, Lucie, Mai-Ahn, Marie, Mathilde, Sunny, Teddy et The Thuong, pour tous les bons moments que l’on a passé ensemble. Ces trois années passées à Reims n’auraient pas été les mêmes sans votre présence, votre sympathie et votre bonne humeur. Je remercie respectueusement mes parents, Catherine et Didier, pour leur soutien sans faille et leurs encouragements, non seulement au cours de ces trois années mais aussi tout au long de mon parcours, et sans lesquels je n’en serais pas là aujourd’hui. Vous m’avez donné toutes les chances pour réussir et c’est grâce à vous que je suis ce que je suis maintenant. Je remercie sincèrement ma sœur Aurore pour son aide précieuse et pour avoir toujours été à mes cotés durant ces années. Enfin, je remercie Arnaud, mon mari, pour son soutien indéfectible, et pour avoir fait preuve de compréhension et d’écoute malgré l’éloignement. Merci à Cannelle pour sa tendresse et son réconfort. Je ne pourrais vous remercier assez... Ces remerciements ne peuvent s’achever sans une pensée pour Alexandre Mazine. Je dédie cette thèse à Claude Grimoult. 3 Sommaire Sommaire Liste des abréviations................................................................................................................. 7 Liste des figures et des tableaux................................................................................................. 9 Avant-propos............................................................................................................................ 11 Chapitre I : Introduction....................................................................................................... 14 I.1- Les champignons filamenteux ....................................................................................... 15 I.1.a- Définition................................................................................................................. 15 I.1.b- Caractéristiques morphologiques des champignons filamenteux ........................... 15 I.1.c- Développement des champignons filamenteux ....................................................... 17 I.1.d- Phylogénie des champignons filamenteux .............................................................. 19 I.1.e- Habitat et conditions de développement.................................................................. 21 I.1.f- Problèmes liés aux champignons filamenteux et à leurs métabolites ...................... 22 - secteur agroalimentaire ............................................................................................... 22 - secteur pharmaceutique et médical ............................................................................. 24 I.1.g- Méthodes d’identification des champignons filamenteux....................................... 26 - Analyse macroscopique .............................................................................................. 26 - Analyse microscopique............................................................................................... 26 - Analyse moléculaire.................................................................................................... 27 I.2- La spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (IRTF) ..................................... 29 I.2.a- Principe.................................................................................................................... 29 - Rayonnement infrarouge............................................................................................. 29 - Interaction rayonnement-matière................................................................................ 31 - Absorption du rayonnement IR par l’échantillon ....................................................... 33 - Modes de vibration ....................................................................................................
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