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Insular Vertebrate Evolution: the Palaeontological Approach 14 MITOCHONDRIAL AND NUCLEAR GENES FROM THE EXTINCT BALEARIC BOVID MYOTRAGUS BALEARlCUS Carles LALUEZA-Fox, Lourdes SAMPJETRO, Tomàs MARQuÈs, Josep Antoni ALcovER & Jaume BERTRANPETIT LALUEZA-Fox, C, SAM PIETRO, L., MARQuÈs, T., ALCOVER, J. A. & BERTRANPETIl; J. 2005. Mitochondrial and nuclear genes [TOm the extinct Balearic bovid Myotragus balearicus. In ALCOVER, JA & BOVER, P. (eds.): Proceedings of the International Symposium "Insular Vertebrate Evolution: the Palaeontological Approach". Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears, 12: 145-154. Resum Myotragus balearicus és un bòvid extingit de les lIJes Balears Orientals o Gimnèsies (Mallorca, Menorca i illots que les envolten). Myotragus presenta nombroses novetats evolutives que enfosqueixen el seu emplaçament taxonòmic dintre dels Caprinae. A un projecte desenvolupat els darrers anys hem analitzat diferents mostres d'ossos de Myotragus i hem recupe­ rat el gen cytb mtDNA complet, una seqüència del gen 12S mtDNA, una seqüència de la regió D-Ioop, i una seqüència d'un gen nuclear multi-còpia (el rDNA 28 S), emprant tècniques de DNA antic. Diferents controls experimentals, incloent-hi un laboratori dedicat, obtenció independent de rèpliques, solapament de fragments, extraccions múltiples i clonatge de pro­ ductes PCR, donen suport a l'autenticitat de les seqüències. Els arbres filogenètics nous situen consistentment Myotragus a una posició basal al clade Ouis-Budorcas. Emperò, alguns gèneres de Caprinae, tals com Otearnnos i Amnotragus, presenten posicions inestables a tots els arbres. La branca llarga observada a Myotragus correspon a una taxa evolutiva elevada a aques­ ta línia que podria estar associada a la seva petita mida corporal. A més, la recuperació de gens nuclears per primera vegada d'una espècie extingida de la Mediterrània obre noves possibilitats de recerca sobre els trets genòmics i fenotípics. Paraules clau: Myotragus balearicus, DNA antic, Caprinae, DNA mitocondrial, DNA nuclear, filogènia. Abstract Myotragus balearicus was an extinct endemic bovid from some of the Balearic Islands (Mallorca and Menorca). Myotragus had many evolutionary novelties that obscure its phylogenetic placement among the extant Caprinae. In a pro­ ject developed during the last years, we have analyzed several Myotragus fossil bones, and have retrieved the complete mtDNA cyt b gene (1143 bp in length), a sequence from the mtDNA 12S gene, a sequence from the D-Ioop region, and a sequence from a multi-copy nuclear gene (the 28 S rDNA), using ancient DNA techniques. Different experimental controls, including a dedicated laboratory, independent replication, overlapping fragments, multiple extractions and cloning of PCR products, support the authenticity of the sequences. The new phylogenetic trees consistently place Myotragus in a position basal to the Ouis-Budorcas clade. However, some Caprinae species, such as Oreamnos and Ammotragus, show unstable posi­ tions in all trees, attributable to a quick initial radiation of the Caprinae lineages. Moreover, the retrieval of nuclear genes for first time from an extinct species from the Mediterranean area opens new possibilities of research on comparative genomics and genetic bases of phenotypic traits. Key words: Myotragus balearicus, ancient DNA, Caprinae, mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA, phylogeny. INTRODUCTION of sequences from nuclear DNA genes from Siberian mammoths, the ground sloth and the cave bear (Greenwood et al., 1999; Orlando et al., 2002; Poinar et DNA sequences have been retrieved from extinct al.,2003). species in the last two decades (see Hofreiter etal., 2001). In this study, we have retrieved mitochondrial and Almost all the ancient DNA studies, including the first nuclear DNA sequences from the extinct Myotragus complete extinct genome (Cooper et al., 2001) have been balearicus, a bovid that evolved in isolation in the based on the analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Balearic Islands (Bate, 1909). Myotragu.s is a extremely the genome of the organelles that provide energy to the modified Caprinae, characterized by a series of unusual cells. The reason of this identification between ancient morphological traits developed throughout more than DNA and mtDNA is due to the fact that the DNA is che­ three million years of evolution (Alcover et al., 1981; mically degraded; since there are thousands of mtDNA Bover & Alcover 1999a; 1999b; Alcover et al., 1999a; copies in each cell, it is much more easier to retrieve 1999b), that became extinct between 3,640 and 2,135 mitochondrial than nuclear DNA. To date, only few stu­ years cal BC (Ramis & Alcover, 2001), probably after the dies have been able to soundly demonstrate the retrieval arrival of first humans to these islands. The morphologi- MITOCHONDRIAL AND NUCLEAR GENES FROM MYOTRAGUS BALEARICUS _ 145 cal peculiarities of Myotragus, including extreme size advantage to the fact that there are some hundreds of reduction, a single evergrowing lower incisor, modified copies of this gene in the vertebrate genome (Laudien limb bones and frontal eyes (Alcover et al., 1981), makes Gonzalez et al., 1985). Om future aims are to try to it difficult to clarify its taxonomic position. retrieve single copy nuclear genes from this species. In previous studies (Lalueza-Fox et al., 2000; 2002), we obtained bits of the mtDNA cytochrome b (cyt b) gene from two different Myotragus bone specimens from MATERIALS AND METHODS Mallorca island, one found in Cava Estreta (Pollença) and the other found in Cava des Gorgs (Escorca). The cyt b sequences indicated that Myotragus seems to be genet - ically close to the Takin (Budorcas) and the Sheep (Ovis). A left tibiae (MNIB 60176) bone from Myotragus Moreover, the quick radiation of all the Caprinae, rough­ balearicus from Cova des Gorgs (Escorca, Mallorca), ly 20 Mya (Vrba, 1985) and the short cyt b fragment dated to 6,01O-5,830 cal BC 2s (Beta-177239) was chosen retrieved made the previous analysis unable to fully for DNA analysis because of its excellent external preser­ resolve the phylogeny of this group. To try to fully resolve vation. its phylogeny, we decided to retrieve the complete cyt b DNA was extracted following standard procedures gene and some other genetic markers of Myotragus; to do described elsewhere (Lalueza-Fox et al., 2002). The sam­ this, we selected a third Myotragus sample, excavated in pie was demineralized overnight, incubated overnight 2002 from Cava des Gorgs, that looked macroscopically with a lysis solution, extracted with phenol-chloroform very well preserved; we have designed different sets of and concentrated and desalinized with centricon overlapping primers for retrieving the complete cyt b columns. Several fragments of mtDNA cyt b gene were gene, as well as a fragment from another mtDNA gene, successfully amplified and sequenced until complete the the 12 S, and a fragment from the mtDNA HVR I. In addi­ whole gene (Table 1). tion, we retrieved a nuclear gene from the same extract, The cyt b sequences matched the sequence pre­ 28 S rDNA (located in the 10 chromosome), taking viously retrieved from another Myotragus bone from the � SAIGA � SOS OAMUSIMON ...-- NEMORHAEDUS CAPRICORNIS OVIGNEI � '-- OVISOS ,- AMMOTRAGUS 100 B.BEDFORDI 100 t------- RUPICAPRA B.TAXICOLOR ...------------- MYOTRAGUS �----------- MYOTRAGUS ...-------- PANTHOLOPS '-------- RUPICAPRA �------ OVIBOS �---- CAPRICORN IS 61 ,------ CAPRA �---- HEMITRAGUS ,--------- PSEUDOIS �------PSEUDOIS ...------ HEMITRAGUS '-----------OREAMNOS �---CAPRA f----------- SAIGA PANTHOLOPS � - - - - - - - - - - BOS __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ y'------ -_- -_- -_- -_--E:...-'_- __ __-_-__ __-_- -_- OREAMNOS D.l Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood tree of the entire cyt b (1143 bp) of all Caprinae species in databases. Nodes with bootstrap support Fig.2. Bayesian tree of the entire cyt b (1143 bp) of all Caprinae species. greater than 50% are depicted. Nodes with bootstrap support greater than 50% are depicted. Fig. 1. Arbre de màxima probabilitat del cyt b (1143 parells de bases) de Fig. 2. Arbre Bayesià del eyt b (1143 parells de bases) de totes les espècies de totes les de els nodes un espècies Caprinae. S'indiquen amb suport Caprinae. S'indiquen els nodes amb un suport de bootstrap supe­ de bootstrap superior alSO%. rioralSO%. 146 -------------- INSULAR VERTEBRATE EVOLUTION same site (Lalueza-Fox et al., 2000); multiple controls, were also generated for the cyt busing PHYLIP v3.6. A such as independent replication of the results in two dif­ Bayesian inference of phylogeny was also performed with ferent laboratories and cloning of different, overlapping MrBayes v.2.01 programme (Huelsenbeck & Ronquist, PCR products, contributed to the authentication of the 2001), using general time reversible (GTR) model, parti­ sequences. All the work was carried out in a dedicated tion defined for each base position within codons, sites ancient DNA laboratory, with UV lights, air-positive pres­ specific rates estimated for each partition and estimated sure and regular bleaching of the working surfaces. No proportion of base types from the data. 500,000 trees signs of contamination with exogenous DNA were were generated, with burning completed by the 5,000th observed along the study. For the 12 S gene, some tree; thus, the first 5,000 trees were discarded. primers were designed to match the previous Caprinae sequences published by Gatesy et al. (1997). Due to the exceptional quality of this extract, a pilot REsULTS project was launched for trying to retrieve a fragment of a nuclear gene. The 28 S rDNA was chosen because it is present in some hundreds of copies in the genome. The primers used to amplify the 28 S rDNA were those The complete cyt b gene (Table 2) was retrieved in 11 designed by Greenwood et al. (1999) to be vertebrate­ overlapping fragments (see Table 1), including the 338 specific (Table 1). 5 ul of extract were added to 20 ul PCR section already retrieved in Lalueza-Fox et al. (2002). All reactions, containing Ix reaction buffer, 1 unit of taq cyt b fragments were routinely cloned (not shown), DNA polymerase, 2.5 mM of MgCI2, 25 pmol of each although very few heteroplasmies were detected in the primer.
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