Soybean Aphid, Aphis Glycines
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Alfalfa PMG 12 19 11
UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: ALFALFA September 2010 Contents (Dates in parenthesis indicate when each topic was updated) Alfalfa Year-Round IPM Program Checklist (11/06) ........................................................................................................................ iv General Information Integrated Pest Management (11/06) ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Selecting the Field (11/06) ................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Transgenic Herbicide-Tolerant Alfalfa (11/06) ................................................................................................................................... 3 Biological Control (11/06) ................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Sampling with a Sweep Net (11/06) .................................................................................................................................................... 6 Crop Rotation (11/06) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Aphid Monitoring (9/07) ..................................................................................................................................................................... -
Thrips-Transmitted Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) in California Crops
Emergence and integrated management of thrips-transmitted Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in California crops UCCE-Monterey County; 2015 Plant Disease Seminar November 4, 2015; County of Monterey Agricultural Center; Salinas, California Ozgur Batuman Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis California Processing Tomatoes And Peppers • Today, California grows 95 percent of the USA’s processing tomatoes and approximately 30 percent of the world processing tomatoes production! • California produced 60 and 69 percent of the bell peppers and chile peppers, respectively, grown in the USA in 2014! Pepper-infecting viruses • ~70 viruses known to infect peppers worldwide • ~10 of these known to occur in California • Most are not seed-transmitted • Difficult to identify based on symptoms • Mixed infections are common • Transmitted from plant-to-plant by various insects, primarily aphids and thrips • Best managed by an IPM approach TSWV Key viruses affecting peppers in CA production areas • Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) Alfamovirus • Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) Cucumovirus • Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) Potyvirus Aphid • Potato virus Y (PVY) Potyvirus • Tobacco etch virus (TEV) Potyvirus • Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMV) Tobamovirus • Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Tobamovirus Seed & Mechanical • Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) Tobamovirus • Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Tospovirus Thrips • Impatient necrotic spot virus (INSV) Tospovirus • Beet curly top virus (BCTV) Curtovirus Leafhopper *Whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses in peppers are not present in -
Viral Diseases of Soybeans
SoybeaniGrow BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Chapter 60: Viral Diseases of Soybeans Marie A.C. Langham ([email protected]) Connie L. Strunk ([email protected]) Four soybean viruses infect South Dakota soybeans. Bean Pod Mottle Virus (BPMV) is the most prominent and causes significant yield losses. Soybean Mosaic Virus (SMV) is the second most commonly identified soybean virus in South Dakota. It causes significant losses either in single infection or in dual infection with BPMV. Tobacco Ringspot Virus (TRSV) and Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AMV) are found less commonly than BPMV or SMV. Managing soybean viruses requires that the living bridge of hosts be broken. Key components for managing viral diseases are provided in Table 60.1. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the symptoms, vectors, and management of BPMV, SMV, TRSV, and AMV. Table 60.1. Key components to consider in viral management. 1. Viruses are obligate pathogens that cannot be grown in artificial culture and must always pass from living host to living host in what is referred to as a “living or green” bridge. 2. Breaking this “living bridge” is key in soybean virus management. a. Use planting dates to avoid peak populations of insect vectors (bean leaf beetle for BPMV and aphids for SMV). b. Use appropriate rotations. 3. Use disease-free seed, and select tolerant varieties when available. 4. Accurate diagnosis is critical. Contact Connie L. Strunk for information. (605-782-3290 or [email protected]) 5. Fungicides and bactericides cannot be used to manage viral problems. 60-541 extension.sdstate.edu | © 2019, South Dakota Board of Regents What are viruses? Viruses that infect soybeans present unique challenges to soybean producers, crop consultants, breeders, and other professionals. -
Soybean Aphid Establishment in Georgia
Soybean Aphid Establishment in Georgia R. M. McPherson, Professor, Entomology J.C. Garner, Research Station Superintendent, Georgia Mountain Research and Education Center, Blairsville, GA P. M. Roberts, Extension Entomologist - Cotton & Soybean The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, has (nymphs) through parthenogenesis (reproduction by direct become a major new invasive pest species in North America. growth of egg-cells without male fertilization). Several It was first detected on Wisconsin soybeans during the generations of both winged and wingless female aphids are summer of 2000. By the end of the 2001 growing season, produced on soybeans during the summer. As soybeans begin soybean aphid populations were observed from New York to mature, both male and female winged aphids are produced. westward to Ontario, Canada, the Dakotas, Nebraska They migrate back to buckthorn where they mate and the and Kansas and southward to Missouri, Kentucky and females lay the overwintering eggs, thus starting the annual Virginia. By 2009 it had been detected in most of the cycle all over again. soybean-producing states in the U.S. On September 10 and October 1, 2002, during monthly field sampling of soybeans at the Georgia Mountain Research and Education Center in Blairsville, Ga., several small colonies of soybean aphids (eight to 10 aphids per leaf) were collected. Aphid identification was verified by Susan Halbert, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, Fla. Soybean aphids have been observed on soybeans in Union County, Ga., (Blairsville) Photo 1. Colony of soybean aphids on a every year since 2002 and in several other Georgia counties in soybean leaf. -
Molecular Characterization of the Alfalfa Mosaic Virus Infecting
plants Article Molecular Characterization of the Alfalfa mosaic virus Infecting Solanum melongena in Egypt and the Control of Its Deleterious Effects with Melatonin and Salicylic Acid Ahmed R. Sofy 1,* , Mahmoud R. Sofy 1,* , Ahmed A. Hmed 1, Rehab A. Dawoud 2,3 , Ehab E. Refaey 1, Heba I. Mohamed 4 and Noha K. El-Dougdoug 5 1 Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt; [email protected] (A.A.H.); [email protected] (E.E.R.) 2 Virus and Phytoplasma Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt; [email protected] 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia 4 Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; [email protected] 5 Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.R.S.); [email protected] (M.R.S.) Abstract: During the spring of 2019, distinct virus-like symptoms were observed in the Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate in Egypt in naturally infected eggplants. Leaves of affected plants showed interveinal Citation: Sofy, A.R.; Sofy, M.R.; leaf chlorosis, net yellow, chlorotic sectors, mottling, blisters, vein enation, necrotic intervention, and Hmed, A.A.; Dawoud, R.A.; Refaey, narrowing symptoms. The Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) was suspected of to be involved in this disease. E.E.; Mohamed, H.I.; El-Dougdoug, Forty plant samples from symptomatic eggplants and 10 leaf samples with no symptoms were N.K. -
Soybean Aphid Identification, Biology, and Management
CHAPTER THIRTY-FIVE Soybean Aphid Identification, Biology, and Management Kelley Tilmon ([email protected]) Buyung Hadi ([email protected]) The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) is a significant insect pest of soybean in the North Central region of the U.S., and if left untreated can reduce regional production values by as much as $2.4 billion annually (Song et al., 2006). The soybean aphid is an invasive pest that is native to eastern Asia, where soybean was first domesticated. The pest was first detected in the U.S. in 2000 (Tilmon et al., 2011) and in South Dakota in 2001. It quickly spread across 22 states and three Canadian provinces. Soybean aphid populations have the potential to increase rapidly and reduce yields (Hodgson et al., 2012). This chapter reviews the identification, biology and management of soybean aphid. Treatment thresholds, biological control, host plant resistance, and other factors affecting soybean aphid populations will also be discussed. Table 35.1 provides suggestions to lessen the financial impact of aphid damage. Table 35.1. Keys to reducing economic losses from aphids. • Use resistant aphid varieties; several are now available. • Monitor closely because populations can increase rapidly. • Soybean near buckthorn should be scouted first. • Adults can be winged or wingless • Determine if your field contains any biocontrol agents (especially lady beetles). • Control if the population exceeds 250 aphids/plant. CHAPTER 35: Soybean Aphid Identification, Biology, and Management 1 Description Adult soybean aphids can occur in either winged or wingless forms. Wingless aphids are adapted to maximize reproduction, and winged aphids are built to disperse and colonize other locations. -
Tracking the Role of Alternative Prey in Soybean Aphid Predation
Molecular Ecology (2007) 16, 4390–4400 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03482.x TrackingBlackwell Publishing Ltd the role of alternative prey in soybean aphid predation by Orius insidiosus: a molecular approach JAMES D. HARWOOD,* NICOLAS DESNEUX,†§ HO JUNG S. YOO,†¶ DANIEL L. ROWLEY,‡ MATTHEW H. GREENSTONE,‡ JOHN J. OBRYCKI* and ROBERT J. O’NEIL† *Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0091, USA, †Department of Entomology, Purdue University, Smith Hall, 901 W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2089, USA, ‡USDA-ARS, Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, BARC-West, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA Abstract The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a pest of soybeans in Asia, and in recent years has caused extensive damage to soybeans in North America. Within these agroecosystems, generalist predators form an important component of the assemblage of natural enemies, and can exert significant pressure on prey populations. These food webs are complex and molecular gut-content analyses offer nondisruptive approaches for exam- ining trophic linkages in the field. We describe the development of a molecular detection system to examine the feeding behaviour of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) upon soybean aphids, an alternative prey item, Neohydatothrips variabilis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and an intraguild prey species, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Specific primer pairs were designed to target prey and were used to examine key trophic connections within this soybean food web. In total, 32% of O. insidiosus were found to have preyed upon A. glycines, but disproportionately high consumption occurred early in the season, when aphid densities were low. -
Soybean Aphid Identification, Biology, and Management
SoybeaniGrow BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Chapter 35: Soybean Aphid Identification, Biology, and Management Kelley Tilmon Buyung Hadi The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) is a significant insect pest of soybean in the North Central region of the U.S., and if left untreated can reduce regional production values by as much as $2.4 billion annually (Song et al., 2006). The soybean aphid is an invasive pest that is native to eastern Asia, where soybean was first domesticated. The pest was first detected in the U.S. in 2000 (Tilmon et al., 2011) and in South Dakota in 2001. It quickly spread across 22 states and three Canadian provinces. Soybean aphid populations have the potential to increase rapidly and reduce yields (Hodgson et al., 2012). This chapter reviews the identification, biology, and management of soybean aphid. Treatment thresholds, biological control, host plant resistance, and other factors affecting soybean aphid populations will also be discussed. Table 35.1 provides suggestions to lessen the financial impact of aphid damage. Table 35.1. Keys to reducing economic losses from aphids. • Use resistant aphid varieties; several are now available. • Monitor closely because populations can increase rapidly. • Soybean near buckthorn should be scouted first. • Adults can be winged or wingless • Determine if your field contains any biocontrol agents (especially lady beetles). • Control if the population exceeds 250 aphids/plant. 35-293 extension.sdstate.edu | © 2019, South Dakota Board of Regents Description Adult soybean aphids can occur in either winged or wingless forms. Wingless aphids are adapted to maximize reproduction, and winged aphids are built to disperse and colonize other locations. -
Recommended IPM Approach and Treatment Threshold for Soybean Aphid Control in Soybean
AUGUST 2018 Recommended IPM Approach and Treatment Threshold for Soybean Aphid Control in Soybean Soybean aphids (Aphis glycines) are major pests of soybeans (Glycines max) in Minnesota. Soybean aphids injure soybean plants by piercing the plants with tiny needle-like mouth parts and sucking out sap, which can reduce soybean yield. Due to their small size, aphids must occur in high numbers on soybean plants to result in yield loss. Such damaging populations occur yearly in Minnesota (but not necessarily the same regions every year), resulting in the need for an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach to successfully control this pest. Scouting Not all soybean fields are likely to have soybean aphid problems. Early aphid infestations in spring are often found in smaller fields near buckthorn, their primary overwintering plant, and migrate to soybean (See soybean aphid life-cycle in MN below). These infestations are often more abundant on tender and young leaves. Active scouting should be carried out from Mid-June through growth stage R6.5 (pods and leaves begin to yellow). As soybean progresses through reproductive growth stages, aphid populations move to leaves, stems and pods lower on the plants. The presence of lady beetles or ants are often indicative of soybean aphid populations. Sample 20-30 plants from throughout the entire field. Consider sampling at least 1x / week during active scouting period. Count both adults and nymphs (see picture on page 4). An alternative method to scouting is “speed scouting” or sequential sampling method. Speed scouting can be used to save time, however, this method provides less information and can slightly over-recommend treatment of fields. -
Aphid Transmission of Potyvirus: the Largest Plant-Infecting RNA Virus Genus
Supplementary Aphid Transmission of Potyvirus: The Largest Plant-Infecting RNA Virus Genus Kiran R. Gadhave 1,2,*,†, Saurabh Gautam 3,†, David A. Rasmussen 2 and Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan 3 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA 2 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]. † Authors contributed equally. Received: 13 May 2020; Accepted: 15 July 2020; Published: date Abstract: Potyviruses are the largest group of plant infecting RNA viruses that cause significant losses in a wide range of crops across the globe. The majority of viruses in the genus Potyvirus are transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent, non-circulative manner and have been extensively studied vis-à-vis their structure, taxonomy, evolution, diagnosis, transmission and molecular interactions with hosts. This comprehensive review exclusively discusses potyviruses and their transmission by aphid vectors, specifically in the light of several virus, aphid and plant factors, and how their interplay influences potyviral binding in aphids, aphid behavior and fitness, host plant biochemistry, virus epidemics, and transmission bottlenecks. We present the heatmap of the global distribution of potyvirus species, variation in the potyviral coat protein gene, and top aphid vectors of potyviruses. Lastly, we examine how the fundamental understanding of these multi-partite interactions through multi-omics approaches is already contributing to, and can have future implications for, devising effective and sustainable management strategies against aphid- transmitted potyviruses to global agriculture. -
Insect Communities in Soybeans of Eastern South Dakota: the Effects
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska 2013 Insect communities in soybeans of eastern South Dakota: The effects of vegetation management and pesticides on soybean aphids, bean leaf beetles, and their natural enemies Jonathan G. Lundgren USDA-ARS, [email protected] Louis S. Hesler USDA-ARS Sharon A. Clay South Dakota State University, [email protected] Scott F. Fausti South Dakota State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub Part of the Agriculture Commons Lundgren, Jonathan G.; Hesler, Louis S.; Clay, Sharon A.; and Fausti, Scott F., "Insect communities in soybeans of eastern South Dakota: The effects of vegetation management and pesticides on soybean aphids, bean leaf beetles, and their natural enemies" (2013). Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty. 1164. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub/1164 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Crop Protection 43 (2013) 104e118 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Crop Protection journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cropro Insect communities in soybeans of eastern South Dakota: The effects of vegetation management and pesticides on soybean aphids, bean leaf beetles, and their natural enemies Jonathan G. Lundgren a,*, Louis S. Hesler a, Sharon A. Clay b, Scott F. -
Aphid Vectors Impose a Major Bottleneck on Soybean Dwarf Virus Populations for Horizontal Transmission in Soybean Bin Tian1,2* , Frederick E
Tian et al. Phytopathology Research (2019) 1:29 https://doi.org/10.1186/s42483-019-0037-3 Phytopathology Research RESEARCH Open Access Aphid vectors impose a major bottleneck on Soybean dwarf virus populations for horizontal transmission in soybean Bin Tian1,2* , Frederick E. Gildow1, Andrew L. Stone3, Diana J. Sherman3, Vernon D. Damsteegt3,4 and William L. Schneider3,4* Abstract Many RNA viruses have genetically diverse populations in a single host. Important biological characteristics may be related to the levels of diversity, including adaptability, host specificity, and host range. Shifting the virus between hosts might result in a change in the levels of diversity associated with the new host. The level of genetic diversity for these viruses is related to host, vector and virus interactions, and understanding these interactions may facilitate the prediction and prevention of emerging viral diseases. It is known that luteoviruses have a very specific interaction with aphid vectors. Previous studies suggested that there may be a tradeoff effect between the viral adaptation and aphid transmission when Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV) was transmitted into new plant hosts by aphid vectors. In this study, virus titers in different aphid vectors and the levels of population diversity of SbDV in different plant hosts were examined during multiple sequential aphid transmission assays. The diversity of SbDV populations revealed biases for particular types of substitutions and for regions of the genome that may incur mutations among different hosts. Our results suggest that the selection on SbDV in soybean was probably leading to reduced efficiency of virus recognition in the aphid which would inhibit movement of SbDV through vector tissues known to regulate the specificity relationship between aphid and virus in many systems.