The Anchor Public House, Bankside, London Borough of Southwark

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

for The Spirit Group

by Steve Preston

Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd

Site Code ABS07/86

July 2007 Summary

Site name: The Anchor Public House, Bankside, London Borough of Southwark

Grid reference: TQ3244 8040

Site activity: Desk-based assessment

Project manager: Steve Ford

Site supervisor: Steve Preston

Site code: ABS07/86

Area of site: c. 850 sq m

Summary of results: The site is in an area of considerable archaeological potential and is occupied by a listed building. Previous evaluation trenching on the site exposed elements of 17th-century building (made ground layers, a cobbled surface and a cess pit) and later (18th- to 20th-century) works interpreted as possibly part of a waterworks, but nothing from any earlier period.

This report may be copied for bona fide research or planning purposes without the explicit permission of the copyright holder

Report edited/checked by: Steve Ford9 31.07.07 Jennifer Lowe9 02.08.07

Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd, 47–49 De Beauvoir Road, Reading RG1 5NR Tel. (0118) 926 0552; Fax (0118) 926 0553; email [email protected]; website : www.tvas.co.uk

The Anchor Public House, Bankside, London Borough of Southwark An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

by Steve Preston

Report 07/86

Introduction

This desk-based study is an assessment of the archaeological potential of approximately 850 sq m of land located on Bankside in Southwark (TQ 3244 8040) (Fig. 1). The project was commissioned by Mr Mark Thackeray of

Cliff Walsingham and Company, Bourne House, Cores End Road, Bourne End, Buckinghamshire SL8 5AR on behalf of The Spirit Group, and comprises the first stage of a process to determine the presence/absence, extent, character, quality and date of any archaeological remains which may be affected by redevelopment of the area.

A planning application has been submitted to Southwark Borough Council for redevelopment of the site to remodel the rear of the building, to provide a new kitchen and new trolley lift.

Site description, location and geology

A site visit on 16th July 2007 showed that the site currently consists of The Anchor Public House, a Grade II listed 18th-century brick building with some later alteration, including extensions to the rear and to the west.

Much of the interior is not original. There is a small car park, with temporary cabin.

The site is located on alluvium, with an outcrop of Kempton Park gravel mapped just on the far side of the railway to the east (BGS 1994). It is at a height of approximately 3m above Ordnance Datum.

Planning background and development proposals

Planning permission is to be sought for the development of a new rear extension to the existing building on the site, for kitchen and storage space, and including a lift pit, and some internal alterations.

Archaeology and Planning (PPG 16 1990) provides guidance relating to archaeology within the planning process. It points out that where a desk-based assessment has shown that there is a strong possibility of significant archaeological deposits in a development area it is reasonable to provide more detailed information from a field evaluation so that an appropriate strategy to mitigate the effects of development on archaeology can be devised. Paragraph 21 states:

‘Where early discussions with local planning authorities or the developer’s own research indicate

that important archaeological remains may exist, it is reasonable for the planning authority to

request the prospective developer to arrange for an archaeological field evaluation to be carried

out...’

Should the presence of archaeological deposits be confirmed further guidance is provided. Archaeology and

Planning stresses preservation in situ of archaeological deposits as a first consideration as in paragraphs 8 and

18. Paragraph 8 states:

‘...Where nationally important archaeological remains, whether scheduled or not, and their

settings, are affected by proposed development there should be a presumption in favour of their

physical preservation...’

Paragraph 18 states:

‘The desirability of preserving an ancient monument and its setting is a material consideration in

determining planning applications whether that monument is scheduled or unscheduled...’

However, for archaeological deposits that are not of such significance it is appropriate for them to be ‘preserved by record’ (i.e., fully excavated and recorded by a competent archaeological contractor) prior to their destruction or damage. Paragraph 25 states:

‘Where planning authorities decide that the physical preservation in situ of archaeological remains

is not justified in the circumstances of the development and that development resulting in the

destruction of the archaeological remains should proceed, it would be entirely reasonable for the

planning authority to satisfy itself ... that the developer has made appropriate and satisfactory

provision for the excavation and recording of remains.’

Further guidance is provided by the London Borough of Southwark’s Unitary Development Plan (1995, still applicable). Objective E.5 is “To ensure the preservation, protection, investigation, recording and display of the archaeological heritage”.

Policy E.5.1 states:

‘The council will seek to conserve and protect the Borough’s archaeological heritage and to enhance the knowledge of its historical development. The policy will apply to sites of potential archaeological importance where ancient remains are threatened by development.

‘(i) The Council will expect the applicant to provide information to enable an assessment of the impact of a proposed development on the potential archaeology of the site. This would usually be desk-based information and would be expected prior to determination of a planning application. ‘(ii) Where there is potential for important remains on a site, which may merit preservation in situ, then the results of an archaeological field evaluation will, if feasible, be required prior to determination of a planning application. ‘(iii) Where the evaluation reveals important remains their protection and preservation will be the primary objective. This can be achieved by redesigning the proposed development and by foundation modification. ‘(iv) Where important archaeological remains cannot be preserved, or where remains do not merit preservation, then the Council will use planning conditions to ensure excavation and recording of the remains prior to redevelopment, i.e., preservation by record. ‘(v) Archaeological investigations are to be undertaken by a recognised archaeological field unit to a written specification. These will need to be approved by the Council prior to the commencement of any work.’

Southwark also has Supplementary Planning Guidance relating to archaeology, including the wording of the proposed new Policy 3.7 for the Draft Southwark Plan (2002, but not yet adopted):

‘Planning applications affecting sites of archaeological potential shall be accompanied by an archaeological assessment and evaluation of the site, including the impact of the proposed development. ‘Development proposals will be required to preserve in situ, protect and safeguard scheduled ancient monuments and important archaeological remains and their settings, and where appropriate, provide for the permanent display and/or interpretation of the monument or remains. ‘The local planning authority will ensure the proper investigation, recording of site and publication of the results by a suitably qualified archaeological contractor, as an integral part of a development programme where a development incorporates archaeological remains or where it is considered that preservation in situ is not appropriate.’

Further policies cover Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Historic Parks and Gardens, Listed Buildings, and other structures of architectural or historic merit, none of these is specifically relevant here. The site lies within one of the Borough’s Archaeological Priority Areas.

Methodology

The assessment of the site was carried out by the examination of pre-existing information from a number of sources recommended by the Institute of Field Archaeologists paper ‘Standards in British Archaeology’ covering desk-based studies. These sources include historic and modern maps, the Greater London Historic Buildings,

Sites and Monuments Record (GLSMR), geological maps and any relevant publications or reports.

Archaeological background

General background

The lower stretch of the Thames Valley is rich in finds of many periods (Williams and Brown 1999). Many archaeological deposits, covering extensive tracts of the gravel terraces north of the estuary, have been

discovered by aerial photography but the nature and extent of occupation and use of lower-lying areas has only come to light in more recent times. River margins, creeks and inlets, including those of the Thames, were preferred areas of settlement in earlier periods, but study of this use is hampered by subsequent inundation due to a rise in sea level and the deposition of deep alluvium. Fieldwork has, nevertheless, located areas of occupation with good preservation of organic remains typified by the examples of wooden trackways laid down to cross low-lying ground in the Bronze Age and earlier (Meddens 1996). The areas of higher ground (e.g. gravel terrace margins) overlooking lower-lying, seasonally-flooded land are a preferred topographic location for occupation.

In this context, it should be noted that the site lies on the alluvial and tidal floodplain of the River Thames.

Until the last couple of decades, relatively little was known of Southwark’s archaeology, or its earlier history. From the 1970s onwards, and especially from the 1990s, however, this has changed markedly as archaeological investigations, mostly development-led, have unearthed a rich archaeological heritage of all periods (Siddell et al. 2002; SLAEC 2000; MoLAS 2000; Mackinder and Blatherwick 2000; cf. Bird and

Graham 1978). Much of this work has been concentrated in the north of the Borough, and in the past this distribution pattern would have been explained as a genuine preference by past peoples for settlement on the gravels, alluvium and Lower Greensand geologies of the north of the Borough, and the attractions of the

Thames, over the heavier soils (London Clay) in the south. This may still be the case, but it is also possible that the picture may be a reflection of archaeological methodologies and opportunities, rather than a true reflection of the distribution of archaeological remains.

Greater London Historic Buildings, Sites and Monuments Record

A search was made on the Greater London Historic Buildings, Sites and Monuments Record (GLSMR) on 17

July 2007 for a radius of 200m around the proposal site. This revealed 309 entries within the search area, including several on the site itself. These entries are summarized in Appendix 1 and their locations are plotted on

Figure 1. Unusually, by far the majority of the entries are for finds from formal archaeological excavations or surveys, with 29 separate interventions recorded.

Prehistoric

Prehistoric remains have been unearthed in a number of locations close to the site. On Southwark Bridge Road

[Fig. 1: 1], no archaeological features dating from prehistoric times were found but a peat deposit probably of

Bronze Age date was located; the same is true of investigations on Anchor Terrace [3] and at 5–15 Bankside [4] where what may be a prehistoric water course was also found. Prehistoric pits have been found south of the site

[2], and flint debitage (waste from flint working) to the west [5]. Much more substantial prehistoric evidence comes from the major excavations on the Courage Brewery site to the south [12], where Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age occupation has been recorded. Prehistoric stray finds are also recorded, for example at Clink Street

[17, 27]. It may be suspected that in many cases where archaeological investigations have not encountered such early remains, it is simply because they have not gone deep enough, although in some instances it is equally likely that later activity has removed earlier remains.

Roman

Roman remains are almost ubiquitous in this area. Southwark was a major early Roman settlement, physically separate from the walled town of Londinium but perhaps to be regarded as a suburb, and occupying perhaps as much as 24ha on the south bank. Remains within 200m of the site include the usual slightly vague reports of antiquarian finds or other stray finds from the general vicinity [1, 3, 6, 13, 14, 17, 19, 22, 26, 29–34] and much better evidence for buildings, roads, drainage systems, etc. Often, several early phases of timber building are replaced by later stone buildings, as at Redcross Way and elsewhere [2, 7, 12, 13, 36]. Of particular interest in this area are the remains of Roman riverfront structures, such as revetments, jetties [6, 15], warehouses [12] and evidence for flooding during this period [6, 13, 22, 26, 36]. One very early ditch at Park Street could perhaps be military in origin [7]. Burials have also been found, e.g., at Thrale Street [12] and elsewhere [3, 25].

Saxon

Comparatively little evidence survives from this period in the search radius, but this need not be surprising, as the period is generally much less ‘visible’ archaeologically and left far less material behind than the Roman period. Saxon evidence close to the proposal site comes only in the form of pits (possibly Saxon) at Cathedral

Street [13], and stray finds [16, 23, 24]. Finally, the late Roman or post-Roman ‘dark earth’ layer covering

Roman deposits has been recorded in many of the investigations listed above.

Medieval

Almost everywhere in the vicinity has produced evidence of the density of activity on the medieval Southwark waterfront. Not unexpectedly, this most often takes the form of river-management, land reclamation or drainage features [1, 4, 5, 6, 12, 17, 19, 20], including one structure though to be a fish trap [27], domestic settlement remains such as rubbish pits, buildings, floors, yards, etc, [3, 14, 17, 35, 36]. There is also evidence for pottery manufacture [4]. At the eastern limit of the 200m search radius was the site of the place of the bishops of

Winchester [14], a Scheduled Ancient Monument, and remains associated with this complex extend into the

search area [13, 18]. The site of the house of the Prior of St Swithun is also within 200m of the proposal site

[34].

Post-medieval

The early post-medieval period within the search radius includes some of the most important remains of this period anywhere in England. The sites of both the Rose [1] and the Globe [8] Theatres to the west of the site are

Scheduled Ancient Monuments. Besides these, early post-medieval remains reflect the continuing importance of the riverfront and its management [1, 3, 5, 17–20, 23, 31–3, 36] and virtually every archaeological intervention has recorded evidence or finds from this period [4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 26, 34, 35]. Structures recorded at 27

Bankside have been interpreted as part of the Hope Theatre and the Bear Gardens glassworks and pottery [9].

Significantly, in this location, medieval and earlier levels were not reached. The site of the Clink prison is immediately adjacent to the site [15]. There are a small number of listed buildings [8 10, 13, 17, 37–9] of post- medieval date (see below). Some entries are for cartographic depictions of points of interest, such as a pottery

[16], foundry and warehouses [17], lead works [28], and documentary references to a plague pit [22] and a meeting house [3] and, finally, there are the inevitable stray finds of artefacts from this period [21, 31].

Modern, negative, undated

A large number of entries, mainly resulting from the Thames Foreshore Survey, are for 19th- or 20th-century or undated riverfront features. Truncation of archaeological features by Victorian basements, surprisingly, is noted

[6] only once.

Undated, negative

Few recorded interventions (all very limited watching briefs) in the area have produced entirely negative results

[11, 13, 17].

Interventions on the site itself

Evaluation trenching on the site [10] in 1998 revealed made ground layers dating from the late 16th or 17th century, elements of 17th-century brick buildings, a cess pit probably backfilled before 1700, and a cobbled surface associated with this, and 18th- to 20th-century buildings (Douglas 1998). The Anchor is itself a 17th century building, although now much altered. It is Grade II listed (see below). Five cast iron posts on the street outside are also listed; four of these are gun-shaped and inscribed ‘Clink 1812’, the other is later.

Scheduled Ancient Monuments

There are three Scheduled Monuments in the immediate vicinity of the site. On Southwark Bridge Road is the site of the Rose Theatre. The monument includes the surviving remains of an Elizabethan and Jacobean theatre, built in or shortly after AD 1587 by the impresario Philip Henslowe. The Rose was the earliest of four similar playhouses constructed on the south bank of the Thames. The last known performance at the Rose was in 1603.

While a small number of similar theatres is attested to by contemporary records, the Rose and the nearby remains of the Globe Theatre are the only examples where physical remains have been identified. The monument therefore has important rarity value. In its heyday the Rose saw performances of most of Christopher Marlowe's plays and the first recorded performances of Shakespeare's Henry VI and Titus Andronicus.

On Park Street, several metres below the level of Southwark Bridge Road, is the site of the Globe Theatre.

The Globe, built in the spring of 1599, was the third such theatre on historic Bankside, following the Rose of

1587 and the Swan of 1596. The Globe was constructed utilising timbers from the theatre which had been built in Shoreditch in 1576 by the Burbage family, and dismantled in 1598. The Globe, described in the prologue to

Shakespeare's Henry V as "this wooden O", is considered to have been either circular or polygonal in shape. The first Globe caught fire and burned down following the discharge of a cannon during the first performance of

Shakespeare's Henry VIII on the 29th June 1613. It was rebuilt in 1614 on the same foundations. It was finally pulled down in 1644 on Cromwell's orders. The above ground structures on the site, including the listed buildings of Anchor Terrace (as numbered 1-15 adjacent to Southwark Bridge Road) and the modern surfaces and make-up of Southwark Bridge Road itself, are excluded from the scheduling, although the ground beneath them is included.

To the east of the site is the site of Winchester Palace, London residence of the Bishops of Winchester. It occupied a large area now bounded by Clink Street, Cathedral Street and Park Street. Remains of the 14th- century Great Hall and rose window still stand in Clink Street. The site includes extensive remains of the palace from the early 12th until the later 17th century.

Development on the proposal site will not have an adverse effect on any of these monuments or their settings.

Cartographic and documentary sources

Southwark is an Old English (Anglo-Saxon) place name, deriving from sūth (‘south’) and weorc (‘defensive work’, ‘fort’); it is first recorded (as Sudwerca) in Domesday Book of AD1086, but this appears to have replaced

an earlier name Suthringanaweorc (meaning ‘fort of the men of Surrey’, known from the 10th century) (Mills

1998, 320). It is not clear if the 11th century name is simply a contraction or a more substantial change in the name.

The entries for Southwark in Domesday Book are a little confused, but clearly relate to a substantial manor in the hundred of Kingston in Surrey (Williams and Martin 2002, 72–86). It was held by the Bishop of Bayeux, having previously been a royal manor. The Bishop had a minster church, and a tideway, and claimed the right to tax all ships that landed; it is clear that the taxation rights and other dues of the manor were in dispute at the time of the survey. Unfortunately the discussion of the dispute seems to have distracted the scribe from detailing the actual holdings; a minster and a tideway are all that is mentioned. The king’s holdings were valued at £16.

Various other manors included messuages (a unit of land comprising a town land plot with a house) in

Southwark, paying rent to those other manors: 16 to Merton, 8 to Beddington, 4 to Mortlake, 3 to Tonbridge

(assessed as closes; the difference between a close and a messuage is unclear), apparently 1 to Battersea, 1 to

Copthorne, 1 to Long Ditton, along with 500 herrings a year, and some (not more than 15) to ‘Walkingstead’

(Godstone), to which herrings might also have been rendered. This gives a total of not less than 34 and not more than 48 messuages or closes in the borough being taxed from outside it; the number in total cannot be guessed at.

Both Southwark’s appearances in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles (for the years 1023 and 1052) imply a river crossing here, although a bridge is not specifically mentioned in the main text (Swanton 2000). On both occasions, Southwark is somewhere to pass through on the way to or from London.

A range of Ordnance Survey and other historical maps of the area were consulted at Southwark Local

Studies Library in order to ascertain what activity had been taking place throughout the site’s later history and whether this may have affected any possible archaeological deposits within the proposal area (see Appendix 2).

The earliest map available of the area is Saxton’s large map of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Middlesex and

London (1575) (Fig. 2). Southwark is depicted as a substantial place, separate from London, but with no detail.

No more detail is shown on various 16th- and 17th-century maps, e.g., those of Norden (1594), Speed (1611)

(Fig. 3) or Seller (1693). Ogilby’s schematic ‘road map’ of 1675 does offer more detail, but is not necessarily to be taken too literally. The site is probably within the settled area of Southwark’s riverbank at this time. An anonymous map of London’s churches from 1658 also provides ‘detail’ but this is largely stylistic rather than accurate (Fig. 4). The site is actually quite difficult to locate with any confidence on this ‘map’, as it is on an undated (but certainly 17th-century) map by Stilliard (not illustrated).

More reliable detail is provided by de la Fouille (1690), who depicts the road network in detail and very graphically shows the expansion of London (Fig. 5). The approximate location of the site can be reasonably accurately assessed from this map; it is well within the built up area already. It is worth noting that neither

Southwark nor Blackfriars bridges yet exist. Senex’s map of 1729 adds nothing to this. No more detail is provided by Lindley and Crossley (1793) or the Greenwoods (1823). Rocque’s two maps of London (at different scales, 1762 and 1768) show very similar detail to de la Fouille for the area of the site, but illustrate the rapid growth of settlement all around it (Fig. 6). By 1768, Blackfriars bridge has been established.

By the time of the First Edition Ordnance Survey (1873), the site is wholly built over, and shown as a public house (Fig. 7). The site of the Clink prison is marked opposite the site. The Second Edition (1893) shows a slightly different arrangement of buildings (Fig. 8) which is retained through the 1916 Third Edition and the

Revision of 1933 (not illustrated). Only minor changes are shown on the 1946 revision, some space at the rear having been filled in (Fig. 9). Further changes to the building layout have occurred by 1951 but in essence the site is still fully built over (not illustrated). The 1960 Ordnance Survey shows the site beginning to be cleared slightly (Fig. 10) with open space and access to the south. By 1969 the building itself has been expanded, what was numbers 2 and 3 demolished, and more open space created (Fig. 11). By 1995 (Fig. 12) the whole area has been redeveloped, Red Lion Wharf, Central Wharf and Ceylon Wharf have all gone, the waterfront has been extended and completely remodelled, and the site is in almost its current configuration with the exception of an additional small building to the south-east (Fig. 13).

Listed buildings

The Anchor is a Grade II listed building, mainly mid to late 17th-century. Pevsner described it as a ‘happy surprise’ (Cherry and Pevsner 1983, 584). The Listing includes the following details:

‘Public House. Mid and late C18, with later alterations and extensions. Red/brown brick with

timber oriels and panelling. On corner with Park Street. Part has tiled roof with dormers, earlier

section has roof obscured behind parapet. 2 storeys and attic, irregular fenestration. Rounded

double doors to entrance set into corner angle. (Main) Bankside elevation has 2 subsidiary

entrances, gauged-brick arches to tripartite sash windows with glazing bars on ground floor,

tripartite window to earlier section (just to right of main entrance) set into timber panelled casing

with shutters. Above, a timber oriel in form of a canted bay with panelled base and three sash

windows with glazing bars. Later sections to right have 1st-floor windows in similar style. Park

Street elevation has gauged, segmental brick arches to sash windows with glazing bars, one to left

of door tripartite with timber cornice and pilasters suggesting a shop front. INTERIOR: older

section has some original internal features. Room on ground floor with original early C18 kitchen

fireplace and some contemporary wainscoting. Staircase also early C18. On 1st floor, a complete

mid-late C18 pine panelled room, with wide segmental-arched alcove (now called the

“Shakespeare room”). Much of internal timberwork in rest of building is imitation. Large recent

extension to rear not of especial interest.’

Further listed buildings in the area include the bollards outside, and several buildings not close enough to be affected by the proposed development.

Historic Hedgerows

There are no hedgerows, historic or otherwise, on the site.

Registered Parks and Gardens; Registered Battlefields

There are no registered parks, gardens or battlefields within close proximity of the site.

Aerial Photographs

The site areas lies within an urban area which has been developed since before the advent of aerial photography.

No photographic collections have therefore been consulted.

Discussion

In considering the archaeological potential of the study area, various factors must be taken into account, including previously recorded archaeological sites, previous land-use and disturbance and future land-use including the proposed development.

The site clearly lies in an area of outstanding archaeological potential for all periods. It is a designated

Archaeological Priority Area and close to three Scheduled Monuments. The riverfront location offers the hope of exceptional preservation conditions (waterlogging) for deeper deposits, and potentially significant palaeo- environmental evidence. However, this site has been extensively remodelled over the course of the 20th century

and has been completely built over at various points. Archaeologically relevant horizons will probably only have survived at considerable depths.

The area to be redeveloped is tiny (Fig. 15) and the car park at the south of the site has already been evaluated, with trenches 2.34m and 2.8m deep showing only post-medieval structures. The potential of the site to contain archaeological deposits of earlier periods is low and the chance of the proposed new development having any adverse impact on them even if present is minimal, with the possible exception of the lift pit depending on its depth. The 17th-century features on the site, however, would be of historical interest in relation to the existing building. In this case it is suggested that an appropriate mitigation strategy would be to conduct an archaeological watching brief during intrusive groundworks so as to record any further elements of the early post-medieval building(s) on the site, or any earlier remains that might possibly still be present.

A scheme for this watching brief would need to be drawn up and approved by the archaeological advisers to the Borough and implemented by a competent archaeological contractor, such as an organization registered with the Institute of Field Archaeologists

References

BGS, 1994, British Geological Survey, 1:50 000 Sheet 256, Solid and Drift Edition , Keyworth Bird, J and Graham, A, 1978, ‘Gazetteer of Roman sites in Southwark’, in Southwark and Lambeth Archaeological Excavation Committee, Southwark Excavations 1972–4, ii, 517–26, London Cherry, B and Pevsner, N, 1983, Buildings of England: London 2 South, London Douglass, A, 1998, Evaluation at 1–2 Bankside SE1 SiteCode: BNS98, Pre-Construct Archaeology, London LBS, 1995, London Borough of Southwark Unitary Development Plan, London LBS, 2002, London Borough of Southwark Draft Southwark Plan, London Mackinder, A and Blatherwick, S, 2000, Bankside: Excavations at Benbow House, Southwark, London SE1, MoLAS Archaeol Stud Ser 3, London Mills, A D, 1998, Dictionary of English Place-Names, Oxford Meddens, F M, 1996, ‘Sites from the Thames Estuary, England and their Bronze Age use’, Antiquity, 70, 325–34 MoLAS, 2000, The archaeology of Greater London; an assessment of archaeological evidence for human presence in the area now covered by Greater London Museum of London Archaeology Service Monogr PPG16, 1990, Dept of the Environment Planning Policy Guidance 16, Archaeology and Planning, HMSO Sidell, J, Cotton, J, Rayner, L and Wheeler, L, 2002, The prehistory and topography of Southwark and Lambeth, MoLAS Mongr 14, London Swanton, M, 2000, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles: a new translation, London SLAEC, 2000, Below Southwark: the archaeological story, Southwark and Lambeth Archaeological Excavation Committee, London VCH, 1912, Victoria History of the Counties of England: Surrey, iv, London Williams, A and Martin, G H, 2002, Domesday Book, A complete Translation, London Williams, J and Brown, N (eds), 1999, An Archaeological Research Framework for the Greater Thames Estuary, Chelmsford

APPENDIX 1: Sites and Monuments Records within a 200m search radius of the development site

No SMR Ref Grid Ref (TQ) Type Period Comment 1 MLO6000 3228 8043 Excavation Prehistoric Southwark Bridge Road. Peat of the Tilbury IV phase (approx. MLO55165 Scheduled Roman Bronze Age). Medieval pottery in one gully feature. MLO22796 Monument Medieval Ditches/sewers marking boundaries of Rose theatre; wooden MLO22786 Post-medieval revetments; waterlogged remains; post-medieval structures and MLO22787 finds. Rose Theatre, Scheduled Monument GL20851, built MLO22788 1587, altered 1592, last known performance 1603; excavations MLO7753 323 804 Findspot uncovered substantial remains, well-preserved. Roman Pottery MLO7733 and ‘glass melting pot’ finds location estimated; circumstances ELO1185 32292 80424 Evaluation unknown. MLO775568 3231 8040 Watching brief Watching brief: post-medieval timber-revetted ditch, later brick MLO58725 floors, walls, 18th century stone surface. MLO58724 2 ELO3049 3247 8020 Excavation Prehistoric 3 Redcross Way (Courage Brewery). Prehistoric pits, some MLO9172 Roman Bronze Age, others not closely dated. Several Roman timber MLO14699 buildings, substantial late Roman stone building; several phases MLO23961 of road MLO23962 MLO23963 MLO23964 3 ELO2636 3235 8035 Watching brief Prehistoric Anchor Terrace. Excavation recorded peat deposits (Bronze ELO2641 3235 8036 Excavation Roman Age?) containing timbers. Also Roman tile and pottery, MLO67936 3236 8038 Findspot Medieval Medieval and post-medieval pits, structures, surfaces, dump MLO73298 Building Post-medieval deposits. Watching brief recorded only Undated flood deposit; MLO73299 Victorian Victorian tenement wall footing. MLO22792 Undated Medieval jug containing Roman coins found 1786; compiler MLO22793 doubts the coins are Roman. Skeleton in Roman armour, MLO22794 mosaic floor, other finds? in 1892-3 MLO11560 Meeting House with Hollow post mill. MLO8739 MLO4341 4 ELO2614 3236 8045 Excavation Prehistoric 5-15 Bankside; Thick peat deposit, probably roughly Bronze MLO8801 Medieval Age; prehistoric early watercourse (creek). Medieval ditch, land MLO8802 Post-medieval reclamation, drainage channels, wall of 14th century property; MLO8803 14th-century river frontage, revetment etc; 14th century pottery ML8804 includes wasters, so presumably a kiln site nearby; 17th century MLO11578 road surface, post-medieval pit containing four barrels, brick MLO17334 buildings MLO17444 MLO19825 MLO23427 MLO28812 MLO36359 MLO36360 MLO45422 MLO49143 MLO53716 5 ELO4694 3228 8053 Watching brief Prehistoric Bankside. Alluvial deposits. Flint debitage. Medieval timber ELO4162 3228 8054 Survey Medieval revetment, possible jetty. Post-medieval timber drains. MLO74104 3228 8052 Structure Post-medieval Foreshore survey revealed post-medieval river wall, jetties, , MLO74105 3230 8051 series of cast iron crane bases. Timbers possibly part of a MLO74106 3228 8051 wharf. MLO75249 3229 8052 MLO75250 MLO75251 MLO75252 MLO71100 MLO71101 MLO71104 MLO71105 MLO71106 MLO71108 MLO71123 MLO71124 6 ELO2607 3248 8031 Excavation Roman 28 Park Street. Roman stone building, several phases of floors MLO8840 3246 8030 Documentary Medieval and walls. Several phases of erosion and deposition of river MLO8841 3247 8030 Cartographic Pot-medieval foreshore (in Roman period), timber piles possibly part of a MLO8842 Modern (Roman) jetty or similar, Late- or Post-Roman dark earth. MLO23178 Undated Medieval revetment to south bank of channel, surface of chalk, MLO36403 tile and ragstone; post-medieval pits; Victorian basements. MLO36404 Documentary reference to finding of Roman mosaic in 1650. MLO36405 Hop warehouse on map of 1872.

No SMR Ref Grid Ref (TQ) Type Period Comment MLO36406 MLO36407 MLO38719 MLO4125 MLO74710

7 ELO4324 3250 8027 Excavation Roman Park Street. Very Early Roman (?military) ditch; Claudian date; MLO10542 Post-medieval Late 1st century timber buildings; later buildings; other Roman MLO10543 ditches; dark earth layer; cobble surface perhaps from timber MLO10557 yard shown on 18th century map; 18th century finds. MLO10558 MLO14439 8 MLO58655 3231 8036 Evaluation Post-medieval Anchor Terrace. Trenching revealed a pier base probably MLO58659 Geophysical Modern related to the Globe theatre; concrete raft associated with MLO58661 survey Undated Anchor Terrace, mid 19th century; post-medieval finds. GPR MLO67930 3233 8036 Scheduled survey showed possible features below the raft. Globe Theatre. MLO21749 3231 8037 Monument SAM 12606. Built 1599, rebuilt 1614, demolished 1644. MLO92363 32310 80368 Listed Building 1-15 (odd) Anchor Terrace, brick terrace, 1834. 9 ELO980 3226 8048 Evaluation Post-medieval 27 Bankside. Brick foundation perhaps part of Hope theatre. ELO2731 Brick structures thought to be part of Bear Gardens glassworks MLO74170 or pottery (17th century). Medieval/earlier levels not reached. MLO74171 Documentary references to several glasshouses, late 17th and MLO76456 3226 8047 Documentary 18th century. MLO77323 MLO77742 MLO74667 3226 8046 Cartographic Site of ironworks (1872). 10 ELO983 3244 8040 Evaluation Post-medieval 1-2 Bankside (Anchor Public House). Dump layers, 16th or MLO71984 32449 80395 Listed Building Modern 17th century. 17th century buildings, brick-lined cess pit MLO71986 3244 8040 backfilled by about 1700. Later buildings may be associated MLO71987 with waterworks. Anchor Public House, mid/late 18th century. MLO71983 Evaluation revealed cobbled surface related to 17th century MLO91724 buildings. Five posts, 4 of reproduced gun-shape, inscribed MLO71985 ‘Clink 1812’, presumably from or at least to commemorate the MLO91725 32458 80432 prison; one is certainly later. 11 ELO2759 3247 8038 Watching brief Negative Bank End. Nothing of any archaeological relevance. MLO63655 12 ELO3047 3241 8020 Excavation Neolithic Courage Brewery, Park Street. Neolithic flint tools, pottery, ELO3048 Bronze Age contemporary land surface sealed by peat (Tilbury IV?). Late MLO19946 Iron Age Bronze Age pottery and flints on top of peat. Bronze Age or MLO2124 Roman Iron Age post holes, probably roundhouse, late Iron Age MLO6463 enclosure ditch, early Roman metalworking, 1st-century MLO15008 dumping and revetment, gravelled surfaces (roads?), ditches, MLO17700 buildings, 1st- or 2nd-century substantial timber building, MLO19062 perhaps warehouse, several other buildings, 3rd-century MLO19073 building, tiled floor, painted wall plaster, two wells, post- MLO19162 Roman dark earth. MLO19183 MLO19948 MLO19949 MLO19964 MLO19965 MLO19966 MLO25027 MLO45838 MLO45898 MLO46124 MLO48493 MLO48494 MLO48495 MLO49284 MLO54992 MLO55873 MLO11589 3242 8020 Evaluation Roman Courage Brewery (Thrale Street). Early Roman timber MLO13863 Excavation Medieval buildings, late Roman large stone building, pits, seven MLO20155 Post-medieval inhumations, environmental evidence, animal bone, levelling MLO36396 layers. Late- or post-Roman dark earth. MLO36397 Medieval or later clay-filled watercourses. Post-medieval cess MLO36398 pit and pit, chalk-lined well. MLO36399 MLO36400 MLO36401 MLO36402 MLO49557

No SMR Ref Grid Ref (TQ) Type Period Comment MLO56452 MLO66017 MLO53678 13 ELO3020 3262 8039 Findspot Roman Cathedral Street. Unspecified Roman finds made c. 1888. MLO74342 3260 8035 Excavation Saxon Excavation of deep Roman stratigraphy, including early Roman ELO4931 Listed Building Medieval gravel quarrying, 1st-century timber buildings, substantial MLO8737 Watching brief Post-medieval masonry building (4 phases), mosaic, hypocaust, painted wall MLO8843 plaster, 2nd-century iron-working waste, flood deposits, gravel MLO56770 path, late Roman coin (Valentinian, AD364–75) in later MLO53713 deposit. Medieval and later garderobe, 3 phases of foundations, MLO11590 cellars, all part of Winchester Palace. Saxon or Medieval pits. MLO24561 Post-medieval cess pit, well. MLO35198 Listed warehouse demolished 1982. MLO35199 Watching brief at Clink Street. Nothing of archaeological MLO35214 interest. MLO27232 MLO36408 MLO38683 MLO44217 MLO44219 MLO56312 MLO56313 MLO56708 MLO55871 MLO55872 MLO56310 MLO56311 MLO38682 MLO11891 ELO4901 3259 8038 Watching brief Roman Clink Street. Sequence of Roman dumps (land reclamation), MLO11537 3259 8036 Negative gravel surface; unclear where this record came from. Two MLO32515 3285 8036 Modern watching briefs revealed nothing earlier than 19th century MLO50679 rubbish. MLO64035 MLO92486 32593 80361 Listed Building Post-medieval Cast iron bollard, 1827 14 MLO11535 3258 8039 Findspot Roman Clink Street. Coin of Tetricus I (AD 271–3) found in 1860; clay MLO13255 3257 8038 Excavation Medieval lamp and pottery also found, no details. Excavation of medieval MLO15695 Post-medieval dump deposits, post-medieval wall footings. Record of Roman MLO7799 walls and floors, large quantities of material, from excavation? MLO11457 MLO30494 MLO54500 ELO964 3257 8039 Scheduled Medieval Site of Winchester Palace (or House), SAM GL028. Early 12th MLO17313 32572 80391 Monument century onwards. Medieval hall house. Building survey showed MLO44695 4-phase construction in the two surviving walls. Remains are MLO76439 listed Grade II*. Used as prison in the Civil War. MLO91886 15 MLO7751 3249 8042 Documentary Roman Wooden platform (wharf/jetty) supposedly Roman, found in MLO4223 3247 8040 Findspot Medieval 1868. Post-medieval Site of The Clink prison. 16 MLO7768 3252 8040 Cartographic Saxon Saxon Bronze finger ring, unspecified ‘jug’; location MLO53689 Findspot Post-medieval approximate. Pottery (ie workshop) shown on Rocque’s map of MLO7632 325 804 1746. Kiln wasters found 1947, no details. MLO7633 17 ELO3013 3259 8042 Excavation Prehistoric Clink Street. 13th-century stone drain. 11th/12th century stone ELO3676 3256 8040 Findspots Roman and timber wall. 12th century chalk foundation. 13th century MLO7645 3257 8041 Watching brief Medieval foundations. Modern mooring chain observed in foreshore MLO74810 3256 8042 Forest Post-medieval survey. Roman pottery and tile, all residual. 15th-16th century MLO44697 3256 8041 Listed Building Victorian river wall. 19th century iron and brass foundry MLO17312 3257 8044 Modern Findspots for Roman ceramic lamp, no details. Prehistoric flint MLO44696 32557 80413 Negative core, Mesolithic ‘Thames pick’, Roman intaglio (and other MLO57043 unspecified finds?) from foreshore. Brick riverfront defence, MLO70395 blocked off London Bridge stair. MLO10599 Tree trunks and roots in foreshore survey (?prehistoric forest). MLO25953 Undated deposit of peat/organic clay (?prehistoric). MLO25954 Scatter of uncut green stones. MLO25955 Nothing of archaeological interest in watching brief. MLO70310 Winchester Wharf warehouses, probably around 1827. MLO70319 MLO70346 MLO70352 MLO70372 MLO70398 MLO70334

No SMR Ref Grid Ref (TQ) Type Period Comment MLO70348 MLO70393 MLO91904 18 ELO4932 3261 8037 Excavation Medieval Clink Street. Stone wall and stakeholes. Large stone drain; east MLO44698 end of Great Hall of palace. Flood defence wall, timber MLO56771 revetments, further foundations. MLO56775 MLO56744 MLO16793 MLO7827 MLO7826 19 MLO16792 3260 8041 Roman Clink Street. Two medieval timber waterfronts replaced by MLO7826 3260 8042 Medieval stone river wall. Post-medieval timber structure, perhaps MLO70397 3260 8043 Post-medieval mooring posts, recorded in foreshore survey. Roman Pottery MLO70313 3261 8041 from foreshore. Deposit of organic clay, possibly a reedbed MLO70389 3261 8042 (?prehistoric), deposit of peat. Unspecified Roman artefacts MLO70390 from foreshore survey. Brick riverfront structure. Medieval MLO70343 coin possibly Scottish penny. MLO70374 MLO70304 20 ELO4115 3253 8042 Excavation Medieval Medieval land reclamation, timber revetments. Post-medieval MLO10431 Post-medieval dumping and river wall. 18th and 19th century dumping and MLO10432 buildings. MLO10459 3251 8043 MLO60118 3251 8042 Watching brief MLO64291 21 MLO11503 3240 8040 Findspot Post-medieval Pewter dagger chape. 22 MLO14412 3241 8030 Findspot Roman Roman flue tiles found in 1806, location approximate. Pottery MLO4240 3241 8031 Cartographic Post-medieval found in 1912 in a peat layer. Borehole survey claims to have MLO7689 3242 8028 Excavation located Roman peat and silt layers; unclear what dating MLO24601 evidence. Cemetery, disused before 1843 and earlier plague pit. Later covered by Courage’s Brewery 23 MLO17565 3245 8045 Findspot Saxon Saxon knife found in Thames, 1930; location uncertain. Stone MLO70385 Structure Post-medieval bargebed noted in foreshore survey 24 MLO4191 325 803 Findspot Saxon Bead found in 1910, Roman pottery find, no information. MLO7752 25 MLO4274 3243 8037 Findspot Roman Skeleton with pottery and coins found in 1825 (or earlier). 26 MLO8744 3247 8035 Findspot Roman Roman iron dagger found in 1866. Flood deposit with Roman MLO11462 Excavation Post-medieval pottery. 16th-17th century buildings, and road, undated MLO30509 Undated watercourse. MLO30510 MLO30512 MLO4296 MLO55438 MLO55439 27 MLO11556 3263 8039 Findspot Mesolithic Tranchet axe. MLO70341 3262 8043 Structure Medieval Timbers possibly forming fish trap, from foreshore survey. 28 MLO74665 3225 8035 Cartographic Victorian Lead works on map of 1872 29 MLO24699 3256 8028 Observation Roman ‘Pavement’, presumably a mosaic floor, found in 1820. 30 MLO70317 3237 8050 Findspot Roman Roman mosaic fragments. Unspecified timber structure from MLO70318 3236 8051 foreshore survey. MLO70384 3236 8049 31 MLO70320 3249 8044 Findspot Roman Scatter of post-medieval pins, Roman coin. MLO70331 3247 8044 Structure Post-medieval Uncut garnets in layer of grey clay from foreshore. MLO70326 Undated Timber riverfront structure from foreshore survey. MLO70385 32 MLO70322 3233 8052 Findspot Roman Roman leather patch from foreshore. Stone stair with cast iron MLO71094 3232 8051 Post-medieval gate and railings, recorded in foreshore survey, timber structure MLO71095 3232 8052 Modern that may be its predecessor, stone and timber causeway. Build MLO71096 3232 8050 up of gravel against the stair, includes pottery scatter of mixed MLO71097 3231 8051 dates from Roman onwards. 19th century river wall, with MLO71098 3231 8052 corbel and capping (the latter perhaps later). Modern MLO71099 consolidation deposit. Timber post. Timber/rubble bargebed. MLO71107 MLO71112 MLO71122 MLO71110 33 MLO70356 3254 8043 Structure Post-medieval Several timber structures from foreshore survey. Drain made MLO70358 3255 8044 Undated from hollowed log. Scatter of kiln waste. Undated deposit of MLO70360 3254 8045 peat/organic clay (?prehistoric). Brick riverfront structure from MLO70363 3253 8044 foreshore survey. Stone bargebed noted in foreshore survey MLO70365 3253 8042

No SMR Ref Grid Ref (TQ) Type Period Comment MLO70369 3251 8046 MLO70382 MLO70388 MLO70391 MLO70371 MLO70387 34 ELO761 3259 8029 Watching brief Roman 2nd century pottery, ?garden soil. 17th-18th century brick-lined ELO2346 3259 8028 Documentary Medieval cess pit. MLO76228 3261 8030 Post-medieval Site of house of Prior of St Swithun, later Rochester House, MLO77731 residence of Bishops of Winchester MLO77554 MLO77695 MLO11433 35 ELO4905 3259 8032 Watching brief Medieval Medieval demolition rubble, garden soils. Post-medieval garden MLO66900 Post-medieval soils, demolition rubble MLO66901 MLO66902 36 ELO2339 3252 8032 Watching brief Roman 14–26 Stoney Street. 1st-century timber building, with ELO972 Medieval brickearth makeup or floor. Timber revetment, Roman or MLO77335 Undated medieval? Early Roman flood deposit. Medieval stone MLO77336 Post-medieval foundation. 17th century alluvium, channel revetment this date MLO77337 or later. MLO77340 MLO77341 37 MLO92209 32478 80255 Listed Building Post-medieval 20-26 (even) Park Street, brick terraced houses, c. 1808. 21 and MLO92210 32472 80217 23 Park Street, and railings. Brick houses, 18th/19th century; MLO92211 32480 80224 posts in front listed separately, more of the Clink canon posts, 1812. 38 MLO92213 32250 80413 Listed Building Post-medieval Cast iron canon bollard, ‘Clink 1812’. 39 MLO92362 32355 80580 Listed Building Post-medieval Southwark Bridge, 1913–21 by Basil Mott.

All Listed Buildings Grade II unless otherwise noted.

APPENDIX 2: Historic and modern maps consulted

1576 Saxton, Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Middlesex and London (Fig. 2) 1593 Norden 1611 Speed, Map of Surrey (Fig. 3) 1658 Plan of the all churches within the walles of London (Fig. 4) c. 1660? Stilliard, London 1672 Ogilby, Middlesex 1675 Ogilby, The road from London to Portsmouth 1690 de la Fouille, London (Fig. 5) 1693 Seller, Surrey 1728 Hawksmoor, Survey 1729 Senex, London and Middlesex 1749 Warburton, London 1762 Rocque, London 1768 Rocque London and five miles round (Fig. 6) 1793 Lindley and Crossley, Surrey 1823 C and J Greenwood, Surrey 1873 First Edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch series (Fig. 7) 1893 Second Edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch series (Fig. 8) 1916 Third Edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch series 1933/9 Ordnance Survey revision 1946 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 9) 1951 Ordnance Survey 1960 Ordnance Survey (Fig 10) 1969 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 11) 1995 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 12) 2004 Ordnance Survey