DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter I Halayudha

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Chapter I Halayudha - The author of Kavirahasya Chapter - I Halayudha - The author of Kavirahasya "^mfmgw ‘w»¶m ‘Ywam {Xì¶m Jrdm©U^maVr' 'Sanskrit' is the oldest language in the world. This language has the greatest Literature of all times. It is said that the literature is the mirror of the society.1 The society is purely depicted in its literature. The peculiarities of a society are very well reflected in the literature. So, literature plays a very important role in the betterment of the society. Sanskrit Literature is the mirror in which rich and cultured India can be seen. The people living in India, their habits, their culture all can be depicted in the Literature of India. The oldest Literature in the world is Sanskrit Literature. It is very rich and varied. 'Vedas' are the important feature of the language Sanskrit Language. They are the oldest surviving literature in the world. Sanskrit Literature is divided into two categories - Vedic literature and Classical literature. Vedic Literature includes Vedas, Aaranyakas, Brahmans, Samhitas, Puranas Smritis and Classical Literature comprises of poems, plays, kavyas etc. Sanskrit Language mainly focuses on religious treatises, is the notion of general public. This language deals with religious texts, sacrifices, stotras, only god and praying is depicted here, is the common belief of the people. But no. Sanskrit is not only a medium to learn religious texts but it is ( 15 ) also a language which opens up its wings to cover all the existing subjects in the world. This language deals with literature, grammar, philosophy, social sciences, astrology, astronomy, ayurveda, etymology etc. Sanskrit is the most scientific language in the world. It is the most suitable language for computer operations. Various sciences are also dealt here like physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics etc. Two main compositions which have an important place in Sanskrit Literature are Ramayana and Mahabharata. Till today the Indian society follows and accepts these two epic compositions as a testament of life. The lives of the people are influenced by these epics. We need to preach Rama and not Ravana is unanimously accepted by the people. These two compositions are the sources for the others to compose their artwork. These two compositions are the base to many existing literature in the language. Gradually, the literature started flourishing. Various works on different subjects came into existence. Philosophy was a vast and deeply studied subject here. Sanskrit is the home to various philosophical treatises. Many books were written by various famous authors as Gautamacharya, Shankaracharya, Kapilmuni etc. Literature also developed in India in Sanskrit. Various kavyas, plays were been written in the language. Various famous poets in this feild were Kalidasa, Bhasa, Bhavabhuti, Bharavi, Magha etc. They were the best known poets of all the times. Sanskrit Grammar also developed in India. Various books were written on Sanskrit Grammar. The most important work in Sanskrit ( 16 ) Grammar was 'Astadhayayi' by 'Panini'. It gave detailed information about Sanskrit Grammar. Patanjali, Katyayan, Varruchi were a few famous Grammar experts in the language. Lexicography was also an aspect of Sanskrit Literature. Many famous lexicographers are the feature of Sanskrit Literature. Lexicography in India began with 'Nighantu' a dictionary for Vedic words. Then came the most popular work in lexicography i.e. 'Amarakosha' by 'Amarsingh'. Such a famous lexicographer was 'Halayudha'. 1.1 Halayudha - His times Halayudha was a famous lexicographer and a poet in Sanskrit Literature. Halayudha is best known for his work 'HalayudhaKosha'- Abhidhanratmala. It is a thesaurus. This gives all the existing words for a particular word. Moreover, Halayudha was a true Sanskrit Poet. He never wrote about himself in his works. His other two works brings him out as a poet. His commentary on 'Pingala's 'Chandashastra' is also well known .His third work is Kavirahasya is not as popular as his former texts. 1.1.1 Various views prevailing Halayudha Halayudha was a poet in the court of King Krishna I of the Rastrakuta Dynasty in the latter half of the 8th century.2 But this view is not acceptable. He was a poet in the court of King Krishna III of the Rastrakuta Dynasty. This view is accepted by a majority of historians.3 Many evidences prove that he was in the court of King Krishna III of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty. Rashtrakuta's were a dynasty in India which ruled from 6th to 10th century.4 Nothing is known about his family life. But in his commentary 'Mrutsanjeewani' we can identify him as a south Indian.5 ( 17 ) Further he himself he declares that his father was a well-known scholar in 'Mimamsa Shastra'. His name was 'Vishwarup' 6 Halayudha was also a scholar in this Shastra this can be seen in the commentary.7 Another view prevailing Halayudha keeps him in the state of Bengal of India. Saurindra Mohan Tagore in his text Kavirahasya by Halayudha Bhatta narrates the ancestry and the heritage of great poet 'Halayudha' 8. He describes that in the Gaud (Jm¡S> àXoe) there was a great king named Adisura. He wanted to perform a great sacrifice. He invited five Brahamins who were well versed in the Vedas from Kanyakubja (modern day Kannauj)9. He wanted them to officiate the ceremony as priests. These five brahmins were Bhattanarayana, Daksha, Vedagarbha, Chhandara and Sriharsha10. Among these five Bhattanarayana was the most noted Brahmin for learning and erudition. He belonged to the Shandilya family and from him are the descendants of Tagores of Bengal11. After the grand success of the ceremony, he granted them, five villages in order that they might settle in the country. Bhattanarayana wrote three texts Prayogratna (à¶moJaËZ), Gobhilasutrabhashya (Jmo^rcgyÌ^mî¶) and Kasimaranamuktivichara12 (H$mer‘aU‘yp³V{dMma). But his greatest text was nevertheless Venisamharam. The best one which was written in Bengal. Vehisamharam is a six act play which revolves around the promise made by Bhima to kill Dushasan and make Draupadi's hair with his blood that too the blood from his thighs. It is a high paced drama. According to the Tagore's of Bengal 'Halayudhabhatta' , the author of this work Kavirahasya was sixteenth in descent from Bhattanarayana13. He has a following works under his name. • Brahmansarvaswa (~«mh²‘Ugd©ñd) ( 18 ) • Nyayasarvaswa (ݶm¶gd©ñd) • Panditsarvaswa (n§{S>Vgd©ñd) • Sivasarvaswa ({edgd©ñd) • Matsyasuktantra (‘Ëñ¶gw³VV§Ìm) • Abhidhanrathnamala (A{^YmZaËZ‘mcm) • Kavirahasya (H${dahñ¶) He further mentions that Halayudha was the prime minister to Lakshmana Sen, the son of the king Vallala Sen14. These kings belong to the Sen dynasty of Bengal. Sen's ruled Bengal around 11th century A.D. Ballala Sen or Vallala Sen ruled from 1165-1185 A.D. He was the son of Vijaya Sen who ruled from 1100-1165 A.D. Lakshmana Sen was the son of Ballala Sen or Vallala Sen. He ruled the Sen empire from 1185-1199 A.D.15. It is therefore said that Halayudha flourished in the latter half of the eleventh century after Christ. He is frequently quoted by Ujjwaldatta (CÁÁdcXÎm), Mallinath (‘{„ZmW) and Medinikara (‘o{XZrH$ma)16. This suggests these three to have flourished after Halayudha and he was of great respect and high authority 17. Dharnidhara (Ya{UYa) and Vanmali (dZ‘mcr) were the ancestors of Halayudha. There were also renowned for great and uncommon learning. Dharnidhara wrote Vyakaranasarvaswa and commentary on the institutes of Manu18. Vanmali's brother is the author of Bhaktiratnakara (^p³VaËZmH$a) and 19 dravyasiddhi – prakaranarahasya (Ðì¶{gÕràH$aUahñ¶) . ( 19 ) The grandson of Dharnidhara complied 'Nighantu' ({ZKÊQw>) a vocabulary of Vedic terms. He was the judge in the reign of Vallala Sena 20. Halayudha had two brothers Pasupati (newn{V) and Isana (BemZ), both were scholars of the language. Pasupati wrote a work on the rituals prescribed in the Yajurveda. Isana composed several works in law 21. Panditraj Jagannata (npÊS>VamO OJÞmW) was also descended from this family Rasagangadhara (agJL²>JmYa), Bhaminivilasa (^m{‘Vr{dcmg), Rekhaganitam (aoImJ{UV‘²) and others works have kept alive his fame. Purushottam Vidyavagish ({dÚmdmJre) was the son of Jagannaatha. The Prayograthamala (à¶moJaËZ‘mcm), Muktichintamani (‘wp³VqMVm‘Ur) Vishnubhakti Kalpalata ({dîUw^p³VH$ënH$Vm), Bhashavritti (^mfmd¥{Îm), Trikandasesha ({ÌH§$S>mXoe), Ekakshararakosha (EH$mjaH$me), Haralata (hmacVm), Harvaali (hmamdcr), Gotrapravardarpana (JmoÌàda Xn©U) and other works were written by him. Balarama the son of Purushottama (nwéfmoÎm‘) who wrote Prabodhaprakasha (à~moY àH$me) 22. Saurindro Mohun Tagore further quotes them being the descendants of this illustrious heritage. His father Harikumar Tagore was also a great scholar of Sanskrit He wrote Dakshinarchanaparijata (X{jUmM©Znm[aOmV), Haratattvadidhiti (haVÎdXr{Y{V) and Purascharanapaddhati (nwéfMaU nX²Y{V). His uncle Praosonna Coomar Tagore also joined this family tradition by translating Vivadachintamani ({ddmX{MÝVm‘{U), the highest legal authority of Mithila school, in English. His brother Megharaja Jateendra Mohan Tagore was also a great scholar who revived Sanskrit and was the great patron of learning 23. ( 20 ) According to Bhartiya Sanskruti Kosha, edited by Tarkateerth Lakshamana Shastri Joshi, the existence of Halayudha is a little undecided. There are a few opinions regarding it. Due to the similar names three views prevail regarding 'Halayudha' 24. Halayudha was a writer in the latter half of the eighth century. He was the court poet of the king Krishna I of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty 25. He wrote a lexicographic text Abhidharatnamala better known as Halayudha Kosha. It is a work purely based on the Amarkosha of Amarsingha. He also wrote a commentary on Pingala's Chandashastra named Mrutsanjeevani. This commentary marks the historical Prakrit reference given by Halayudha himself. He further wrote Kavirahasya as well.
Recommended publications
  • A Historical Perspective (1000-1687 Ce)

    A Historical Perspective (1000-1687 Ce)

    ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :7.816(2021); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal: VOLUME:10, ISSUE:5(1), May:2021 Online Copy of Article Publication Available: www.ijmer.in Digital certificate of publication:http://ijmer.in/pdf/e-Certificate%20of%20Publication-IJMER.pdf Cover Page DOI: http://ijmer.in.doi./2021/10.05.68 Scopus Review ID: A2B96D3ACF3FEA2A Article Received: 10th May- Publication Date:30th May 2021 SOCIETY, CULTURE AND ECONOMY IN MEDIVAL ANDHRADESA – A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1000-1687 CE) P.Ganga Reddy Research Scholar and Faculty Department of History, Government Degree College Nirmal Dist. Telangana State, India Abstract Historians earlier treated the medieval period of Andhradesa History as a great phase. It was so because, during this time, the whole country was divided into numerous regional states that were busy getting. However, recent studies have indicated that, though politically divided, India witnessed a growth of new and rich cultural activities in art, literature and language. In fact, some best specimens of temple architecture and Indian literature belong to this period. Thus, far from being emphdark, it may be treated as a bright and vibrant phase of Indian History. This research paper’s main objectives are to identify the various regional kingdoms that emerged during AD 1000 and AD 1687; examine the nature of the states; highlight the social and economic changes; evaluate the cultural activities; and more. Keywords:Social History, Cultural Identity, Princely States, Conquering Politics, State Craft Political Mobilization, Medieval Power Structure. Introduction Statement of Problem “Some have argued that as language is the medium of knowledge, that which comes in the form of language constitutes a text; since language is interpreted by the individual, the reading by the individual gives meaning to the text; therefore, each time a text is read by a different individual it acquires a fresh meaning.
  • 0X0a I Don't Know Gregor Weichbrodt FROHMANN

    0X0a I Don't Know Gregor Weichbrodt FROHMANN

    0x0a I Don’t Know Gregor Weichbrodt FROHMANN I Don’t Know Gregor Weichbrodt 0x0a Contents I Don’t Know .................................................................4 About This Book .......................................................353 Imprint ........................................................................354 I Don’t Know I’m not well-versed in Literature. Sensibility – what is that? What in God’s name is An Afterword? I haven’t the faintest idea. And concerning Book design, I am fully ignorant. What is ‘A Slipcase’ supposed to mean again, and what the heck is Boriswood? The Canons of page construction – I don’t know what that is. I haven’t got a clue. How am I supposed to make sense of Traditional Chinese bookbinding, and what the hell is an Initial? Containers are a mystery to me. And what about A Post box, and what on earth is The Hollow Nickel Case? An Ammunition box – dunno. Couldn’t tell you. I’m not well-versed in Postal systems. And I don’t know what Bulk mail is or what is supposed to be special about A Catcher pouch. I don’t know what people mean by ‘Bags’. What’s the deal with The Arhuaca mochila, and what is the mystery about A Bin bag? Am I supposed to be familiar with A Carpet bag? How should I know? Cradleboard? Come again? Never heard of it. I have no idea. A Changing bag – never heard of it. I’ve never heard of Carriages. A Dogcart – what does that mean? A Ralli car? Doesn’t ring a bell. I have absolutely no idea. And what the hell is Tandem, and what is the deal with the Mail coach? 4 I don’t know the first thing about Postal system of the United Kingdom.
  • Bibliography

    Bibliography

    Bibliography A. Aaboe, Episodes from the Early History of Mathematics (Random House, New York, 1964) A.D. Aczel, Fermat’s Last Theorem: Unlocking the Secret of an Ancient Mathematical Problem (Four Walls Eight Windows, New York, 1996) D. Adamson, Blaise Pascal: Mathematician, Physicist, and Thinker About God (St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1995) R.P. Agarwal, H. Agarwal, S.K. Sen, Birth, Growth and Computation of Pi to ten trillion digits. Adv. Differ. Equat. 2013, 100 (2013) A.A. Al-Daffa’, The Muslim Contribution to Mathematics (Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, 1977) A.A. Al-Daffa’, J.J. Stroyls, Studies in the Exact Sciences in Medieval Islam (Wiley, New York, 1984) E.J. Aiton, Leibniz: A Biography (A. Hilger, Bristol, Boston, 1984) R.E. Allen, Greek Philosophy: Thales to Aristotle (The Free Press, New York, 1966) G.J. Allman, Greek Geometry from Thales to Euclid (Arno Press, New York, 1976) E.N. da C. Andrade, Sir Issac Newton, His Life and Work (Doubleday & Co., New York, 1954) W.S. Anglin, Mathematics: A Concise History and Philosophy (Springer, New York, 1994) W.S. Anglin, The Queen of Mathematics (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1995) H.D. Anthony, Sir Isaac Newton (Abelard-Schuman, New York, 1960) H.G. Apostle, Aristotle’s Philosophy of Mathematics (The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1952) R.C. Archibald, Outline of the history of mathematics.Am. Math. Monthly 56 (1949) B. Artmann, Euclid: The Creation of Mathematics (Springer, New York, 1999) C.N. Srinivasa Ayyangar, The History of Ancient Indian Mathematics (World Press Private Ltd., Calcutta, 1967) A.K. Bag, Mathematics in Ancient and Medieval India (Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 1979) W.W.R.
  • A New Philology: from Norm-Bound Practice to Practice-Bound Norm in Kannada Intellectual History

    A New Philology: from Norm-Bound Practice to Practice-Bound Norm in Kannada Intellectual History

    A New Philology: From Norm-bound Practice to Practice-bound Norm in Kannada Intellectual History Sheldon Pollock A number of regional languages in premodern South Asia possess philological traditions—whereby I refer to commentarial work as well as grammatical, metrical, rhetorical, and related disciplines—that constitute a vast, important, and scarcely examined domain. The Tamil embodiment of this tradition, thanks to the work of François Gros and scholars like him—though there are few like him—has actually been reasonably well served. For the history of Kannada philology, however, the situation is radically different. Modern scholarship written in Kannada itself is stunning; men such as R. Narasimhachar, D. L. Narasimhachar, B. M. Srikantia, M. V. Seetha Ramiah, M. Timmappaya, and M. G. Pai, and most recently T. V. Venkatachala Sastry, are the equal of any known to me from elsewhere, scholars endowed with authentic philological sensibilities, deep historical understanding, and keen critical intelligence. But almost nothing on the subject has been written outside of Kannada. Faced with what is virtually a blank slate for western readers, I aim here to present some brief reflections on several of the principal texts and persons of early Kannada philology; on what I believe was a crucial, but rarely noted conceptual revolution with great consequences for the history of consciousness and culture in South Asia, and to which that philology contributed importantly; and on the significance of all this intellectual activity for the political sphere of premodern Karnataka. I. The Kaviràjamàrga (c. 850) had already gone some way in establishing the groundwork for a systematic reflection on and disciplinary organization of literary Kannada.1 The philologization we find in the Màrga, which was to develop uninterruptedly for another four centuries or more, is not only precocious but, with respect to its relationship with other literary cultures of southern India, both autonomous and uncommon.
  • History of Buddhism and Jainism Upto 1000 A.D

    History of Buddhism and Jainism Upto 1000 A.D

    Syllabus M.A. Part - II Paper - VII : (Option B) History of Buddhism and Jainism upto 1000 A.D. 1. Sources (Buddhism) a) Canonical and Non-Canonical Pali Literature b) Art and Architecture. 2. The Buddha Life of Buddha (from Birth till the Mahaparinirvana). 3. Teachings of Buddha a) Four Noble Truths. Eight fold path b) Law of Dependent Origination. (Paticcaccsamuccapada) c) Origin and Development of Sangha and Vinaya. 4. Buddhism and its Expansion a) Three Buddhist Councils b) Dhamma messengers sent by Asoka (Ashoka) after 3rd Buddhist Council, c) Buddhist Sects. 5. Impact of Buddhism on Society. a) Epistemological and Logical Aspects of Buddhism. 6. Sources (Jainism) Agamas - Literature of Jaina. Art and Architecture. 7. The Mahavira. Life of Mahavira. 8. Teachings of Mahavira a) Ethics b) NineTattvas c) Anekaravada • d) Six Dravyas 9. Spread of Jainism. a) Three Jaina councils b) King Samprati‘s contribution. c) Major Jain Sects 10. Impact of Jainism on Society 1 SOURCES OF BUDDHISM : (LITERARY SOURCES) Unit Structure : 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Importance of Various Sources 1.3 Literary Sources Canonical Pali Literature 1.4 Non-Canonical Pali Literature 1.5 How Authentic is Pali -Literature ? 1.6 Summary 1.7 Suggested Readings 1.8 Unit End Questions 1.0 OBJECTIVES (A) By reading this material student will understand which sources should be utilized for getting the information about Ancient Indian History and Culture & History of Buddhism itself. (B) Student will understand importance of the original literary sources known as ‗BUDDHA VACANA‘(Words of the Buddha) and its allied literature as a chief source for deriving information pertaining to history and culture.
  • Vedic Mathematics Indian Mathematics from Vedic Period Until

    Vedic Mathematics Indian Mathematics from Vedic Period Until

    Vedic Mathematics Indian Mathematics from Vedic Period until today is ‘Vedic Mathematics’ Ravi Kumar Iyer Mob. +91 8076 4843 56 Vedic Mathematics I am sorry I am not able to meet you Physically. But once the pandemic is over, let us meet and learn VM properly. Today is only a TRILER I need your cooperation If possible pl sit with your school going children above the age of 12. They pick up very quickly I have conducted VM workshops in many leading universities in USA, Canada, Holland, Norway, Australia, New Zealand etc. Also in Royal Society My 5 Sessions on VM in Radio Sydney won maximum attendance award [email protected], www.hindugenius.blogspot.com Quotes on Indian Mathematics We owe a lot to Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made. Albert Einstein Let Noble Thoughts come from all 4 directions. Rig Veda Ancient Vedic Shloka over 5,000 years back "Om purna mada purna midam Purnaat purnam udachyate Purnasya purnam adaaya Purnam eva vasishyate Om shanti shanti shantih” (Isha Upanishad) Guillaume de l'Hôpital Which translates into: 1661- 1704 France, Paris INFINITY ÷÷ INFINITY = INFINITY "That is the whole, this is the Whole; from the Whole, the Whole arises; taking away the Whole from the Whole, the Whole remains“ (Replace Whole by Infinity) Great Mathematicians of Vedic Period Indian Mathematics from Vedic Period until today is ‘Vedic Mathematics’ How old is Vedic Civilization ?? How old is Vedic Civilization ?? Thomas Alva Edison (1847 – 1931) Gramaphone 1877 Max Müller (1823 – 1900) I worship Agni who is the priest, the one who leads us from the front, who is the deity subject matter of a ritual, a yajna who is the one who makes the formal invocations in the yajna who is the source, storehouse and the bestower of all wealth, gems, precious stones etc 1 -1-1 of Rigvedam.
  • Teaching Mathematics for the Learners

    Teaching Mathematics for the Learners

    Associate Degree in Education (ADE) Teaching of Mathematics CODE No: 6409 UNITS: 1–9 DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE EDUCATION FACULTY OF EDUCATION ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD i (All rights Reserved with the Publisher) First Printing .................................... 2015 Quantity ........................................... 500 Printing Coordinator ........................ Printing Press Operation Committee Printer .............................................. AIOU, Printing Press Publisher .......................................... Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad ii COURSE TEAM Chairman: Prof. Dr. Tanveer Uz Zaman Writers: 1. Farkhunda Rasheed Ch. 2. Muhammad Azeem 3. Dr Amjad Ali 4. Irum Naseer Reviewers: 1. Prof. Dr. Tanveer Uz Zaman 2. Farkhunda Rasheed Ch. 3. Samima Kashif 4. Dr. Iqbal Shah Course Development Coordinator: MS Saima Kashif Course Coordinator : Prof. Dr. Tanveer-Uz-Zaman Assisted in Course Development: Farkhunda Rasheed Choudhary Formatting & Layout Design: Mushtaq Hussain iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Unit # Name of Unit Page No. Unit 1: Introduction ........................................................................................3 Unit 2: Enhancing Learner Understands of Mathematics ........................55 Unit 3: Teaching and Learning of Mathematics ........................................83 Unit 4: Learning Aids and Mathematics Laboratory ..............................105 Unit 5: Teaching of Some Important Concepts ........................................121 Unit 6: Teaching of Algebra, Geometry &
  • A Survey of Maithili Literature Ii मममअनु�म

    A Survey of Maithili Literature Ii मममअनुम

    A Survey of Maithili Literature ii मममअनुम अनुम iii A Survey of Maithili Literature Radhakrishna Chaudhary Shruti Publication iv मममअनुम Ist edition 2010 of Professor Radhakrishna Chaudhary’s A Survey of Maithili Literature published by Shruti Publication, 8/21, Ground Floor, New Rajendra Nagar, New Delhi -110008 Tel.: 25889656, 25889658 Fax: 011- 25889657 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means- photographic, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, taping or information storage-without the prior permission in writing of the copyright owner or as expressly permitted by law. You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. © Shruti Publication ISBN:978-93-80538-36-5 Price: Rs. 250/- (INR)-for individual buyers US $ 40 for libraries/ institutions(India & abroad). ुित काशन रिजटडर् ऑिफस: ८/२१, भूतल, यू राजे नगर, नई िदली-११०००८. दूरभाष-(०११) २५८८९६५६-५८ फैक्स- (०११)२५८८९६५७ Website:http://www.shruti-publication.com e-mail: [email protected] Designed by: Prity Thakur Printed & Typeset at: Ajay Arts, Delhi-110002 Distributor : Pallavi Distributors, Ward no- 6, Nirmali (Supaul, BIHAR, INDIA), मो.- 9572450405, 9931654742 1 A Survey of Maithili Literature Radhakrishna Chaudhary 2 For Shri ShriKrishna Chaudhary Shri Binod Bihari Verma 3 Preface The survey was initially prepared for a particular occasion under the heading “History of Maithili Literature”, sponsored by the Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi. The man-made destiny willed otherwise and the mechanism, crowned with utter selfishness and sectarianism, did not allow the original sheme to materilise.
  • Rol Aug 2015 Dr. Subhaschandra Doddamani

    Rol Aug 2015 Dr. Subhaschandra Doddamani

    Reviews of Literature Impact Factor : 1.4716(UIF) ISSN 2347-2723 Volume - 2 | Issue - 1 | Aug - 2015 ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF RASHTRA KUTA DYNASTY Dr. Subhaschandra Doddamani Lecturer in History ABSTRACT he Rashtrakutas who managed the deccan from Manyakheta, Gulbarga region, Karnataka in the Tperiod AD 753 - 973 constructed a portion of the finest dravidian landmarks at Ellora (the Kailasanatha sanctuary), in the stone cut engineering Development. Some other fine landmarks are the Jaina Narayana sanctuary at Pattadakal and the Navalinga sanctuaries at Kuknur in Karnataka. The Rashtrakutas contributed much to the way of life of the Deccan. The Rashtrakuta commitments to craftsmanship and engineering are reflected in the breathtaking rock-cut hallowed places at Ellora and Elephanta58, arranged in present day Mahárashtra. It is said that they out and out built 34 rock-cut hallowed places, yet most broad and extravagant of every one of them is the Kailasanatha sanctuary at Ellora. The sanctuary is an unbelievable accomplishment of Dravidian workmanship. The dividers of the sanctuary have radiant figures from Hindu mythology including Ravana, Úhiva and Parvathi while the roofs have depictions. KEYWORDS :Rashtra Kuta Dynasty , Hindu mythology , Art and Architecture . INTRODUCTION : Rashtrakuta was an illustrious line controlling expansive parts of the Indian Subcontinent between the 6th and tenth hundreds of years. The soonest known Rashtrakuta engraving is a seventh century copper plate award enumerating their guideline from Manapura, a city in Central or West India. Other decision Rashtrakuta factions from the same time frame said in engravings were the rulers of Achalapur (present day Elichpur in Maharashtra) and the leaders of Kannauj.
  • Vinay Shrivastave ...3-9-2013

    Vinay Shrivastave ...3-9-2013

    1 1 Narrative Art on Dhobi Math Mandir Wall at Nabratnagarh, Sesai, Distt-Gumla, Jharkhand. *Rajendra Dehuri Introduction The present Jharkhand state has preserved a wide range of art heritage in her vast sketch of land. In respect of narrative art, is concrete shape with distinct tradition, which can observe and find the manifestation of early artistic activity of man in cave, rock shatters and extend up to temples wall. These are basically exercise in the art form such as sculpture, painting, engraving etc. and the Indian art is essentially religious in nature. Further it is noticed that most of the temples outer and inner wall representing narrative art. This art form have witness social and cultural life in many form such as costumes, ornaments, war weapons, flora and fauna etc. through which one can reconstruction the cultural history of certain cultural phase. Unlike other state, the temple art and architecture of Jharkhand is very rich and patronized by different dynasties in different period of time. A number of temple studies in recent years have brought to light the art and architectural heritage of Jharkhand. Site and temple-The present study of Dhobi math mandir is materialized with terracotta, which is oldest form of building execution in India. However, the present temple is quite similar to Bengals terracotta architecture noticed in Bishnupur and other nearby site. The Dhobi math is located in the Nabratnagarh temple complex, which has rich in epigraphically and architectural tradition1. Most of the architecture of the group is representing through amalgamation of Hindu and Mughal art.
  • The Influence of Jainism on Early Kannada Literature Sheldon Pollock’S Work Language of Gods

    The Influence of Jainism on Early Kannada Literature Sheldon Pollock’S Work Language of Gods

    International Journal of Jaina Studies (Online) Vol. 15, No. 2 (2019) 1-24 THE INFLUENCE OF JAINISM ON EARLY KANNADA LITERATURE SHELDON POLLOCK’S WORK LANGUAGE OF GODS Hampa Nagarajaiah (Hampana) Preamble Kannada, a Dravidian language, is one of the ancient and important literary languages in India. It has a script of its own and has a population of about sixty million. It had branched off from the Proto-Dravidian Family of languages in around sixth century BC, and had become a written language by the beginning of current era. The history of Kannada language and literature is very vast, varied and encompasses a variety of genres. Regrettably, its salient features were not properly and systematically introduced outside the Kannada world. Such an objective account remained a desideratum for a long time. To address the issue some attempts were made by Ferdinand Kittel (1832-1903), E.P. Rice (1849-1936) and B.L. Rice (1837-1927). B.L. Rice (1898) was the first to edit the epic Vikramārjunavijaya of poet Pampa (901-950), and write an article in English about the epic, as early as in 1882. His brother, E.P. Rice (1921) wrote The Kanarese Literature, the earliest book in English on the Kannada Literature. He wrote in the concluding paragraphs: “I am afraid it must be confessed that Kanarese writers, highly skilful though they are in the manipulation of their language, and very pleasing to listen to in the original, have as yet contributed extremely little to the stock of the world’s knowledge and inspiration [...]. There is little of original and imperishable thought on the question of perennial interest to man [...].
  • THE WORLD of CONQUERORS the History, Literature, Religion and Culture of the Jains

    THE WORLD of CONQUERORS the History, Literature, Religion and Culture of the Jains

    SUBJECT: THE WORLD OF CONQUERORS The history, literature, religion and culture of the Jains A thesis submitted to The Intercultural Open University Opeinde, The Netherlands By Dr Natubhai Shah For the doctoral degree In Jain Religion DEDICATION AS A MARK OF RESPECT AND DEVOTION TO AACAARYA VIJAY VALLABHSURISVARJI WHOSE VISION FOR THE JAIN COMMUNITY FOR EMPIRICAL AND SPIRITUAL EDUCATION HAS TRANSFORMED THOUSANDS OF YOUNG JAINS AS SUCCESSFUL CITIZENS OF THE WORLD 2 ABSTRACT ainism is the oldest extant religion in Eurasia but it is the least known in J the West. Although its teachings are as relevant in our own day as they were in the days of Mahavira who revived it more than two and half millennia ago, why this should be is almost certainly due to its small number of adherents in India: four millions plus (Jain leaders estimate twelve million and claim that it was much larger in earlier centuries of Common Era) out of a total population of nearly a billion. Jainism possesses a unique all-embracing precept from which all else flows: ahimsaa. Ahimsaa means ‘non-violence and reverence for all life’ a precept that forms the core of Jain theology; for Jains, both ascetic and lay, and it is the fundamental belief that governs their behaviour. This is supplemented by aparigraha (non-attachment to worldly possessions) and anenkaantavaada (multiplicity of views) This dissertation aims to analyse the role of Jain beliefs from their evolution in the mists of antiquity, through their reformulation by Mahavira, the last of the twenty four luminaries of Jainism in the sixth century BCE, and their historical influence on Jains and beyond up to our own times.