Fernando Canales Clariond ADDRESSES Web Page: www.seawaterfoundation.org Reference: Mr. Carl Hodges, [email protected] 1 Global Seawater 1. Alimentos 2. Energía 3. Desarrollo Inmobiliario 4. Calentamiento Global a) Secuestro de CO2 b) Evita la elevación del nivel del mar 2 3 Unexploited Natural Resources • Seawater: 97.5% of the Earth’s water • Global saline land: ~ 800 Mha Seawater-Irrigated • Coastal desert: 294 Mha Agriculture on • Inland salt basin: 427 Mha coastal deserts • Saline farmland: 70 Mha with unlimited seawater 4 Inlet to 13 km seawater River Seawater Farms Bahia Kino 5 13 km Seawater River Seawater Farms Bahia Kino6 7 Bahia Kino Shrimp Farm The water pumped from the sea for shrimp farming in Sonora, Mexico is equivalent to 20% of the annual Antarctic ice melt 8 Shrimp Farm Effluent Bahia Kino, Sonora, Mexico 9 Multiple Products from Salicornia • Salicornia crop produces multiple products – Oil-bearing seeds • Edible vegetable oil • Biofuel • Cosmetic oil – Nutrient-rich seed meal • Protein supplementation source for animal feed – Straw as animal fodder or solid biofuel. – Vegetable tips when harvested green 10 Salicornia Crop Field 11 11 Salicornia field Seawater Farms Bahia Kino 12 Genetic Improvement of Salicornia as Biodiesel Feedstock Is Underway • Biodiesel quality – Higher cetane number – Better oxidative stability – Better cold flow properties – Higher lubricity – Reduced NOX emissions • Biodiesel productivity – Seed yield – Oil content – Biodiesel converstion rate – Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) 13 Comparisons of Target Environments for Production of Biofuel Feedstocks • Salicornia, seashore mallow, and soybean differ in tolerance to salt stresses. This determines their target environments for biofuel production. – Soil salinity 50ppt • Salicornia: 10-75ppt Salicornia • Seashore mallow: 5-15ppt for biofuel • Soybean: <0.5ppt production – Water salinity • Salicornia: 10-60ppt Water salinity Water Mallow • Seashore mallow: 5-15ppt Soy • Soybean: <0.25ppt 0ppt 0ppt • Target environments 0ppt Soil salinity 70ppt – Salicornia: Coastal deserts irrigated with full-strength sea water – Seashore mallow: Coastal tidal flats with brackish water – Soybean: Arable farmland irrigated with fresh water 14 Salicornia seed threshed fresh from the field 15 SeaForest BioDiesel 10 made from Salicornia oil 16 17 18 19 Seashore Mallow - Kosteletzkya virginica 20 20 21 22 23 Microalgae Can Play an Important Role • Extremely high productivity Biodiesel Compared to – Efficient, rapid growth: Algae can Source productivity Soy Diesel double biomass in a day – High oil content: Up to 70% of (gal/ha/yr) (%) algae biomass is usable oils. In Soybean 119 100 contrast, oils represent ~4.5% of Sunflower 211 177 soybean biomass. – Productivity Canola 227 191 • Reportedly, microalgal bio­ Peanuts 279 234 oil yield varies from 16,000 Coconut 709 596 to 65,000 gal/ha/yr. Palm Oil 1,569 1,318 • On a conservative basis, it is Microalgae ~24,000* 20,168 100 times more efficient to produce biofuel from algae *Microalgae diesel productivity is estimated on a conservative basis, according to results than from soybean from the National Renewal Energy Laboratory, DOE (NREL 1996). 24 Financial Analysis of Microalgae Polyculture for © Biofuel through the ISF Approach Financial analysis of algae polyculture was based on the model used by NREL (1996) • Capital costs, sharing site preps, building roads, Gen-set, land costs with other production units. – $54,000 per hectare for microalgae pond construction • Operating costs, using water and nutrients from shrimp ponds and sharing labors and power supplies to some extent with other production units.. – $11,000 per hectare per year • Production ability – 10,000 gallons per hectare per year on a conservative basis (due to full-strength seawater culture, though Michael Briggs of University of New Hampshire estimated 37,500 gallons per hectare of desert land per year • Algal oil costs in the ISF system – $1.52 per gallon or $0.40 per liter – $64 per barrel 25 26 27 FONATUR Project for a touristic and resi­ -dential community. Opportunity for integrating Seawater Community's Concepts to the planning And design process. 28 ` ` ` ` ` ` 29 30 32 Seawater Farms Eritrea 33 ` ` ` ` ` ` 34 Shrimp harvest Seawater Farms Eritrea 35 Tilapia Fish Cages Seawater Farms Eritrea 36 Salicornia Fields Seawater Farms Eritrea 37 Salicornia Fields Seawater Farms Eritrea 38 2 year old mangrove trees Seawater Farms Eritrea 39 Inter-cropping of Salicornia and Mangroves Seawater Farms Eritrea 40 Mangrove stems & leaves Seawater Farms Eritrea 41 Root System from one year old Mangrove tree Seawater Farms Eritrea 42 Goat feed trials using seawater-based feeds Seawater Farms Eritrea 43 Seabirds in estuary Seawater Farms Eritrea (Bird species increased from 12 to over 200 after development of the farm) 44 Salt production- the final product in an Integrated Seawater Farm 45 Freshwater lens with seawater lake in background Seawater Farms Eritrea 46 .