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Thrips-Transmitted Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) in California Crops

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Thrips-Transmitted Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) in California Crops Emergence and integrated management of thrips-transmitted Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in California crops UCCE-Monterey County; 2015 Plant Disease Seminar November 4, 2015; County of Monterey Agricultural Center; Salinas, California Ozgur Batuman Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis California Processing Tomatoes And Peppers • Today, California grows 95 percent of the USA’s processing tomatoes and approximately 30 percent of the world processing tomatoes production! • California produced 60 and 69 percent of the bell peppers and chile peppers, respectively, grown in the USA in 2014! Pepper-infecting viruses • ~70 viruses known to infect peppers worldwide • ~10 of these known to occur in California • Most are not seed-transmitted • Difficult to identify based on symptoms • Mixed infections are common • Transmitted from plant-to-plant by various insects, primarily aphids and thrips • Best managed by an IPM approach TSWV Key viruses affecting peppers in CA production areas • Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) Alfamovirus • Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) Cucumovirus • Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) Potyvirus Aphid • Potato virus Y (PVY) Potyvirus • Tobacco etch virus (TEV) Potyvirus • Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMV) Tobamovirus • Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Tobamovirus Seed & Mechanical • Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) Tobamovirus • Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Tospovirus Thrips • Impatient necrotic spot virus (INSV) Tospovirus • Beet curly top virus (BCTV) Curtovirus Leafhopper *Whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses in peppers are not present in CA The incidence of thrips and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in vegetable crops in California has increased! • Tomato spotted wilt disease has been in CA for >75 years. • Until 2005, it did not cause major economic losses • It has now emerged as a major constraint on production of lettuce, pepper and tomato! Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Tomato spotted wilt disease caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus Symptoms of TSWV in peppers vary depending on the stage of growth plants are infected and cultivar Symptoms of TSWV in peppers TSWV-Thrips interaction and transmission ACQUISITION TRANSMISSION BY LARVAE IS CRUCIAL Egg X 1st instar 2nd instar VIRUS PASSAGE VIRUS PASSAGE Only adults that acquire as larvae can transmit. Pupal Stages Do Not Feed (Whitfield et.al., 2005) Overall Objectives • Develop an understanding of when and where thrips and TSWV gain entry into California peppers • Determine dynamics of thrips populations and spotted wilt disease development • Identify potential inoculum sources • Apply knowledge of thrips and TSWV to develop a regional integrated pest management (IPM) program • Minimize economic losses due to thrips and TSWV Locations of Monitored Fields Northern counties (2009-2013) Gene Miyao (Solano, Yolo, Colusa, Sutter and Sacramento) Brenna Aegerter San Joaquin County (2013-2014) Merced County (2008-2012) Scott Stoddard Fresno and Kings Counties (2007-2012) Tom Turini Coastal Counties (2015) >230 monitored fields Steve Koike since the start of the Michelle Le Strange program Monitoring transplants (2007-2010) Tomato/pepper transplant greenhouses -Greenhouse operations monitored for thrips and TSWV -Yellow sticky cards for monitoring thrips -Indicator plants and visual inspection for TSWV TSWV was not detected on indicator plants or in transplants in any of the monitored greenhouses Average 2000 1800 1600 thrips 1400 1200 populations 1000 800 600 inside 400 2010 200 Transplant 0 2009 Aug Houses Jul 2008 Jun 2007-2010 May 2007 Apr Mar Average 2000 1800 1600 thrips 1400 1200 populations 1000 800 600 outside 400 200 Transplant 0 2010 Houses 2009 Sep Oct Aug Jul 2007-2010 2008 Jun May 2007 Apr Mar Transplants were not a major source of thrips or TSWV Relatively low thrips populations (especially in closed greenhouses) were on transplants No evidence of TSWV infection of transplants in monitored greenhouses Transplants are not bringing in TSWV or substantial thrips populations into fields Monitoring thrips and TSWV in pepper fields • Thrips are monitored with yellow sticky cards • Virus incidence is determined by visual inspections • TSWV infection is confirmed with immunostrips or RT-PCR 777bp 777bp Average Thrips Populations in Pepper Fields in 2015 (thrips/card/2 weeks) Winter 2015 1-Dec 15-Dec 1-Jan 15-Jan 1-Feb 15-Feb 7500 30 7000 6500 20 6000 10 5500 0 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Coastal Area Yolo/Solano Co. San Joaquin Co. Thrips populations in monitored pepper fields in 2013-2015 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 thrips/card/two weeks thrips/card/two 500 0 April May June July August September October 2013 2014 2015 Late-planted and/or red pepper fields had higher TSWV incidences! TSWV Incidences (%) in monitored pepper fields in 2013-2015 2013 2014 2015 15 10 * R * * 5 TSWV TSWV % 2015 2014 0 2013 Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Pepper Fields * Part of this pepper field was kept for red pepper harvest R TSWV resistant pepper varieties Communicating with Growers Adult thrips Larval thrips • It is important that thrips management be implemented prior to or immediately following initial TSWV findings • Critical to reduce the number of virus-carrying adults by controlling larvae early in the season • Thrips insecticide trials have been conducted at Westside Exp. Station, based on 2007-2011 trials the best materials were: Radiant (spinetoram) Success (spinosad) Dimethoate (organophosphate) Lannate (methomyl) Mustang+Beleaf (pyrethroid + flonicamid) • However, the effect was not long-lasting (4-7 days) Potential thrips/TSWV reservoirs • Almonds -thrips populations were low in almond orchards (yellow sticky cards) and in flowers -TSWV not detected in thrips from almond (almond is not a reported host for TSWV) by rina thompson • Weeds -a variety of common weeds were collected throughout the growing season in areas known to have TSWV outbreaks -most weeds were negative for TSWV rough-Weedsseeded buttercup (Ranunculus 85%No.(>150) Symptoms+ Weed survey results for muricatus) positive/no tested (+/-) Bermuda buttercup (Oxalis pes-caprae) 0/18 - TSWV incidence during London rocket (Sisymbrium irio) 1/29 + 2007-2013 bindweed (Convolvulaceae sp.) 4/218 + burclover (Medicago polymorpha) 0/24 - pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) 0/39 - black nightshade (Solanum americanum) 5/73 + curly dock (Rumex crispus) 0/17 - dodder (Cuscuta sp.) 0/30 - turkey mullein (Eremocarpus setigerus) 0/14 - lamb's quarter/goosefoot (Chenopodium 0/68 - purslane (Portulaca oleracea) 0/38 - album) black mustard (Brassica nigra) 0/87 - Malva (Malva neglecta and M. parviflora) 3/168 - Russian thistle (Salsola tragus) 0/65 - velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) 0/28 - buckhorn plantain (Plantago lanceolata) 0/16 - prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola) 8/217 + pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides) 0/5 - groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) 0/47 - filaree (Erodium spp.) 0/48 - wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) 0/53 - knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) 0/23 - sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) 15/191 + poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) 0/26 - ground cherry (Physalis acutifolia) 1/36 + redmaids (Calandrinia ciliate) 0/24 - tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) 0/35 - chickweed (Stellaria media) 0/43 - barnyard grass (Echinochloa sp.) 0/39 - miner's lettuce (Claytonia perfoliata) 0/37 - pineapple weed (Matricaria discoidea) 5/118 + Datura (jimsonweed: Datura stramonium) 3/28 + nettle (Urtica sp.) 0/61 - Other tree and shrub/plant species (i.e, Nerium 0/(>100) - common sunflower (Helianthus annuus) 0/65 - oleander, olive, oak, laurel, sage, cotton etc.) fiddleneck (Amsinckia menziesii) 0/74 - Total 45/2,159 shepherd’s-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) 0/57 - ~2% A special case 1: New Potentially Important TSWV Weed Host Identified in San Joaquin and Northern Counties: BUTTERCUP! Rough-seeded buttercup (Ranunculus muricatus) weeds infected with TSWV A special case 2: Weeds in fallow fields where weeds can harbor high levels of thrips/TSWV • High populations of weeds can develop in fallow fields previously cultivated to TSWV hosts (e.g., lettuce) • Some of these weeds (e.g., sowthistle and prickly lettuce) may develop high populations of thrips and TSWV • In 2008, the first outbreaks of TSWV in tomato were in fields near fallow fields that had high populations of weeds and were previously planted with lettuce Bridge crops Red leaf chicory (Cichorium intybus, Asteraceae), •Bridge crops are those grown during winter monthsAKA Italianand chicory that serve as potential sources of thrips/TSWV for spring-planted peppers/tomatoes •Examples of thrips/TSWV bridge crops include radicchio, lettuce and fava bean •Examples of thrips bridge crops include alfalfa, onion and wheat Lettuce in Fresno County Radicchio in Merced County Bridge crops Yolo and Yolo Colusa Co. Colusa Pepper/ Tomato Fava beans Fava beans August September October November December January February March April May June July August September October November Pepper/ Tomato Kings Co. Kings Fresno and Fresno Spring Lettuce Fall Lettuce Fall Lettuce Fallow August September October November December January February March April May June July August September October November Pepper/ Tomato Merced Co. Merced Spring Radicchio Fall Radicchio Fall Radicchio Fallow August September October November December January February March April May June July August September October November Can we predict thrips development in peppers? Controlling TSWV through use of a phenology model predicting the thrips lifecycle • Thrips development is temperature
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