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THE BIAŁYSTOK and KIELCE GHETTOS: a COMPARATIVE STUDY Sara Bender
THE BIAŁYSTOK AND KIELCE GHETTOS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY Sara Bender During the past two decades, scholars have written research reports and monographs about several Jewish communities in Poland that were destroyed in the Holocaust. Archivists in the United States and Israel conducted a massive campaign to gather testimony from Holocaust survivors and some of the major World War II and Holocaust testimonials have been computerized. An invaluable aid to those engaged in studying the history of the Polish Jews during the period of the German occupation, these tools have enabled scholars to conduct comparative studies of the ghettos—for example, of two ghettos in Poland (Białystok and Kielce) to which Holocaust historians had previously accorded scant attention. FROM SOVIET TO GERMAN OCCUPATION In accordance with the terms of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Treaty between the Third Reich and the Soviet Union, the Soviet Army entered eastern Poland on September 17, 1939, and, within a month, annexed this territory. One of the major cities annexed was Białystok (known for its textile industry), with a Jewish population of some 50,000. The remainder of Poland was divided into two parts: western and northern Poland, annexed by the Reich; and central Poland, which as of October 1939 became a single political administrative unit known as the Generalgouvernement; this unit was subdivided into four districts: Warsaw, Lublin, Kraków, and Radom. The city of Kielce, whose Jewish population in September 1939 numbered approximately 20,000, was located in the Radom district. The Soviets controlled Białystok for a little less than two years. On June 27, 1941, the Germans invaded Białystok and within a month imprisoned Jews in a ghetto. -
ZRBG – Ghetto-Liste (Stand: 01.08.2014) Sofern Eine Beschäftigung I
ZRBG – Ghetto-Liste (Stand: 01.08.2014) Sofern eine Beschäftigung i. S. d. ZRBG schon vor dem angegebenen Eröffnungszeitpunkt glaubhaft gemacht ist, kann für die folgenden Gebiete auf den Beginn der Ghettoisierung nach Verordnungslage abgestellt werden: - Generalgouvernement (ohne Galizien): 01.01.1940 - Galizien: 06.09.1941 - Bialystok: 02.08.1941 - Reichskommissariat Ostland (Weißrussland/Weißruthenien): 02.08.1941 - Reichskommissariat Ukraine (Wolhynien/Shitomir): 05.09.1941 Eine Vorlage an die Untergruppe ZRBG ist in diesen Fällen nicht erforderlich. Datum der Nr. Ort: Gebiet: Eröffnung: Liquidierung: Deportationen: Bemerkungen: Quelle: Ergänzung Abaujszanto, 5613 Ungarn, Encyclopedia of Jewish Life, Braham: Abaújszántó [Hun] 16.04.1944 13.07.1944 Kassa, Auschwitz 27.04.2010 (5010) Operationszone I Enciklopédiája (Szántó) Reichskommissariat Aboltsy [Bel] Ostland (1941-1944), (Oboltsy [Rus], 5614 Generalbezirk 14.08.1941 04.06.1942 Encyclopedia of Jewish Life, 2001 24.03.2009 Oboltzi [Yid], Weißruthenien, heute Obolce [Pol]) Gebiet Vitebsk Abony [Hun] (Abon, Ungarn, 5443 Nagyabony, 16.04.1944 13.07.1944 Encyclopedia of Jewish Life 2001 11.11.2009 Operationszone IV Szolnokabony) Ungarn, Szeged, 3500 Ada 16.04.1944 13.07.1944 Braham: Enciklopédiája 09.11.2009 Operationszone IV Auschwitz Generalgouvernement, 3501 Adamow Distrikt Lublin (1939- 01.01.1940 20.12.1942 Kossoy, Encyclopedia of Jewish Life 09.11.2009 1944) Reichskommissariat Aizpute 3502 Ostland (1941-1944), 02.08.1941 27.10.1941 USHMM 02.2008 09.11.2009 (Hosenpoth) Generalbezirk -
185 Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis
185 Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Historicolitteraria XV Rada Naukowa Tadeusz Budrewicz – przewodniczący (Kraków), Wołodymyr Antofijczuk (Czerniowce, Ukraina), Alicja Baluch (Kraków), Dariusz Chemperek (Lublin), Jan Goes (Arras, Francja), Krystyna Latawiec (Kraków), Luis Meneses Lerin (Paryż, Francja), Roman Mazurkiewicz (Kraków), Christian Modrzewski (Lille, Francja), Romuald Naruniec (Wilno, Litwa), Siergiej Nikołajew (Sankt Petersburg, Rosja), Jacek Popiel (Kraków), Paweł Próchniak (Kraków), Dariusz Rott (Katowice), Marie Sobotková (Ołomuniec, Czechy), Aleksej Szmieliow (Moskwa, Rosja) Margareta Grigorova (Wielkie Tyrnovo, Bułgaria), Alois Woldan (Wiedeń, Austria), KolegiumRyszard Waksmund Recenzentów (Wrocław), Jerzy Waligóra (Kraków) Barbara Bobrowska (UKSW), Piotr Borek (UP), Jarosław Fazan (UJ), Wojciech Ligęza (UP), Bogdan A. Mazan (UŁ), Kazimierz Maciąg (UR), Jerzy S. Ossowski (USK), Jacek Rozmus (UP), Krzysztof Stępnik (WSPIA), Stanisław Uliasz (UR), Piotr Wilczek (UW), Violetta Wróblewska Redakcja(UMK) Piotr Borek (redaktor naczelny) [email protected] Marek Buś (zastępca redaktora naczelnego) [email protected] RedaktorzyMałgorzata Chrobak tematyczni (sekretarz redakcji) [email protected] Piotr Borek, Krystyna Latawiec współpraca: Jolanta Kasperek, Magdalena Kuczek, Angelika Łuszcz, Klaudia Smaza Adres redakcji Instytut Filologii Polskiej UP, 30-084 Kraków, ul. Podchorążych 2 tel. 12 662 61 54 e-mail: [email protected] www.studiahistlit.edu.pl ISSN 2081-1853 Wydawcae-ISSN 2300-5831 Wydawnictwo Naukowe UP Redakcja/Dział Promocji 30-084 Kraków, ul. Podchorążych 2 tel./faks: 12 662-63-83, tel. 12 662-67-56 e-mail: [email protected] www.wydawnictwoup.pl druk i oprawa Zespół Poligraficzny UP, zam. 14 Folia 185 Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Historicolitteraria XV (2015) ISSN 2081-1853 Wojciech Kopek Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II Bellum civile, bellum externum. -
GSI Newsletter May 2018
[email protected] [email protected] www.genshoah.org Generations of the Shoah International Newsletter May 2018 Dear Members and Friends, Registration is now open for the intergenerational conference GSI is having in conjunction with the World Federation of Jewish Child Survivors of the Holocaust and Descendants. For dates and registration information please see the November 9th conference listing below. Generations of the Shoah International (GSI) Membership in our interactive leadership listserv is open to leaders / representatives of landsmanschaften and other Holocaust-related groups. If your local survivor, second generation or third generation group has not yet delegated a representative to join the GSI interactive online discussion / listserv group, please join us now. We already have dozens of members throughout the USA and from other countries. This global interactive listserv is the fastest way to reach the survivor community: [email protected]. For event submissions: www.genshoah.org/contact_gsi.html. Please fill out the information requested in the text areas and submit it to us at [email protected]. You must send us your information no later than the 23rd of the month if you wish for it to appear in the upcoming month’s issue. To search the newsletter by geographic area: Search by country for programs outside the USA or use the city and / or state abbreviations for those areas in the USA. All times listed below are local unless otherwise stated. Visit our GSI website at www.genshoah.org for updated information on new books, films, helpful links to Holocaust-related organizations and institutions, etc. Survivors, their children and grandchildren are welcome to post contact information for their local groups on our website. -
THE IVANSK PROJECT E-NEWSLETTER L'shanah Tova A
THE IVANSK PROJECT e-NEWSLETTER Issue Number 14 September – October 2005 Welcome, dear reader, to the latest e-newsletter of the Ivansk Project. You are one of over 250 people who receive our newsletter on email, or perhaps you are one of those without email whose friends and family regularly print copies for you to read. Our readership is increasing steadily, and includes people in Canada, Colombia, Israel and the U.S.A. Many readers have told us how much they enjoy receiving the e-newsletters, including historical memoirs of Ivansk, present day photos and stories of visits to Ivansk by members of The Project. Your correspondence with new ideas, suggestions for improvement and material for publication are very much appreciated. If you know of others who would like to receive this e-newsletter on e-mail, please forward their e- mail addresses to the editor, Norton Taichman <[email protected]>. While we have no budget to mail out copies, we are able to forward back copies electronically to whoever requests them. We look forward to the future (hopefully about a year from now) when the e-news will describe the dedication of our completed restoration of the Ivansk Cemetery. Even more than death, we seek to memorialize life by collecting histories and memories of our people who lived in Ivansk for hundreds of years. Unlike many other Polish shtetlach, there has never been a Yizkor Book for Ivansk, and we are hopeful that material made available as a result of our work will help in fulfilling this function, commemorating the lives of Ivansk’s Jews. -
Holocaust Myths and Misconceptions
Holocaust Myths and Misconceptions 1. German Jews were a large proportion of Germany’s population. a. In 1933, approximately 9.5 million Jews lived in Europe, comprising 1.7% of the total European population. This number represented more than 60 percent of the world’s Jewish population at that time, estimated at 15.3 million. Of these, the largest Jewish community was in Poland – about 3,250,000 Jews or 9.8% of the Polish population. Germany’s approximately 565,000 Jews made up only 0.8% of its population. 2. Killing Jews was on Hitler and the Nazi Party’s agenda from the beginning. a. Plans to murder Europe’s Jews began when forced immigration out of German territory was no longer a viable goal. In part because German territory kept expanding into areas that contained millions of Jews. The authorization for the “Final Solution” began in July 1941 and was finally ratified in January 1942. 3. The Nazis system of concentration camps consisted of about 10,000 camps. a. From 1933-1945 over 44,000 camps existed across occupied Europe. 4. Most concentration camps had a gas chamber and crematoria. a. Only six camps were designated as systematic killing centers. Camps equipped with gassing facilities, for mass murder of Jews included Auschwitz-Birkenau, Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek, Sobibor, and Treblinka. Industrial scale crematoria only existed at Auschwitz-Birkenau and only after 1943. Up to 2,700,000 Jews were murdered at these camps, as were tens of thousands of Gypsies, Soviet prisoners of war, Poles, and others. 5. All Jews in camps received tattoo numbers on their arms. -
Memories for a Blessing Jewish Mourning Rituals and Commemorative Practices in Postwar Belarus and Ukraine, 1944-1991
Memories for a Blessing Jewish Mourning Rituals and Commemorative Practices in Postwar Belarus and Ukraine, 1944-1991 by Sarah Garibov A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in University of Michigan 2017 Doctoral Committee: Professor Ronald Suny, Co-Chair Professor Jeffrey Veidlinger, Co-Chair Emeritus Professor Todd Endelman Professor Zvi Gitelman Sarah Garibov [email protected] ORCID ID: 0000-0001-5417-6616 © Sarah Garibov 2017 DEDICATION To Grandma Grace (z”l), who took unbounded joy in the adventures and accomplishments of her grandchildren. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I am forever indebted to my remarkable committee. The faculty labor involved in producing a single graduate is something I have never taken for granted, and I am extremely fortunate to have had a committee of outstanding academics and genuine mentshn. Jeffrey Veidlinger, thank you for arriving at Michigan at the perfect moment and for taking me on mid-degree. From the beginning, you have offered me a winning balance of autonomy and accountability. I appreciate your generous feedback on my drafts and your guidance on everything from fellowships to career development. Ronald Suny, thank you for always being a shining light of positivity and for contributing your profound insight at all the right moments. Todd Endelman, thank you for guiding me through modern Jewish history prelims with generosity and rigor. You were the first to embrace this dissertation project, and you have faithfully encouraged me throughout the writing process. Zvi Gitelman, where would I be without your wit and seykhl? Thank you for shepherding me through several tumultuous years and for remaining a steadfast mentor and ally. -
Philip Weiss, an Émigré's Contribution to Modernist Furniture Design in Winnipeg, Manitoba, 1950 1975
Furnishing An Identity: Philip Weiss, An Émigré's Contribution to Modernist Furniture Design in Winnipeg, Manitoba, 1950-1975 by Francis R. (Francie) Winograd A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF INTERIOR DESIGN Department of Interior Design University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada ©2011 Table of Contents Abstract.........................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................iv Dedication.....................................................................................................................vi . List of Figures...............................................................................................................vii Introduction.....................................................................................................................1 Chapter One – Modernism in Europe: Bauhaus and the Émigré Exodus..................12 Chapter Two – Philip Weiss: His European Narrative................................................28 . Chapter Three – Modernism: An Overview of Winnipeg and Canada in the Late 1940s and 1960s.......................................................................................................................41 Chapter Four – Philip Weiss, Limited: A Case Study….…………….......................54 -
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
Andrey Finegersh Mission Viejo High School Jan Jurgemeyer (Counselor) High School Essay First Prize The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Bravery and courage are measured by their merits and implications, and not by their successes. The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising had all of these merits and implications, all of those occurrences that turn events into history, and men into heroes. The Jews of Warsaw held out longer than the French against the Nazi attack and proved for the first time that the Third Reich was not invincible, but fallible. With the patience of Masada and the will of Jericho, the Jewish Fighting Organization resisted one of the world’s most superior armies, fighting Panzers and machine guns with smuggled pistols and homemade bombs. The horrors experienced by the Jews of Warsaw in their two years of confinement are almost too vile and inhuman to have been committed by the hands of men. Stories of Nazi guards shooting children as if they were pigeons, six-year-old boys crawling through barbed wire to steal a morsel of food from the “free” side, and the growing number of bodies piling up in funeral homes made the Warsaw ghetto a community of fear, rather than conscience. It is in this misery that resistance is fostered and grown. All things taken for granted now became sustenance and survival. In this atmosphere of constant threat, dignity and freedom became just as important as food and water. Mordechai Anielewicz, the leader of a group of some 750 loosely organized combatants known as the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB), became one of the first to strike out for a sense of retribution and honor. -
Chapter 8 Medical Practioners Targeted by Zbv161
Chapter 8 Medical Practioners targeted by zbV161 Fig. 15: Dr Mark Redner162 Dr Mark Redner: 159 Dr Redner, Papers sent to the author by famly Redner: Original Memoirs (in Polish), written between 1944 and 1949. Yad Vashem, file 03/430 in Jerusalem, Israel, preserves the manuscript. 162 Holocaust Survivor. Son of Berisch ‘Bernard’ and Reize ‘Roza/Dinah’ (Findling) Redner. Born: 3 July 1898 in Lemberg, Poland. Died: December 1984 in Norristown, Pennsylvania. Last Residence in Poland: Sonnegasse 47 Lemberg. Occupation: Physician in Poland. Married: Bromislawa Schrenzel January 4, 1924. 105 MEDICAL PRACTIONERS TARGETED BY ZBV I can fully agree with the now classic testimony of Polish Prime Minister, Joseph Cyrankiewicz, a former prisoner of Oswiecim (Auschwitz) extermination camp, and a witness during the trial of the camp commander Rudolf Hess. He testified, when called by the prosecutor to tell the truth, and declared categorically that alas, in spite of his best efforts and intentions, he cannot relate the truth accurately, since no human being can describe truthfully the enormities of the crimes, that quantitatively and qualitatively exceed human imagination. Nevertheless, I cannot remain silent or resign myself to inaction. The spilled blood of millions of our innocent brothers calls loudly and incessantly for justice. The shadows and souls of our Martyrs visit us in our dreams and keep us company in every step of reality, calling for hunting and punishing the perpetrators. They show the bleeding wounds and lacerated hands, bodies infected and torn by Gestapo dogs… their faces deformed by suffering deaths in gas chambers with bloody foam on their lips. -
Ashfield Sergeant Trains with Police
30 years of Mardi Gras Mohawk Photos from Ashfi eld’s parade and ball musicals ³page 16 Reflections on the beginnings of a beloved school tradition. ³Independent Thinking, page 4 If your dog doesn’t like someone, you probably shouldn’t either. —ANONYMOUS www.sfi ndependent.net Vol. III No. 16 • Issue No. 66 Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts March 1–14, 2007 $1.00 Ashfi eld Change in regional sergeant trains school with police dog math? Adapting formula Girard will return with could provide relief for regional schools with Syrus, area’s fi rst K9 declining enrollments By Michael Wilmeth the program, Syrus will practice By Virginia Ray michael@sfi ndependent.net taking defensive measures for ginny@sfi ndependent.net ————— Girard. The dog will bark, lunge ————— ASHFIELD—Ashfield Po- or bite and hold an attacker, BUCKLAND—WMass- lice Department’s Sgt. Steve depending on the level of force COUNTS, the Coalition Of UN- Girard went to Arkansas about required. derfunded Towns and Schools, a two weeks ago to meet his new The two are working hard. new, local grassroots community partner: Syrus, a 17-month-old, Most days, Girard said, have group, is offering a $10 million 55-pound Belgian malinois, who been packed from 6 a.m. to at proposal for inclusion in the was born and began his training least 7 p.m., with some time in House budget that’s aimed to in Germany. the classroom, but most engaged help school districts like the After a few days of getting in practical training. Mohawk Trail Regional School acquainted, Girard and Syrus Although based in Ashfi eld, District where declining en- began training together at the Syrus will be available to all rollment, limited funds and Little Rock Canine Academy in area town forces when a K-9 unit rural populations are pinching an intensive two-week program is needed. -
Memory and Influence. a Story of Trauma Transmission in Anna Janko’S “Mała Zagłada”1
Anna Kuchta Memory and influence. A story of trauma transmission in Anna Janko’s “Mała Zagłada”1 Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University “these are not my tears (…) these are genes crying”2 On June the 1st 1943 a small village, Sochy, located in Zamość County (Lublin Voivodeship, Poland), was methodically annihilated and its inhabitants, about two hundred people, were brutally slaughtered during the process of the Germanisation of the region3. The carnage began early in the morning and continued mercilessly for a “few apocalyptic hours”4, until the village was almost completely destroyed. According to the relations and reports left by the survivors of the massacre, only one household remained intact5, the other parts of the village were either burned or demolished during the German pacification. Where once was a lively village, only cinders remained. And a small number of survivors (mostly children) were left trau- matized, scarred with unforgettable images of genocide lingering for the rest of their lives... or perhaps even longer, as “the war never dies”6 and its consequences never fade away, states Anna Janko, the daughter of Teresa Ferenc, one of the children who survived the massacre in Sochy. Born twelve years after the war, Janko learned about 1 The following article is a part of “Obrazy tożsamości kulturowej w kontekście zjawiska postpamięci...” research project which was supported by the Jagiellonian University DSC fund for young scholars (Faculty of Philosophy of the Jagiellonian University, 2015). 2 A. Janko, Mała Zagłada, Kraków 2015, p. 19 [own translation]. 3 For more information see: J. Fajkowski, J. Religa, Zbrodnie hitlerowskie na wsi polskiej 1939–1945, Warszawa 1981, p.