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Archaeological Assessment of Two Ute Trails in Eagle County, Colorado

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Archaeological Assessment of Two Ute Trails in Eagle County, Colorado AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF TWO UTE TRAILS IN EAGLE COUNTY, COLORADO COMPLETED FOR THE COLORADO HISTORICAL SOCIETY STATE HISTORICAL FUND AND THE BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT Public review copy: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF TWO UTE TRAILS IN EAGLE COUNTY, COLORADO An undated historical photograph of a two-pole Biddle or Range tent patented in 1895 by Spencer F. B. Biddle, a type of tent poles found at site 5EA3232. (Rawitzer, C.M., 1912, American Tent and Awning Company, Illustrated Price List (catalogue), Minneapolis.) FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY: DISCLOSURE OF SITE LOCATIONS IS PROHIBITED (43 CFR 7.18) AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF TWO UTE TRAILS IN EAGLE COUNTY, COLORADO Completed for the Colorado Historical Society State Historical Fund and the Bureau of Land Management Multi-disciplinary Cultural Resource Survey BLM #15816-1 / OAHP #EA.LM.R235 SHF Project #2015-02-024 DARG Project No. D2015-2 1 February 2016 Prepared by Carl E. Conner (Principal Investigator), Curtis Martin, Richard Ott and Holly Shelton Z DOMINQUEZ ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP, INC. Z P. O. Box 3543 Grand Junction, Colorado 81503 Cultural Resource Use Permit No. C-67009 Submitted to The Colorado Historical Society State Historical Fund 1200 Broadway Denver, Colorado 80203 and The Bureau of Land Management Colorado River Valley Field Office 2300 River Frontage Road Silt, CO 81652 Acknowledgments We would like to thank Erin Leifeld, archaeologist of the Bureau of Land Mangement’s Colorado River Valley Field Office, for her assistance in the conception and execution of this project. Cheryl Harrison, retired archaeologist from the same office, assisted in the identification of the trail segments and consulted with Jessica Yaquinto, project ethnographer. Jessica also consulted with USFS archaeologists Lynn Lockwood and Andrea Brogan. We would especially like to thank our Ute Tribal advisors Betsy Chapoose, Terry Knight and Alden Naranjo for their involvement. Finally, we would not be able to pursue these projects without the support of Dan Haas of the Bureau of Land Management Colorado State Office and the staff of the Colorado Historical Society State Historical Fund for their support of our efforts to define and characterize the Ute Trails projects of Western Colorado. Rich Ott and Michael Berry, individually responsible for this project’s coordination and database creation respectively, were the original collaborators for the development of and ensure the professional completion of the Ute Trails projects. Dominquez Archaeological Research Group is grateful for the participation of Curtis Martin, Barbara Davenport, Lucas Piontkowski, Holly Shelton, Courtney Groff, Dakota Kramer, Natalie Higginson, Masha Ryabkova, Nicky Pham and Natalia Conner for their participation in the fieldwork and report preparation. ii ABSTRACT Dominquez Archaeological Research Group (DARG), by means of a cultural resources research grant from History Colorado State Historical Fund (SHF Project #2015-02-024) and under a Bureau of Land Management Colorado River Valley Field Office (BLM) field authorization, conducted a study entitled Ute Trails of Eagle County that included segments of two aboriginal trail systems within the Colorado River corridor. Centrally located in the Northern Utes' aboriginal territory, the two selected trail segments are part of the Sawatch Mountains system (Pisgah Mountain Section, ~9.0 miles) and White River Plateau system (Dotsero Section, ~2.75 miles). These segments offer rich and varied sources of archaeological information, and are historically significant to today's living descendants of the Utes that traveled them. Fieldwork was conducted between 6 August and 9 September 2015 on lands under jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management, Colorado River Valley Field Office. A total of 2500 acres in two discrete parcels and centered on two suspected Ute Trails was included in the reconnaissance survey for cultural resources. Participants in the inventory of the Pisgah Mountain Section included PAAC members and members of the History Colorado SHF staff. Overall 33 sites and 71 isolated finds were identified with the present study. Information about the recorded sites was included in a database for the Ute Trails of Colorado and is augmented by a map-based findings review – both of which are accessed through the DARG website under password. Ute tribal participation has occurred at the development and findings stages. Additional involvement is expected during official consultation and specific site visitations that will be co-sponsored by BLM. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments. ii Abstract. iii Cultural Resource Survey Management Information.. vi 1.0 Introduction. 1 1.1 Institutional Background. 3 1.2 Project Background. 3 2.0 Location of the Project Area. 4 3.0 Environment.. 5 4.0 Prehistoric Literature Overview.. 6 5.0 Paleoclimate.. 7 6.0 Project Objectives/ Research Design. 10 7.0 Field Methods. 14 8.0 Study Findings. 15 8.1 Site Significance. 16 8.2 Site Descriptions. 16 8.3 Isolated Find Descriptions. 69 9.0 Multivariant Analyses of the Projectile Points. 73 10.0 Ethnographic Review.. 77 11.0 Summary of Findings.. 79 12.0 Management Recommendations. 81 13.0 Documentation of Ute Consultation. 82 14.0 References. 84 Appendix A: Resource Location Data (table and maps). A.1 Appendix B: Ute Trails of Eagle County: A Co-creative Approach for Integrating Ute Perspectives into Western Colorado Cultural Resource Research.. B.1 Appendix C: OAHP Site and Isolated Find Forms. C.1 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figures 1-4. Project location maps. ix-xii Figure 5. Project area overview. 2 Figure 6. Illustration of regional climatic studies by Petersen (1981) .. 8 Figure 7. Plan view of site 5EA3232, the Holed-Pole site.. 55 Figure 8. Inset map of site 5EA3232, the Holed-Pole site. 56 Figure 9. Turn-of-the-century American Tent and Awning Company catalog cover and listing for Biddle or “Range” tent with instructions for setting up and taking down tent... 60 Figure 10. Illustration from the original 1895 patent by Spencer F. B. Biddle . 61 Figures A-1 to A.4 Resource location maps . A.7-A.10 LIST OF PLATES Plate 1. Panoramic overview of the Pisgah study area. 6 Plate 2. Desert Side-notched type point base from 5EA2150.. 20 Plate 3. Metal knife (.s117) observed as part of the revisit to 5EA2740... 25 Plate 4. Six seed beads (.s118) newly recorded as part of the revisit to 5EA2740. 25 Plate 5. Base of an Early Archaic side-notched point recorded at 5EA3213.. 29 Plate 6. Early Plains Archaic stemmed and low side-notched points recorded at 5EA3215... 31 Plate 7. Cottonwood Triangular point fragment recorded at 5EA3218... 34 Plate 8. Deeply corner-notched point type recorded at 5EA3220. .. 36 Plate 9. Duncan type point recorded in 5EA3226.. 41 Plate 10. Eclectic point recorded at 5EA3228 (.s1) .. 46 Plate 11. Early Plains Archaic side-notched point recorded as 5EA3228.s2.. 47 Plate 12. Granitic pestle, 5EA3232. Photo B1264 (9/24/15).. 57 Plate 13. 5EA3232, Overview of Feature 4, apparent tent pole cache looking north . 58 Plate 14. 5EA3232, The rounded and drilled ends of Poles #2 and #3—apparent tent poles. 59 Plate 15 An undated historical photograph of a two-pole Biddle or Range tent.. 61 Plate 16. 5EA3232, Metal artifacts: a) FS1 tumbler, b) FS2 sear, c) FS3 double-set trigger plate, d) FS16 possible trigger guard fragment... 62 Plate 17. 5EA3232, Firing pin mark on case of spent cartridge. 62 Plate 18. 5EA3232, Metal Artifact: FS11, iron lance tip with details of machined edge (lower left) and chiseled edge (lower right). 63 Plate 19. Deeply corner-notched point recorded at 5EA3233. 65 Plate 20. Projectile points recorded at sites along the Pisgah Section. 75 Plate 21. Plate 21. Basketmaker II unnotched point. 76 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. List of isolated finds.. 69 Table A-1. Location data for sites and isolated finds... A.2 v 1.0 INTRODUCTION Dominquez Archaeological Research Group (DARG), by means of a cultural resources research grant from History Colorado State Historical Fund (SHF Project #2015-02-024) and under a Bureau of Land Management Colorado River Valley Field Office (BLM) permit and authorization (Permit No. C-67009; Authorization No. 15816-1), conducted a study entitled Ute Trails of Eagle County that included segments of two aboriginal trail systems within the Colorado River corridor (Figure 1). These and other trails are historically significant to today's living descendants of the Utes that traveled them, and to the diverse professional and public communities that value and study Ute heritage and early western Colorado history. Centrally located in the Northern Utes' aboriginal territory, the two selected trail segments are part of the Sawatch Mountains system (Pisgah Mountain Section) and White River Plateau system (Dotsero Section). These segments offer rich and varied sources of archaeological information. The study areas focus was on the elevations used predominantly from Late Fall through Spring as base camp habitations. This project was conducted under Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA, 16 U.S.C. § 360), which sets out the broad historic preservation responsibilities of Federal agencies and is intended to ensure that historic preservation is fully integrated into the ongoing programs of all Federal agencies. It was initiated as part of BLM’s commitment to pursuing projects and programs that further the purposes of the NHPA, and in so doing was conducted to identify historic properties located along the two selected trail sections for their protection and preservation. The two trail segments were buffered to a width of 2000 feet (centered on the suspected trails): Dotsero Section (~2.75 miles); and, Pisgah Mountain Section (~9.0 miles) (Figure 5). Accordingly, a total of 2500 acres were included.
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