Fernando Canales Clariond
ADDRESSES Web Page: www.seawaterfoundation.org
Reference: Mr. Carl Hodges, [email protected] 1 Global Seawater
1. Alimentos 2. Energía 3. Desarrollo Inmobiliario 4. Calentamiento Global
a) Secuestro de CO2 b) Evita la elevación del nivel del mar
2 3 Unexploited Natural Resources
• Seawater: 97.5% of the Earth’s water • Global saline land: ~ 800 Mha Seawater-Irrigated • Coastal desert: 294 Mha Agriculture on • Inland salt basin: 427 Mha coastal deserts • Saline farmland: 70 Mha with unlimited seawater
4 Inlet to 13 km seawater River Seawater Farms Bahia Kino 5 13 km Seawater River Seawater Farms Bahia Kino6 7 Bahia Kino Shrimp Farm
The water pumped from the sea for shrimp farming in Sonora, Mexico is equivalent to 20% of the annual Antarctic ice melt
8 Shrimp Farm Effluent Bahia Kino, Sonora, Mexico 9 Multiple Products from Salicornia
• Salicornia crop produces multiple products – Oil-bearing seeds • Edible vegetable oil • Biofuel • Cosmetic oil – Nutrient-rich seed meal • Protein supplementation source for animal feed – Straw as animal fodder or solid biofuel. – Vegetable tips when harvested green
10 Salicornia Crop Field
11 11 Salicornia field Seawater Farms Bahia Kino 12 Genetic Improvement of Salicornia as Biodiesel Feedstock Is Underway
• Biodiesel quality – Higher cetane number – Better oxidative stability – Better cold flow properties – Higher lubricity
– Reduced NOX emissions • Biodiesel productivity – Seed yield – Oil content – Biodiesel converstion rate – Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)
13 Comparisons of Target Environments for Production of Biofuel Feedstocks
• Salicornia, seashore mallow, and soybean differ in tolerance to salt stresses. This determines their target environments for biofuel production.
– Soil salinity 50ppt • Salicornia: 10-75ppt Salicornia • Seashore mallow: 5-15ppt for biofuel • Soybean: <0.5ppt
– Water salinity production • Salicornia: 10-60ppt • Seashore mallow: 5-15ppt salinity Water Mallow • Soybean: <0.25ppt Soy 0ppt 0ppt • Target environments 0ppt Soil salinity 70ppt – Salicornia: Coastal deserts irrigated with full-strength sea water – Seashore mallow: Coastal tidal flats with brackish water – Soybean: Arable farmland irrigated with fresh water
14 Salicornia seed threshed fresh from the field
15 SeaForest BioDiesel 10 made from Salicornia oil
16 17 18 19 Seashore Mallow - Kosteletzkya virginica
20 20 21 22 23 Microalgae Can Play an Important Role
• Extremely high productivity Biodiesel Compared to – Efficient, rapid growth: Algae can Source productivity Soy Diesel double biomass in a day (gal/ha/yr) (%) – High oil content: Up to 70% of algae biomass is usable oils. In Soybean 119 100 contrast, oils represent ~4.5% of Sunflower 211 177 soybean biomass. – Productivity Canola 227 191 • Reportedly, microalgal bio Peanuts 279 234 oil yield varies from 16,000 Coconut 709 596 to 65,000 gal/ha/yr. Palm Oil 1,569 1,318 • On a conservative basis, it is Microalgae ~24,000* 20,168 100 times more efficient to produce biofuel from algae *Microalgae diesel productivity is estimated on a conservative basis, according to results than from soybean from the National Renewal Energy Laboratory, DOE (NREL 1996).
24 Financial Analysis of Microalgae Polyculture for Biofuel through the ISF© Approach
Financial analysis of algae polyculture was based on the model used by NREL (1996) • Capital costs, sharing site preps, building roads, Gen-set, land costs with other production units. – $54,000 per hectare for microalgae pond construction • Operating costs, using water and nutrients from shrimp ponds and sharing labors and power supplies to some extent with other production units.. – $11,000 per hectare per year • Production ability – 10,000 gallons per hectare per year on a conservative basis (due to full-strength seawater culture, though Michael Briggs of University of New Hampshire estimated 37,500 gallons per hectare of desert land per year • Algal oil costs in the ISF system – $1.52 per gallon or $0.40 per liter – $64 per barrel
25 26 27 FONATUR Project for a touristic and resi -dential community. Opportunity for integrating Seawater Community's Concepts to the planning And design process. 28
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32 Seawater Farms Eritrea 33
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` Shrimp harvest Seawater Farms Eritrea
35 Tilapia Fish Cages Seawater Farms Eritrea
36 Salicornia Fields Seawater Farms Eritre a
37 Salicornia Fields Seawater Farms Eritrea
38 2 year old mangrove trees Seawater Farms Eritrea
39 Inter-cropping of Salicornia and Mangroves Seawater Farms Eritrea 40 Mangrove stems & leaves Seawater Farms Eritrea
41 Root System from one year old Mangrove tree Seawater Farms Eritrea
42 Goat feed trials using seawater-based feeds Seawater Farms Eritrea 43 Seabirds in estuary Seawater Farms Eritrea (Bird species increased from 12 to over 200 after development of the farm)
44 Salt production- the final product in an Integrated Seawater Farm
45 Freshwater lens with seawater lake in background Seawater Farms Eritrea 46