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Peace of Westphalia Treaty of Versailles Peace of Westphalia The Peace of Westphalia (German: Westfälischer Friede) was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and theEighty Years' War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic. The Peace of Westphalia involved the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III; the Kingdom of Spain; the Kingdom of France; theSwedish Empire; the Dutch Republic; the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire; and sovereigns of the free imperial cities. The treaties that comprised the peace settlement were: The Peace of Münster [1] between the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Spain on 30 January 1648, ratified in Münster on 15 May 1648; and Two complementary treaties both signed on 24 October 1648, namely: The Treaty of Münster (Instrumentum Pacis Monasteriensis, IPM),[2] between the Holy Roman Emperor and France and their respective allies. The Treaty of Osnabrück (Instrumentum Pacis Osnabrugensis, IPO),[3] involving the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of France, Sweden and their respective allies. The treaties did not restore peace throughout Europe, but they did create a basis for national self- determination. The Peace of Westphalia established the precedent of peaces established by diplomatic congress,[4] [5] and a new system of political order in central Europe, later called Westphalian sovereignty, based upon the concept of co-existing sovereign states. Inter-state aggression was to be held in check by a balance of power. A prejudice was established against interference in another nation's domestic affairs. As European influence spread across the globe, these Westphalian principles, especially the concept of sovereign states, became central to international law and to the prevailing world order.[6] ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………............ Treaty of Versailles From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919, at the end of World War I. For other uses, see Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation). Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany[1] Cover of the English version Signed 28 June 1919[2] Location Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles in France[3] Effective 10 January 1920[4] Condition Ratification by Germany and four Principal Allied Powers.[1] Signatori Central Powers es Germany[1] Allied Powers United States[1] British Empire[1] France[1] Italy[1] Japan[1] Other Allied Powers[show] Depositar French Government[5] y Language French and English[5] s Treaty of Versailles at Wikisource Paris Peace Conference League of Nations[show] Treaty of Versailles[show] Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye[show] Neuilly-sur-Seine[show] Treaty of Trianon[show] Treaty of Sèvres[show] V T E The Signing of the Peace Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles (French: Traité de Versailles) was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties. [6] Although thearmistice, signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conferenceto conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919, and was printed in The League of Nations Treaty Series. Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial required "Germany [to] accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage" during the war (the other members of the Central Powers signed treaties containing similar articles). This article, Article 231, later became known as the War Guilt clause. The treaty forced Germany to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions, and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers. In 1921 the total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion Marks (then $31.4 billion or £6.6 billion, roughly equivalent to US $442 billion or UK £284 billion in 2015). At the time economists, notably John Maynard Keynes, predicted that the treaty was too harsh — a "Carthaginian peace", and said the reparations figure was excessive and counter- productive, views that, since then, have been the subject of ongoing debate by historians and economists from several countries. The result of these competing and sometimes conflicting goals among the victors was a compromise that left none contented: Germany was neither pacified nor conciliated, nor was it permanently weakened. The problems that arose from the treaty would lead to the Locarno Treaties, which improved relations between Germany and the other European Powers, and the re-negotiation of the reparation system resulting in the Dawes Plan, the Young Plan, and the indefinite postponement of reparations at the Lausanne Conference of 1932..
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  • Treaty of Westphalia
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