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PhysicsFísica &y QuímicaChemistry EUGENIO MANUEL FERNÁNDEZ AGUILAR CARLOS JAVIER REINA JIMÉNEZ MANUEL GARCÍA DÍAZ CARLOS LOBATO FERNÁNDEZ MYRIAM QUIJADA SÁNCHEZ DIEGO CASTELLANO SÁNCHEZ Adapted by: MARÍA CONCEPCIÓN REYES MERLO TEACHER’S BOOK

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FísicaPhysics y& QuímicaChemistry EUGENIO MANUEL FERNÁNDEZ AGUILAR CARLOS JAVIER REINA JIMÉNEZ MANUEL GARCÍA DÍAZ CARLOS LOBATO FERNÁNDEZ MYRIAM QUIJADA SÁNCHEZ DIEGO CASTELLANO SÁNCHEZ Adapted by: MARÍA CONCEPCIÓN REYES MERLO TEACHER’S BOOK

algaida ANDALUSIA Publishing coordination: Luis Pino García. Editor: María Prior Venegas. Design and layout: Alegría Sánchez G. and Aurora Tristán López. Cover design: Alegría Sánchez G. Translator: Owen Howard. Corrections: Marina Temprano Benítez. Illustrations: Isabel Correa, Joaquín González, Kaffa, Juan Pablo Mora, Juan Venegas and Luis Domínguez. Picture editing: Olga Sayans. Photographs: ge Fotostock (Ann Ronan Pictures, Artepics, BABAK TAFRESHI, Bridgeman Images, De Agostini / Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Edward Kinsman, EMILIO SEGRE VISUAL ARCHIVES/AMERICAN INSTITUTE, Giphotostock Images, INTERFOTO / Sammlung Rauch, Jack Fields, LAWRENCE LAWRY, LOUISE BARKER, Mary Evans Picture Library, Mary Evans/AF Archive/Cinetext/Richter, NYPL, Science Museum/SSPL, Science Photo Library, Science Source, See caption, SHEILA TERRY/SCIENCE, SM/ SSPL, Ted Kinsman, The Granger Collection, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, World History Archive/Ann Ronan Picture Library), Agencia EFE (EFE/ lafototeca.com), Alamy (Eden Breitz, EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE / UPI, Pictorial Press, Science History Images, The History Collection), Album Archivo Fotográfico (akg-images), Archivo Anaya (Candel, C., Cosano, P., García Pelayo, Á., Hernández Moya, B., Lezama, D., Martin, J., Martín, J.A., Marín, E., Ortega, Á., Osuna, J., Ramos, A., Rivera Jove, V., Ruiz, J.B., Steel, M., Sánchez, J., Valls, R.), Enresa, Getty Images (Bettmann, Bill Oxford, Chris McGrath, Cynthia Johnson/The LIFE Images Collection, Hero Images, Leigh Vogel, Ulf ANDERSEN/Gamma-Rapho, UniversalImagesGroup, yacobchuk), Teresa Valdés-Solís Iglesias (INCAR-CSIC), NASA, NASA Ozone Hole Watch, 123RF, 2018 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

This book has been published according to present legislation on © Of the original text: Alberto Ayuela Muñoz, Francisco education in Andalusia for Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. Bermejo Laguna and Juan Pedro Parra Luna. © Of this adaptation: Macarena Benot Ferrón, Luis Las Heras García and Elena Martín Gordón. © Of this edition: Algaida Editores, S. A. 2020. Avda. San All of the activities from the Student´s book that require writing Francisco Javier, 22. Edif. Hermes, 5ª, 3-8. 41018 Sevilla. should be completed in the student’s notebook. ISBN: 978-84-9189-223-6

All rights reserved. The contents of this publication are protected Our educational materials are published with the commitment to by law, which establishes prison sentences and / or fines, as well as promote the equality of all people and the respect for diversity. the corresponding compensation for damages, for those who copy, plagiarise, distribute or publicly disseminate in part or in whole, a literary, artistic or scientific publication, or who transform, perform or produce it artistically in any format or through any channel, without prior permission. This publication may only be copied, distributed, publicly disseminated or transformed with the permission of the authors, save The contents of this book and the working procedures have been where otherwise provided by law. If you need to photocopy or scan selected and prepared taking into account criteria of care, protection any part of this publication, please contact CEDRO (Centro Español de and conservation of the environment. Derechos Reprográficos, www.cedro.org). Index

Unit 1: The scientific method...... Unit 4: Chemical reactions...... 1.. Ficha técnica y programación...... 1.. Ficha técnica y programación...... 2..Answers to the activities in the student’s book . . . . . 2..Answers to the activities in the student’s book . . . . . 3..Teaching resources...... 3..Teaching resources...... • Unit summary ...... • Unit summary ...... • Extra activities...... • Extra activities...... • Exam...... • Exam...... • Answers to the extra activities ...... • Answers to the extra activities ...... • Answers to the exam ...... • Answers to the exam ...... • Audio scripts ...... • Audio scripts ...... • My portfolio...... • My portfolio......

Unit 2: The atom...... Unit 5: Chemistry in our live ...... 1.. Ficha técnica y programación...... 1.. Ficha técnica y programación...... 2..Answers to the activities in the student’s book . . . . . 2..Answers to the activities in the student’s book . . . . . 3..Teaching resources...... 3..Teaching resources...... • Unit summary ...... • Unit summary ...... • Extra activities...... • Extra activities...... • Exam...... • Exam...... • Answers to the extra activities ...... • Answers to the extra activities ...... • Answers to the exam ...... • Answers to the exam ...... • Audio scripts ...... • Audio scripts ...... • My portfolio...... • My portfolio......

Unit 3: Elements and compounds...... 5 Unit 6: Force of nature...... 1.. Ficha técnica y programación...... 5 1.. Ficha técnica y programación...... 2..Answers to the activities in the student’s book . . . .6 2..Answers to the activities in the student’s book . . . . . 3..Teaching resources...... 9 3..Teaching resources...... • Unit summary ...... 9 • Unit summary ...... • Extra activities...... 10 • Extra activities...... • Exam...... 14 • Exam...... • Answers to the extra activities ...... 16 • Answers to the extra activities ...... • Answers to the exam ...... 17 • Answers to the exam ...... • Audio scripts ...... 18 • Audio scripts ...... • My portfolio...... 20 • My portfolio......

3 Unit 7: Electrical forces...... Unit 9: Electric current...... 1.. Ficha técnica y programación...... 1.. Ficha técnica y programación...... 2..Answers to the activities in the student’s book . . . . . 2..Answers to the activities in the student’s book . . . . . 3..Teaching resources...... 3..Teaching resources...... • Unit summary ...... • Unit summary ...... • Extra activities...... • Extra activities...... • Exam...... • Exam...... • Answers to the extra activities ...... • Answers to the extra activities ...... • Answers to the exam ...... • Answers to the exam ...... • Audio scripts ...... • Audio scripts ...... • My portfolio...... • My portfolio...... Unit 8: Electromagnetism...... 1.. Ficha técnica y programación...... 2..Answers to the activities in the student’s book . . . . . 3..Teaching resources...... • Unit summary ...... • Extra activities...... • Exam...... • Answers to the extra activities ...... • Answers to the exam ...... • Audio scripts ...... • My portfolio...... algaida editores S. A. S. algaida editores

4 Unit

texto cambiar Unit 3 Elements and compounds 3

``1. FICHA TÉCNICA Y PROGRAMACIÓN

En esta unidad vamos a estudiar la tabla periódica de los elementos. Se explicará, además, la configura- Guion temático ción electrónica de los átomos. También se conocerán los distintos grupos en los que pueden unirse los átomos y finalmente se comenzará a poner en práctica la formulación inorgánica.

• Comunicación lingüística (CCL): comprensión oral y escrita de la actual ordenación de los elementos en grupos y periodos en la tabla periódica. Lectura y producción de textos con el uso del vocabulario y la gramática relacionados. Competencias clave • Competencia matemática y competencias básicas en ciencia y tecnología (CMCT): capacidad adaptadas a la modalidad de representación de fórmulas de los elementos químicos inorgánicos binarios. Aplicación de los bilingüe conocimientos adquiridos a la hora de construir diagramas y gráficos que representen los distintos modelos atómicos. • Aprender a aprender (CAA): conocimiento sobre cómo se unen los átomos para formar estructuras más complejas y explicación de las propiedades de las agrupaciones resultantes.

• Léxico: periodic table, atomic number, periods, groups, metals, non-metals, semi-metals, noble gases, electron configuration, orbital, energetic level, diagram, valence, ionic, covalent, metallic, crystal, octet rule, occupy, molecular, lattice, proportionate, amount, solid, liquid, gaseous, melting point, solubility, conductivity, Contenidos lingüísticos alloy, binding forces, nomenclature, prefixes, unsigned, oxides, , binary salt, hydroxides, anion, symbol, brackets, stack flask. • Gramática: present simple and present continuous; comparative sentences and modal verbs; communicative sentences and structures to express opinion; quantities; relative pronouns.

• Diálogos entre compañeros y con el docente. • Textos argumentativos para expresar opiniones e ideas en debates. Modelos discursivos • Textos divulgativos de libros científicos y páginas especializadas. • Textos expositivos.

• Actividades de verdadero y falso para corregir errores. • Comprensión de una lectura a través de preguntas. • Completar tablas: ordenar ideas, construir frases o clasificar elementos. • Lectura e interpretación de datos con los puntos de fusión y la densidad de elementos. • Desarrollar experimentos y comentar los resultados. • Resolución de problemas y exposición de las soluciones. Tareas específicas de la • Lectura e interpretación de ilustraciones del grafito y el diamante. modalidad bilingüe • Observación y descripción de imágenes. • Audición: escuchar, contestar y completar textos. • Reordenar palabras para formar frases con sentido. • Construir textos relacionando elementos y ordenando sintagmas. • Sopas de letras y crucigramas. • Definir conceptos clave. • Búsqueda de información y tratamiento de la misma.

• CCL: interpreta la ordenación de los elementos en la Tabla Periódica y reconoce los más relevantes a partir de sus símbolos. Expresa adecuadamente las diferencias entre átomos y moléculas, y entre Criterios de evaluación de elementos y compuestos en sustancias de uso frecuente y conocido. la modalidad bilingüe • CMCT: formula y nombra compuestos binarios siguiendo las normas IUPAC. • CAA: diferencia entre átomos y moléculas, y entre elementos y compuestos en sustancias de uso frecuente y conocido. algaida editores S. A. S. algaida editores A. S. algaida editores

Elements and compounds 5 6 Unit 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. ` Elements and compounds or false. Correct the incorrect sentences in your in sentences incorrect the Correct false. or • • • • Open answer, forexample: of orbitalsas… more electrons than…,Level5hasthesamenumber has…, Orbitalphasamaximumof…,d the following expressions: Use levels. energy and of orbitals types different c) b) a) itbelongs. towhich group the and symbol e) d) c) b) a) d) c) b) a) characteristics of...;Itissaidthat… view…; Ithinkgasesare madeupof…;Themain expressions: a) notebook: Indicate whether the following statements are true true are statements following the whether Indicate the between differences main the identify pairs, In its with element each match your notebook In your in notebook: sentences following the Complete these using questions following the Answer ` 2. 3 levels inorder of decreasing Electrons occupytheenergylevelsinorder of level 4.Bothcontainorbitalf. Level 5ofenergyhasthesamenumberorbitalsas Orbital dhasmore electrons thanorbitalssandp. Orbital phasamaximumofsixelectrons. Level 1ofenergyhastwoelectrons atmost. 8., A. 10., D. 9., C. gases. Group 18oftheperiodictableismadeup of valence The elementsofagivengroup havethesamenumber metals In theperiodictablewefindmetals,non-metals, atomic Moseley ordered the periodic table based on the periods. The periodictableiscomposedof18 only formpositiveionswithdifficulty. metals. Theyare solidat room temperature andcan have properties intermediate between metalsandnon- The maincharacteristicsofsemi-metalsare thatthey group 18. I thinknoblegasesare made upoftheelements the elementsinatable. It is said that Mendeleev was the first person to order characteristics. chemical elementsaccording totheirproperties and because itclassifies,organisesanddistributesthe From mypointofview, itiscalledtheperiodictable ANSWERS TO THEACTIVITIES INTHESTUDENT’S BOOK andnoblegases. number electrons. Inmyopinion…;From mypointof energy. f) e) d) 2., H. 4., F. 1., B. oftheelements. increasing False. Electrons occupytheenergy i) h) g) energy. Level 1ofenergyonly 6., G. 7., I. 3., J. groups j) 5., E. and7 noble semi- 6. 7. columns, atomicweight,rows, periodicity. words: following the using spaces the in fill your notebook, e) d) c) b) d) c) b) a) exercise. previous the in text the icono de audio Listen to the audio recording and, in in and, recording audio tothe Listen audio de icono In your notebook, answer these questions about about questions these answer your notebook, In Mendeleev spentafewmonthstryingtoorder the ‘[…] Inearly1869,theRussianchemistDmitri version ofthe relationships betweenallknownelements:thefirst made a up, hefoundthatiffittedthe rows ofcards, they grid fortheundiscovered elements?When hewoke his dreams, hehadanidea.Whatifleftgapsinthe with hisproblem and,whilehewasplayingcards in also manymisalignments.Dimitrifellasleepobsessed seemed to be some “ their and cards. Then,hetriedtoarrangethecards in to writethenamesof one day he cancelled all his engagements and began appear. Hewassoobsessedwiththeproblem, that to theiratomic elements. Hewondered if,byplacingthemaccording Text adaptedfrom: Science: occupy the The valenceelectrons are theelectrons ofanatomthat True. Each energylevelcancontainoneorseveralorbitals. of increasing energy. distribution of The electronic configuration ofanatomisthe True. to obtain eight electrons in their highest energy level. All atoms,exceptnoblegases,loseorgainelectrons highest electrons are theelectrons ofanatomthatoccupythe of an atom is the distribution of increasing energy. elements. Infact,hepredicted someofthem. happen ifheleftgapsinthe gridfortheundiscovered idea abouttheseelements. Hewondered whatcould While he was playing cards in his dreams, he had an He triedtoorder thecards inrows andcolumns. cards. He wrote thenamesofelementsonbacks atomic weight. Mendeleev ordered theelementsaccording totheir columns atomic diagram, periodictable,elements, model, diagram energylevel. weight. His success was limited: there lowest , ordering theelementsaccording to periodic table weight that worked perfectly to show the its atomicnumber False. energylevel. orotherwise,a periodicity TheDefinitiveVisualGuide, Theelectronic configuration elements hadbeenborn.’ its electrons ”, but there were False. onthebacksof Adam Hart-Davis. model inorder of Thevalence in order would rows by

algaida editores S. A. Answers to the activities in the student’s book 3 Unit

8. In your notebook, write the electron configuration 12. Read the following text and fill in the gaps using of the following elements using the Moeller the following words: diagram. Three of every four elements are metals, but apart Name Symbol Z Electron configuration from iron, aluminium and a few others, most did Lithium Li 3 1s22s1 not fulfil any function before the Second World War, other than occupying spaces in the periodic Calcium Ca 20 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 table. However, since about 1950 a use has been Iron Fe 26 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2 found for every metal. Gadolinium is ideal for Oxygen O 8 1s22s22p4 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Neodymium generates lasers of unprecedented power. Scandium Chlorine Cl 17 1s22s22p63s23p5 (element 21), now used as an additive in aluminium 9. In pairs, compare the main characteristics of ionic baseball bats and in bicycle structures, was used by substances, covalent substances and metals. Use the Soviet Union to manufacture light helicopters the following expressions: As you can see…; The in the 1980s and was allegedly used in the tips of main difference between…; Metals are better Soviet ICBM missiles that were stored beneath the conductors than…; Covalent substances are less… Arctic ice, allowing them to penetrate the ice sheet. than…; Ionic substances have the same… as… Molybdenum and tungsten (or wolframium) are Open answer: hard metals that can withstand high temperatures • As you can see, covalent substances can be molecules and, when added to steel, become even stronger. and lattices formed by neutral atoms. Even the most modest missiles with tungsten tips • The main difference between covalent molecules and were sufficiently strong to destroy tanks. covalent crystals is the melting point. Adapted text from The Disappearing Spoon: And Other • Metals are better conductors than covalent substances. True Tales of Madness, Love, and the History of the World • Covalent substances are less soluble in water than from the Periodic Table of the Elements, by Sam Kean. ionic substances. • Ionic substances have the same natural state as 13. Choose the correct word to complete each covalent crystals. sentence and write it in your notebook. 10. In your notebook, order the words to make a) An ionic / is created by electrostatic sentences. attraction between elements of equal / different electrical charge. a) Molecular elements are composed of two or more b) Molecular / crystalline covalent substances are solid atoms of the same element. at room temperature. b) Molecular compounds are composed of two or more c) Ionic / Metallic substances only conduct electricity atoms of different elements. when dissolved in water. c) The state of molecular substances depends on d) A metallic / ionic bond is formed between metal the strength of the binding forces between their atoms that contribute electrons to the electron cloud. molecules. e) Metal / Covalent substances are soluble in other d) The elements that form the crystal lattice are metals. combined in fixed proportions. e) In metallic bonding, each atom contributes electrons 14. In your notebook, match the type of bond with its to the electron cloud. main characteristics. There may be more than one possible answer. 11. Complete the sentences using this table for reference and write them in your notebook. 1. a), e), k), l) 3. a), d), g), i) 2. b), c), g), j) 4. a), f), h), k) a) Mercury is the most dense substance, even though it exists in a liquid state at room temperature. 15. Match each definition with the corresponding word and a relevant example. Name each b) SiO2 has a covalent bond because its melting point is the highest of the substances in the table. compound in your notebook. c) Nitrogen is not solid at room temperature because 1. g) B. Calcium oxide. its melting point is -210.0°C. It is a gas at room 2. e) C. Silver peroxide. temperature. 3. b) G. Tin dihydride. d) All substances sink in water except for nitrogen, 4. d) E. Selenhydric acid. which is less dense than water. 5. c) A. Sodium chloride. e) CaCO melts at a lower temperature than SiO 3 2 6. f) D. Dibromine pentoxide. because its melting point is lower. algaida editores S. A. S. algaida editores A. S. algaida editores 7. a) F. Potassium hydroxide.

Elements and compounds 7 Unit 3 Answers to the activities in the student’s book

19. Copy and complete this chart in your notebook: 16. Listen to the story of Friedrich Wöhler and answer the following questions in your notebook. a) Friedrich Wöhler was a doctor born in Eschersheim, With number Germany. prefixes Formula oxidation Multiplier precursors b) He discovered aluminium, beryllium, yttrium, Traditional titanium, and silicon. Lead Lead (IV) PbH4 Plumbane -- c) Radicals are very important because they allow us to tetrahydride hydride Dialuminium Aluminium understand molecular bonds. Al O -- -- d) He synthesised urea in the laboratory. 2 3 trioxide oxide Carbon 17. Does water conduct electricity? Perform the CH4 -- Methane -- following experiment to show that water conducts tetrahydride Hydrogen Hydrobromic electricity when common salt is added and answer HBr -- Bromane the questions in your notebook. bromide acid Iodine a) No, it does not light up. O I ------5 2 pentoxide b) It lights up if salt is added. This is because salt is Iron Iron (II) an ionic compound that conducts electricity when FeS -- -- dissolved in water. monosulfide sulfide Hydrogen Hydroiodic c) It is a binary ionic compound. HI Iodane d) Students should write a report including a small iodide acid Dilithium Lithium diagram of the procedure, describing the formulas of Li O -- -- both water and salt and the type of bond found in 2 2 dioxide peroxide salt and its properties. Calcium Calcium CaF2 -- -- 18. Solve the following crossword and write the difluoride fluoride Sodium Sodium answers in your notebook. NaOH -- -- hydroxide hydroxide 1H Y D R 10I D E O 8C N H I 2V A L E N C E L L C 3S A L T O T 11O G T X 4O C T E T I I N 9A C D S 5M O E L L E R M O 6M E T H A N E I 7M E T A L S algaida editores S. A. S. algaida editores

8 Elements and compounds 3 Unit

``3. TEACHING RESOURCES Unit summary

``The table of elements is called periodic because it classifies, organises and distributes the chemical elements according to their properties and characteristics. ``The table is structured into seven rows or periods, and eighteen columns or groups. ``The electron configuration of an atom is the distribution of its electrons in ascending order of energy according to their different orbitals and energy levels. ``All substances in nature can occur as isolated atoms or joined together in molecules or crystals. ``A chemical bond is a bond between the atoms or molecules of a substance. There are three types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent and metallic. ``Formulation indicates the elements that form a compound as well as the proportions in which they are found. ``Oxides and oxygen halides are combinations of oxygen with another element, metal or non-metal. ``Hydrides are binary combinations of hydrogen with another element of the periodic table. ``Binary salts are combinations of a metal and a non-metal. ``Hydroxides are compounds formed by a hydroxide group (OH–) and a metal.

s p H He He

Li Be B C N O F Ne d Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu f Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr algaida editores S. A. S. algaida editores A. S. algaida editores

Elements and compounds 9 Unit 3

``EXTRA ACTIVITIES

Name:

Class: Group: Date:

1. Complete the following diagram.

Electronic a) Periodic table configuration Covalent bond

The way Chemical h) bond they join bond

i) bond Elements and Grouping of Taking into compounds atoms account Molecules

Structure they form f) Crystals

g) atoms Elementary substances

Simple ions

b)

Inorganic c) formulation Oxygen halides

Peroxide

d)

e)

2. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the incorrect sentences in your notebook.

a) Elements of the same period have similar chemical properties since they have the same number of valence electrons. b) The periodic table has 18 periods and 7 groups. c) Ionic substances are soluble in water. d) Covalent crystals have a very low melting point. e) Metals are malleable and fragile. f) Electron energy depends on the energy level they occupy. algaida editores, S.A. Authorised photocopiable material. photocopiable Authorised S.A. algaida editores,

10 Elements and compounds algaida editores, S.A. Authorised photocopiable material. 4. 3. located. Write the corresponding electron configuration. electron corresponding Write the located. f) e) d) c) b) a) Complete the following table by providing the name of the element and the period and group in which it is itis which in group and period the and element of the name the by providing table following the Complete text. tothe related questions the answer and Moseley of Henry biography following the Read of matterifhehadlivedlonger. Moseley diedatjusttwenty-sevenyearsold,andcouldhavecontributedmuchmore totheknowledgeofstructure World War anduntilthisday, hasbannedtheenlistingofscientistsinarmyduringwartime. theBritishgovernment only giventoresearchers thatare alive.ItisspeculatedthatthedeathofMoseley isthereason why, duringtheSecond Many historiansbelievethatheshouldhavebeenawarded aNobelPrize,butthisisimpossiblesofarastheaward is the head[…]. communications officer. […]HediedduringtheGallipoliCampaign,landingatSuvlaBay, from ashotto In 1914,ontheoutbreak of theFirstWorld War, hedepartedforAustraliaandenlistedintheRoyalEngineersasa […] Theexistingrelation betweenthefrequency oftheX-raysandtheiratomicnumberwasbaptisedMoseley’s Law. to establishthatthechargeofnucleuswasequalwhatMoseleyhimselfreferred toasthe‘atomicnumber’. different elements, but always follow the order in which they are found in the periodic table. In this way he was able different metalssuchasanti-cathodes,discoveringthatX-raywavesregularly vary theirpositionastheypassthrough In 1913,Moseleywastryingtofindtheexactmeasurement ofthewavelengthX-rays.Hetriedmore thanthirty the rayscamefrom themetalsusedasanti-cathodesinX-raytubes[…]. Moseley focusedhisworkonthestudyofX-rays.Hebasedactivitiesotherworksthathaddemonstrated Rutherford.work withErnest College UniversityofOxford, where hegraduatedin1910.From there hewenttotheUniversityofManchester inWeymouth,Moseley wasborn England,in1887thebosomofafamilyscientists.HestudiedphysicsatTrinity

What action did the British government take after Moseley’s death? Moseley’s take after government British did the action What die? war did Moseley which During suggest? Law Moseley’s relation does What from? come studied he X-rays did the Where work? did he whom with and Where do? family did his members What Symbol Be Ar Si B P S F 18 16 15 14 9 5 4 Z Name Period Source adaptedfrom thesewebsites: Group Electron configuration Biografias yvidas Elements and compounds Extra activities and 100ciaquimica 3 Unit 11 12 Unit 7. 6. 5. e) d) c) b) a) f) e) d) c) b) a) Match each element or compound with its type of bond and its solubility. solubility. its and of bond type its with compound or element each Match your itin write notebook. and sentence each tocomplete word correct the Choose Elements and compounds temperature andpressure conditions.[…]Itisonlyusedinscientific research. highly unstable[…].Nevertheless,basedonwhatwecurrently know, expertsbelievethatitissolidundernormal Ununoctium (Uuo, 118) has the greatest element and it was not until 2010 that a team of Russian and North American scientists announced its discovery. […] Ununseptium (Uss,117)isthesecondheaviest highly radioactive.[…] Element 115,ununpentium,existsforlessthana useless forindustrialapplications.Itisonlyusedinscientific research. Element 113,ununtrium,mayhavealifespanof of justsecondsorevenmilliseconds.[…]Forthisreason itisunknowniftheycouldhaveapracticaluse. The fournewelementsare may benamedfrom […] Thescientistswhodiscovered theseelementsare expectedto Elements 113,115,117and118are thosediscovered duringrecent decadesby confirmed thediscoveryoffournew All ofthechemistrybooksinworldwereUnionPure outofdateaftertheInternational andAppliedChemistry

Element/Compound

Crystals are solid / liquid substances whose elements form a crystal lattice. lattice. acrystal form elements whose /liquid solid are substances Crystals charge. electrical / different of equal elements between attraction by electrostatic formed is bond ionic The electricity. and of heat conductors /bad good are Metals element. /different same of the atoms more or of two composed are elements Molecular of energy. order /descending in ascending orbitals and levels energy the occupy Electrons research? in scientific used being is element Which discovered? of all elements heaviest the is What use? have Why? any practical elements these Do elements? new the naming for responsible is Who from? elements new these discovered who scientists the are Where Chemistry? Applied and of initials Union Pure the are International of the What 3 Listen to the following article. Fill in the missing words and answer the related questions. questions. related the answer and words missing Fill the in article. following tothe Listen d) c) b) a) Extra activities KI Au Cl C 2 scientists.Theseelementscompletethe 4. 3. 2. 1. , amineral,placeorcountry, aproperty orevenafterascientist. Chemical bond Metallic crystal Ionic crystal Covalent crystal Molecule , notfoundinnature, they are highly in2014. of all the elements synthesised until now. Its atom is elementafter118.Very littleisknownaboutthis before itbreaks downintoitslightestatoms.Itis millisecond,anditsinstabilitymeansthatitis D. C. B. A.

Soluble insomesolventsother than water Insoluble innearlyallsolvents Water-soluble Soluble inothermetalstoformalloys lineoftheperiodictable. theminthecomingmonths.They Solubility Text adaptedfrom: BBCWorld. , JapaneseandNorth andhavealifespan

algaida editores, S.A. Authorised photocopiable material. algaida editores, S.A. Authorised photocopiable material. 10. 9. 8. b) a) Match each of the types of elements with their characteristics. characteristics. their with of elements types of the each Match Match each formula with the right nomenclature. Then, identify the compound itrepresents. compound the identify Then, nomenclature. right the with formula each Match d) c) b) a) Write a report about diamond and fullerene using the following pictures. If both are made of carbon: made are both If pictures. following the using fullerene and diamond about Write areport

What are their properties? their are What have? they do of bond type What Noblegases Non-metals Metals Semi-metals h) g) f) e) d) c) b) a) j) i) SF OF NaCl Na Ba(OH) HCl SiH SnO CaO NaH Type ofelement 6 2 4 O Formula 2 2 2 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Calcium Oxide Sodium chloride Sulphur hexafluoride Hydrochloric acid Barium hydroxide Oxygen fluoride Tin(IV) oxide Silane

Sodium peroxide Nomenclature 1. 1. 4. 4. 3. 2. In general, theyarebadconductorsofelectricityandheat. They have They haveintermediarypropertiesbetweenmetalsandnon-metals. They The majorityofthemarewhiteorgreyish(withtheexceptioncopper They areinertundernormalconditionsthatmeanstheydon’treact a lowdensitycomparedtometalsandtheyformanionsupongaining difficulty. are solidatroomtemperature andcanonlyformpositiveionswith upon losingelectrons. They havehighmeltingandboilingpoints. conductors. They areductileandmalleabletheycanformcations and gold). They haveametalliclustre. They aregoodelectricityandheat with anyothertypeofelementorformstableions. electrons. d) c) Why are the main uses of fullerene? main the are uses Why different? so are Why Characteristics Elements and compounds Compound Extra activities 3 Unit 13 Unit 3

``EXAM

Name:

Class: Group: Date:

1. Complete the table with the following solid substances and its chemical bond according to its structure:

SiO2, NaCl and Au, covalent bond, ionic bond, metallic bond.

Substances

Chemical bond

Structure Lattice formed by neutral atoms Lattice formed by positive and negative ions Lattice formed by positive ions

2. Listen to the audio recording and complete the text.

The of elements is called the periodic table because it , organises and distributes the elements according to their properties and characteristics. The current structure of the table is based on the atomic . This is the property that makes one different from another. The number of an element indicates the number of in each atom of that element. The table is structured into rows or periods, and columns or groups. Elements in the same period don’t share the same properties, but they have the same number of in each orbital.

3. Complete the following sentences according to the name of the chemical bond are represented.

a) Substances with a bond are insoluble in water and non-conductive.

b) substances conduct in solution.

c) substances are excellent conductors.

d) substances are water-soluble.

e) substances form alloys with other metals.

4. Chose the correct word to complete each sentence.

a) The charge / oxidation number of an element is always written in Roman numerals. b) The charge / oxidation number is the ion charge and is written in Arabic numerals. c) Hydrides / Peroxides are combinations of a peroxide ion with a metal or with hydrogen. d) Oxides / Hydrides are binary combinations of hydrogen with another element of the periodic table. e) Oxides / Hydroxides are compounds formed by a hydroxide group and a metal. algaida editores, S.A. Authorised photocopiable material. photocopiable Authorised S.A. algaida editores,

14 Elements and compounds algaida editores, S.A. Authorised photocopiable material. 5. Formulate and name the following chemical compounds in two ways, if possible. two in compounds chemical following the name and Formulate Formula Al(OH) Fe ZnH NH 2 O 3 2 3 3 Oxygen dichloride Methane Nomenclature Hydrofluoric acid Tin tetrachloride Calcium dioxide Carbon dioxide Elements and compounds ------Exam 3 Unit 15 Unit 3

``ANSWERS TO THE EXTRA ACTIVITIES 1. 5. a) Periodic table e) Hydroxides a) IUPAC. of elements f) Crystals b) They are from Russia, Japan and North America. b) Hydrides g) Isolated atoms c) The scientists who discovered these elements are c) Oxides h) Ionic bond expected to name these ones. d) Binary salts i) Metallic bond d) They don’t have any practical use because they have an average life of milliseconds. 2. e) Ununoctium (Uuo, 118) has the greatest atomic mass a) Elements of the same period have similar chemical of all the elements synthesised until now. properties since they have the same number of valence f) Both elements 113 and 118 are used in scientific electrons. False. Elements of the same group have research. similar chemical properties since they have the same number of valence electrons. All of the chemistry books in the world were out of b) The periodic table has 18 periods and 7 groups. False. date after the International Union of Pure and Applied The periodic table has 18 groups and 7 periods. Chemistry confirmed the discovery of four new c) Ionic substances are soluble in water. True. elements in 2014. d) Covalent crystals have a very low melting point. False. Covalent molecules have a very low melting point. Elements 113, 115, 117 and 118 are those discovered during recent decades by Russian, Japanese and North e) Metals are malleable and fragile. False. Metals are malleable and ductile. American scientists. These elements complete the f) Electron energy depends on the energy level they seventh line of the periodic table. occupy. True. […] The scientists who discovered these elements are expected to name them in the coming months. They 3. may be named from mythology, a mineral, a place or a) His relatives were scientists. country, a property or even after a scientist. b) He worked at the University of Manchester with Ernest The four new elements are man-made, not found in Rutherford. nature, they are highly radioactive and have a lifespan c) The X-rays came from the metals used as anti-cathodes of just seconds or even milliseconds. […] For this reason in X-ray tubes. it is unknown if they could have a practical use. d) Moseley’s Law suggests there is a relation between Element 113, ununtrium, may have a lifespan of one the frequency of X-rays and the atomic number of the millisecond, and its instability means that it is useless metal that form anti-cathodes in X-ray tubes. for industrial applications. It is only used in scientific e) Moseley died during the First World War. research. f) It is thought that the British government decided to Element 115, ununpentium, exists for less than a ban the enlistment of scientist in the army during second before it breaks down into its lightest atoms. It wartime since then. is highly radioactive. […] 4. Ununseptium (Uss, 117) is the second heaviest Electron synthetic element after 118. Very little is known about Symbol Z Name Period Group configuration this element and it was not until 2010 that a team of Alkaline- Russian and North American scientists announced its Be 4 Beryllium 2 1s2 2s2 earth discovery. […] Boron Ununoctium (Uuo, 118) has the greatest atomic mass B 5 Boron 2 1s2 2s2 2p1 group of all the elements synthesised until now. Its atom is F 9 Fluorine 2 Halogens 1s2 2s2 2p5 highly unstable […]. Nevertheless, based on what we currently know, experts believe that it is solid under Carbon 1s2 2s2 2p6 Si 14 Silicon 3 normal temperature and pressure conditions. […] It is group 3s2 3p2 only used in scientific research. 1s2 2s2 2p6 P 15 Phosphorus 3 Pnictogens Text adapted from: BBC World. 3s2 3p3 1s2 2s2 2p6 S 16 Sulfur 3 Chalcogens 6. 3s2 3p4 a) Electrons occupy the energy levels and orbitals in 1s2 2s2 2p6 Ar 18 Argon 3 Noble gas 2 6 ascending order of energy.

3s 3p A. S. algaida editores

16 Elements and compounds Answers to the exam 3 Unit

b) Molecular elements are composed of two or more 10. atoms of the same element. a) They have a covalent bond. c) Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. b) Diamond is a crystalline form of carbon and is the d) The ionic bond is formed by electrostatic attraction hardest element. Fullerene is an allotropic form of between elements of different electrical charge. carbon with a bond similar to that of graphite, but e) Crystals are solid substances whose elements form a with a polyhedral structure. It regains its shape after crystal lattice. being exposed to great pressure. 7. c) They are different due to the type of bonds between their atoms. a) 2. D b) 1. C c) 4. B d) 3. A d) https://www.britannica.com/science/fullerene 8. They are excellent conductors of heat and electricity, a) 9. Hydride. f) 4. Hydroxide. and they possess an astonishing tensile strength. Such b) 8. Oxide. g) 10. Peroxide. properties hold the promise of exciting applications in electronics, structural materials, and medicine. c) 2. Oxide. h) 7. Binary salts. Practical applications, however, will only be realized d) 1. Hydride. i) 3. Oxygen halide. when accurate structural control has been achieved e) 5. Hydride. j) 6. Binary salt. over the synthesis of these new materials. 9. a) 2. b) 4. c) 1. d) 3.

``ANSWERS TO THE EXAM 1. c) Metallic substances are excellent conductors. d) Ionic substances are water-soluble. SiO NaCl Au Substances 2 e) Metallic substances form alloys with other metals. Chemical Covalent Ionic bond. Metallic 4. bond bond. bond. a) The oxidation number of an element is always written Lattice Lattice Lattice in Roman numerals. formed formed by formed by b) The charge number is the ion charge and is written in Structure by neutral positive and positive ions. Arabic numerals. atoms. negative c) Peroxides are combinations of a peroxide ion with a metal or with hydrogen. ions. d) Hydrides are binary combinations of hydrogen with 2. another element of the periodic table. The table of elements is called the periodic table e) Hydroxides are compounds formed by a hydroxide because it classifies, organises and distributes the group and a metal. chemical elements according to their properties and 5. characteristics. Formula Nomenclature The current structure of the periodic table is based on the atomic number. This is the property that ZnH2 hydride Zinc dihydride

makes one element different from another. The CaO2 Calcium peroxide Calcium dioxide atomic number of an element indicates the number Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide Diiron trioxide of protons in each atom of that element. CH Methane Carbon tetrahydride The table is structured into seven rows or periods, and 4 eighteen columns or groups. HF Hydrofluoric acid

Elements in the same period don’t share the same Al(OH)3 Aluminium hydroxide Aluminium physical properties, but they have the same number trihydroxide of electrons in each orbital. SnCl4 Tin(IV) chloride Tin tetrachloride

OCl2 Oxygen dichloride ------3. NH Nitrogen trihydride a) Substances with a covalent bond are insoluble in 3 water and non-conductive. CO2 Carbon(IV) oxide Carbon dioxide algaida editores S. A. S. algaida editores A. S. algaida editores b) Ionic substances conduct in solution.

Elements and compounds 17 18 Unit } } } ` Elements and compounds ` AUDIO SCRIPTS } } } Track 00.Unit3,extraactivity 5.Listen tothe following article. Fillin the missing words and answer Track 00.Unit3,activity16,page 23.Listen tothe story of Friedrich Wöhler and answer the questions. Track 00.Unit3,activity6,page 19.Listen tothe audiorecording and complete the text. and pressure conditions. […] Itisonlyusedinscientific research. unstable […].Nevertheless, based onwhatwecurrently know, expertsbelievethatitissolidunder normaltemperature Ununoctium (Uuo,118)hasthegreatest atomicmassofalltheelementssynthesised untilnow. Itsatomishighly it wasnotuntil2010thatateamofRussianandNorth Americanscientistsannounceditsdiscovery. […] Ununseptium (Uss,117)isthesecondheaviestsynthetic elementafter118.Very littleisknownabout thiselementand radioactive. […] Element 115,ununpentium,existsforlessthanasecond before itbreaks downintoitslightestatoms. It ishighly applications. Itisonlyusedinscientific research. Element 113,ununtrium,mayhavealifespanofonemillisecond, anditsinstabilitymeansthatitisuselessforindustrial seconds orevenmilliseconds.[…]Forthisreason, itisunknowniftheycouldhaveapracticaluse. The four new elements are man-made, not found in nature, they are highly radioactive and have a lifespan of just named aftermythology, amineral,placeorcountry, aproperty orevenafter ascientist. […] Thescientistswhodiscovered theseelements are expectedtoname theminthecomingmonths.Theymaybe scientists. Theseelementscompletetheseventhlineofperiodictable. Elements 113,115,117and118are thosediscovered inrecent decadesbyRussian,Japanese and NorthAmerican confirmed thediscoveryoffournewelementsin2014. All ofthechemistrybooksinworldwere UnionofPure outofdateaftertheInternational andAppliedChemistry the related questions. meteorites andinthepurificationofnickel. theory was rejected, it was useful in the understanding of molecular bonds. Later on, he specialised in the chemistry of He also helped develop the ideaof‘radicals’, molecular groups from which other substances are formed. Although this aluminium, beryllium,yttrium,titanium,andsilicon. He alsomademanydiscoveriesofchemicalelements,attimesalongwithJustusvonLiebig.Amongtheseelements are chemical substancesbehavethesameasinorganicsubstances. research.With thisdiscoveryheshowedthatorganic Hewasthefirstpersontosynthesiseanorganicsubstance,urea. 1823 hetravelledtoStockholmstudychemistrywithJönsJakobBerzelius.Whenreturneddevotedhimself to on 31 July1800inEschersheim,closetoFrankfurt.HestudiedmedicineHeidelberg.In Friedrich Wöhler wasborn table hadbeenborn. diagram thatworkedperfectlytoshowtherelationships betweenallknownelements:thefirstversionofperiodic in thegridforundiscovered elements?Whenhewokeup,foundthatiffittedthe rows ofcards, theymadea asleep obsessedwithhisproblem and,whilehewasplayingcards inhisdreams, hehadanidea.Whatifleftgaps His successwaslimited:there seemedtobesome‘periodicity’,butthere were alsomanymisalignments.Dimitrifell cards. Then,hetriedtoarrange thecards inrows andcolumns,ordering theelementsaccording totheiratomicweight. problem, thatoneday he cancelledall his engagementsandbegantowrite the names of theelementsonbacks of if, byplacingthemaccording totheiratomicweightorotherwise,amodelwouldappear. Hewassoobsessedwiththe […] Inearly1869,theRussian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev spentafewmonthstrying to order theelements.Hewondered 3

algaida editores, S.A. Authorised photocopiable material. algaida editores, S.A. Authorised photocopiable material. } } Track 00.Unit3,exam activity2.Listen tothe audio recording and complete the text. each orbital. Elements in the same period don’t share the same physical properties, but they have the same number of electrons in The tableisstructured intosevenrows orperiods,andeighteencolumnsgroups. element. different from another. Theatomicnumberofanelementindicatestheprotons ineachatomofthat The current structure oftheperiodictableisbasedonatomicnumber. Thisistheproperty thatmakesoneelement according totheirproperties andcharacteristics. The table of elements is called the periodic table because it classifies, organises and distributes the chemical elements Elements and compounds Audio scripts

3 Unit 19 20 Unit ` Elements and compounds Skill ` MY PORTFOLIO Conversation Speaking Reading Writing Listening 3 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ … Correct my answers withthehelpofmy classmates. Express my opinion about different subjects. Contribute to thegroup discussion. Use communicative sentences. … Ask theteacher for helpifIneedto. Talk aboutthedifferences amoleculeandanioniclattice. between Identify thedifferences metals andnon-metals. between Explain themainconceptsrelated to elementsandcompounds. … Inorganic formulation. Chemical bonds. table. oftheperiodic The origin … The life ofsomescientists. The results ofsomeexperiments. The differences somecompoundsandelements. between … semi-metals, noble gases, ionic, molecules, covalent, metallic. The main vocabulary of the unit: periods, groups, metals, non-metals, table. oftheperiodic The mainideasabouttheorigin The biographies ofsomescientists. When Ihave aconversation withmy classmates, Ican… I canwrite texts andexpress myself about… I canread andunderstand texts about… When Ilisten, Icanunderstand… When Ispeak, Ican… I can…

I needto improve little help I need a I needa I am doing I amdoing well

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